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    Effects of Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer Before Transplanting on Yield and Quality of Rice
    CHEN Qiuli, ZHAO Yipeng, DING Zhenqian, WANG Youshuang, HE Wanwan, XUE Pao, FAN Yunxin, HU Tingting
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 1-8.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0643
    Abstract + (49)    HTML (4)    PDF (1346KB) (18)      

    To explore the effects of slow-release liquid nitrogen fertilizer as the nitrogen fertilizer before transplanting instead of tiller fertilizer on rice, the field experiment was conducted using ‘Huazheyou 210’ as the experimental variety. Two groups were established: the control group (CK), which received conventional fractional fertilization, and the treatment group (T), which was treated with slow-release liquid nitrogen fertilizer as the before transplanting nitrogen application instead of tiller fertilizer. The research aimed to evaluate the effects of these fertilization methods on the growth, yield and quality of rice. The results showed that the T treatment had no significant effect on the stem tiller number, SPAD value and morphological characteristics of rice when compared with CK. However, it significantly promoted the accumulation of aboveground dry matter during the middle and late growth stages and increased the root-shoot ratio in the early growth stage, thereby establishing a foundation for robust seedlings. Conversely, it reduced the root-shoot ratio in the middle and late growth stages, which contributed to the accumulation of aboveground biomass and laying a foundation for high yield. Although the T treatment resulted in a slight decrease in the effective panicle number, consequently, a marginally lower yield compared to CK, the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, T treatment could significantly improve the processing quality, appearance quality and cooking taste quality of rice, but no obvious effect on the nutritional quality of rice. These results indicated that the application of slow-release liquid nitrogen fertilizer as nitrogen fertilizer before transplanting instead of tiller fertilizer can achieve the purpose of saving labor, cost, and being efficient on the premise of ensuring yield and quality.
    Aphis rumicis and Menochilus sexmaculata Population Dynamics and Effects of Aphis rumicis on Growth, Development and Reproduction of Menochilus sexmaculata
    WANG Guowei, SONG Yuanyuan, XU Zhengrong, GU Xingbo, CAO Shuanglian
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 100-106.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0505
    Abstract + (23)    HTML (1)    PDF (1318KB) (1)      

    The purpose of this study was to clarify the population dynamics of Aphis rumicis and Menochilus sexmaculata on Rumex dapibus herba, and the effects of Aphis rumicis on the growth, development and fecundity of the dominant natural enemy, Menochilus sexmaculata. In this study, the Rumex dapibus herba was used as the host plant of A. rumicis, and the population dynamics of aphid and ladybeetle were investigated every 6 days by using the five-point sampling method. Ladybeetle was fed with aphid, and the developmental duration, survival rate and oviposition of adults were recorded. The results showed that: (1) the maximum population density of A. rumicis appeared in late July, which was 35.29 individuals/plant, and the maximum population density of M. sexmaculata in the field survey of leaf-eating grass planting base during the same period was 6 days later than that of A. rumicis, and the maximum population density was 1.60 individuals/plant. (2) During the whole development of the laboratory population, the survival rates of the egg stage, the 1-4 instar larval stage, and the pupal stage (pre-pupal stage) were 93.3%, 87.5%, 96.0%, 97.9%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, and the overall survival rate from eggs to the completion of one generation was 66.7%. The development period from egg to pupal was (2.49± 0.07) d, (2.75±0.07) d, (2.38±0.01) d, (2.40±0.07) d, (2.05±0.03) d, (5.62±0.10) d, and the pre-oviposition period was (2.52±0.10) d. (3) The net reproduction rate R0=108.27>1, the intrinsic growth rate r=0.18>0, and the weekly growth rate λ=1.20>1, showing an increasing trend. Average generational duration = 25.95 d. The above indicators showed that the population of ladybeetle was increasing, which proved that Rumex dapibus herba was also a good food source for A. rumicis, and A. rumicis could be used to rear M. sexmaculata.
    Isolation and Identification of Glarea lozoyensis P1 and Antagonistic and Detoxification Activity Against Fusarium graminearum
    GUO Haozhen, ZHOU Huazhong, DENG Chunlin, LI Yan, YANG Lijun, GONG Shuangjun
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 107-112.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0431
    Abstract + (25)    HTML (1)    PDF (1371KB) (3)      

    This study aims to screen biocontrol strains against Fusarium graminearum species complex in order to provide new biocontrol resources for the sustainable management of fusarium head blight. A high-efficiency biocontrol strain was isolated from non-agricultural soil samples collected in Badong County, Enshi, Hubei Province, using the dilution plate method with Fusarium graminearum as the indicator strain. The inhibitory effects of the isolate Glarea lozoyensis fermentation broth on mycelial growth and spore germination of F. graminearum were assessed,as well as its degradation rates on deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in vitro. The strain was identified through morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Further experiments were conducted to assess control efficacy in field plots. The results showed that a 10-fold dilution of its fermentation broth inhibited F. graminearum mycelial growth and spore germination by 91.98% and 100%, respectively, and achieved 100% degradation rates for DON and ZEN. Morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene analysis identified as Glarea lozoyensis (GL), designated GL-P1. Field trial results demonstrated that the fermentation broth of GL-P1 achieved a 71.36% control efficacy against Fusarium head blight, comparable to the fungicide tebuconazole. The above study indicates that Glarea lozoyensis P1 is a biocontrol isolate with promising field efficacy against Fusarium head blight, showing potential for further application and development.
    Inhibitory Effect of Slightly Acidic Hypochlorite Water on Spore Germination of Two Pathogenic Fungi of Strawberry and Its Effect on Strawberry Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Diversity
    LIU Zheng, ZHANG Jingjing, ZHAO Namula, XU Pengbo, LIAN Hongli, XU Xiaofeng, ZHANG Liqing
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 113-122.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0473
    Abstract + (24)    HTML (1)    PDF (2357KB) (0)      

    In order to explore the effect and application technology of slightly acidic hypochlorite water (SAHW) in strawberry disease control, the fungal inhibition tests (inhibitory effect on the spore germination) was used in this paper to study the antifungal activity of SAHW against the two disease pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea). Illumina Miseq sequencing technology was also used to analyze the fungal community structure and diversity of the strawberry rhizosphere soil during the planting, early blooming and full-fruiting stages of strawberry before and after SAHW treatment. The results showed that the germination rates of F. oxysporum and B. cinerea spores cultured in the 25 mg/kg SAHW treatment group were both lower than 10%, while the germination rate of the control group cultured by purified water was close to 100%. A total of 15 phyla, 45 classes, 96 orders, 220 families and 405 genera were identified by Illumina Miseq sequencing. Among them, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungi. At the genus classification level, the relative abundance of Aspergillus (2.21%-53.54%) and Trichocladium (4.76%-26.54%) was relatively high. The relative abundance of the phytopathogenic fungus Aspergillus reached the highest value during the flowering stage and then showed a decreasing trend in the treatment groups. In addition, Penicillium, Fusarium and Colletotrichum gradually accumulated in the strawberry rhizosphere soil treated with purified water and reached the highest level during the fruiting period, but remained at a low level in the strawberry rhizosphere soil treated with SAHW. This study preliminarily revealed the antifungal effect of SAHW and its impact on the diversity of strawberry rhizosphere fungi, providing a scientific basis for comprehensive prevention and control of strawberry diseases.
    Comparison of Nutritional Components and Reconstitution Properties of Pumpkin Powder of Different Varieties
    QIAN Xinxin, ZHANG Xiangqin, LV Yan, HUANG Yunping, YING Quansheng, AN Xuejun, SONG Hui
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 123-129.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0761
    Abstract + (22)    HTML (1)    PDF (1850KB) (1)      

    This study aimed to compare the nutritional components and reconstitution properties of pumpkin powder of different varieties and to screen suitable varieties for processing. Using pumpkin as test material, physicochemical analyses were conducted to determine pulp moisture content, starch, polysaccharide, and carotenoid contents in the powder, as well as sugar content and solution properties of reconstituted pumpkin paste. Results indicated the optimal solid-to-liquid ratios for starch, polysaccharide, and carotenoid extraction were 1:60, 1:200, and 1:90, respectively. Starch content showed a significant negative correlation with polysaccharide content and pulp moisture, while polysaccharide content was positively correlated with paste sugar content. Principal component analysis revealed that the first principal component (paste flavor, polysaccharide, starch, and sugar content) and the second component (paste dispersibility, pulp moisture, and carotenoid content) collectively explained 72% of nutritional and reconstitution characteristics. Pumpkin ‘24SV35’,‘24FV13’,‘24S50’,‘24SV57’, and‘24SV13’were identified as optimal varieties, exhibiting high pulp moisture, high sugar content, polysaccharide and carotenoid levels, and low starch content. Correlation results indicated pumpkin moisture and sugar content were effective indicators for selecting low-starch and high-sugar varieties for pumpkin powder production.
    Studies on Functional Composition of Mint and its Application in Processing of Agricultural Products
    LIU Jiaxin, WANG Xiuqin, HUANG Weidong, YOU Yilin
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 130-141.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0061
    Abstract + (37)    HTML (2)    PDF (2011KB) (5)      

    Peppermint is a food-medicine crop with secondary metabolites as core functional components. It has a wide range of biological activities. The bioactivities of peppermint are mainly related to its abundant active constituents, such as menthol, menthone, montaflorin, hesperidin, caffeic acid and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumour effects. This paper reviews the distribution of resources and major origins of peppermint, the analytical studies of the major functional components of peppermint, the progress of nutritional and pharmacological studies of the major functional components, as well as the prediction and quality control of the core quality components of peppermint. Finally, the application fields and prospects of peppermint in agricultural product processing are discussed to provide direction and basis for the application of peppermint processing.
    Optimization of Total Flavonoids Extraction from Quinoa Seedlings and Evaluation of Its Inhibitory Effect on Xanthine Oxidase and Antioxidant Activity
    ZHANG Shuwei, HUANG Linli, ZONG Yingjie, GUO Huimin, GUO Guimei, YANG Bangwei, CHEN Zhiwei, XU Hongwei, LIU Chenghong
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 142-148.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0370
    Abstract + (30)    HTML (1)    PDF (1396KB) (0)      

    To investigate the extraction method of total flavonoids from quinoa seedlings, the change of its content during growth, as well as its antioxidant activity and inhibition effect on XOD, the total flavonoids from quinoa seedlings at different growth stages were used as test materials. The total flavonoids of quinoa seedlings were extracted by single factor test combined with response surface optimization ultrasonic method. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol volume fraction of 60%, solid-liquid ratio of 1:34, temperature of 20℃, ultrasonic power of 300 W, extraction time of 24 min. The total flavonoid content of quinoa seedlings was the highest at 42 days of growth, which was 26.55 mg/g. The antioxidant activity was the highest at 28 days, and the scavenging capacity of hydroxyl free radical, ABTS free radical and DPPH free radical were 9.76%, 60.50 mg/g and 16.28 mg/g, respectively. The inhibitory effect of the total extract of quinoa seedlings on XOD gradually increased with increasing concentration, with a half-inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) of 5.27 mg/mL. This study provided the extraction method and reference for the development and functional component research of new quinoa seedling products for antioxidation and hyperuricemia prevention.
    Analysis of Nutrient Composition in Fresh and Mature Seeds of Jiading ‘Sanbai’ Broad Bean and Other Fava Bean Materials
    ZOU Danrong, ZHAO Xiangjie, SHI Han, CHEN Ziyi, ZHOU Deyao, CHEN Jue
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 149-157.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0482
    Abstract + (23)    HTML (1)    PDF (1285KB) (1)      

    In order to explore the difference of nutritional components between fresh and mature broad beans in different regions, and to provide data support for breeding and popularization of broad beans. In this study, protein, vitamins, mineral elements, amino acids and other nutrients of broad beans from different sources were analyzed. The dietary fiber content of fresh and mature seeds of Jiading ‘Sanbai’ broad beans is high, and the Ca content and Fe content are higher than those of broad beans in other regions. The content of vitamin B1 and B2 in Jiading ‘Sanbai’ mature kernel is high. The amino acid composition of Jiading ‘Sanbai’, other faba beans and Japanese broad beans is similar, which further confirms that Jiading white broad beans and Japanese broad beans have a certain correlation. Jiading ‘Sanbai’ is an excellent broad beans germplasm resource, which is suitable for further development and utilization.
    Common Bacterial Diseases of Litopenaeus vannamei and Biological Control Measures
    HUANG Ju, DENG Hua, HOU Yuee, BA Juan, YANG Hong
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 158-164.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0673
    Abstract + (27)    HTML (2)    PDF (1243KB) (4)      

    As an important economic shrimp species, the Litopenaeus vannamei is frequently affected by bacterial diseases, especially Vibriosis (including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio cholerae, etc.) during intensive aquaculture. This represents a significant risk to the long-term sustainability of aquaculture. With the widespread use of antibiotics, resistance genes of pathogenic bacteria are prevalent and widespread in the aquatic environment, posing new challenges to the prevention and treatment of Vibriosis. Therefore, it is extremely important to emphasize the maintenance of aquaculture environment and water quality monitoring. This review describes a series of biological control measures, including the use of biofloc technology, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, quorum sensing inhibitors, and the use of biological control methods such as Bdellovibrio and like organisms and bacteriophage. The combination of biofloc technology and probiotics can improve water quality and enhance immunity. However, it is greatly affected by the environment, making it difficult to control the stability of bacteria flora. Antimicrobial peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and they are safe and not easily resistant to drugs. However, they are difficult to preserve and have a high cost. Quorum-sensing inhibitors provide precise prevention and treatment with minimal environmental impact, but the mechanism research on them is limited. Bdellovibrio are effective at lysing Gram-negative bacteria but have a poor effect on Gram-positive bacteria and grow slowly. Bacteriophages are highly specific but have a narrow host range. Although these biological control measures are less effective than antibiotics, they are environmentally friendly, less prone to drug resistance, and aim to reduce chemical drug dependency, protect the ecosystem, and improve aquaculture efficiency. In the future, innovative and sustainable biological control technologies should be developed to address the challenges posed by pathogenic bacterial resistance and environmental protection.
    Wheat Germplasm Resources in Wheat-growing Area of Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River: Yield and Quality Traits and Correlation Analysis
    CAI Jinhua
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 19-25.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0455
    Abstract + (34)    HTML (1)    PDF (1117KB) (7)      

    To study the performance of yield and quality traits of wheat germplasm resources and their correlation and path analysis，35 wheat germplasm resources from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were used as materials in this study. The plant height, spike number, spikelet number per spike, 1000-grain weight and yield were investigated manually, and the wheat quality was determined by Perten DA 7200 near-infrared analyzer. The results showed that the yield range of 35 wheat germplasm resources was 5679.00-6331.50 kg/hm2, the effective spike range was 427.50-502.50 million/hm2, the growth period range was 195.00-202.00 d, the plant height range was 73.00-93.00 cm, the spikelet number per spike range was 32.60-40.00, and the 1000-grain weight range was 37.00-47.10 g. The correlation analysis of yield traits showed that effective spike, growth period, spikelet number per spike and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield (r=0.1707, r=0.0401, r=0.2277, r=0.0299), while plant height was negatively correlated with grain yield (r=-0.0587). Path analysis showed that grain yield increased while effective spike, spikelet number per spike and 1000-grain weight increased. The effect of increasing the number of grains per ear was the greatest (direct path coefficient Py=0.8390), followed by the effect of increasing the 1000-grain weight (direct path coefficient Py=0.6668), and the effect of increasing the number of effective ears was the smallest (direct path coefficient Py=0.4916). In general, the quality traits of 35 wheat germplasm resources were quite different, indicating that wheat has rich diversity, which provides a large selection space for wheat quality breeding and selection of offspring.
    Research Progress on Response of Melon Crops to High Temperature Stress
    WU Hongfei, SHI Zhaowan, WANG Rui, TU Panfeng, CAO Haishun, GUO Jinju, ZHANG Changyuan, TAN Delong, WANG Rufang, WANG Yunlong, YUAN Yu, WU Tingquan
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 26-33.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0608
    Abstract + (33)    HTML (1)    PDF (1286KB) (4)      

    This article narrated the effects of high temperature on seed germination, growth and development, reproductive growth, respiration and photosynthesis, membrane thermal stability and antioxidant system, protein content, endogenous hormone content, etc. of melon crops. And it reviewed the identification and research progress of heat tolerance related genes, as well as the technical measures to improve the heat tolerance of melon crops. Based on a comprehensive understanding of previous research on high temperature stress in melons, the author believes that there is currently a lack of efficient, accurate, and standardized heat tolerance assessment techniques and genetic resources in this field, as well as insufficient research depth. It’s predicted that the future research direction of heat tolerance in melon crops will focus on the collection and screening of heat tolerance germplasm resources, the construction of accurate evaluation technology systems, the mining of heat tolerance gene resources, and the analysis of heat tolerance regulation molecular networks.
    Genetic Diversity of Important Agronomic Traits in Tomato Germplasms
    GE Lijiao, QIU Liang, WANG Xiaoqiu, ZHAI Caijiao, CHENG Yujing, LIU Shuidong, SONG Yimin
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 34-45.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0570
    Abstract + (29)    HTML (1)    PDF (1975KB) (2)      

    The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of different tomato germplasms, screen the important agronomic traits that affect the sensory quality of tomato, and provide reference for the identification, evaluation and innovation of tomato germplasms. Genetic diversity analysis, sensory quality evaluation, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, path analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed on 20 main agronomic traits and sensory quality of 72 tomato germplasms. The genetic diversity index of agronomic traits of 72 tomato germplasms ranged from 0.59 to 2.04, and the comprehensive score of sensory quality ranged from 71.70 to 84.85. Plant height, internode length, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content were important factors for sensory quality of tomato, which had a high load in principal component 1. The test materials were divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis. The tomato varieties in the first and second groups had higher comprehensive scores of sensory quality, plant height, and internode length. The fourth and fifth groups were mainly germplasms of dwarf tomato with limited growth type. The phenotypic and sensory qualities of 72 tomato germplasms showed abundant genetic diversity. Plant height, internode length, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content are important traits to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato phenotype and sensory quality.
    Effects of Different Conditioning Agents on the Stabilization of Soil Phosphorus in Phosphorus-rich Vegetable Fields
    ZHANG Zhouna, ZHOU Huaping, ZHANG Mingkui
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 61-66.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0596
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    The objective of farmland soil phosphorus (P) management is to meet the P needs of crop growth while reducing the risk of soil P runoff loss. Therefore, it is essential to look for the conditioner agent which can reduce the water-soluble P in the P-rich soils and has little effect on the available P. In this study, calcium chloride, gypsum, limestone powder, ferrous sulfate and aluminium sulfate containing calcium, iron and aluminium were selected as conditioning agents, the effects of the five kinds of conditioner agents on the forms of P in three kinds of vegetable soils (calcareous, neutral and acidic soils) with different pH were studied by laboratory simulation experiment. The results showed that the forms of P in the three soils could be changed by applying the conditioner agents. Calcium chloride, gypsum and limestone powder could promote the transformation of Ca2-P, Al-P, Fe-P to Ca8-p and Ca10-P, while ferrous sulfate and aluminium sulfate could promote the transformation of Ca2-P, Ca8-P and Ca10-P into Al-P and Fe-P. The reduction of Ca2-P was most obvious when applied with ferrous sulfate or aluminium sulfate, followed by application of limestone powder. The pH value of calcareous and neutral soils could be obviously reduced by applying calcium chloride or gypsum, and the pH value of the soils increased by applying limestone powder, while application of ferrous sulfate or aluminum sulfate significantly reduced pH of the soils. Both available P and water-soluble P in the soils were decreased by adding each of the five different conditioner agents, and the reduction effect of water-soluble P was greater than that of bio-available P. The most obvious reduction of soil water-soluble P was found at application of ferrous sulfate or aluminum sulfate. Based on the objectives of soil P management and the change of soil pH value after application of the agents, it was recommended that the suitable conditioner agents for reducing water-soluble P in calcareous phosphorus-rich soil was aluminum sulfate or calcium chloride, while aluminum sulfate, calcium chloride or limestone powder were suitable for reducing water-soluble P in neutral P-rich soil, and limestone powder, calcium chloride and gypsum were suitable for reducing water-soluble P in acid P-rich soil.
    Effect of Green Manure and Other Materials on Carbon and Nitrogen Transformation in Lycium chinense Orchards of Ningxia
    ZHANG Xueke, LI Huixia, ZHANG Tianyi, MA Lanlan, YAN Haixia, TIAN Xuexia
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 67-73.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0731
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    A field test was conducted by control and urease inhibitor, water retaining agent, intercropping arrow pea and rapeseed green manure (marked as by CK, T1, T2, T3 and T4) in 8 years Lycium chinense orchards in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia. The aim was to study the nitrogen transformation and leaching characteristics in the soil, providing theoretical and technical references for efficient utilization of nutrients in farmland and water quality protection in the Yellow River Basin. The results showed that: (1) soil pH reduced significantly under T1 treatment, surface soil water content was increased under T2 treatment in the second year. After planting two kinds of green manure, the bulk density of the surface soil decreased significantly and the soil moisture content increased significantly. (2) In the first test year, the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) of T3 and T4 treatments increased by 33.2% and 48.4% respectively compared to CK. However, in the next year, the total soil organic carbon (SOC) increased by 3.65% and 4.59% respectively, and the MBC increased by 50.3% and 59.2% respectively. (3) The soil MBN of T3 and T4 treatment increased by 45.1% and 42.6% respectively compared to CK in the first year, and they increased by 95.9% and 80.7% in the second year, respectively, and T1 decreased by 28.5% compared to CK. After two years of application of T1, the soil NH4+-N increased by 71.7% and 75.4%. NO3--N of T3 and T4 increased by 46.7% and 41.8% respectively in the first year compared to CK, and in the next year they increased by 22.5% and 13.4%. (4) The changes of NH4+-N content in soil profiles over two years mainly occurred in 0-40 cm, while NO3--N content mainly occurred in 0-40 cm in the first year and 0-60 cm in the second year. The upper soil NH4+-N and NO3--N (above 60 cm) by T1, T3, and T4 treatments were significantly higher than those in other treatments. In a conclusion, application of urease inhibitors leaded to a decrease in soil pH and MBN, resulting in the formation of more NH4+-N; planting two types of green manure could loosen the soil, increase MBC and MBN, and promote organic nitrogen mineralization. Moreover, the two types of green manure had a significant inhibitory effect on NO3--N leaching into deeper layers in Lycium chinense orchards in Ningxia. Therefore, it was recommended that intercropping arrow pea and rapeseed manure in Lycium chinense orchards had significant effects on efficient nitrogen fertilizer utilization and prevention of water pollution.
    Identification of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus on Tomato and Pepper in Shaanxi
    LIU Chen, YANG Yiwei, WEI Peiyao, PAN Song, CHEN Zhijie, LI Yingmei
    Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2025, 41 (12): 94-99.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0343
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    In order to definite the species of virus, which cause tomato leaf samples chlorosis necrosis, fruit necrosis, and concentric spots, we collected the susceptible tomato samples, and pepper leaf samples exhibiting symptoms of brown wilting and necrosis, fruit deformity and shriveling. RT-PCR detection was performed utilizing specific primers targeting the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) as well as N gene primers. The results indicated that occurrence of TSWV infection in both tomato and pepper samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on the N gene sequence demonstrated a close relationship between TSWV isolates obtained from tomatoes and peppers in Shaanxi with those found in Australian peppers, Japanese tomatoes, as well as Beijing Verbenas within China. During the virus inoculation experiment, tomato and pepper samples both displayed characteristic symptoms including chlorosis, necrotic foliage, and shriveled fruits; RT-PCR successfully detected the presence of TSWV in these plants. This study confirms that tomatoes and peppers in Shaanxi have been affected by TSWV infection and provides a theoretical basis for its prevention and control.
    Effect of Silicon on Physiological Characteristics of Licorice Under Long-term Drought Stress
    LIU Xiaoyan, LOU Li, ZHANG Nan, LING Zhaoxun, ZHANG Aoqi, ZHANG Wanming, YAN Jiakun
    Journal of Agriculture    2025, 15 (4): 13-21.   DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0081
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    To improve the quality of artificially cultivated licorice, a pot experiment was conducted at Yulin University using Ural licorice as the experimental material to analyze and evaluate its biomass, physiological and biochemical indicators, and root anatomical structure after adding exogenous silicon under drought stress. The results showed that the addition of exogenous silicon significantly increased the accumulation of dry matter in licorice under drought stress; the synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizinwas significantly promoted; under drought stress, exogenous silicon addition increased root dry weight from 0.93 g/plant to 1.31 g/plant; the synthesis and accumulation of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acidwere promoted, malondialdehyde contentwas reduced, leaf proline content and root soluble sugar contentwere increased, and xylem area/cross-sectional area and phloem/anatomical cross-sectional areawere increased; The addition of exogenous silicon significantly increased the hydraulic conductivity of licorice plants by 39.15% and 302% under two different soil moisture conditions, and the hydraulic conductivity and root injury volume of licorice plants were significantly positively correlated with licorice yield. The addition of exogenous silicon under drought stress improved the quality of licorice, promoted the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites, enhanced root water absorption efficiency and overall hydraulic conductivity, and participated in the formation of root tissues under stress, thereby increasing licorice yield.
    Seedling Stage Determination and Selection of Leuce Hybrid Progeny
    SUN Chao, CAO Banghua
    Journal of Agriculture    2025, 15 (4): 35-41.   DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0013
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    In order to screen out the superior individual in the hybrid seedlings of poplars, and then select the excellent clones, we analyzed the genetic variation of the two-year-old seedlings of poplars using the cutting cross technology. The results showed that the growth, branch and leaf traits of different crossing combinations and different individuals of the same crossing combination had considerable genetic variation. Their family heritabilities were all above 0.81, which belonged to high heritability, indicating that the variation among cross-combinations was controlled by genetic factor. The results of multiple comparison showed that (P. alba× P. glandulosa) × P. bolleana × (P. tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. canescens, (P. alba× P. gnaludotas ‘1’) × (P. tomentosa× P. bolleana) × P. canescens, (P. alba× P. glandulosa) × P. bolleana × (P. tomentosa× P. bolleana) × P. canescens had fast growth. Among the three cross combinations, (P. alba× P. glandulosa)× P. bolleana, P. alba× P. gnaludotas ‘1’, (P. alba× P. glandulosa)× P. bolleana were used as female parents and (P. tomentosa× P. bolleana)× P. canescens was used as male parent, the four parents were regarded as excellent germplasm resources. 20 seedlings were selected as superior individual plants, the average enrolment rate was 4.22%. 3-104×MY and YX1×MY were selected as superior cross combinations, which laid a foundation for the selection of excellent clones.
    Determination of Maturity of Blueberry Fruit Based on IAD Index and Its Application Research
    WANG Bowei, GAO Yukai, WANG Yushen, FENG Shaoran, CHE Limei, XING Lu, SUN Haiyue
    Journal of Agriculture    2025, 15 (4): 42-48.   DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0023
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    In order to accurately evaluate the harvest maturity of blueberries and ensure fruit quality, the experiment selected six blueberry cultivars: ‘Northland’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Draper’, ‘Reka’, ‘Duke’, and ‘Blue gold’ as test materials, and used near-infrared spectroscopy to establish regression model to determine the relationship between soluble solids, titratable acids, hardness, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and absorbance difference index (IAD value). Research had found that with fruit maturity increase, the titratable acid and hardness of blueberries significantly decreased, while the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins generally showed an upward trend. The IAD value of blueberries showed a highly significant positive correlation with anthocyanins (r=0.90, p≤0.01) and a significant negative correlation with hardness (r=-0.82, p≤0.01). Additionally, there was a positive correlation with vitamin C and soluble solids, and a negative correlation with titratable acid. Regression equations were derived to describe the changes in the IAD value based on the five quality indicators, demonstrating that the IAD value can reflect the fruit maturity. The recommended harvest standards for the six main cultivars are as follows. The IAD values of ‘Northland’ and ‘Lanjin’ are 1.9-2.0, the IAD values of ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Draper’ are approximately 1.8, and the IAD values of ‘Reka’ and ‘Duke’ are 1.7-1.8.
    The Relationship Between Plant Species Diversity and Sampling Area in Lawn Ecosystems
    PENG Xinxin, LIU Xianbin, DING Jian, ZHOU Jueding, GAO Di, LIU Shoumei
    Journal of Agriculture    2025, 15 (4): 49-60.   DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0024
    Abstract + (31)    HTML (1)    PDF (1449KB) (12)      

    To analyze the correlation between plant species diversity and sampling area in different types of artificial lawn ecosystems, this study used a nested sampling method to track and investigate the plant species diversity of six commonly used artificial lawn ecosystems in China constructed by six different turf grasses. Two experimental treatments of manually removing weeds (MRW) and maintaining natural state (MNS) were set, and the changing patterns of plant species diversity with the increasing sampling area were analyzed. The results showed that the plant species diversity in the six different types of lawn ecosystems treated with MRW was significantly lower than that in the MNS experimental research plot, and the difference between these two experimental treatments became gradually greater as the sampling area increased, indicating that MRW management measures had a significant effect on maintaining the singularity of plant species and the evenness of plant growth in various types of lawn ecosystems. Both plant species diversity in the unit area and change rate of plant species diversity with the increased sampling area gradually decreased with the increase of construction years, indicating that the material cycle and energy flow inside the ecosystems tended to be stable, and the plant species composition and the functional structure of lawn ecosystems both were in the dynamic equilibrium states with the development and succession of lawn ecosystems. However, the maintenance mechanisms of this dynamic equilibrium state were different in the two experimental treatments of MRW and MNS, the former was that the regular artificial impurity removal management measure inhibited weed invasion and growth, while the latter was that the dominant plant species suppressed the growth and reproduction of the other types of plant species. The research results indicated that although various management measures had a strong intervention intensity on the lawn ecosystems, they still could not completely eliminate the continuous invasion and interference of various weeds; in the early stage of lawn construction, the ecosystem was unstable, and the frequency and intensity of management measures such as MRW should be increased; entering the mid- to late-stage, as the species composition and structural function of the lawn ecosystem tended to stabilize with the increase of construction years, the degree of manual intervention could be appropriately reduced, and the mutual constraint between the various components of the ecosystem could be fully utilized to manage the lawn for improving the quality of the lawn and reducing the amount of manual labor.
    Study on Extraction Technology and Enzyme Properties of Lumbrokinase from Eisenia foetida
    ZHANG Hongyan, YIN Hong, HAN Shanshan, ZHANG Qiang, XIN Donglin, RAN Ganqiao
    Journal of Agriculture    2025, 15 (4): 61-68.   DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0044
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    This study compared different methods and parameters for extracting earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme (EFE) from Eisenia fetida, analyzed the enzyme properties, and promoted the development and utilization of earthworm processing byproducts. The extraction process of EFE was studied by combining fibrin plate enzyme activity assay, dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The optimal extraction process was as follows: using dry earthworm powder as raw material, extract with 5 times the mass ratio of 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, centrifuge twice and combine the supernatants; precipitate the crude extract with 80% ammonium sulfate, concentrate with a membrane separation method with a pore size of 10k-200 kD, and limit the membrane circulation filtration to ≤50 min; freeze-dry without adding a protective agent. Under this extraction and drying process, the enzyme activity of the freeze-dried powder was 201.8 million U/g. Enzyme characterization studies revealed that the enzyme comprised six earthworm-specific proteins with molecular weights ranging from 24.7 kD to 26.3 kD. The optimal pH range for the enzyme solution is 7.2 to 8.0, with a relatively stable pH range of 7.4 to 8.8. The optimal temperature for the enzyme solution is below 50℃, and it remains stable below 60℃. After 80 days of storage at 4℃, the enzyme activity retention rate can reach 90%. The ammonium sulfate-freeze drying method can extract enzymatically stable lumbrokinase products from dried E. fetida powder. The experimental results provide a reference for the high utilization of earthworms.