Investigation of Molecular Mechanism of Different Chilling Requirements Between Two Apricot Cultivars

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0893

Abstract

Abstract:

This study explores the demand for low temperature accumulation during the germination process of apricot trees and analyzes the impact of warm winter phenomena caused by global warming on apricot yield. In this study, using the high-quality apricot variety ‘Haitanghong’ and its bud variant ‘Zaoyan’ from southern China as experimental materials, through transcriptomic analysis of 550 hours of treatment at 4℃, 3124 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and many were associated with plant hormones and protein dephosphorylation. By observing the branch color of the two varieties under low-temperature treatments, we found that the cultivar with the lower chilling requirement was more tolerant to cold. These results suggest that compared to ‘Haitanghong’, ‘Zaoyan’ has a lower low-temperature requirement, and the difference in chilling requirements between the two varieties may be related to plant hormones and post-transcriptional modification. And the reason for these differences of alternative splicing may be associated with the varied chilling requirement in the two cultivars. These results can provide a reference for mitigating the decrease of apricot yield under climate warming.

Key words: apricot, global warming, chilling requirement, transcriptome sequencing, plant hormone, post-transcriptional regulation, cold tolerance, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), protein dephosphorylation, alternative splicing

LIU Jia, HUANG Darong, YAO Meiying, LIU Shuo, ZHANG Yuping, ZHANG Guowei. Investigation of Molecular Mechanism of Different Chilling Requirements Between Two Apricot Cultivars[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(1): 33-41.

Figures/Tables 10

References 69

[1]	D'AMBROSIO C, ARENA S, ROCCO M, et al. Proteomic analysis of apricot fruit during ripening[J]. Journal of proteomics, 2013, 78:39-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.008 pmid: 23178875
[2]	TOUATI N, TARAZONA-DíAZ M P, AGUAYO E, et al. Effect of storage time and temperature on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of commercial apricot jam[J]. Food chemistry, 2014, 145:23-27. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.037 pmid: 24128444
[3]	GóMEZ-MARTíNEZ H, BERMEJO A, ZURIAGA E, et al. Polyphenol content in apricot fruits[J]. Scientia horticulturae, 2021, 277:109828.
[4]	RICE-EVANS C, MILLER N, PAGANGA G. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds[J]. Trends in plant science, 1997, 2(4):152-159.
[5]	VINSON J A, HAO Y, SU X, et al. Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: Vegetables[J]. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1998, 46(9):3630-3634.
[6]	GARDNER P T, WHITE T A, MCPHAIL D B, et al. The relative contributions of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics to the antioxidant potential of fruit juices[J]. Food chemistry, 2000, 68(4):471-474.
[7]	IGUAL M, GARCíA-MARTíNEZ E, MARTíN-ESPARZA M, et al. Effect of processing on the drying kinetics and functional value of dried apricot[J]. Food research international, 2012, 47(2):284-290.
[8]	房玉斗. 一种抗癌饮料的加工方法[P]. 中国专利,93104717.X,1994-11-16.
[9]	四川省中药厂. 无糖型小儿肺热咳喘冲剂及其制备方法[P]. 中国专利,93111897.2,1995-01-18.
[10]	李树丛. 小儿肺炎灵[P]. 中国专利,94100361.2,1995-07-26.
[11]	BASSI D, AUDERGON J M. Apricot breeding: Update and perspectives[J]. Acta horticulturae, 2006(701):279-294.
[12]	OTSUKA T, TSUKAMOTO T, TANAKA H, et al. Suppressive effects of fruit-juice concentrate of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.(Japanese apricot, Ume) on Helicobacter pylori-induced glandular stomach lesions in Mongolian gerbils[J]. Asian pacific journal of cancer prevention, 2005, 6(3):337.
[13]	ZHEBENTYAYEVA T, LEDBETTER C, BURGOS L, et al. Apricot[M]. Springe: Fruit breeding, 2012:415-458.
[14]	陈蕾, 赵慧, 刘禹夫, 等. 寒地杏种质资源果实性状评价及优异鲜食资源筛选[J]. 北方园艺, 2024(8):20-26.
[15]	PENNONE F, GUERRIERO R, BASSI G, et al. Evolution of the apricot industry in Italy and the national program (MIPAF-Regions) List of recommended fruits varieties[A]. //In: Proceedings of the XII international symposium on apricot culture and decline[C]. Leaven: International Society for Horticultural Science, 2011:15-22.
[16]	GAO Z, ZHUANG W, WANG L, et al. Evaluation of chilling and heat requirements in Japanese apricot with three models[J]. HortScience, 2012, 47(12):1826-1831.
[17]	GUO L, DAI J, WANG M, et al. Responses of spring phenology in temperate zone trees to climate warming: A case study of apricot flowering in China[J]. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 2015, 201:1-7.
[18]	MARTíNEZ-LüSCHER J, HADLEY P, ORDIDGE M, et al. Delayed chilling appears to counteract flowering advances of apricot in southern UK[J]. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 2017, 237:209-218.
[19]	BARTOLINI S, MASSAI R, IACONA C, et al. Forty-year investigations on apricot blooming: Evidences of climate change effects[J]. Scientia horticulturae, 2019, 244:399-405.
[20]	LUEDELING E, GUO L, DAI J, et al. Differential responses of trees to temperature variation during the chilling and forcing phases[J]. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 2013, 181:33-42.
[21]	GUO L, DAI J, RANJITKAR S, et al. Chilling and heat requirements for flowering in temperate fruit trees[J]. International journal of biometeorology, 2014, 58(6):1195-1206.
[22]	ROOT T L, PRICE J T, HALL K R, et al. Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants[J]. Nature, 2003, 421:57-60.
[23]	CRABBE M J C. Climate change and tropical marine agriculture[J]. Journal of experimental botany, 2009, 60(10):2839-2844. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp004 pmid: 19174458
[24]	XU Y, RAMANATHAN V, VICTOR D G. Global warming will happen faster than we think[J]. Nature, 2018, 564:30-32.
[25]	ZHANG G, GUO G, HU X, et al. Deep RNA sequencing at single base-pair resolution reveals high complexity of the rice transcriptome[J]. Genome research, 2010, 20(5):646-654. doi: 10.1101/gr.100677.109 pmid: 20305017
[26]	YOUNG M D, WAKEFIELD M J, SMYTH G K, et al. Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: Accounting for selection bias[J]. Genome biology, 2010, 11(2):1-12.
[27]	PATTERSON J, CARPENTER E J, ZHU Z, et al. Impact of sequencing depth and technology on de novo RNA-Seq assembly[J]. BMC genomics, 2019, 20(1):1-14.
[28]	CHEN Y, CHEN Y, SHI C, et al. SOAPnuke: A MapReduce acceleration-supported software for integrated quality control and preprocessing of high-throughput sequencing data[J]. Gigascience, 2018, 7(1):120.
[29]	DOBIN A, DAVIS C A, SCHLESINGER F, et al. STAR: Ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner[J]. Bioinformatics, 2013, 29(1):15-21. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 pmid: 23104886
[30]	PERTEA M, KIM D, PERTEA G M, et al. Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown[J]. Nature protocols, 2016, 11(9):1650-1667. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2016.095 pmid: 27560171
[31]	LI B, DEWEY C N. RSEM: Accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome[J]. BMC bioinformatics, 2011, 12(1):1-16.
[32]	LOVE M I, HUBER W, ANDERS S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2[J]. Genome biology, 2014, 15(12):1-21.
[33]	YU G, WANG L G, HAN Y, et al. clusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters[J]. Omics, 2012, 16(5):284-287. doi: 10.1089/omi.2011.0118 pmid: 22455463
[34]	ASHBURNER M, BALL C A, BLAKE J A, et al. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology[J]. Nature genetics, 2000, 25(1):25-29.
[35]	KANEHISA M, GOTO S, KAWASHIMA S, et al. The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome[J]. Nucleic acids research, 2004, 32(S1):D277-D280.
[36]	SHEN S, PARK J W, LU Z X, et al. rMATS: Robust and flexible detection of differential alternative splicing from replicate RNA-Seq data[J]. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 2014, 111(51):E5593-E5601.
[37]	EMMS D M, KELLY S. OrthoFinder: Solving fundamental biases in whole genome comparisons dramatically improves orthogroup inference accuracy[J]. Genome biology, 2015, 16(1):1-14.
[38]	EBERSBERGER I, STRAUSS S, VON HAESELER A. HaMStR: Profile hidden markov model based search for orthologs in ESTs[J]. BMC evolutionary biology, 2009, 9(1):1-9.
[39]	KATOH K, MISAWA K, KUMA K I, et al. MAFFT: A novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform[J]. Nucleic acids research, 2002, 30(14):3059-3066. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkf436 pmid: 12136088
[40]	NGUYEN L T, SCHMIDT H A, VON HAESELER A, et al. IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies[J]. Molecular biology and evolution, 2015, 32(1):268-274.
[41]	LEIDA C, TEROL J, MARTí G, et al. Identification of genes associated with bud dormancy release in Prunus persica by suppression subtractive hybridization[J]. Tree physiology, 2010, 30(5):655-666.
[42]	SPIEGEL-ROY P, ALSTON F. Chilling and post-dormant heat requirement as selection criteria for late-flowering pears[J]. Journal of horticultural science, 1979, 54(2):115-120.
[43]	PETROPOULOU S P. Temperature related factors as selection criteria in apple breeding[D]. London: Imperial College London,1985.
[44]	VAHDATI K, ASLAMARZ A A, RAHEMI M, et al. Mechanism of seed dormancy and its relationship to bud dormancy in Persian walnut[J]. Environmental and experimental botany, 2012, 75:74-82.
[45]	YANG Q, YANG B, LI J, et al. ABA-responsive ABRE-BINDING FACTOR3 activates DAM3 expression to promote bud dormancy in Asian pear[J]. Plant, cell & environment, 2020, 43(6):1360-1375.
[46]	EREZ A, COUVILLON G, HENDERSHOTT C. The effect of cycle length on chilling negation by high temperatures in dormant peach leaf buds[J]. Journal American society for horticultural science, 1979, 104(4):573-576.
[47]	HOOLEY R. Gibberellins: Perception, transduction and responses[J]. Signals and signal transduction pathways in plants, 1994:293-319.
[48]	GRAEBER K, NAKABAYASHI K, MIATTON E, et al. Molecular mechanisms of seed dormancy[J]. Plant, cell & environment, 2012, 35(10):1769-1786.
[49]	MIRANSARI M, SMITH D. Plant hormones and seed germination[J]. Environmental and experimental botany, 2014, 99:110-121.
[50]	EREZ A, COUVILLON G. Characterization of the influence of moderate temperatures on rest completion in peach[J]. Journal of the American society for horticultural science, 1987, 112(4):677-680.
[51]	KUCERA B, COHN M A, LEUBNER-METZGER G. Plant hormone interactions during seed dormancy release and germination[J]. Seed science research, 2005, 15(4):281-307.
[52]	ZHENG C, HALALY T, ACHEAMPONG A K, et al. Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates grape bud dormancy, and dormancy release stimuli may act through modification of ABA metabolism[J]. Journal of experimental botany, 2015, 66(5):1527-1542. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru519 pmid: 25560179
[53]	GUBLER F, MILLAR A A, JACOBSEN J V. Dormancy release, ABA and pre-harvest sprouting[J]. Current opinion in plant biology, 2005, 8(2):183-187. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2005.01.011 pmid: 15752999
[54]	SHU K, LIU X D, XIE Q, et al. Two faces of one seed: Hormonal regulation of dormancy and germination[J]. Molecular plant, 2016, 9(1):34-45. doi: S1674-2052(15)00356-1 pmid: 26343970
[55]	LV L, HUO X, WEN L, et al. Isolation and role of PmRGL2in GA-mediated floral bud dormancy release in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Siebold et Zucc.)[J]. Frontiers in plant science, 2018, 9:27.
[56]	WEN L, ZHONG W, HUO X, et al. Expression analysis of ABA-and GA-related genes during four stages of bud dormancy in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc)[J]. The Journal of horticultural science and biotechnology, 2016, 91(4):362-269.
[57]	FINKELSTEIN R, REEVES W, ARIIZUMI T, et al. Molecular aspects of seed dormancy[J]. Annual review of plant biology, 2008, 59:387-415. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740 pmid: 18257711
[58]	GRAEBER K, LINKIES A, MüLLER K, et al. Cross-species approaches to seed dormancy and germination: conservation and biodiversity of ABA-regulated mechanisms and the Brassicaceae DOG1 genes[J]. Plant molecular biology, 2010, 73(1):67-87.
[59]	HUNTER T. Protein kinases and phosphatases: The yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling[J]. Cell, 1995, 80(2):225-236. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90405-0 pmid: 7834742
[60]	FARKAS I, DOMBRADI V, MISKEI M, et al. Arabidopsis PPP family of serine/threonine phosphatases[J]. Trends in plant science, 2007, 12(4):169-176. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.03.003 pmid: 17368080
[61]	LIU H, LI M, HE X, et al. Transcriptome sequencing and characterization of ungerminated and germinated spores of Nosema bombycis[J]. Acta biochimica et biophysica sinica, 2016, 48(3):246-256.
[62]	YUPSANIS T, MOUSTAKAS M, ELEFTHERIOU P, et al. Protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in alfalfa seeds germinating under salt stress[J]. Journal of plant physiology, 1994, 143(2):234-240.
[63]	JIMéNEZ S, LI Z, REIGHARD G L, et al. Identification of genes associated with growth cessation and bud dormancy entrance using a dormancy-incapable tree mutant[J]. BMC plant biology, 2010, 10(1):1-11.
[64]	LEIDA C, CONESA A, LLáCER G, et al. Histone modifications and expression of DAM6 gene in peach are modulated during bud dormancy release in a cultivar-dependent manner[J]. New phytologist, 2012, 193(1):67-80.
[65]	DE LA FUENTE L, CONESA A, LLORET A, et al. Genome-wide changes in histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation associated with bud dormancy release in peach[J]. Tree genetics & genomes, 2015, 11(3):1-14.
[66]	LAREAU L F, GREEN R E, BHATNAGAR R S, et al. The evolving roles of alternative splicing[J]. Current opinion in structural biology, 2004, 14(3):273-282. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2004.05.002 pmid: 15193306
[67]	STAMM S, BEN-ARI S, RAFALSKA I, et al. Function of alternative splicing[J]. Gene, 2005, 344:1-20. pmid: 15656968
[68]	KELEMEN O, CONVERTINI P, ZHANG Z, et al. Function of alternative splicing[J]. Gene, 2013, 514(1):1-30. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.083 pmid: 22909801
[69]	DANQUAH A, DE ZELICOURT A, COLCOMBET J, et al. The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in plant abiotic stress responses[J]. Biotechnology advances, 2014, 32(1):40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.006 pmid: 24091291

目	科	属	种	NCBI号
十字花目(Brassicales)	十字花科(Brassicaceae)	拟南芥属(Arabidopsis)	拟南芥(A. thaliana)	GCF_000001735.4
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	蔷薇属(Rosa)	月季(R. chinensis)	GCF_002994745.2
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	苹果属(Malus)	苹果(M. domestica)	GCF_002114115.1
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	甜樱桃(P. avium)	GCF_002207925.1
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	梅花(P. mume)	GCF_000346735.1
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	杏(P. armeniaca)	GCF_000002035.6
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	‘海棠红’	试验获取
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	‘早艳’	试验获取

目	科	属	种	NCBI号
十字花目(Brassicales)	十字花科(Brassicaceae)	拟南芥属(Arabidopsis)	拟南芥(A. thaliana)	GCF_000001735.4
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	蔷薇属(Rosa)	月季(R. chinensis)	GCF_002994745.2
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	苹果属(Malus)	苹果(M. domestica)	GCF_002114115.1
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	甜樱桃(P. avium)	GCF_002207925.1
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	梅花(P. mume)	GCF_000346735.1
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	杏(P. armeniaca)	GCF_000002035.6
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	‘海棠红’	试验获取
蔷薇目(Rosales)	蔷薇科(Rosaceae)	李属(Prunus)	‘早艳’	试验获取

品种	450 h	500 h	55 h	600 h	650 h	700 h	750 h	800 h	850 h	900 h	950 h	1000 h
海棠红	16.3	28.4	36.5	52.1	61.8	72.4	66.2	79	79.8	74.6	78.3	62.1
早艳	20.4	40.1	55.7	71.2	68.1	79.5	70.3	83.2	85.6	87.1	90.1	88.4

品种	450 h	500 h	55 h	600 h	650 h	700 h	750 h	800 h	850 h	900 h	950 h	1000 h
海棠红	16.3	28.4	36.5	52.1	61.8	72.4	66.2	79	79.8	74.6	78.3	62.1
早艳	20.4	40.1	55.7	71.2	68.1	79.5	70.3	83.2	85.6	87.1	90.1	88.4

样本	原始数据	高质量序列	高质量序列比值/%	高质量序列Q₂₀/%	高质量序列Q₃₀/%	GC含量/%
CK-1	40648572	40287032	99.11	97.22	92.91	46.55
CK-2	38173746	37808236	99.04	97.17	92.77	46.95
CK-3	41197938	40877864	99.22	97.18	92.81	46.88
CT-1	41419916	41091104	99.21	97.36	93.2	45.71
CT-2	40640516	40255906	99.05	97.19	92.78	45.58
CT-3	40091644	39681756	98.98	97.47	93.34	46.08