有机肥替代对土壤养分的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0611

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探寻肥料的合理施用方法,并对有机替代的可行性提供佐证,运用大田定位试验方法,研究连续3季有机肥部分替代无机肥料对土壤养分全氮、全磷、速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量的影响,及在各养分土壤剖面中的分布和迁移特征。结果表明,连续3季施用不同类型肥料后,各处理土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、有效磷主要积累在0~20 cm土层,随着土层深度的增加而降低。添加20%干猪粪的处理前期效果不显著,后期养分含量显著增加。20%M处理（20%减量施肥+商品有机肥）在0~20、20~40 cm土层各养分含量都高于NPK处理（农民习惯）,全氮、全磷、有效磷、有机质能发生明显迁移,在20~40 cm土层固定累积向下淋溶损失小。结果表明,化肥减量添加商品有机肥能平衡养分分布,提升土壤综合肥力,具有培肥地力的作用。

关键词: 有机替代, 大田定位, 土壤剖面, 土壤养分, 土壤肥力, 养分迁移

Abstract:

To explore the reasonable fertilization way and provide evidence for the feasibility of organic fertilizer substitution, the authors conducted the partially substitution of inorganic fertilizer by organic fertilizer in three consecutive seasons and studied the effects on the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, available phosphorus and organic matter in soil, as well as the distribution and migration characteristics of nutrients in each soil profile. The results showed that the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter and available phosphorus in soil were mainly accumulated in the 0-20 cm soil layer and decreased with the soil depth after the treatment of different types of fertilizers for three consecutive cropping seasons. The effect of 20% dried pig manure substitution was not significant in the early stage, but the nutrients’ content increased significantly in the later stage. The nutrient contents of 20% treatment (20% reduced fertilization + commercial organic fertilizer) in 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers were higher than those of NPK treatment (farmer conventional). The total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and organic matter obviously migrated, and the accumulated leaching loss in 20-40 cm soil layer was slight. In conclusion, the substitution of inorganic fertilizer by commercial organic fertilizer could balance the nutrients’ distribution, improve the comprehensive fertility of soil and play a role in soil fertility cultivation.

Key words: organic fertilizer substitution, field positioning, soil profile, soil nutrients, soil fertility, nutrient migration

中图分类号:

S3
S146

赵秀东, 陈晓芳, 袁自然, 叶寅. 有机肥替代对土壤养分的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2022, 38(16): 74-80.

ZHAO Xiudong, CHEN Xiaofang, YUAN Ziran, YE Yin. Organic Fertilizer Substitution: Effects on Soil Nutrients[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(16): 74-80.

图/表 13

参考文献 23

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时间	处理	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	40~60 cm
2017.10 玉米季	CK	14.97±0.44c	12.70±0.58b	11.81±0.56a
	NPK	18.16±0.35a	14.89±0.55a	11.96±0.31a
	20%	15.40±0.40c	12.63±0.52b	10.76±0.33a
	20%M	16.54±0.65b	13.66±0.89ab	11.89±0.71a
	20%C	15.81±0.32bc	12.72±0.64b	11.56±1.15a
2018.6 小麦季	CK	13.94±0.64c	11.51±0.68c	10.57±0.53a
	NPK	18.42±0.17a	14.80±0.52a	10.62±0.60a
	20%	15.74±0.23b	13.12±0.79b	10.87±0.42a
	20%M	18.19±0.67a	15.56±0.59a	11.43±0.34a
	20%C	16.91±0.76b	15.24±0.61a	11.87±0.77a
2018.10 玉米季	CK	12.64±0.32d	10.48±0.23d	10.68±0.46b
	NPK	18.72±0.22ab	16.16±0.50ab	11.65±0.15ab
	20%	16.02±0.52c	14.13±0.32c	10.94±0.52ab
	20%M	19.92±1.29a	16.72±0.23a	12.43±1.04a
	20%C	17.78±0.70b	15.11±0.90bc	12.42±0.94a

时间	处理	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	40~60 cm
2017.10 玉米季	CK	14.97±0.44c	12.70±0.58b	11.81±0.56a
	NPK	18.16±0.35a	14.89±0.55a	11.96±0.31a
	20%	15.40±0.40c	12.63±0.52b	10.76±0.33a
	20%M	16.54±0.65b	13.66±0.89ab	11.89±0.71a
	20%C	15.81±0.32bc	12.72±0.64b	11.56±1.15a
2018.6 小麦季	CK	13.94±0.64c	11.51±0.68c	10.57±0.53a
	NPK	18.42±0.17a	14.80±0.52a	10.62±0.60a
	20%	15.74±0.23b	13.12±0.79b	10.87±0.42a
	20%M	18.19±0.67a	15.56±0.59a	11.43±0.34a
	20%C	16.91±0.76b	15.24±0.61a	11.87±0.77a
2018.10 玉米季	CK	12.64±0.32d	10.48±0.23d	10.68±0.46b
	NPK	18.72±0.22ab	16.16±0.50ab	11.65±0.15ab
	20%	16.02±0.52c	14.13±0.32c	10.94±0.52ab
	20%M	19.92±1.29a	16.72±0.23a	12.43±1.04a
	20%C	17.78±0.70b	15.11±0.90bc	12.42±0.94a

时间	处理	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	40~60 cm
2017.10 玉米季	CK	16.13±0.79c	9.08±0.23c	7.04±0.32b
	NPK	19.77±0.62a	12.16±0.39ab	8.09±0.53ab
	20%	16.68±0.77bc	10.71±0.61bc	7.18±0.61b
	20%M	18.29±1.11ab	12.76±0.91a	8.42±0.46a
	20%C	16.89±0.34bc	11.78±1.17ab	7.54±0.40ab
2018.6 小麦季	CK	15.29±0.74c	8.43±0.09d	7.42±0.46a
	NPK	20.57±0.56a	12.00±1.48cd	8.11±0.70a
	20%	18.97±0.62b	10.89±0.69c	7.23±0.33a
	20%M	19.77±0.62ab	14.16±0.56a	7.75±0.21a
	20%C	18.56±0.61b	12.78±0.34ab	7.54±0.40a
2018.10 玉米季	CK	13.97±0.62d	6.26±0.40c	8.16±0.58ab
	NPK	22.21±0.73b	13.23±0.82b	7.48±0.86b
	20%	19.68±0.77c	12.71±0.61b	7.18±0.20b
	20%M	25.51±0.67a	15.64±0.85a	9.12±0.48a
	20%C	21.16±0.24b	13.96±0.73b	8.12±0.35ab

时间	处理	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	40~60 cm
2017.10 玉米季	CK	16.13±0.79c	9.08±0.23c	7.04±0.32b
	NPK	19.77±0.62a	12.16±0.39ab	8.09±0.53ab
	20%	16.68±0.77bc	10.71±0.61bc	7.18±0.61b
	20%M	18.29±1.11ab	12.76±0.91a	8.42±0.46a
	20%C	16.89±0.34bc	11.78±1.17ab	7.54±0.40ab
2018.6 小麦季	CK	15.29±0.74c	8.43±0.09d	7.42±0.46a
	NPK	20.57±0.56a	12.00±1.48cd	8.11±0.70a
	20%	18.97±0.62b	10.89±0.69c	7.23±0.33a
	20%M	19.77±0.62ab	14.16±0.56a	7.75±0.21a
	20%C	18.56±0.61b	12.78±0.34ab	7.54±0.40a
2018.10 玉米季	CK	13.97±0.62d	6.26±0.40c	8.16±0.58ab
	NPK	22.21±0.73b	13.23±0.82b	7.48±0.86b
	20%	19.68±0.77c	12.71±0.61b	7.18±0.20b
	20%M	25.51±0.67a	15.64±0.85a	9.12±0.48a
	20%C	21.16±0.24b	13.96±0.73b	8.12±0.35ab

时间	处理	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	40~60 cm
2017.10 玉米季	CK	1.545±0.008e	1.373±0.018c	1.142±0.029b
	NPK	1.802±0.019a	1.475±0.018a	1.217±0.025a
	20%	1.645±0.009d	1.343±0.019c	1.236±0.030a
	20%M	1.761±0.015b	1.436±0.034ab	1.232±0.015a
	20%C	1.713±0.016c	1.400±0.035bc	1.210±0.011a
2018.6 小麦季	CK	1.523±0.007c	1.344±0.016d	1.101±0.049b
	NPK	1.879±0.009a	1.613±0.016b	1.293±0.049a
	20%	1.815±0.014b	1.570±0.018c	1.243±0.015a
	20%M	1.839±0.017b	1.671±0.008a	1.284±0.023a
	20%C	1.826±0.029b	1.629±0.010b	1.236±0.004a
2018.10 玉米季	CK	1.494±0.019d	1.297±0.015d	1.132±0.036c
	NPK	2.189±0.069a	1.666±0.018b	1.273±0.010b
	20%	1.865±0.043c	1.596±0.010c	1.261±0.003b
	20%M	2.232±0.060a	1.768±0.013a	1.362±0.010a
	20%C	2.008±0.019c	1.733±0.028a	1.262±0.012b