Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.19 Published:15 July 2016

  Effects of Phosphorus Application Amounts on Seedling Growth of Acacia melanoxylon 2016, 32 (19):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120080 Abstract + ( 1001 )   PDF ( 695KB )   ( 496 ) The randomized block design was used to study the reaction mechanism of Acacia melanoxylon on different phosphorous fertilizer levels. Seven phosphorous fertilizer treatments (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200 mg P/plant) were set up to measure and analyze the index of seedling height, ground diameter, biomass and root morphology. The results showed that all treatments had promoting effects on seedling growth, ground diameter, aboveground and underground biomass and root growth of Acacia melanoxylon. With the increase of time and phosphorous application amount, the root length, average root diameter, root surface area, root volume, seedling height, ground diameter and biomass of Acacia melanoxylon increased. The treatment of 100 mg P/plant had the best promoting effect, the root length, surface area, average root diameter, root volume, seedling height, ground diameter and aboveground and underground biomass of Acacia melanoxylon were 417.10 cm, 35.17 cm2, 0.47 cm, 0.48 cm3, 36.2 mm, 2.30 mm, 1.236 g (aboveground) and 0.227 g (underground), respectively. Meanwhile, the root length, average root diameter, root surface area and root volume increased by 81.2%, 110.7%, 61.1% and 127.2% compared with that of CK.

  Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition on Litterfall Production and Nutrient Dynamics in a Castanopsis sclerophylla Secondary Forest 2016, 32 (19):  7-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110145 Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 648KB )   ( 455 ) China is one of the regions with high N deposition in the world. Nitrogen deposition has a serious impact on the structure and function of forest ecosystem. The paper aims to reveal the effects of increasing N deposition on litter production and related nutrient returns in forest ecosystem, an experiment of N and P addition was conducted in a secondary Castanopsis sclerophylla forest. In the field simulated experiment, 4 treatments were designed as CK, P addition (P), high N addition (HN), and high N P addition (HN P), with 3 replicates for each treatment. The results from the one- year observation showed that: annual litterfall productions were 8.69, 8.11, and 9.41 t/hm2 for P, HN and HN P treatment, significantly higher than that of the CK (7.68 t/hm2). The amount of nutrient returns by litterfall was all increased to some degree due to N and P addition. The order of the total nutrient returns was: HN P＞P＞HN＞CK. The N and P addition also increased the amount of nutrient returns annually. The N and P addition increased the nutrient elements return in an order of N＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞P. These results indicated that N and P addition improved the litterfall quantity and related nutrient return. High N plus P could maintain the balance of soil nitrogen and phosphorus, significantly increase litter productivity.

  Sitallization Phosphate Powder Affecting Micro-environment Characteristics of Poplar Seedling Rhizosphere Soil 2016, 32 (19):  14-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100126 Abstract + ( 969 )   PDF ( 461KB )   ( 434 ) The effect of sitallization phosphate powder with mean grain size of 7.26 μm (MP1) and 4.04 μm (MP2) on rhizosphere soil characteristics of‘Lulin No.1’seeding was studied by the method of pot experiment. Three fertilizer treatments were conducted: without phosphatic fertilizer (CK), superphosphate (SP) and common phosphate powder (MP0). The results showed that the organic acid content of MP2 and SP had no significant difference, which was 43.55% , 21.89% and 10.15% higher than that of CK, MP0 and MP1, respectively. The total sugar content of MP1, MP2 and SP had no significant difference, which was significantly higher than that of CK and MP0. No significant difference was found in the amino acid content among all the treatments. The pH value of MP2 was 0.31, 0.17 and 0.12 units lower than that of CK, MP0 and MP1, respectively. Electric conductance of SP and MP2 had no significant difference, but was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The cation exchange capacity of SP and phosphate powder treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, and there was no significant difference between SP and MP0, MP1, MP2. Available phosphorus content of MP2 increased by 35.19%, 14.45% and 7.85% in comparing with that of CK, MP0 and MP1, respectively. However, phosphate powder treatment had little effect on available potassium, exchangeable calcium and magnesium. The sitallization phosphate powder treatment could increase organic acid content in root exudate and increase available phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil, the increasing range was bigger when the grain size was smaller, indicating that small sitallization phosphate powder grain size could increase the soil phosphorus supply ability.

  Growth Strategy Response to Salt Stress and Salt Tolerance Threshold of Xanthocera ssorbifolia Bunge Seedlings 2016, 32 (19):  18-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040065 Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 688KB )   ( 595 ) In order to investigate the effects of salt stress on seedling growth of Xanthocera ssorbifolia Bunge, the survival rate, seedling height, ground diameter, biomass, root-shoot ratio and stem-leaf ratio of annual Xanthocera ssorbifolia Bunge seedlings were analyzed under different concentrations (0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8%) of salt (NaCl:Na2SO4=9:1) stress treatment. The results showed that seedling growth indicators presented a gradual downward trend with the increase of salt concentration, the growth was inhibited obviously, ground diameter, root dry weight, root-shoot ratio were higher than that of control under mild salt stress (0.2%); seedling growth indexes were significantly lower than that of control under moderate (0.5%) and severe (0.8%) salt stress. The seedling survival rate reached 100% under control, mild and moderate salt stress, the seedling survival rate decreased significantly under severe salt stress. Tests showed that under salt stress, seedling survival and inhibiting effect under control and mild salt stress were weaker than that of moderate and severe salt stress. The seedling could maintain normal growth by thickening the stem, increasing root growth under mild salt stress; 50% of the total biomass was defined as the threshold of salt-tolerance of seedlings, and the threshold of salt-tolerance of Xanthocera ssorbifolia Bunge seedlings was 0.8%.

  Research Progress of Foliar Characteristics and Influence Factors of Red-leaf Plants 2016, 32 (19):  23-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110070 Abstract + ( 1276 )   PDF ( 471KB )   ( 665 ) Red-leaf plants draw special attention of people because of the bright leaf color. However, there is no systemic elaboration on the foliar characteristics and relative influence factors. This article generally reviewed recent researches concerning the above mentioned aspects. The foliar characteristics included tissue structure photosynthetic characteristics, pigment composition and related enzymes involved in the synthesis process. Relative influence factors included light, soil, temperature and season. The current research on redleaf plants mainly focused on leaf structure, photosynthetic characteristics, types and content of anthocyanidin, and synthesis-related enzyme, while neglected gene expression and regulation. So we should carry out the study on gene expression and regulation of leaf color in order to clarify the influence of environmental factors on the performance of red-leaf plants and expand their planting range.

  Nitrogen and Potassium Content of Different Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties and Cluster Analysis 2016, 32 (19):  28-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030147 Abstract + ( 670 )   PDF ( 638KB )   ( 372 ) Selecting and breeding of potassium efficient genotypes of flue-cured tobacco is an important way to solve the problem of potassium content of flue- cured tobacco. In order to obtain excellent germplasm resources, the characteristics of nitrogen and potassium content of 20 varieties were compared and a cluster analysis was conducted. The results showed that there were significant differences in nitrogen and potassium levels among the varieties and among different parts of the same variety, and the potassium content of tobacco leaves decreased with the increase of leaf position, while the nitrogen content increased with the increase of leaf position.‘Yanyan 2’had the highest K content, the nitrogen content of‘Tengchong Daliuye’and ‘Dahuangye’were the most suitable. By cluster analysis, the tested varieties were divided into 3 types (middle nitrogen and high potassium type, middle nitrogen and middle potassium type, low nitrogen and middle potassium type).

  Application of Sulfur Coated Fertilizer in Ginger Production 2016, 32 (19):  35-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110152 Abstract + ( 654 )   PDF ( 474KB )   ( 423 ) In order to explore the application effect of sulfur coated fertilizer in Anqiu, three fertilization treatments of sulfur coated fertilizer were tested taking chlorine containing compound fertilizer as control. The results showed that, after the application of sulfur coated fertilizer, the ginger leaf color was green in late growth stage, the stem was stout, the growing was strong, the wane in late stage was not serious, and the disease was mild. The fresh ginger weight of different sulfur coated fertilizer treatments were 3214.5-9558.0 kg/hm2 more than that of the control, and the ginger production were 6675.0-10627.5 kg/hm2 more than that of the control. The output value was 24030.0-38259.0 yuan/hm2 more than that of the control, and the difference reached significant level. After using sulfur coated fertilizer, the ginger input-output ratio was significantly increased. The output value of the sulfur coated compound fertilizer treatment which had the same NPK as the control was the most obvious. The input output ratio of the treatment which had 20% sulfur coated urea and 80% ordinary urea was the largest. Therefore, the effect of sulfur coated fertilizer on ginger yield is obvious.

  Effects of Formula Fertilization on Yield of Cabbages under Trickle Irrigationin North of Hebei Province 2016, 32 (19):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110062 Abstract + ( 692 )   PDF ( 782KB )   ( 417 ) In order to improve fertilizer use ratio on cabbage, understand fertilizer distribution proportion and fertilization time and method, fertilization experiment on cabbage under trickle irrigation was carried out in Bashang of Zhang Jiakou. The results showed that, compared with traditional fertilization, formulated fertilization could increase N, P, K content and electric conductivity in soil, and effectively maintain continuous soil fertility. Soluble solids and sugar content increased by 5.8% and 48.6%, respectively, the nitrate content reduced by 39.0%, and kale quality was improved significantly. The gross weight of yield per unit area and net weight increased by 44730 and 37815 kg/hm2, and the growth was 24.7% and 29.9% , respectively, thus the yield increasing effect was significant.

  Seedling Growth and Nutrients Uptake Response to Nitrogen Application Rates During Cucumis sativus Nursery Period 2016, 32 (19):  46-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030057 Abstract + ( 633 )   PDF ( 466KB )   ( 417 ) Response characteristics of cucumber seedlings to nitrogen (N) application rates and forms were determined for optimizing fertilization during seedling nursery period, ammonium nitrate phosphorus fertilizer as tested material (NO3--N:NH4 -N 0.9:1.0), the influence of different application rates of N on growth and nutrients uptake of cucumber seedlings were studied under providing NO3--N and NH4 -N simultaneously condition in this experiment. The results indicated that nitrogen application could significantly increase leaf area, plant height of seedlings but no statistical differences were found within the four N applied treatments (50~200 mg N/plant), compare with no N applied treatment (control). There were no significant difference between all N treatments in shoot dry matter accumulation and stem diameter of cucumber seedlings. N utilization inhibited root growth, with the decrease of root length, root surface area and root dry matter accumulation (especially at the rate of 100 mg N/plant), and root length decreased markedly with 0.5~1.3 mm and 1.8~2.6 mm root diameters. Significant effects were found in concentrations and contents of N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) of shoot, but no significant effects in P, K concentrations and N, P, K contents of root with different N application rate. Shoot and root growth status were taken into consideration, N application rates at 50 mg and 150 mg per plant could produce stronger seedlings.

  Two-dimensional Electrophoresis System for Cucumber Female Flower ’s Corolla 2016, 32 (19):  51-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010020 Abstract + ( 701 )   PDF ( 1588KB )   ( 547 ) An appropriate two- dimensional electrophoresis proteome analysis system of cucumber female flower’s corolla was established by optimizing the parameters including the protein extraction method, the pH gradient of IPG strip, isoelectric focusing conditions, sample application, and dyeing method. The result showed that phenol extraction method could obtain more protein with higher purity. Two- dimensional electrophoresis maps using 17 cm pH 4-7 IPG strip had no overlapping and protein points distributed evenly. Good protein points were obtained in the two-dimensional electrophoresis maps using optimized isoelectric focusing condition with added low-pressure desalination step and time. When the sample application increased to 300 μg, the number of protein points reached 400 and the low abundance protein points were also clear. More protein points were obtained in the two-dimensional electrophoresis maps using silver staining than colloid Coomassie brilliant blue staining. This study obtained clear background, high resolution, and high quality two-dimensional electrophoresis maps with protein points distributed evenly. It laid a foundation for the research on cucumber female flower’s corolla proteomics.

  Effects of Root Fertilizing with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Foliar Net Photosynthetic Rate of Juglans regia‘Wen185’ 2016, 32 (19):  59-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120029 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 609KB )   ( 409 ) Through fertilizer effect field trials, the study aims at testing the effect of root fertilizing with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of J. regia‘Wen185’under the medium soil nutrient condition, and provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and management in walnut orchards. Both“3414”fertilizer effect field trial and the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis were used. The results showed that the denary logarithm (log10M) of the daily mean value (M) of the net photosynthetic rate of J. regia‘Wen185’had a highly significant linear correlation (P＜0.001) with the fertilizing amount of N fertilizer (pure amount of N) and its square (N×N or N2), the linear relationship was log10 M? =0.724 0.231N-0.084N2 0.153P2. There was a positive effect of N fertilizer on the net photosynthetic rate of J. regia‘Wen185’under the medium soil nutrient condition (available P 14.0 mg/kg, available K 77 mg/kg) in walnut orchards when the fertilizing amount of N fertilizer (pure N amount) was less than 2.75 kg per tree; otherwise the effect was negative. Meanwhile, the application of P fertilizer was helpful to improve the net photosynthetic rate of J. regia‘Wen185’

  Light Environmental Characteristics in Intercropping Alley of Jujube and Winter Wheat 2016, 32 (19):  64-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020041 Abstract + ( 713 )   PDF ( 630KB )   ( 330 ) Studying the light environment of in intercropping alley of jujube and winter wheat could provide references for winter wheat cultivation. To ascertain the variation characteristics of light environment, the authors set intercropping plots with jujube planted by 1.0 m×4.5 m, 1.0 m×2.5 m, 0.5 m×4.5 m. Li-6400 Portable Photosynthesis System, LAI-2000 plant canopy analysis meter, and light sensor LI-190 were used to measure the photosynthetic parameters and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of the alley at different growth stages of winter wheat. The method of PAR space- time window was used to calculate the size of saturated PAR space-time window of the winter wheat canopy at different growth stages. The results showed that winter wheat in maturation stage had higher light saturation point (LSP) and lower light compensation point (LCP) than the winter wheat in filling stage. In intercropping plots with jujube planted by different modes, the size of saturated PAR space-time window of the winter wheat canopy was in an order as: 1.0 m× 4.5 m＞ 0.5 m× 4.5 m＞ 1.0 m× 2.5 m. In conclusion, considering the photosynthetic demand of winter wheat in the alley, jujube planted by 1.0 m× 4.5 m was the best intercropping mode of jujube and winter wheat in southern Xinjiang basin.

  Effect of Si, Ca and K Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Red Jujube 2016, 32 (19):  69-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050024 Abstract + ( 763 )   PDF ( 493KB )   ( 297 ) Aimed at the problem of“attaching importance to macroelement and ignoring medium trace element”in production, the effect of fertilizer on the quality, growth and yield of red jujube was studied by applying fertilizer of different Si, Ca and K concentrations. The results showed that the application of Si, Ca and K fertilizer could improve the growth of jujube leaves and fruits, and the length, wide and area of leaves and diameter of fruit were significantly higher than that of CK, 4 kg/plant had the most obvious effect. The content of organic acids, Vc and soluble sugar in jujubes also increased significantly after fertilization, 4 kg/plant also had the most obvious effect. The application of Si, Ca and K fertilizer could significantly strengthen the resistance of jujube tree to diseases and pests, and reduced dehiscent fruit number and sickness fruit rate and increased dropping shoot ration, weight of single fruit and yield, 4 kg/plant had the most obvious effect, which could increase the yield by 21.8%. This study could provide theoretical basis for the reasonable application of Si, Ca and K fertilizer in production and further study.

  Effect of Nitrogen Forms on Growth and 15N Utilization of Apple Rootstocks (Malus hupehensis Rehd.) Under Different Soil pH Values 2016, 32 (19):  73-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110140 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 580KB )   ( 616 ) Nowadays, soil acidity severely restricts the production and development of orchard. But rational fertilization with different nitrogen forms can relieve soil acidification effectively. In this experiment, the authors used one- year- old apple rootstocks (Malus hupehensis Rehd.) as materials and 15N labeled tracer technique as the tool, designed 3 different nitrogen forms to test their effect on the growth and absorption, allocation and utilization of apple rootstocks under each soil pH gradient. The results showed that under different soil pH gradients, the plant biomass of three nitrogen forms treatment in acid soil from high to low was CO(NH2)2- N＞NH4 - N＞NO3-- N, which was significantly and positively correlated with soil pH; but the sequence in alkaline soil was CO(NH2)2-N＜NH4 -N＜NO3--N. Under different treatments of nitrogen forms and soil pH, the variation of Ndff value and 15N utilization rate in different organs of plant was significantly different. When soil pH 6.5, the value of total nitrogen content of plant treated with NH4 -N and NO3--N, reached the maximum of 0.47 g and 0.33 g. The 15N utilization rate of plant under different soil pH gradients was significantly influenced by nitrogen forms. Thus, the three nitrogen forms had significantly different effects on the plant index of nitrogen absorption, distribution and utilization under different soil pH gradients, which was the key factor limiting plant growth.

  Nutrient Composition of Solidago canadensis in Different Seasons 2016, 32 (19):  78-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110125 Abstract + ( 1099 )   PDF ( 695KB )   ( 453 ) In order to make full use of the resources of Solidago canadensis, the nutrient composition of S.canadensis in different growing seasons were determined and analyzed. The moisture content was determined by gravimetric method, and the ash content was measured by high-temperature furnace burning. The soluble sugar content was measured using anthrone colorimetry. And the fructose in sucrose was determined by resocin colorimetry after samples were hot destroyed. The crude fiber content was determined, and the samples were treated with sulfuric acid, alkali, alcohol, and ether. At the same time, the contents of crude protein were determined by coomassie brilliant blue. The results showed that the moisture content declined with the change of season and the moisture content of leaves of S. canadensis was higher than that of stems and root in early spring. The moisture content of stems of S. canadensis was higher than that of roots from March to June, and the moisture content of roots was higher than that of stems from June to October. In addition, the ash content of leaves was higher than that of the stems and roots, however it did not change significantly to the seasonal changes. The ash content of stems was higher than that of roots before May, but the ash content of stems was significantly lower than that of the roots after June. The soluble sugar content of stems was higher during March and April, and the total sugar content of root was obviously higher than that of stem and leaves from May to November. Sucrose and the total soluble sugar content presented a similar seasonal variation, indicating that the sucrose content of roots significantly increased in November. The crude fiber content increased with the seasons change, and the crude fiber content of stems was higher than that of the roots and leaves. With the change of seasons, the protein content decreased, and the protein content of leaves was higher than that of stems and roots.

  Effects of Temperature Stress on Chlorophyll Content, Soluble Sugar and MDA in Trifolium repens L. 2016, 32 (19):  83-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110105 Abstract + ( 949 )   PDF ( 620KB )   ( 880 ) The objective of this study is to explore the effect of low temperature stress on chlorophyll, soluble sugar and MDA in Trifolium repens L.. The new strain‘08-2’and‘Haifa’of Trifolium repens were used as the materials, and then the treatments of 10, 5, 0, -5, -10, -15℃ were set. The variations of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and MDA were studied under low temperatures, and the cold resistances of the materials were evaluated. The results showed that varying temperature had a great influence on chlorophyll, soluble sugar and MDA in Trifolium repens L.. With the decrease of temperature, the chlorophyll content declined gradually. The declining speed of‘08-2’was less than that of‘Haifa’under lower temperature (≤0℃). The soluble sugar content of‘08-2’was the highest at 0℃, and the soluble sugar content of‘Haifa’was the highest at 5℃. With the decrease of temperature, the MDA content and electric conductivity increased gradually, but the change range of‘08-2’was lower than that of‘Haifa’. Comprehensive analysis showed that the cold resistance of the new strain‘08-2’was better than that of‘Haifa’.

  Dynamic Accumulation and Thermostability of Hydroxy Safflor Yellow A 2016, 32 (19):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110016 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 685KB )   ( 526 ) The dynamic accumulation and thermostability of Hydroxy Safflor Yellow A (HSYA) were studied in order to provide certain theoretical basis for production and application of Carthamus tinctorius. Carthamus tinctorius‘Yanjin’and Carthamus tinctorius‘Yuanyang’were taken as the study materials, HSYA content at different development stages, and HSYA content of safflower filaments in different temperatures and time were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography method. The results showed that HSYA began to accumulate in the forming period of buds, and reached a peak on the third day after flowering. The HSYA content of standard substance decreased in a straight line with the storage temperature (50-100℃) increase within the same storage time, and it also showed a sharp decrease with the time increase (30-120 min) in the same temperature environment. HSYA content of safflower filaments continuously increased during 30-240 minutes at 50℃, and peaked at 240 min. HSYA content peaked at 90 min under 70℃, then began to decrease when the time was more than 90 min. The HSYA content decreased rapidly during 100-140℃, and declined sharply with the time increase (30- 240 min) in the same temperature environment. So the best picking time of safflower was the third day after flowering. Safflower filaments were dried at 40-50℃, and safflower preparation should avoid high temperature condensed method.

  Control Efficacy and Mechanism of Two Fungicides on Rice False Smut of Indica-japonica Hybrid Cultivar‘Yongyou 12’ 孙加焱,,,,, and 2016, 32 (19):  92-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110112 Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 565KB )   ( 437 ) In order to clarify the control efficacy and control mechanism of fungicides with different dosages and control stages on rice false smut, we studied the control efficacy of two fungicides with three dosages and eight stages on rice false smut ofI ndica-japonica hybrid cultivar‘Yongyou 12’. The results showed that the control efficacy of the two fungicides at proposed dosages was better, and the efficacy increased along with the dosage increase. But the dosage was not the key factor to the control efficacy, except that the control efficacy of XI’AO at 300 g/hm2 was significant lower than those of the other dosage treatments. The two fungicides had some efficacy at 20 days before the rupturing stage, and the efficacy increased with the control stage which was close to the bloom stage. Nevertheless, the control efficacy began to reduce after rupturing, especially XI’AO declined rapidly after the full heading stage. In conclusion, the crucial stage of infecting rice false smut for cultivar‘Yongyou 12’was the bloom period, so efficacious and long-acting fungicides must be used before rupturing stage to control rice false smut.

  Construction of Transgenic Drosophila Expressing LdCYP6B53 and Its Susceptibility to Insecticides 2016, 32 (19):  97-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030222 Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 817KB )   ( 577 ) The objective was to investigate the susceptibility of CYP6B53 to four insecticides including cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, phoxim and chlorantraniliprole. The attP40＞CYP6B53 and VK5＞CYP6B53 transgenic Drosophila were constructed by transforming LdCYP6B53 into Drosophila. The toxicity of insecticides to transgenic Drosophila was measured using bioassay. The CYP6B53 gene was confirmed to stably express into Drosophila by restriction endonuclease digestion, RT-PCR and sequencing. Compared with attP40 and VK5 control Drosophila, the attP40＞CYP6B53 and VK5＞CYP6B53 transgenic Drosophila significantly decreased susceptibility to cyfluthrin with 1.83- fold and 1.61- fold of the control Drosophila for LC50, respectively. However, the attP40＞CYP6B53 and VK5＞CYP6B53 transgenic Drosophila significantly increased susceptibility to deltamethrin with 0.52- fold and 0.21- fold of the control Drosophila for LC50, respectively. No significant difference of susceptibility to phoxim and chlorantraniliprole was detected between attP40＞CYP6B53 and VK5＞CYP6B53 transgenic Drosophila and the control Drosophila. The transgenic Drosophila lines attP40＞CYP6B53 and VK5＞CYP6B53 were successfully constructed by using transgenic technology, and these transgenic Drosophila lines could be used for screening insecticides and provide a method for studying LdCYP6B53 functions.

  Resource and Fauna of Butterflies in the Southeastern Edge of Mu Us Sandy Land 2016, 32 (19):  102-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040067 Abstract + ( 632 )   PDF ( 630KB )   ( 475 ) To clarify the basic situation of resource and fauna of butterflies in the southeastern edge of Mu Us sandy land and provide basic data for the conservation and utilization of butterfly resources, butterflies in this area were captured and identified from June to September in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The results showed that there were 52 species belonging to 38 genera in 5 families in the southeastern edge of Mu Us sandy land, including 3 species belonging to 1 genus in Papilionidae, 4 species belonging to 4 genera in Hesperiidae, 10 species belonging to 6 genera in Pieridae, 21 species belonging to 14 genera in Nymphalidae and 14 species belonging to 13 genera in Lycaenidae. Butterfly resources in the southeastern edge of Mu Us sandy land were mainly Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae, and the dominant species were Colias erate, Pieris rapae, Coenonympha amaryllis, Aricia mandschurica and Everes argiades. Fauna distribution showed that the major species in the southeastern edge of Mu Us Sandy Land were Palaearctic species, with 31 species accounting for 59.61% of the total species, followed by widespread species, with 20 species accounting for 38.47% of the total species. The southeastern edge of Mu Us sandy land belonged to transition zone for butterfly fauna from Loess Plateau to desert and semi desert area.

  Climatic Resources and Productive Potential: Variation Characteristics During the Maize Growth Period in Sichuan Basin 2016, 32 (19):  110-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040101 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 1249KB )   ( 482 ) Based on the observation data from 104 meteorology stations during 1961-2010 and phenology data of maize from 17 agrometeorology stations during 1981-2010 in Sichuan basin, the change of climatic resources and potential productive during the maize growth period were studied by using the Agro- Ecological Zone (AEZ) model. The results showed that the thermal time ≥10℃during the maize growth period increased in western basin and southern basin, but decreased in other areas from 1961 to 2010, the trend of which was -9.5~18.7℃·d·(10a)-1. The sunshine hours decreased by -48.3～-4.3h·(10a)-1 in Sichuan basin. The precipitation decreased in most regions of Sichuan basin, but for the northeastern basin appeared increasing tendency, the trend of which was -47.9～29.3mm·(10a)-1. The photosynthetic potential productivity of maize decreased by -708～-64 kg·hm-2·(10a)-1 and photo-temperature potential productivity decreased by -404～-32kg·hm-2·(10a)-1 from 1961 to 2010 in Sichuan basin. The climatic potential productivity of maize decreased in most regions of Sichuan basin, the trend of which was -408～34kg·hm-2·(10a)-1.This research can provide important theoretical support for developing the national response strategy on climate change, and overall policy decision of maize production.

  Vegetation evolutional characteristics of floodplain wetlands duringdegradation succession in the Yellow River Source Zone 2016, 32 (19):  115-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120131 Abstract + ( 860 )   PDF ( 753KB )   ( 477 ) The authors analyzed vegetation change characteristics during degradation succession in floodplain wetlands of the Yellow River Source Zone by geography opography index and phytocoenosium index. The results showed that in terms of the entire degradation succession, floodplain wetland was dominated by Kobresia tibetica at the beginning of succession. With the process of succession, Kobresia tibetica gradually decreased, and weeds and poisonous weeds gradually increased, and played certain roles in floodplain wetland. Plant diversity increased, and plant community structure tended to be complex, species richness was higher and higher.

  Cold Air in Spring and Autumn: Effect on Temperature of Different Aquatic Water 2016, 32 (19):  120-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040019 Abstract + ( 680 )   PDF ( 887KB )   ( 471 ) The paper aims to reveal the effect of cold air process on temperature of different aquatic water. The response and variation of water temperature of each water layer caused by cold air process were studied based on water temperature data of two different water bodies during the occurrence of cold air in spring and autumn in 2011 and 2012, by using statistical analysis method. Besides, the water temperature reduction prediction models of each water layer were also established. The results showed that: (1) after the cold air, the amplitude reduction of water temperature of shallow layer was larger than that of deep one, and the minimum water temperature of large water body appeared obviously later than that of small water body; (2) the greater the intensity of cold air process, the greater the difference of water temperature reduction was, temperature of small water body was more likely to decrease under cold air; (3) the correlation between small water body’s temperature reduction and meteorological elements was much better than that of larger water body’s; and shallow water layer’s temperature was more vulnerable to the change of external meteorological elements, while the effect on deep layer was relatively inconspicuous, especially in deep layer of large water body; (4) the simulation result of established water temperature reduction model of small water body was much better, and the result was relatively good in the shallow layers (10 to 50 cm water layer) of large water body, while less satisfied in the deep layers (100 to 150 cm water layer). Thus, the predictive model established based on related meteorological factors can provide production guidance and warning during the critical aquaculture period in spring and autumn.

  Greenhouse Grapes: Growth Period Management and Meteorological Condition Analysis 2016, 32 (19):  130-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010140 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 651KB )   ( 344 ) The authors installed a microclimate viewer in the grape greenhouses in Zhongtao Village, Sanlei Town of Minqin County from 2012 to 2014, used the observation data of temperature in the greenhouses and meteorological observation data in the same period, to analyze the influence of suitable production management, temperature change inside and outside of the greenhouse during laminating period as well as disastrous weather on greenhouse grapes. The results showed that, the temperature in the greenhouse was significantly higher than that outside the greenhouse, the temperature inside and outside the greenhouse showed the same change trend, temperature in greenhouse changed along with the change of temperature outside the greenhouse. For sunny days and cloudy days, the temperature changed inside and outside the greenhouse was different and there was obviously more change on sunny days than that on cloudy days. In addition, suitable greenhouse temperature was relatively good for grape growth, and too high or too low temperature inside the greenhouse and the disastrous weather had great adverse effects on grape growth. Moreover, the protecting measures under disastrous weather condition were put forward. The analysis provides certain technical guidance for safe greenhouse production, further enhances the ability of meteorological service for characteristic agriculture, and is of practical significance for local economic and social development.

  Cause Analysis of a Heavy Sandstorm 2016, 32 (19):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120118 Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 1353KB )   ( 457 ) In order to study the development mechanism of strong sandstorms in Hexi Corridor, according to the conventional meteorological data and data from NECP/NCAR, the authors analyzed the heavy sandstorm which occurred in April 23- 24, 2014 from the perspective of climate background, weather condition, the characteristic of ground meteorological elements of strong sandstorm and related physical factors. The results showed that: the strong cold air activity was an important reason for the sandstorm. The occurrence of sandstorm was accompanied by the dramatic cooling of ground, air pressure surge, and wind speed surge. A consistent upward movement appeared from the lower to the upper level when the sandstorm occurred, the vertical velocity from strong to weak and the sandstorm development process changing from outbreak to decline had a good corresponding relationship. The upper level jet stream center had a significant spread to the lower layer. The descent of the upper jet stream was an important symbol of momentum. There was a marked negative and positive characteristic of the vertical screw. Before the sandstorm occurred, the surface layer had an inversion layer, which was good to produce dry convection.

  Variation Characteristics of Deep Ground Temperature in Tangshan 2016, 32 (19):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120141 Abstract + ( 723 )   PDF ( 537KB )   ( 381 ) The paper aims to explore the variation characteristics of deep ground temperature in Tangshan, and provide references for studying the change of agricultural ecological environment. Based on the monthly average ground temperature data at 0.8 m, 1.6 m and 3.2 m deep of Tangshan National Basic Observation Station from 1980 to 2010, the annual and seasonal variation trend, climatic anomalous characteristics and climatic abrupt change of deep average ground temperature during the 30 years were analyzed by using statistical diagnosis method. The results showed that: the annual average ground temperature at 0.8 m, 1.6 m and 3.2 m in Tangshan had an increasing trend, the increase was least at 0.8 m deep in autumn and the most at 1.6 m deep in spring; the average ground temperature was the maximum in summer and the minimum in winter at 0.8 m and 1.6 m, and was the maximum in autumn and the minimum in spring at 3.2 m. The monthly average ground temperature was the minimum in February and the maximum in August at 0.8 m and 1.6 m, and was the minimum in March and the maximum in September at 3.2 m. The average ground temperature in spring, summer, winter and of annual had experienced two warm and two cold stages, while it had experienced two warm and one cool stages in autumn. The four seasons’and annual average ground temperature had climatic abrupt change, except the average ground temperature in spring and winter at 0.8 m and the annual average ground temperature at 3.2 m, there were anomalous warm or cool phenomena in the average ground temperature.

  Climate Change in Baoji: Its Effect on Wheat Yield 2016, 32 (19):  147-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030155 Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 652KB )   ( 565 ) The paper aims to conduct a quantitative assess of the effect of climate change on wheat yield, and provide references for building climate adapting production models. Based on the climate change trend obtained by using moving method and linear regression, the correlation between the key climate factors and wheat yield was analyzed, and the climate yield and technique yield of wheat were also analyzed by using standard period. The results showed that: the abrupt change of air temperature and precipitation happened in Baoji in 1991 while it also had seasonal differences, the abrupt change of air temperature and precipitation happened earlier in spring and autumn than that in summer and winter; the air temperature had an increasing trend in Baoji, the rising rate was 0.15℃/10 a, especially in winter; precipitation had a decreasing trend, the decreasing rate was 15.4 mm/10 a; the decreasing precipitation in summer and autumn made the greatest contribution; the correlation coefficient was 0.67 between temperature in spring and climate yield of wheat, the climate yield was increasing at rate of 27.5 kg/(hm2·10 a). The climate in BaoJi was becoming warmer and drier in recent 54 years. Under the condition of adequate irrigation, temperature rising had an important effect on wheat yield increase.

  Precipitation: Response to Local Climate Change in Jinta of Heihe River Basin 王胜 and 郭海瑛 2016, 32 (19):  152-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020016 Abstract + ( 659 )   PDF ( 784KB )   ( 436 ) The paper aims to get the response features of precipitation to local climate change in Jinta of Heihe River Basin, the authors analyzed the precipitation and related climate factors data by wavelet analysis and other statistical methods. The results showed that: (1) in recent years, the annual precipitation and seasonal (except autumn) precipitation in Jinta were significantly rising; (2) through the multiple time scale analysis of precipitation, a 15-year scale mainly existed in a 42-year period; there was more precipitation amount from 1975 to 1982, 1988 to 1996, and 2004 to 2014, however the precipitation amount from 1982 to 1988, and 1996 to 2004 was less; local precipitation had fluctuations in 1973-2014 verified by using Mann-Kendall method and T slide test, but no mutations; (3) in summer, precipitation and other meteorological elements had obvious response relationship, in order to find the relationship between them, the correlation analysis indicated that: with the change of precipitation, air temperature, sunshine hours and surface temperature all showed an increasing trend, the precipitation and surface temperature had the closest relationship, and their correlation coefficient was the highest.

  Quantitative Research on Rainstorm & Flood Disaster in Deyang Based on GIS 2016, 32 (19):  158-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120135 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 1013KB )   ( 497 ) With frequent natural disaster occurrences and extreme climate change, the research on comprehensive risk assessment of storm disaster is significant. Based on GIS technology, the authors statistically analyzed the risk of rainstorm & flood disaster in Deyang, and made a quantitative research. The AHP method and Delphi method were combined to establish a system of rainstorm and flood disaster risk assessment in Deyang. The system included 4 indexes, hazard of disaster inducing factors, exposing of hazard affected bodies, sensitivity of hazard inducing environment and capability of disaster prevention, in order to ensure the rationality. According to the results, Deyang could be classified into five levels of risk regions: negligible risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk and very high risk. The authors discussed the prevention of rainstorm disaster in high risk and very high risk regions, and provided countermeasures to reduce the probability of loss and casualty.

  Micro-sprinkling Spraying Irrigation Technique:Effect on Grape Physiology and Yield 2016, 32 (19):  164-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110108 Abstract + ( 628 )   PDF ( 669KB )   ( 412 ) The aim was to optimize micro-sprinkling spraying irrigation technique. The effects of different irrigation techniques on the physiology and yield indexes including grape branch number, leaf number and internode length were studied. All of the physiology indexes showed certain regularity of different irrigation techniques. The leaf area index presented a correlation with the branch number, leaf number and leaf area. Among different treatments, WP4 and WP5 had the maximum leaf area index, followed by WP2 and WP3, and the control group had the minimum value. In the aspect of yield, the yield of control group was 29275.5 kg/hm2, which was only higher than that of WP5 (28591.5 kg/hm2). WP3 had the maximum yield value of 38313 kg/hm2, 30.9% higher than that of control group, followed by WP1, WP2 and WP4, which was 33906 kg/hm2, 33361.5 kg/hm2 and 32124 kg/hm2 respectively. The grape had higher yield under the micro- sprinkling spraying irrigation technique with the irrigation quota of 9150 m3/hm2, once per day for 1-2 hours, and the water spray quantity was 105-120 m3/hm2 each time.

  Fragrance-improving Process in Primary Processing of Excellent Keemun 周汉琛 2016, 32 (19):  170-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120057 Abstract + ( 867 )   PDF ( 519KB )   ( 441 ) Effect of moisture content of tea dhool and different temperatures in fragrance-improving process on the quality of excellent Keemun was studied by machine 6CTH-3. The moisture content was set to be 29.47%, 15.11% and 8.69% and the temperature was set to be 95℃, 80℃ and 65℃. The experiment combinations were conducted with randomized block design and each combination repeated three times. The results showed that the effect of temperature on tea quality was stronger than that of moisture content. The appearance, inner quality including fragrance and taste, and total sensory score of excellent Keemun were significantly affected by temperature and moisture content (P ＜0.05). While the color of tea soup and the soaked tea leaves were not significantly affected by them. The contents of water extract, amino acid, soluble carbohydrate and theabrownin were significantly affected by temperature and moisture content (P ＜0.05). While the effect on the content of caffeine, tea polyphenol, thearubigin and theaflavin was not significant. A high- level moisture content (29.47%) and low-level temperature (65℃) might lead to the lack of bright fragrance and sweet taste and there was a little fermentation smell. And a low-level moisture content (8.69%) and high-level temperature (95℃) might lead to the high fire taste. Thus controlling the moisture content at about 15% of tea dhool and the temperature at about 80℃ in fragrance-improving process can improve the quality of excellent Keemun.

  Ultrasonic Extraction of Ursolic Acid from Xishan Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill) 2016, 32 (19):  175-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120075 Abstract + ( 625 )   PDF ( 744KB )   ( 463 ) The ursolic acid was extracted from Xishan jujube with ultrasonic extraction technique. The ingredients and contents in the extracted solution of ursolic acid were analyzed by HPLC and IR. The extracting technology was optimized by single factor experiments. The results showed that: the optimum condition for ursolic acid extraction was: extracting temperature as 65℃, extracting time as 25 min, material to solution ratio as 1:13, ethanol concentration as 85% and extracting power as 175 W. Under the above condition, the extraction ratio of ursolic acid reached 2.22 mg/g. Compared with the extraction without ultrasonic, the extraction ratio of ursolic acid was improved with less energy consumption and shorter extracting time. The research provided evidences for the utilization of Xishan jujube resources and the development of new jujube processed products.

  Correlation Between Tree Body Gummosis and Storability of‘Huyou 018’Nectarine 2016, 32 (19):  182-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030066 Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 689KB )   ( 421 ) This study was undertaken to research the correlation between tree body gummosis and fruit quality, screen the objective evaluation index, and provide quantitative basis for preventing peach gummosis. [Method] Degree of peach gummosis：Ⅰ Scattering gummosis point or 1-2 more gummosis pieces on primary branches, secondary branch or tertiary branches; Ⅲ The total of scattering gummosis pieces were less than a quarter on Primary branches, secondary branch and tertiary branches , unable to distinguish the gummosis point;V The total of scattering gummosis pieces were 1/4-1/2 on Primary branches, secondary branch and tertiary branches , unable to distinguish the gummosis point;Ⅶ The total of scattering gummosis pieces were 1/2-3/4 on Primary branches, secondary branch and tertiary branches , unable to distinguish the gummosis point.The quality and storability(pulp firmness, total soluble solids,titratable acid and decay rate)were investigated of different degree gummosis during storage. Making decay rate be the major evaluation index, and correlation coefficients（R）of linear relationships between bad fruit rate , pulp firmness and titratable acid were analyzed too.[Results] when the harvest, there were no significant difference on pulp firmness during different degree gummosis, high degree gummosis (Ⅴ-Ⅶ)reduced the TSS content and peel chromatic erration L*.During the whole storage, decay rate of high degree gummosis (Ⅴ-Ⅶ)>degree of Ⅰ>control significantly, and there were no significant difference on pulp firmness of different degree gummosis. There were certain difference of titratable acid but were not correlation coefficients（R）of linear relationships during different degree gummosis. There were significant negative correlation (P < 0.05)between decay rate and pulp firmness, R value of CK and Ⅴ degree was 0.92 and 0.848, respectively. There were negative correlation between decay rate and titratable acid, R value of CK and Ⅴ degree was 0.93 and 0.76.[Conclusion] Ⅴ was the key degree of gummosis, which was reduce the quality and storability of fruit. Decay rate combined with the pulp firmness and titratable acid can be used as objective evaluation index of storability.

  Effect of Manganese on Fennel Growth, Essential Oil Contents and Components 2016, 32 (19):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020030 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 481KB )   ( 483 ) Abstract: In order to provide cultivation techniques reference for improving the essential oil contents and components of fennel, our research took Inner Mongolia fennel as materials, and Hoagland nutrient solution as base fertilizer, designed 5 different manganese application levels [0 mg/L(CK), 22.3 mg/L(N1), 44.6 mg/L(N2), 66.9 mg/L(N3) and 89.2 mg/L(N4) respectively]. Based on sand culture method, this paper explor the effects of different manganese levels on the fennel growth, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, and essential oil contents and components. The results showed that: the plant heights of treatment N1-N4 were higher than contrast (2.4, 6.0, 6.8, 9.4 cm respectively). Fresh weight and dry matter weight of shoot of treatment N1 were the highest [(71.65±4.79), (8.15±0.73) g respectively]. Besides, more manganese applying, total nitrogen, total carbon, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content of fennel were increased at the beginning, and then became lower. The effects of different manganese applications on essential oil of fennel mainly turn to the relative content of (E)-anethole, and the best treatment was N1. Treatment N1 could promote the growth and improve the relative content of (E)-anethole and terpinolene of fennel.

  Current Status and Detection Technology of Heavy Metals in Food in China 2016, 32 (19):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120074 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 533KB )   ( 561 ) Heavy metal pollution has been one of the main factors affecting the quality of food in China. The pollution limit standards of food were made to ensure the quality safety of food. In this paper, maximum limit standards of heavy metals in major foods, the pollution situation and the conventional detection methods of heavy metals in China were introduced. Then, rapid detection technologies of heavy metals including reagent colorimetric, rapid detection strip, electrochemical technology and enzymatic inhibition were reviewed. At last, countermeasures including strictly controlling sources of heavy metals and strengthening management; improving the research of the rapid detection technologies and methods, enhancing the supervision of government management departments and introducing the food risk assessment system of heavy metals were proposed to provide references for detection, supervise and management of heavy metals in food in China.

  Agricultural Postgraduates’English Learning from the Perspective of Service Optimization 2016, 32 (19):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070046 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 659KB )   ( 475 ) To better cultivate high-quality agricultural talents, and to promote the English proficiency and learning efficiency of agricultural postgraduates, the paper conducted English proficiency placement test, questionnaires and interviews under the guidance of information service theories to analyze learner needs and levels of information literacy of postgraduates who were from the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Results showed that the objective state of the user need was that the agricultural postgraduates had relative low language proficiency and great individual differences. The expressed state of the user need was that the agricultural postgraduates were in need of new information service form and content. Their information literacy needed to be improved. Although the agricultural postgraduates were aware of the importance of autonomous learning, their ability in practice was weak. The contradiction among the objective state and expressed state of user need and their information literacy provided a challenge for high quality teaching, and became the driving force for the reforms in English teaching for agricultural postgraduates. Employment of information service theories in English learning will make the real principal subject and center clear, and realize the optimal coupling of user need and information service, and the effect of language learning and teaching.