Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.15 Published:25 June 2011

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  Research Progresses in the Gene Mapping of the Fertility Restorer Genes and Genetic Relationship between these Genes in Rice 2011, 27 (15):  1-5.  Abstract + ( 1255 )   PDF ( 540086KB )   ( 1383 ) The main achievements of the gene mapping of the fertility restorer genes of Cytoplasmic male sterility had been summarized in this paper. Researches and discusses about the relationship of the Rf genes that located on the tenth chromosome in rice were reviewed. The relationship of the Rf genes were also discussed combining the sterility characteristics and their molecular mechanism. The significance which needs further investigation about the relationship between the Rf genes was analyzed, which would facilitate the further studies and application in the hybrid rice.

  The Development of Hybrid Rice and Present Society 2011, 27 (15):  6-11.  Abstract + ( 1395 )   PDF ( 592445KB )   ( 1414 ) the development of hybrid rice was introduced in this article, not only the benefits of hybrid rice to the whole world but also the status quo and prospect of hybrid rice were also recounted.

  Advances of Organic Matter and Nitrogen Study in Ancient Paddy Soils 2011, 27 (15):  12-15.  Abstract + ( 1519 )   PDF ( 562757KB )   ( 1218 ) The study of ancient paddy soils is helpful for the understanding of human activities’ influnce on soil evolution and carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry. The buried rice field clusters found in Chuodunshan ruin of Kunshan City in Jiangsu Province and a chronosequence of paddy soils identified with various planting times in Cixi city of Zhejiang Province provided an opportunity and platform to conduct these related studies. In this paper, characteristics of soil carbon composition, distribution, properties and the relation with soil minerals were summarized to compare ancient soils with modern ones. The studies about soil organic nitrogen in demestic and abroad were also discussed. We hope to find difference in the composition and amino acid optical rotation between ancient and modern soils to know more about soil carbon and nitrogen evolution process. Finally, the future study of ancient paddy soil in carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry was prospected.

  Effects of Biochar on Soil and Fertilizer and Future Research 2011, 27 (15):  16-25.  Abstract + ( 4139 )   PDF ( 676394KB )   ( 4129 ) In order to boost the study and agricultural application of biochar in China, in the article, the research literatures and findings about biochar were retrospected and reviewed, and future research issues were suggested, the summaries were as follows: biochar was a solid byproduct derived from biomass pyrolysis in low or zero oxygen environment, highly organic carbon, porous, alkaline, highly capability of adsorption, multi-propose materials. Biochar was an excellent soil amendment which could increase soil organic carbon content, improve soil water-holding and nutrient-retention capacity, reduce nutrient losses from soils, and was beneficial to inhabit and activity of microbes in soils, especially for mycorrhizal fungi (MF). Biochar alone increased crop growth and yield in specific circumstances, but the effects of the co-application or combination of biochar with fertilizers on crop growth and yield showed positive in nearly all soils, which was attributed to reciprocal or synergistic effects of both fertilizer and biohcar because of fertilizer alleviating nutrient deficiency of biochar itself which endowed fertilizer with nutrient slow release characteristics. Biochar delayed nutrient release of fertilizer to soil, reduced nutrient losses from fertilizer and soil, increased nutrient utilizing efficiency, and was efficient-promoting carrier to fertilizer. Biochar was a carbon-sequestrating carrier which was extremely stable in soil, and could sequestrate carbon in soils for hundreds to thousand years. The multi-win technology was the thermal conversion of biomass wastes into biochar which was used to agriculture. However widely and deeply studies should be given to many issues about biochar. Thus, strong emphasis will given to basic and applied research on biochar in order to boost biochar production and agricultural use, finally agricultural ‘black revolution’ in 21st century.

  Analysis of Heterosis in Yield and Agronomic Character of Hybrid Rice 2011, 27 (15):  26-33.  Abstract + ( 1548 )   PDF ( 601701KB )   ( 1115 ) In order to explore the relation between heterosis and parents value, the general combing ability of parents, the specific combing ability of combinations and the genetic distance, using 10 male sterile lines (maintenance line) and 10 restorer lines were used to make 100 crosses by NCⅡ design to analyze heterosis of yield and agronomic characters and explore the method of predicting heterosis. The results showed: the over-parent and contrast heterosis of hybrids mainly presented panicle length, number of grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle. The ratio of possessing positive the over-parent heterosis combinations were 61.0%, 66.0% and 53.0% respectively, The ratio of possessing positive the contrast heterosis combinations were 62.0%, 78.0% and 79.0% respectively. There was stronger positive contrast heterosis for seed setting rate too. Heterosis were closely related with the value of female and male, mid-parent value, high parent value, low parent value, parents differentials. There significant correlation or very significant correlation between contrast heterosis and female parent value, average value of parents and high parent value. It was closely Correlation between heterosis and specific combining ability (SCA) and parents general combining ability (GCA). Especially, the contrast heterosis was significant positive correlation with SCA and parents GCA. Meanwhile, there was closely correlation between contrast heterosis and both differentials and sum of parents GCA. It was very complex in heterosis and genetic distance. The further parents genetic distance was, the stronger the heterosis was, as a genetic distance of 5-5.5 between two parents was.

  Research on Effects of Fertilizing Decreasing with Applying Water-solubility Amino Acid Fertilizer on Rice 2011, 27 (15):  34-39.  Abstract + ( 1564 )   PDF ( 620211KB )   ( 1003 ) Investigated the feasibility of fertilizing decreasing with applying water-solubility amino acid fertilizer on rice by a experiment. It had four treatments: soil testing and formulated fertilization, decreased 10% nitrogen + water-solubility amino acid fertilizer, decreased 15% nitrogen + water-solubility amino acid fertilizer and decreased each 10% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium+ water-solubility amino acid fertilizer. In the experiment, influences of each treatment on rice’s economic characters, yield and economic benefit were studied, and the effects on protecting farming ecological environment were also estimated. The results showed that all fertilizing decreasing treatments had decreased rice’s height, tiller number per point and seed setting rate, while improved the filled grain number per panicle. Compared with soil testing and formulated fertilization, decreased 10% nitrogen + water-solubility amino acid fertilizer improved thousand seed weight, while other two treatments decreased it. And decreased 10% nitrogen + water-solubility amino acid fertilizer could increase production 6.73%, saving cost and improving income 19.77%, the yield and income of decreased 10% nitrogen + water-solubility amino acid fertilizer were closed to soil testing and formulated fertilization, but the decreased each 10% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium+ water-solubility amino acid fertilizer treatment could decreased the yield and income outstandingly. Therefore, decreased nitrogen fertilizer’s amount based on soil testing and formulated fertilization at 10% or 15%, with applying water-solubility amino acid fertilizer, could achieve the aim of maintaining or improving yield, and it also had a considerable environmental benefit.

  Effects of Planting Density on the Population Growth of Fine Quality Hybrid Rice 2011, 27 (15):  40-43.  Abstract + ( 1243 )   PDF ( 588380KB )   ( 1077 ) The experiments were conducted to study the effects of planting density on the population growth of fine quality hybrid rice with ‘Yiyou 673’ as experimental material. The results showed that the parabola curve could be used to describe the relationship between rice yield and planting density. The suitable planting densities were 21.43-25 hole/m2. With the increase of planting density, the maximum tillers and panicles per square meter increased, while spike rate and grains per spike declined, and thus, the treatment of suitable planting density formed a larger storage capacity. The seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight showed no significant difference among planting density treatments. With the increase of planting density, the dry matter productivity also increased at different stages after transplanting, and then, the accumulation of structural and storage substances before heading & photosynthetic substance after heading all increased gradually, which provided the material basis on forming a larger storage capacity and maintaining sink-source balance. To improve the crop growth rate (CGR) had to improve the leaf area index (LAI), while the LAI increased at different stages with the increase of planting density. Therefore, the high CGR required rational close planting.

  Analysis on Grey Correlation of Mainly Properties in Two Rice Type 2011, 27 (15):  44-47.  Abstract + ( 1480 )   PDF ( 582374KB )   ( 1141 ) The correlation degree between economic traits and yield of two indica rice combination were studied by gray correlation degree analysis. According to the results, the correlation degree between yield and other traits of panicle and spikelet type could conclude as follows: number of filled grains > seed setting rate > number of efficient tillers > 1000-grain weight > whole growth period, which indicated that the number of filled grains was the major factor of the yield of this type of combination. The results of heavy panicle type were as follows: number of efficient tillers > number of filled grains > seed setting rate > 1000-grain weight > whole growth period, which indicated that the number of efficient tillers was the major factor of the yield of this type of combination.

  Cultivation of Hybrid Rice in Heilongjiang Province Preliminary Report 2011, 27 (15):  48-51.  Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 583185KB )   ( 1098 ) In this paper, 9 hybrid japonica rice materials are planted in Harbin ecotope cultivation ,which Tianjin sub-centers of China National Hybrid Rice Technology Center supplys. Through the hybrid japonica rice's phenological phase, the growth investigation, the indoor test plant and estimation and so on to recognize initially. The hybrid japonica rice had the obvious heterosis in the cold area, compared the hybrid japonica rice with the local ordinary paddy rice variety to turn green early, divided tiller ability, much grain number and strong storage capacity quantity, has not met in the low temperature situation in this year, the output increases production closed to 30% compared to the comparison average. Through gray correlation analysis, the interrelatedness size order was: ear length x4> thousand seed weight x8> stem length x1> active accumulated temperature x3> spike number x7> maturing rate x6> root dry weight x2 > the number of seeds x5, it showed enhancement hybrid Japonica rice output should consider the big spike first, the next was increases grain of heavy, but several pair of output effects are small. It needed to strengthen the big spike in the breeding the choice. Cultivates must pay attention to seed's adaptation area, adopts enhances the temperature promotion hybrid japonica rice growth the measure.

  Effect of Sowing Date on the Growth, Development and Yield Formation of Naked Oats in Agro-pastoral Ecotone 2011, 27 (15):  52-56.  Abstract + ( 1403 )   PDF ( 738247KB )   ( 801 ) In order to explore the effects of sowing date on the growth and development and yield formation of naked oats and provide a basis for optimal sowing and high yield of naked oats in agro-pastoral ecotone, effects of different sowing dates on phenology, morphological index and yield formation of naked oats were studied using randomized block design based on two-year experiments including three treatments of sowing date in Wuchuan County. The results showed that: phenology, plant height and leaf area per plant were significantly different under different sowing dates, plant height and leaf area per plant under the treatments of middle-sowing and late-sowing were higher than the treatment of early-sowing. With the sowing date postponed, the vegetative growing period of naked oats was shortened due to the increase in temperature, whilst the reproductive growing period was increased due to increasing rainfall. The whole period of growth was shortened and the ratio of reproductive growing period to the whole growth period was increased. The tiller number per plant, panicle number per plant, and 1000-grain weight changed significantly under different treatments of sowing date. In the two-year experiment, the yield of the middle-sowing naked oats was 107.7 g/m2, higher than that of the early-sowing and the late-sowing naked oats. The appropriate sowing date of naked oats was recommended to be arranged in near May 18th.

  Effects of Combined Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Zinc Fertilizer on the Physiological Metabolism of Flag Leaf on Wheat 2011, 27 (15):  57-61.  Abstract + ( 1272 )   PDF ( 767106KB )   ( 984 ) The effects of combined application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Zinc fertilizer on the physiological of flag leaf on wheat were studied using Split-plot experimental design. The results showed that the activity of SOD, POD and GDH were increased by using Zinc fertilizer,and the increment was 35.7% of SOD, 10.3% of POD and 38.7% of GDH, and the most obvious effect was the N mixed which could improve the yield and quality. And also showed that there was little effect on SPS by using Zinc fertilize but Phosphorus and Potassium could improve the SPS activity obviously, the increment was 36.5%, then the sucrose of wheat were increased.

  Study on Dietary Fiber Content of Different Tartary Buckwheat Genotypes 2011, 27 (15):  62-66.  Abstract + ( 1464 )   PDF ( 529103KB )   ( 942 ) Used 30 kinds of tartary buckwheat as experimental material to determine the total dietary fiber content, insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber content. The results showed that, total dietary fiber of 30 kinds of tartary buckwheat was change between 4.61%-40.95%, with an average of 17.18%. The insoluble dietary fiber content of 30 kinds of tartary buckwheat was change between 3.36%-31.08%, with an average of 9.65%. The soluble dietary fiber content of 30 kinds of tartary buckwheat was change between 0.92%-17.51%, with an average of 7.53%. The dietary fiber content was higher, mainly with insoluble dietary fiber. There was difference among different origin of tartary buckwheat. This study had important significance for further study on the genetic and variation law of dietary fiber content between different tartary buckwheat resources.

  Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Seeds Prolamine in Cultivated Buckwheat 2011, 27 (15):  67-71.  Abstract + ( 1202 )   PDF ( 1644390KB )   ( 1010 ) The genetic diversity of prolamine among 76 cultivated buckwheat accessions (55 accessions of tartary buckwheat, 21 accessions of common buckwheat) from 7 countries were analyzed by A-PAGE. A total of 18 prolamine bands were separated by electrophoresis. The abundant variations of prolamine were observed, and 18 prolamine bands were detected, ranging from 6 to 12 bands per accession with the average of 9.5, among which 88.89% bands were polymorphic. The genetic similarity (GS) varied from 0.389 to 1.000, with the average of 0.777. The cluster analysis showed that all the accessions could be clustered into two groups at GS=0.63 level, tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat. Moreover, the accessions from the same origin frequently could be divided into one group, which indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation between genetic differentiation and geographical habits among the cultivated buckwheat.

  Effects of Different NaCl Concentration on the Contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+ of Two Maize Varieties 2011, 27 (15):  72-75.  Abstract + ( 1379 )   PDF ( 627195KB )   ( 1135 ) Variance of ion contents in different salt tolerance maize cultivars under NaCl stress was compared, which provided theoretical basis of salinity tolerance screening in maize. Maize (Zea mays L.) seed of a salt tolerant cultivar ‘Zhengdan958’ and a salt sensitive ‘Qidan1’ were germinated and growth in sand with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% NaCl, respectively. The contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+ in roots, shoots and leaves were measured. Variance between varieties and NaCl concentration was a significant level on the contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+. Na+ contents of 2 maize varieties increased in roots, shoots and leaves, and Na+ content in roots was much higher compared to shoots and leaves under NaCl stress, and Na+ content in roots of ‘Zhengdan958’ was more than ‘Qidan1’. The contents of K+, Ca2+ decreased with NaCl treatment. Under severe salt stress, K+ content of ‘Zhengdan958’ decreased dramatically in roots, while K+ content of ‘Zhengdan958’ in shoots was lower than t ‘Qidan1’. Ca2+ content of shoots and leaves in ‘Zhengdan958’ reduced slower than ‘Qidan1’. The differences of the contents of ions between two cultivars were significant, which could be used as indexes for salinity tolerance identification and screening of maize.

  Correlation and Path Analysis Between Maize Single Plant Agronomic Traits and Grain Weight 2011, 27 (15):  76-80.  Abstract + ( 1314 )   PDF ( 557509KB )   ( 877 ) Not only ear traits but also stem and leaf traits play an important role in formation of maize single plant grain weight. Six maize single-cross hybrids of ‘Qiandan 16’, ‘Guidan 8’, ‘Qianhuanuo’, ‘Denghai 11’, ‘Xianyu 335’, ‘Zhengdan 958’ and two maize populations of ‘Pingtanghuang’, ‘Zhongqun 11’ were planted to study the correlation between maize agronomic traits and grain weight, and the effects of each agronomic trait on grain weight. Plant height, ear height, stem diameter and ear-leaf area were measured at the end of the growing period , and grain weight was measured after harvesting on the basis of single plant. The result shows that the stem diameter and ear-leaf area had significant correlations with grain weight in total materials while the correlations between the other traits and grain weight were unstable. In addition, stem diameter had the most stable and largest direct effects on grain weight; ear leaf area played the most important role in indirect effects of stem diameter to grain weight; stem diameter played the most important part in indirect effects of the other traits to grain weight.

  Determination the Residue of Zineb 80%WP in the Peanut and Soil by Gas-Liquid Chromatographic 2011, 27 (15):  81-84.  Abstract + ( 1322 )   PDF ( 884717KB )   ( 1062 ) In order to studying ethylenebis dithiocarbamates that take the case of zineb on the extraction from peanuts and determination. The S-methyl dithiocarbamates residues of derivative of zineb in peanut and soil were determined by GLC method. In that method the sample was treated with alkaline EDTA solution in order to transform zine salts of dithiocarbamic acids into their readily water-soluble sodium salts. The dithiocarbamate anions were extracted at Ph 6.5-8.0 to chloroform-hexane (3:1) as ion pairs of tetrabutylammonium and alkylated with methl iodide to form s-methyl dithiocarbamates. The residue was reextracted, then quantitatively determined by gas chromatography coupled with FPD-S detector. The minimum detection limit for was 2.5×10-10 g and the lowest detection concentrations in soil and peanut were 0.03 mg/kg respectively. The recoveries of prochloray spiked in soil and peanut sample were 88.99%-92.80%, with variable coefficients of 2.78%-4.65% respectively. Present study explained the method correctly, simple and precision, the scope was wide to meet the pesticide residue analysis requirements.The residue was reextracted, then quantitatively determined by gas chromatography coupled with FPD-S detector. The minimum detection limit for was 2.5×10-10g and the lowest detection concentrations in soil and peanut were 0.03mg?kg-1 respectively. The recoveries of prochloray spiked in soil and peanut sample were 88.99%~92.80%, with variable coefficients of 2.78%~4.65% respectively.

  Establishment of Model of Seeds Protein Content in Peanut Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy 2011, 27 (15):  85-89.  Abstract + ( 1622 )   PDF ( 589329KB )   ( 990 ) Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) model of seeds protein content of peanut landraces in Hebei Province, which was developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The results showed that the model developed by the spectral data pretreatment of the first derivative + standard normalized variety was the best one. The determination coefficients (R2) of calibration and validation sets were 0.9245 and 0.9018, the standard error of calibration and prediction were 0.3601 and 0.4153, respectively. This model was used to predict the protein content of 16 peanut varieties, and it had a high ability of prediction, which showed that it was feasible to be used in determination of seeds protein content of peanut varieties.

  Study on the Effects of “3414” Model on Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium of Potato in Yanchi County 2011, 27 (15):  90-96.  Abstract + ( 1448 )   PDF ( 636802KB )   ( 910 ) Study the fertilizer technology of NPK on potato in dry land in order to find the best fertilizer technology and establish the regression equation. Obtain the high efficiency program by analysis the equation, which can provide the scientific evidence for high and stable yield on potato in Yanchi county. An “3414” experiment of potato was arrangemented on representative soil type in Yanchi county. The result showed that all fertilization treatments increased the yield of potato. The highest yield was treatment 9 (6125.88 kg/hm2), followed by treatment 13 (6121.77 kg/hm2), the lowest was treatment 2 (179.19 kg/hm2). The contribution of testland capability was 45.86%, it explained that the soil fertility was lower and fertilization has significant effect on yield of potato. The relative yield of nitrogen deficiency area, phosphorus deficiency area and potassium deficiency areas were 47.84%, 57.83%, 86.02%. It showed that the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on potato cultivation was obvious. According to potato yield conditions in dryland, when potato yield more than 8000 kg/hm2, the agronomic measures was N 116.15-183.85 kg/hm2; P 60.70-89.30 kg/hm2; K 30.56-56.94 kg/hm2。

  Physiological and Biochemical Response of Potato under the Drought Stress in Different Growth Period 2011, 27 (15):  97-101.  Abstract + ( 1409 )   PDF ( 885973KB )   ( 1040 ) The changes of the physiological and biochemical indices in different growth period under drought stress were researched in this paper to explore the drought-resistant physiological mechanisms of potato. The super oxide dismutase (SOD), malon dialdehyde (MDA) and Pro of the potato variety ‘Jizhangshu8’ and ‘Shepody’, which were extensively planted in production and planted inside different shed-houses under the condition of drought stress, were measured. The results showed that the content of malon dialdehyde (MDA) and Pro increased, but SOD activity declined under drought stress. The effect of drought stress in flower stage to the physiological and biochemical indices was the largest. The increase rate of MDA was smaller, SOD activity also higher in stronger drought-resistant varieties, while the weak drought-resistant varieties were contrary. The strong drought resistance varieties have regulatory mechanism in physiological and biochemical indices.

  Study of Leaf and Petiole Tissue Culture Induction and Plant Regeneration on Sweet Potato 2011, 27 (15):  102-105.  Abstract + ( 1444 )   PDF ( 1107333KB )   ( 1281 ) It was studied the leaf and petiole tissue culture induction and plant regeneration with the sweet potato variety ‘Wanshu No. 7’. The result indicated the sweet potato variety of leave and petiole could be easy to induce callus in 7 induction mediums, the induction rate of 100%. The leaf and petiole induced green callus in the medium of MS +2.0 mg/L KT +0.5 mg/L IAA, and then subculture 15 days in the medium of MS +4.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.01 mg/L NAA , they were induced emergence seeding.

  Identification and Classification of Male Sterile Germplasm in Ramie 2011, 27 (15):  106-111.  Abstract + ( 1371 )   PDF ( 989132KB )   ( 823 ) In this paper, twenty-one ramie male-sterile germplasms were researched by field investigation. The pollen vigor of twenty-one germplasms was determined. The selfing seeds germination and natural hybridization seeds germination were tested. The results showed that the twenty-one germplasms could be divided into 4 types, include of male flower contabescence type, male flower indehiscent type, male flower opening type and condition sensitivity type according to field growth performance. Three pollens sterility were found through studying pollen vigor of 15 male-flower-opening-type germplasms used I2-KI method and sugarcane cultivation method and testing selfing seeds germination. So, all 21 germplasms were classified 4 kinds, which were male flower contabescence type, male flower indehiscent type, pollen sterility type and undetermined type. The identification of ramie germplasm was discussed and the future direction of research was predicted.

  Efficient Pretreatment of Kenaf Stalk for Fuel Ethanol 2011, 27 (15):  112-116.  Abstract + ( 1777 )   PDF ( 706634KB )   ( 1186 ) Bioconversion of fuel ethanol from lignocellulose, the most abundant renewable raw materials on earth, is significant to reduce the greenhouse effect, relieve the energy crisis and enhance the environmental quality. Kenaf is a traditional quick-growing fiber crop with high yields and is considered one of potential materials for fuel ethanol. Four different pretreatment methods for kenaf stalk were studied. Hot water (121℃, 60 min), dilute H2SO4 (3% v/v, 121℃, 60 min), aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.5% w/v, 121℃, 60 min) and microbial pretreatment in solid state cultivation by the white-rot fungus P. sajor-caju were employed in this study to determine how each method affected the digestibility of kenaf stalk during subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that the average conversion rate of NaOH pretreated kenaf sample to fermentable reducing sugar was 82.24 %, and alkaline pretreatment was considered more suitable for kenaf stalk, compared to other three methods. Although efficient delignification and considerable improvement of cellulose digestibility had been reported from kenaf lignocellulose pretreated by the white-rot fungus P. sajor-caju, long pretreatment time and loss of holocellulose still remained as the major weakness of microbial pretreatment, used as an auxiliary pretreatment process for kenaf stalk.

  The Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Lipid Peroxidation and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes of Coptis chinensis Franch 2011, 27 (15):  117-120.  Abstract + ( 1279 )   PDF ( 680061KB )   ( 912 ) In order to study the effect of low temperature stress on lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes of Coptis chinensis Franch, correlative physiological and biochemical indexes were determined when it was the sixth day after Coptis chinensis Franch was under the low temperature. The result showed that: under the low temperature stress, relative electrical conductivity ratio and MDA content were increased significantly, but the generative rates of OH? and O2?ˉ in the leaf of Coptis chinensis Franch were decreased. The activity of POD was significantly increased while the activity of SOD was decreased which were inferred the antioxidant enzyme system were affected by the low temperature stress. Although Coptis chinensis Franch was injured from the low temperature, it had the ability to alleviate the injury by its own physiological regulation, however, the abilities in plants of different ages were different, and so were the injury degree.

  Effects of Fertilization on Emission of CH4 in Whole Rape Growth Period 2011, 27 (15):  121-124.  Abstract + ( 1307 )   PDF ( 680097KB )   ( 1031 ) 4 types of the fertilizations (YH, JG, CG, CK) in Chaohu rape fields were used as samples, CH4 emission fluxes in the rape growth period were detected by using the static box-GC determination, and the soil temperature, soil moisture and air humidity were determined. The results showed that CH4 emission fluxes had obvious time variation characteristics. The amounts of emission of CH4 within YH, CG and JG increased by 21.50%, 27.33%, 29.87% respectively, compared with that of CK. Through correlation analysis of data, the results showed that CH4 emission fluxes were positive correlation with soil temperature of 10 cm depth. Soil moisture and CH4 flux was significantly positively correlated in 0.05 level.

  Study on Intelligent Decision Model on Fertilizer Recommendation Based on GIS 2011, 27 (15):  125-131.  Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 964352KB )   ( 1080 ) The purpose of this study was to explore ways to solve the problems in the traditional fertilizer recommendation such as lack of spatial attribute information and experiential knowledge can not be processed. Maize as an example, based on GIS intelligent decision model on fertilizer recommendation was built by the deficiency experiments in multiple years and fields, nutrient value of plow layer soil grid sampling and fertilizer recommendation knowledge base. It was observed that this model not only can quantitative simulation structural elements on fertilization, but also qualitative analysis unstructured elements on fertilization. So the fertilizer recommendation was intelligent decision supported relative comprehensively. There were some field experiments on maize for the model verification in the 20 Li-pu village, Xinzhou city, Shanxi province. These experiments confirmed that maize yield was significantly increased under the guidance of the model. It is concluded that this model has some practical value.

  Analysis of Soil Total Nutrients of Black Farmland for Typical Counties in Heilongjiang Province 2011, 27 (15):  132-136.  Abstract + ( 1227 )   PDF ( 1282265KB )   ( 906 ) 636 soil plow layers (0-20 cm) were collected in Heilongjiang typical counties in order to evaluate black soil quality situation and evolution process from soil chemical properties. The spatial variability of soil total C, N, P and K were analyzed using geostatistics combined with geographical information system (GIS). The results showed that the semivariogram of total C, total N and total P was best described by the Gaussian model and that of total K by the exponential model. total C, total N and total P had taken on the strong spatial correlation and the spatial variability of those was influenced by structural factors. Spatial variability of total K was affected by structural factors and random factors in each 1/2, which belonged to the moderate correlation. Total C was very markedly correlated with total N (R=0.945, P<0.01). The effective minimum correlation distance was 635 km, 601.4 km, 1104.4 km and 116.1 km for total C, total N, total P and total K, respectively.

  Estimation and Utilization of Rice Straw Resources in China 2011, 27 (15):  137-143.  Abstract + ( 1403 )   PDF ( 624992KB )   ( 1224 ) The output of rice straw is the largest among the crops in China. This paper estimated the outputs of rice straw in China as well as in each province by conducting particularly sorted researches on the ratios of straw to grain of rice, used the statistic of rice yield. The results showed that the ratios of straw to grain of early rice and middle-late rice were 0.68 and 1.00, separately, and the rice straw output of the whole China amounted to 184430400 tons in 2009. In the end, the ways of rice straw utilization were advised, including returning the straw with quick decomposition to fields, potato planting with straw mulching and no-tillage, livestock breeding with micro-storage rice straw, and edible fungi cultivating with rice straw.

  The Mountainous Agricultural Defence Against Spring Frost Damage and Severe Coldness in the Late Spring 2011, 27 (15):  144-148.  Abstract + ( 1371 )   PDF ( 831689KB )   ( 1011 ) Based on auto weather station data and disaster data, we labored the weather features, the meteorological factors in different Hyperion height and the inducing factors for two severe coldness of 2010’s spring were analyzed. The agriculture layout in Lishui was divided into plain area, low elevation mountains area, middle and high elevation mountains area. The results showed that: (1) Severe coldness in spring was one of the most serious disasters of agriculture. the disaster’s level in different Hyperion height was very different. The damaging degree in plain area for Spring frost damage in March was equal with the damaging degree in middle-high elevation mountains area for Severe coldness in April, and weaker than in low elevation mountains area and in middle-high elevation mountains area. (2) The effective preparedness ahead of time and the scalization greenhouses were very important for defending the spring frost damage and severe coldness in the late spring in mountainous area.

  Automatic Feature Extraction of Leaf Shape Designed for Angiosperm Taxonomy 2011, 27 (15):  149-153.  Abstract + ( 1418 )   PDF ( 1824646KB )   ( 1247 ) The morphology features of leaf play an important role in plant taxonomy. A scheme was designed to acquire feature data of leaf shape automatically according to the requirements of feature extraction in angiosperm taxonomy. Firstly, a scanner was used to acquire the leaf image. Then the image preprocessing was conducted on the raw image, which included removing background, removing leafstalk and emending the position of lamina. Finally, feature extraction of leaf shape was performed on the lamina image to get the feature data of the Aspect Ratio and the Position Accuracy. Combining the feature data with the knowledge of plant taxonomy, the basic shape of the leaf could be identified. The test results showed the scheme was feasible.

  Effects of Silicon Potassium and Magnesium Fertilizer on the Yield of Rice 2011, 27 (15):  154-160.  Abstract + ( 1717 )   PDF ( 910618KB )   ( 1170 ) Abstract: “3414” about Silicon Potassium and Magnesium design which the ministry of agriculture of China popularized was used to complete balanced supporting fertilization program under the condition of the same nitrogen and phosphorus. Through the establishment of silicon, potassium, magnesium application and yield effects function model of different, the aim was that provide a scientific basis for applying fertilizer which in order to increase yield and improve quality of rice in cold region. There came to conclusion that different varieties had different effect function model. The effects of lack Silicon Potassium and Magnesium on the yield and constitute factor were different. The rule of different species of lack element performance on the same location, the effect of Potassium on yield was the greatest, followed by lack of Silicon fertilizer and influence of Magnesium was the smallest. The yield of ‘Kongyu131’ and ‘Kenjing 1’ of the treatment six (Si2K2Mg2), nine (Si2K2Mg1), ten (Si2K2Mg3), thirteen (Si1K2Mg1) were higher than others. The yield of ‘Kenjing 1’ of the treatment nine (Si2K2Mg1) was the highest (9162.45 kg/hm2), and ‘Kongyu131’ was the treatment nine (9162.45 kg/hm2). Therefore, in order to achieve the purposes of high yield and quality, soil testing and matching for fertilizers of different varieties should to be done to achieve supporting excellent seed with excellent method.

  Influence of Different Amounts of N, K and Plant Density on Yield and Quality of Rice of Drooping Panicle Type in Cold Region 2011, 27 (15):  169-173.  Abstract + ( 1369 )   PDF ( 605025KB )   ( 824 ) With quadratic general rotatory combination design, the experiments studied the influence of different amounts of N, K and plant density on yield and quality of rice of drooping panicle type in cold region. The results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer for effect of the yield was the most important role, followed by potassium fertilizer and density. At the same time, the experiments obtained the optimum planting program on the yield by frequency analysis. Nitrogen fertilizer could increase the protein, but showed a quadratic relationship with the head rice rate, the chalky grain and chalkiness. Potassium fertilizer showed a quadratic relationship with the amylose content. Gel consistency would be increased when fertilizer and density added. The correlation analysis and path analysis indicated that there were negative correlations between the protein and gel consistency, amylose content and gel consistency, the head rice rate and chalky grain, the head rice rate and chalkiness. Gel consistency for the direct and indirect functions on the taste scores was the most important factor of all.

  Influence of Different Types of Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency 2011, 27 (15):  174-177.  Abstract + ( 1401 )   PDF ( 518489KB )   ( 1086 ) This paper studied the influence of several slow-release nitrogen fertilizer to rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency through rice field experiment. The results showed that of Fudao slow-release Urea Coated by resin (CRU5) had highest yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in Hainan moderate fertility soils, but in late growth period appeared the phenomenon of late maturity and lodging, its nitrogen release slow, application more suitable for long growth varieties. The yield of Urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizers (UF1) and Fudao Slow-release Urea Coated by Water-Soluble Polymer (CRU4) higher 10.47% than small particles urea, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency increased by 6.67%-15.12%, its maturity moderate, leaves green and stem strong in late period, suitable for application. The yield of large particles urea higher 4.58% than small particles urea, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency increased by 6.67%, and because of its low price, which could replace small particles urea and extension in rice production.

  Study on Drought Resistance of Different Wheat Varieties of Hebei Province 2011, 27 (15):  178-180.  Abstract + ( 1156 )   PDF ( 618960KB )   ( 1084 ) In hydroponics and 20% PEG for drought, the drought resistance of 5 different wheat varieties was examined with germination percentage, coleoptile length, numbers of radicles and main radicle length. The results showed that significant differences in drought resistance were observed among 5 different cultivars. The drought resistance of ‘Mai 1’ was the strongest, ‘Mai 99’, ‘Shi 4185’, ‘Beinongda 3383’ were the second, and ‘Shiluan 02-1’ were the weakest. Length of embryo sprout sheath and relative germination percentage of seeds are the reliable indexes, length of the main embryo root and embryo root quantity are the reference indexes.

  Research of Wheat Yield in Walnut-Wheat Intercropping System 2011, 27 (15):  181-185.  Abstract + ( 1255 )   PDF ( 1213629KB )   ( 920 ) Through the determination of wheat yield in the four most important intercropping patterns of south Xinjiang walnut-wheat intercropping system, we studied the effect of walnut trees on the wheat yield and yield components. The results indicated that, the walnut trees and wheat intercropping pattern affected prodigiously the wheat yield. Besides, in the four most important walnut-wheat intercropping patterns, 6 m×12 m and 6 m×9 m intercropping patterns affected the wheat yield less than 3 m×6 m and 3 m×4.5 m intercropping patterns. The wheat yield and openness increase with the increase of planting spacing. The closer the wheat apart from the walnut trees, the bigger the effect on the wheat yield components. On general, the farther from the walnut trees, the higher the wheat yield, and vice versa. Studies on the change of wheat yield in walnut-wheat intercropping conditions, in order to provide theoretical basis for high yield cultivation of wheat in south Xinjiang fruit crop intercropping pattern.

  Effects of Nitrogen Application on Physiological Traits of Flag Leaves and Grain Yield of Strong Gluten Wheat 2011, 27 (15):  186-188.  Abstract + ( 1397 )   PDF ( 592279KB )   ( 873 ) Using cultivar ‘Zhengmai9023’, field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on physiological traits of flag leaves and yield of strong gluten wheat. The results indicated that there was significant difference among nitrogen application. The chlorophyll and nitrogen content of flag leave, kernels of per spike, 1000-kernal weight and grain yield of booting-applying treatment were best (60%), but no of spike of early jointing-applying treatment was most. Meanwhile, compared to those of complete base-applying, re-growth stages and early jointing-applying treatments (60% of the total nitrogen), the grain yield of wheat was increased by 1.8%, 6.2% and 9.9%, this showed that little applying nitrogen of early stages and more applying nitrogen of later stages both provided adequate nitrogen for fast growing stages of wheat and increased chlorophyll content and prevented leave premature, meanwhile, it was positive important to improve kernels of per spike and form big spike and increased 1000-kernal weight and grain yield.

  Effect on Yield and WUE of Summer Maize Under Straw Mulching 2011, 27 (15):  189-193.  Abstract + ( 1423 )   PDF ( 716820KB )   ( 897 ) The experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth indexes, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of summer maize under three different soil moisture treatments (75%, 65%, 55% of field capacity) of straw mulching. The experiment was carried out in test-pit under rainshelter and designed two factors of straw mulching and soil moisture conditions, the changing patterns of growth index, yield and WUE of summer maize were analyzed. The results showed the leaf area index (LAI), yield and WUE under straw mulching were higher than that of no mulching. Compared to the high soil moisture (75% of field capacity), the yield of summer maize under the middle soil moisture treatment (65% of field capacity) was not significantly reduced, while it had the highest WUE in all treatments. In a conclusion, in order to achieve the purpose of water-saving and high yield, the lower limit of soil moisture was controlled at the 65% of field capacity, which was recommended for summer maize under straw mulching.

  Effect of Fertilizer and Density on Maize 2011, 27 (15):  194-198.  Abstract + ( 1482 )   PDF ( 530104KB )   ( 1279 ) This experiment through research the application of N, P, K, Organic fertilizers and planting density of corn agronomic characters and yield the effects, provide a theoretical basis and guidance for high-yielding maize. The test uses two factors crack zone design, set advocate the area for A total of fertilizer factor four levels, namely the A1 (N: 150 kg/hm2, P2O5: 90 kg/hm2, K2O: 45kg/hm2); A2 (N: 300 kg/hm2, P2O5: 180 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2); A3 (N: 450 kg/hm2, P2O5: 270 kg/hm2, K2O: 135 kg/hm2); A4 (N: 450 kg/hm2, P2O5: 270 kg/hm2, K2O: 135 kg/hm2, organic fertilizer: 7200kg/hm2). Set deputy district for B total of density factor six levels, namely the B1: 108000 plant/hm2, B2: 96000 plant/hm2, B3: 84000 plant/hm2, B4: 72000 plant/hm2, B5: 60000 plant/hm2, B6: 48000 plant/hm2. The experiment had 24 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the fertilizer and density had obvious effects on the agronomic characteristics and yield of maize. In four fertilizer treatments, A4 treatment in spike length, diameter, number of grains per ear, kernel weight and yield was the highest value. Density on the spike length, diameter, rows per ear, kernel weight and yield have a significant and very significant impact, basically as the density increased the length, diameter, kernel number, kernel weight in the lower. But the yield is increased, when the density of 96000/hm2 yield was the highest and then decline. The highest yield was A4B2 combination (12513.0 kg/hm2).

  Effects of Crop Stubbles and Fertilization on the Chemical Quality of Continuous Cropping Soybean 2011, 27 (15):  199-205.  Abstract + ( 1232 )   PDF ( 565444KB )   ( 1072 ) Effects of crop stubbles and fertilization on the chemical quality of soybean continuous cropping (SCC) was studied by completely randomized experiment in Longzhen Farm in 2003. The results showed that the protein contents, the total contents of protein and fat of (SCC) in alfalfa, maize, and soybean stubbles varied very significantly and significantly respectively, but fat content did not significantly, namely the protein content of (SCC) for 2 years in soybean stubble was very significantly higher 1.08% and 1.32% respectively than that of (SCC) for 1year in alfalfa and in maize stubble, the total contents of protein and fat of (SCC) for 2 years in soybean stubble was significantly higher 1.45% than that of (SCC) for 1year in maize stubble . The effects of the fertilization on the protein, fat contents, and the total contents of the both of SCC were not significantly, but the fat content has raising tendency with the fertilizer amount increase. The effects of the interaction of stubbles and fertilizers on the protein, fat contents and the total contents of the both of SCC were all not significant, the protein content, and the total content of protein and fat in the interaction combination (A3B4) were the highest, 39.86% and 58.19% respectively. The effects tendency of crop stubbles, fertilization and the interaction of the both on the protein contents, the total contents of protein and fat of (SCC) were basically same.

  Effect of Purple Sweet Potato Cultivars on Different Altitude Mountainous Area 2011, 27 (15):  206-211.  Abstract + ( 1228 )   PDF ( 586996KB )   ( 793 ) Four purple sweet potato cultivars, ‘11-07’, ‘16-08’, ‘Y1’ and ‘SCZ’ were introduced to interplant in woodlands of the three locations with different altitude, in Yunnan, Yuxi, China, and were evaluated by its trait, yields, and quality. The results showed that: the cultivar ‘SCZ’, with high yield and good quality, was a valuable purple sweet potato cultivar which could be planted for commercial production; both the cultivar ‘11-07’, with high yield. The results would help to choose sweet potato cultivars for interplant in woodland in Yuxi, Yunnan, China.

  Effects of Bioorganic Fertilizer and Lime on Soil Fertility, Yield and Quality of Cassava 2011, 27 (15):  212-216.  Abstract + ( 1313 )   PDF ( 572649KB )   ( 1092 ) Under three different lime levels, effects of bioorganic fertilizer on soil nutrient content, biological activity and yield and quality of cassava were investigated using field experiments. The results showed that: compared to only chemical fertilizer treatment, 50% bioorganic fertilizer treatment increased soil organic matter content, available K content, invertase activity, bacterium, fungus and actinomyces by 12.5%, 36.7%, 26.8%, 21.4%, 41.8% and 48.4%. And 25% of bioorganic fertilizer treatment increased the fresh yield by 18.4% and starch yield by 17.9%. Thus bioorganic fertilizer increased the organic matter and available K contents, microorganism numbers and invertase activity in soil, and increased fresh cassava yield and starch yield. Lime treatment increased the bacterium and actinomyces numbers in soil, but decreased organic matter, available N and K contents in soil.

  Research Advances in the Assay Methods of the Lipoxygenase Activity in Higher Plants 2011, 27 (15):  217-223.  Abstract + ( 1815 )   PDF ( 609450KB )   ( 2156 ) The research advances in the assay methods of the lipoxygenase activity in higher plants were systematically summarized in this review. The normal assay methods involve two categories. One is based on the rate determination of the hydroperoxide produced in the lipoxygenase-catalyzed reactions, including carotene bleaching, Fe(CNS)3 coloration, standard spectrophotometric, 2-thiobarbituric acid coloration, potassium iodide-starch and xylenol orange methods. The other is based on the determination of the oxygen-absorbing rate of the substrates in the lipoxygenase-catalyzed reactions, including manometric, oxygen electrode and methylene blue staining methods. Other assay method includes enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, superweak luminescence emission spectrum assay and radioisotopic labelling method. Among all of the above methods, the standard spectrophotometric and the oxygen electrode methods are both regarded as the standard ones. This paper could provide a reference for the efficient and accurate determination of the lipoxygenase activity in the specific higher plants.

  Isolation of Cytochrome P450 Gene-analogues from Echinodorus amazonicus Xiao-Ping Wang 2011, 27 (15):  224-228.  Abstract + ( 1164 )   PDF ( 838870KB )   ( 785 ) In order to study Cytochrome P450 gene of Echinodorus amazonicus, PCR amplification was conducted using 8 primers which were designed according to the gene of mammalian cytochrome P450 genes. 26 amplified fragments were obtained and the length varied from 300 to 1500bp. 3 fragments of them were sequenced. BLAST search analysis revealed that these amplified fragments possessed homologies to other cytochrome P450 genes and proteins in different 16 kinds of plant varieties.

  The Construction of RNAi Vector of Aphis gossypii Gene and the Analysis of the Expression of DsRNA in Transgenic Tobacco Inserted with RNAi Vector 2011, 27 (15):  229-232.  Abstract + ( 1393 )   PDF ( 680641KB )   ( 1215 ) RNAi, the mechanism of which is down regulation of specific gene through dsRNA, has a potential for preventing insect by post-transcriptional gene silencing. The interfering sequence of Aphis gossypii gene Cathepsin B was cloned and the RNAi vector about the interfering sequence was constructed and transferred into tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The RNAi vector was transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediation using leaf disc method and the regenerated tobacco plants were obtained. Among the 15 strains of transgenic tobacco obtained after tissue culture, 14 lines are positive detected by PCR. And the analysis of RT-PCR and Northern blot of transgenic tobaccos displayed the existence of expression of dsRNA. These results demonstrated that transgenic plants containing RNAi could express dsRNA. For this reason, there was possible that aphid could be resisted when they fed on the transgenic plants.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Large Subunit of Hydrogenase 3 and Formate Hydrogen Lyase Repressor of Enterobacter cloacae 2011, 27 (15):  233-238.  Abstract + ( 1239 )   PDF ( 639452KB )   ( 900 ) In order to study the function of formate hydrogen lyase repressor (hycA) and large subunit of hydrogenase 3 (HyA3) in the producing-hydrogen metabolism, the authors used CODEHOP to design the degenerate primers of hycA and HyA3L, and chose two pairs of degenerate primers named HyA3J and HycAJ respectively, then used Enterobacter cloacae NRRL B-414 genome DNA as template to make degenerate PCR, got about 1500 and 150 bp PCR product respectively, they were transformed into the E.coli DH5α through being linked with pMD18-T vector and sequenced after filtration. Similarity alignment showed that the 1500bp products were very similar to the large subunit of hydrogenase 3 genes, and shared 99% identity to the large subunit of hydrogenase 3 from Enterobacter cancerogenus ATCC 35316, and only had the difference of three amino acids; the 150bp products were very similar to the hycA genes, and shared 92% identity to the hycA from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047, and only had the difference of four amino acids. Cloning these two fragments would not only enrich the gene resources of hycA and large subunit of hydrogenase 3 genes, but also give the scientific warrant for the metabolic engineering research.

  Expression Characteristics of SERK in Periods nearby Florescence of Pingyi Tiancha and Tetraploid Offspring 2011, 27 (15):  239-244.  Abstract + ( 1200 )   PDF ( 2259145KB )   ( 813 ) In order to explore the functions of SERK gene on apomictic characteristics in Malus and discuss the expression characteristics of the SERK gene in the early periods of the ovary or ovule, the middle parts of the ovary from 28#, 33# (which are the offspring of Pingyi TianchaבZha’ai Shandingzi’) and Pingyi Tiancha were taken as the materials in the research. Based on the RNA extractions from all the materials and the SERK sequences obtained from leaves of Pingyi Tiancha, the specific primers were designed and 18S rRNA was taken as the internal standard, the RT-PCR analysis was carried out in the 3 different materials expression situation around florescence, The results indicated that SERK gene fragments expressed in all different materials and stages, but expression intensity displayed differences. The relationships between SERK gene fragment expression characteristics and embryonic development, apomictic features were discussed in this article.

  Determination of sucrose synthase and sucrose shosphate synthase activity in Rehmannia glutinosa by HPLC 2011, 27 (15):  245-248.  Abstract + ( 1384 )   PDF ( 834468KB )   ( 1112 ) To establish a HPLC method for the determination of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activity in Rehmannia glutinosa by HPLC, the activity of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase was calculated through detecting the changes of sucrose content by HPLC. The column was Waters XBridgeTM Amide 3.5 ?m (4.6×150 mm Column)，with acetonitrile-water (70:30) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and a column temperature of 25℃. ELSD condition was optimized at the drift tube temperature of 40℃, the atomization gas of 30 psi and the spray mode of cooling. The regression line was linear over the concentration range of 0.128-3.2 μg (r=0.9999). The RSD by HPLC method was less than 5%. This method is stable and reliable, and has good precision and reproducibility for the determination of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase Activity in Rehmannia glutinosa.

  Simultaneous Isolation of Bacterial and Fungal DNA from Pu-erh tea Fermentation Samples 2011, 27 (15):  249-253.  Abstract + ( 1517 )   PDF ( 1395899KB )   ( 1095 ) The aim was to develop a method to isolate microbial DNA from pu-erh fermentated samples. Three assays for extraction of microorganisms from pu-erh fermentation samples were compared, the DNA isolation methods were improved on the basis of HP Plant DNA Kit (omega), and the DNA quality were measured by the quantity (OD260), purity (OD260/280), and the possibility for PCR amplification of both bacterial 16SrDNA and fungi ?-tubulin genes. The results of ultraviolet spectrophotometer analysis, PCR amplification, and agarose gel electrophoresis showed that microbes were accumulated by steeping fermented tea sample (5 g) in Tween-NaCl buffer (50 mL), washing with a sonicator for 10 min, and then centrifugation (10 min, 12000 r/min); DNA was extracted employed with cell lyses by grinding with liquid nitrogen, hydrolysis with lysomyme and lyticase, and then purification using the HP Plant DNA Kit (omega). Both bacterial 16S rDNA and fungi ?-tubulin genes could be amplified using the extracted DNA as templates. A simultaneous isolation of bacterial and fungal DNA from pu-erh tea fermentation samples was developed, and this provides a basement for the molecular biology research on the microbial communities and dynamics during pu-erh tea fermentation.

  Research Progress in Pathogenesis and Pathogenic Related Genes of Fusarium oxysporum 2011, 27 (15):  254-258.  Abstract + ( 1206 )   PDF ( 573559KB )   ( 1055 ) Fusarium oxysporum was one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogens in agricultural and ornamental plant species. There were no effective methods to control the diseases caused by it. Studies on pathogenesis were thought as key basis to develop new and effective control techniques. This article reviewed the progress on pathogenesis of Fusarium oxysporum based on the toxins, cell wall degrading enzymes, colonization and overcoming the plant defense responses. Meanwhile, fifteen pathogenic related genes about Fusarium oxysporum were cloned in resent years. There function as well as screening strategies of the genes were summarized. The significance of researches on the pathogenesis and pathogenic gene were also summed up.

  Review of the Study on Interspecific Competitive Relationship of Rice and Barnyard Grass 2011, 27 (15):  259-262.  Abstract + ( 1458 )   PDF ( 475353KB )   ( 1024 ) Barnyard grass is one of the common gramineous weeds in paddy field. And they can compete for ecological factors with rice. This paper reviews the research status of the competitive relationship of rice and barnyard grass at home and abroad. Rice can take advantage of the growth stages by seedling and transplantation. Cultivation and breeding methods such as weed-suppressing rice breeding, density control and varieties of high straws and large panicle, which can improve the competition of rice. Mathematic models are used to quantify the competition between rice and barnyard grass. Control strategies must be in time and effective in direct seeding rice field.

  Resistance Evaluation to Rice Blast of Rice Landraces Which Grown in Two Different Periods in Hani’s Terraced Fields in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province 2011, 27 (15):  263-268.  Abstract + ( 1111 )   PDF ( 557347KB )   ( 871 ) Seedling inoculation was carried out about 148 rice landraces, grown in two different periods in Hani’s terraced fields in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province, including 72 ones that used to be grown during the 1970's (past-grown landraces) and 76 ones that had been grown during the past decade (current-grown landraces), using the two physiological races 007 and 017 that caused relatively high blast frequency in Yunnan rice production. For the race 007, the resistant proportion of the current-grown landraces (65.8%) was lower than that of the past-grown landraces (76.4%). And for the race 017, the resistant proportion of the current-grown landraces (52.6%) was also lower than that of the past-grown landraces (77.8%). In a word, the proportion of blast resistance of the current-grown landraces was lower than that of the past-grown landraces. The pathogenicity on the current-grown landraces of race 017 from the indica-japonica cross-regions was stronger than that of race 007 from the japonica regions, with the number of blast resistant varieties accounting for 52.6% and 65.8% of the total landraces respectively. Therefore, 5 landraces like ‘Laojingnuo’, ‘Zinuo’, ‘Changmaoxiang’, ‘Lengshuigu’ and ‘Yaduogu’ with sustaining blast resistance, which were identified same landraces from two different periods, for the same phenotypic traits and one-to-one correspondence relationship, which could be used for further research and breeding.

  Sensitivity Detection of Magnaporth grisea to Armure in Heilongjiang Province 2011, 27 (15):  269-272.  Abstract + ( 1332 )   PDF ( 612403KB )   ( 854 ) Sensitivity detection of rice blast fungi isolates to Armure from different areas of Heilongjiang Province was measured by mycelium growth rate method. The results showed that there existed differention to the pesticide among the strains, inhibitory ratio from 35.31% to 62.39%. The growth speed of different isolates which coming from different area or same area. So much as in the same physiologicalrace all had discrepancy. The research showed that the insecticide resistance to Armure had emerged in part of the isolates.

  Toxicity Assay of Several Chemical Fungicides Against Pathogen of Wheat Root Rot 2011, 27 (15):  273-276.  Abstract + ( 1515 )   PDF ( 567084KB )   ( 907 ) Screening and management of high performance chemical fungicide was the important way to control wheat disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Suitable fungicide used in the field could be sreened by virulence testing in laboratory. The inhibition of 6 kinds of fungicides on B. sorokiniana, the phynotype of wheat root rot, was studied using biometric methods in this study. The results showed that different fungicides on colony growth was different, in which Difenoconazole was the most effective one to the pathogen, 94.9% inhibition rate was obtained when the concentration was 40 mg/L. Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Carbendazim and Mancozeb were effective in turn, with the inhibition rate of 89.5%, 86.3%, 48.2%, 40% and 37.8%, respectively. Strong inhibition of spore germination was also displayed with Difenoconazole, hemi-inhibitory concentration was 6.45 mg/L, showed that this agent can be used in production continuously.

  Comparing Two Methods for Simultaneous Extraction of DNA and RNA for Bipolaris sorokinianum 2011, 27 (15):  277-280.  Abstract + ( 1355 )   PDF ( 821220KB )   ( 859 ) Obtaining sufficient quantity and high quality of RNA and DNA is the base for carrying out researches in molecular biology. DNA from Bipolaris sorokiniana was attracted by two cell wall lysis methods using lysozyme and liquid nitrogen grinding methods, respectively. Integrality and purity of nucleic acids were detected with agarose gel electrophoresis, ultraviolet absorption and PCR. Ideal results were obtained, when extracting DNA, high quality RNA was obtained at the same time, by using both methods. The results of PCR indicated that the integrality of DNA was good, The quality of DNA was similar for the two methods used, while the quality of RNA was better when extracted with lysozyme than it with liquid nitrogen grinding. The DNA extraction system of Bipolaris sorokiniana by using lysozyme method was suitable for RNA extraction, it provided a simple, safe and feasible method for extracting both DNA and RNA at the same time from Bipolaris sorokiniana.

  Effects of Pest Resistance of Corn Varieties on Arthropod Community in Corn Fields 2011, 27 (15):  281-284.  Abstract + ( 1328 )   PDF ( 540789KB )   ( 925 ) Three corn varieties with different levels of pest resistance were selected to study the effects of pest resistance of corn varieties on arthropod community in corn fields. The research results showed that pest resistance of corn varieties had no evident effects on the species richness but had obvious effects on the evenness and diversity of arthropod community in corn fields. The evenness and diversity of arthropod community and the ratio of natural enemies to pests in the fields of corn variety with relatively high level of pest resistance were higher than those in the fields of corn variety with relatively low level of pest resistance. These results indicated that the pest resistance of corn varieties was helpful to increase the stability of arthropod community and the natural control effect of natural enemies on insect pests in corn fields.

  Monitoring on Carbendazim and Dimethachlon-resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Obtained from the Blight Stems of Rape in Jiangsu Province 2011, 27 (15):  285-291.  Abstract + ( 1334 )   PDF ( 654060KB )   ( 781 ) A total of 6017 single-sclerotium isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were collected throughout Jiangsu Province in order to determine their sensitivity to Carbendazim and Dimethachlon. From 2006 to 2010, the Carbendazim resistance in S. sclerotiorum was widely spread throughout Jiangsu Province with the resistance frequencies of 63.9%, 24.0%, 17.1%, 16.7% and 9.8%, respectively. Although the resistance frequencies decreased year by year, most of them were highly resistant strains. Moreover, there was no significant difference on the performance of mycelial radial growth, pathogenicity, and sclerotial production between Carbendazim resistant and sensitive strains. In the five years, most isolates were considered sensitive to Dimethachlon. Only six isolates collected in Yancheng, Changzhou and Lianyungang showed normal growth at 5μg/mL. Moreover, the Dimethachlon resistance isolates were less fit than sensitive isolates in terms of mycelial radial growth, pathogenicity, and sclerotial production.

  Survey and Analysis on Soil Nutrient Level, Microorganism Population and Tobacco Diseases Infection in Limestone Area of Guangxi 2011, 27 (15):  292-296.  Abstract + ( 1399 )   PDF ( 604756KB )   ( 909 ) The soil nutrient, microorganism population, and tobacco disease were detected and analyzed in tobacco field in limestone area of Jingxi County, Guangxi Province. The results showed that soil pH was on the high side，except for available potassium, there was comparatively rich in organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc. It meant that soil fertility levels were adequate. And the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen of paddy field were significant higher than that of dry land (P<0.01). The total of microorganism in soil was 1.21×107-9.91×107 cfu/g. And the quantity of bacteria was dominant, followed by actinomyces, and then fungi. The quantity of bacteria in paddy field was significantly higher than that in dry land (P<0.05). For the tobacco disease, the uppermost one was tobacco potato Y virus disease, followed by tobacco black shank, and then tobacco bacterial wilt. Correlation analysis showed that the levels of soil organic matter and total nitrogen were key factors effect on the amount of soil microorganism and bacteria population. While the high rate of diseases infection maybe correlated with available phosphorus level and pH value of the soil.

  Preliminary Study on Toxicity of Supercritical Extract of Stellera chamaejasme L. to Tetranychus cinnabarinus and its Acaricidal Mechanism 2011, 27 (15):  297-300.  Abstract + ( 1187 )   PDF ( 595913KB )   ( 824 ) In order to study the toxicity and possible lethal mechanism of supercritical extract of Stellera chamaejasme L., the experiment was conducted. In this study, the contact toxicity of supercritical extract of Stellera chamaejasme L. (SCE) to Tetranychus cinnabarinus was tested using slide dip method, and dynamic toxicosis symptoms of SCE-exposed mites were also detailedly observed. The results showed that the contact toxicity LC50 value of SCE to T. cinnabarinus was 2.411 mg/mL at 24th h post-treatment. Some typical neurotoxic symptoms such as excitement and convulsions were observed in SCE-exposed mites. Subsequently, the changes of activities of AChE, MAO, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase after exposed to SCE were assayed. The experiment showed that SCE could significantly inhibit the activities of AChE, MAO, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase. The results led us to believe that SCE may be a neurotoxin.