Abstract: In order to analyze the influencing factors on the economic benefit of tilapia culture, cost-benefits of tilapia pond monoculture, polyculture and integrated culture were calculated using survey data of 300 households from 12 counties in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian and Yunnan Province in 2014. Based on Cobb-Douglas production function model, the various input and output factors affecting the economic benefit of tilapia pond culture were calculated. The results indicated that among the three culture modes, integrated culture had the highest economic benefit, while tilapia pond monoculture had the lowest economic benefit. Feed inputs, labor number and pond area were the most significant factors affecting the efficiency of tilapia pond culture. To improve the economic benefit of tilapia pond culture, the authors put forward the suggestions including developing the healthy ecological pond culture to improve the quality of tilapia products, reducing feed coefficient to improve efficiency of feed utilization, setting up industrial management organization and developing e-commerce to expand the market of tilapia products at home and abroad.