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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (33): 76-84.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0922

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤 • 上一篇    下一篇

有机肥替代部分化学氮肥对连作棉田土壤氮分布及氮肥吸收利用的影响

罗雪梅(), 陈明媛, 王宁宁, 郭睿, 刘建国()   

  1. 石河子大学农学院 新疆兵团绿洲生态农业重点实验室，新疆石河子 832003
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-03 修回日期:2023-02-02 出版日期:2023-11-25 发布日期:2023-11-22
  • 通讯作者: 刘建国，男，1968年出生，山东济宁人，教授，博士，主要从事农田生态环境与农作制度研究。通信地址：832003 新疆石河子市石河子大学农学院，Tel：0993-2057359，E-mail：l-jianguo@126.com。
  • 作者简介:

    罗雪梅，女，1999年出生，新疆阿拉尔人，硕士研究生，主要从事作物生理生态研究。通信地址：832003 新疆石河子市石河子大学农学院，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金“长期连作棉田土壤有机氮特征及对减氮调控的响应”(31960396)

Effects of Organic Manure Replacing Part of Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Nitrogen Fertilizer Uptake and Utilization in Continuous Cropping Cotton Fields

LUO Xuemei(), CHEN Mingyuan, WANG Ningning, GUO Rui, LIU Jianguo()   

  1. Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture of Xinjiang Corps, Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xingjiang 832003
  • Received:2022-11-03 Revised:2023-02-02 Published-:2023-11-25 Online:2023-11-22

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摘要：

研究旨在明确减施氮肥与有机肥替代部分化肥对连作棉田土壤氮素分布、氮肥利用效率与棉花产量的影响，结合农田现状为优化施肥方案提供理论依据。本试验于2021年在石河子大学二连农试场多年连作棉田上进行，设置常规施氮量(CF，360 kg/hm2)、减少常规施氮量8%、16%、24% (CF-8%、CF-16%、CF-24%)、施用有机肥等量替代常规施氮量8%、16%、24% (8%OF、16%OF、24%OF)与不施肥(CK) 8个处理。结果表明：氮肥贡献率、氮肥农学利用率、干物质积累量、产量构成及产量随化肥的减施与有机肥替代比例的增大先增加后下降，CF-16%氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力较CF显著提高，增产率达6.22%；除单株结铃数外有机肥替代处理各项指标均显著高于CF，16%OF增产率最高，为17.96%。CF-16%与CF-24%残留在0~60 cm土层中的铵态氮与硝态氮含量较CF显著减少，20~60 cm土层中硝态氮含量随着有机肥替代比例的增大显著降低，其中16%OF 0~20 cm硝态氮含量与24%OF 0~20 cm铵态氮含量较CF显著增加。综上，优化施氮量CF-16%表现最优；从减少深层土壤氮素累积与提高棉株氮肥利用来看，16%OF为最佳有机肥替代比例。

关键词: 有机肥替代, 棉花, 连作, 氮分布, 氮肥利用, 产量

Abstract:

The research aims to clarify the effects of nitrogen reduction and partial replacement of organic fertilizer on soil nitrogen distribution, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and cotton yield in continuous cropping cotton fields, and to provide theoretical basis for optimization of fertilization scheme based on the current situation of farmland. The experiment was conducted in 2021 in the continuous cropping cotton field in Erlian Farming trial field of Shihezi University. Eight treatments were set, including conventional nitrogen application rate (CF, 360 kg/hm2), reducing conventional nitrogen application rate by 8%, 16%, 24% (CF-8%, CF-16% and CF-24%), applying organic fertilizer to replace conventional nitrogen application rate by 8%, 16%, 24% (8%OF, 16%OF and 24%OF) and no fertilization (CK). The results showed that the contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer, agronomic utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, the accumulation of dry matter, yield composition and yield first increased and then decreased with the reduction of chemical fertilizer application and the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer substitution. The utilization rate and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of CF-16% were significantly higher than that of CF, and the yield increase rate reached 6.22%; except the number of bolls per plant, all indexes of organic fertilizer replacement treatment were significantly higher than that of CF, and the yield increase rate of 16% OF was the highest, which was 17.96%. The content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of CF-16% and CF-24% remained in the 0-60 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that of CF, and the nitrate nitrogen content in 20-60 cm soil layer decreased significantly with the increase of organic fertilizer replacement ratio, in which the content of 16% OF 0-20 cm nitrate nitrogen and 24% OF 0-20 cm ammonium nitrogen increased significantly compared with CF. To sum up, the optimal nitrogen application rate of CF-16% showed the best performance; from the perspective of reducing nitrogen accumulation in deep soil and improving nitrogen utilization of cotton plants, 16% OF was the best replacement ratio of organic fertilizer.

Key words: replacement of organic fertilizer, cotton, continuous cropping, nitrogen distribution, nitrogen fertilizer utilization, yield