Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.29 Published:12 October 2016

  Comparison of Feeding Pregnant Sows in Two Ways 张建军,牟文慧,王晓飞 and 樊新 2016, 32 (29):  1-3.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010092 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 447KB )   ( 414 ) The aim of this study is explore a feeding mode which is more conducive to improve production performance of pregnant sow, and provide reference for practical production. The experiment was conducted in Linyi Bocheng Pig Ltd. in April 2015. 56 sows (3th-6th parity) which had close breeding period were randomly divided into group A and B. The pregnancy period was 114 days and lactation period was 21 days. Pigs in group A was fed 1 time a day during pregnancy period, 4 times a day during lactation period and 2 times a day for 7 days after weaning. Pigs in group B was fed 2 times a day during pregnancy period, 4 times a day during lactation period and 2 times a day for 7 days after weaning. The results showed that group A is better than group B in litter size, alive litter size, piglet birth weight, piglet weight 21 days after weaning and sow estrus rate 7 days after weaning, and the advantages were obvious. Thus feeding pregnant sows 1 time a day during the pregnancy period was better than 2 times a day in reproductive performance.

  Expression Comparison of Leptin Gene and Leptin Receptor Gene in Huai Pig and Duroc Pig 2016, 32 (29):  4-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060138 Abstract + ( 1315 )   PDF ( 2614KB )   ( 377 ) The study aims to find the differential expression of leptin gene (LEP) and leptin receptor gene (LEPR) in five adipose tissues of 7-month-old and 12-month-old Huai pig and Duroc pig. LEP gene and LEPR gene were amplified by fluorescence quantitative PCR, then relative expression was calculated by transferring CT value into 2- △ △ CT. Results showed that the expression of LEP was the highest in lower subcutaneous fat, followed by upper subcutaneous fat, abdominal subcutaneous fat and leaf fat, and was the lowest in coronary fat. Expression of LEP in adipose tissues of 7-month-old Huai pig had significant difference compared with that of 12-month-old Huai pig and 7-month-old Duroc pig (P＜0.05). Compared with 7- month-old Duroc pig, expression of LEP gene in adipose tissues of 12-month-old Huai pig was extremely and significantly different (P＜0.01). Compared with 12-month-old Huai pig, only the expression of LEPR gene in coronary fat of 7-month-old Huai pig was significantly different (P＜0.05).

  Isolation and Identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri FJ-GT Strain 2016, 32 (29):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030148 Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 875KB )   ( 734 ) To confirm the pathogen of a suspected contagious caprine pleuropneumonia case in a goat farm of Fujian Province, the pathogen of lung tissue was isolated and purified using mycoplasma medium. It was identified by biochemical test and specificity polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cloning and sequencing studies were given to the sequence of the isolated 16S rRNA. The results showed that bacterial colonies were like fried eggs with brown protuberance in the center. The isolated strain was named FJ-GT and could ferment glucose, but could not hydrolyze arginine and decompose urea. Hemadsorption test of FJ-GT was negative. Meilan reduction reaction, the cholesterol test and four azole nitrogen chloride reduction reaction of FJ-GT were positive. Hemolysis test of FJ- GT showed a beta hemolysis. The result of the PCR amplification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri was the specific band of 394 bp. Sequence analysis indicated that 16S rRNA of the isolated FJ-GT shared 99.5% homology with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri strain PG3. Thus it could be concluded that the pathogen was Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. This study proved the existence of goat mycoplasmal pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri from the perspective of etiology in Fujian Province for the first time, and had guiding effect on the diagnosis, prevention and control of mycoplasmal pneumonia of sheep and goats in Fujian Province.

  Tea Saponin Affecting Rumen Microbial Fermentation and Number of Protozoa 2016, 32 (29):  17-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070007 Abstract + ( 926 )   PDF ( 519KB )   ( 703 ) To study the effect of tea saponin on rumen microbial fermentation and the number of protozoa in Simmental cattle, a 4×4 latin square experiment was designed. Concentration of tea saponin in the control group, low dose group, middle dose group and high dose group was 0, 6, 12 and 18 g per cattle in a day, respectively. The experiment lasted for 4 periods and each period lasted for 20 days. pH value, contents of volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen, and number of protozoa were measured. Results showed that the ratio of acetic acid and propanoic acid in the control group and high dose group was (3.79±0.13) and (3.30±0.17) in the fourth period respectively, presenting a significant difference (P＜0.05). Number of protozoa in experimental groups were significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05). In summary, tea saponin had an obvious inhibitory effect on rumen protozoa, and could significantly affect rumen fermentation.

  Prediction of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Tilapia Aquaculture Pond 2016, 32 (29):  22-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050054 Abstract + ( 1110 )   PDF ( 1124KB )   ( 679 ) In order to timely and effectively know the tendency of the dissolved oxygen concentration in tilapia aquaculture pond and guarantee the stable and efficient tilapia aquaculture, based on the analysis of the practical pond environment, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the parameters of BP neural network model. Then the dissolved oxygen concentrations of the ponds in Nanquan experimental base in Wuxi from August 23rd to November 4th in 2015 were predicted. And the training and prediction results between optimized model PSO-BP and the common BP model were compared. The results showed that training and prediction results of PSO-BP model were much better than that of the common BP model, and the error rate of PSO-BP model was lower than 0.5% except the abnormal points. PSO-BP model has a fast convergence speed and low computing complexity. Besides, it can accurately predict dissolved oxygen concentration of tilapia aquaculture pond and provide a research direction for the prediction of other water quality indicators.

  Effluent Purifying Performance of New Style Fluidized-sand Biofilter in Recirculating Aquaculture System 2016, 32 (29):  29-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070138 Abstract + ( 704 )   PDF ( 1090KB )   ( 457 ) In order to promote the performance of purifying effluent of fluidized-sand biofilter,and optimize technological operation data of biofilter. The new style fluidized-sand biofilter was developed, and the biofilter was applied to the Spotted parrotfish recirculating aquaculture systems,which was used micro glass bead as media. The removal effect of nutrient and organic in aquaculture water through fluidized-sand biofilter was discussed．The results showed that the biofilter realized the stability of the bed height, avoided the loss of the filter material , and optimization the flow pattern of internal filter. In mariculture conditions,the new style fluidized-sand biofilter could realize successfully start up after one month of natural hanging membrane. There was significant changes of the stuffing surface before and after the biofilm culturing,which was observed by scanning electron microscope．The nitrification of biofilter was mainly happened on the bottom of the bed. Under optimizing conditions,the average removal rate of TAN,NO2--N,BOD5 and SS were(48.7±5.23)%、(64.28±9.88)%、(59.19±4.98)% and (40.06±10.21)%, respectively,which showed a better performance of effluent treatment than normal biofilter．

  Application of Biotechnology in Fiber Flax Breeding 2016, 32 (29):  36-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030178 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 491KB )   ( 563 ) Flax fiber is widely used in agriculture, medical treatment, industry and aerospace industry. With the rapid development of molecular biology technology and genetic engineering technology, the research of breeding method has become the key to culture new flax plant. In order to accelerate the breeding efficiency and improve the quality and yield of flax fiber, this article summarized the application of genetic engineering technology, tissue culture technique and molecular marker technology in fiber flax breeding, and elaborated the latest research progress of genetic engineering application in flax quality and character, protoplast fusion and culture technique in flax breeding. The study could provide certain references for the research and development of flax resource.

  Different Drying Conditions of Brassica rapa L. Chips 2016, 32 (29):  41-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040117 Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 1285KB )   ( 720 ) The paper aims to determine the optimal drying condition of Brassica rapa L.. The authors took Brassica rapa L. from Keping, Xinjiang as the test material to carry out tests of different segmentation sizes and different ways of pretreatment (blanching, freezing and cold storage), and of hot air drying, microwave vacuum drying and combined drying. By contrasting the change of moisture content, water activity, color difference, expansion rate, sensory evaluation index of Brassica rapa L. in drying process under different conditions, the optimal drying condition was determine. The results showed that: the optimal segmentation was the film, blanching treatment was 6 min; the effect of cold treatment was better than that of the freezing process; the dehydration rate of combined drying was faster than that of the other two ways, the moisture content and water activity value of combined drying were all low, the color was better, the expansion rate was higher. The optimal drying condition of Brassica rapa L. was following: hot air drying 45℃ microwave vacuum drying 1 kW 10 min, at this time, the moisture content was 7.74%, water activity was 0.19, color difference L*, a*, b* was 69.4, 4.2, 21.0, respectively, the expansion rate was 14.80%, the sensory score was 85. The product is crisp with golden color and sweet taste. The study has a certain guiding significance for production.

  Contents of Main Components and Metal Ions in Tea Raw Materials and Tea Waste from Different Kinds of Instant Tea 2016, 32 (29):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030096 Abstract + ( 1121 )   PDF ( 759KB )   ( 1059 ) To realize the comprehensive utilization of tea waste, contents of the main components and metal ions in tea raw materials and tea waste from different kinds of instant tea were analyzed. The physicochemical indexes showed that the contents of crude protein and fiber in tea waste increased by 25.77%~38.56% and 32.57%~58.54% respectively compared with the raw materials of tea, but the contents of crude fat and total ash decreased by 61.55%~70.79% and 47.72%~56.72%, respectively. The quality indexes indicated that comparing with the tea raw materials, the contents of tea polyphenols, caffeine, and theanine decreased by 58.34%~67.93%, 46.95%~61.05% and 49.33%~58.09%, respectively. Furthermore, analysis of metal ion content showed that comparing with the tea raw materials, contents of Pb, Cu, As, and Cd decreased in tea waste, however, the differences were not significantly. In conclusion, tea waste still had a lot of beneficial ingredients, especially crude protein and fiber, but there were also heavy metal residues. The study provides a preliminary foundation for the comprehensive utilization of tea waste.

  Screening and Fresh-keeping Application of Efficient Cool-storage Materials 2016, 32 (29):  58-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030119 Abstract + ( 780 )   PDF ( 670KB )   ( 443 ) The purpose of the study is to screen cool-storage materials with an appropriate phase-transition temperature and good fresh-keeping effect for different vegetables. The phase-transition temperatures of four cool-storage materials including water, 4.8% sodium chloride (NaCl), 10% ammonium acetate (C2H7NO2) and 15% sodium formate (CHNaO2) were determined to clarify their thermodynamic properties during freezing and melting process. Meanwhile, fresh-keeping effect of the four cool-storage materials on cucumber, bell pepper, lettuce and broccoli were determined to select suitable cool-storage materials for different vegetables. The results showed that phase-transition temperature of water, 4.8% NaCl, 10% C2H7NO2 and 15% CHNaO2 were 0, -6, -12 and -16℃. Under the frozen temperature of -28℃, their phase transition time from liquid to solid was about 6, 12, 11 and 18 h, respectively. Under the room temperature (22℃) and sealed condition, their phase transition time from solid to liquid was about 15, 6.5, 6 and 7.5 h, respectively. 4.8% NaCl had a better fresh-keeping effect on cucumber and bell pepper. And 15% CHNaO2 had a better fresh-keeping effect on bell pepper, lettuce and broccoli. In practice, 4.8% NaCl could be applied to vegetables which were sensitive to temperature such as cucumber and bell pepper. And 15% CHNaO2 could be applied to half-hardy vegetables such as lettuce and broccoli.

  Growth-Promoting Effects of Rhizosphere Growth Promoting Bacteria A2 on Germination and Seedling Stage of Wheat Under Water Stress 2016, 32 (29):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030111 Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 652KB )   ( 414 ) In order to define the growth-promoting effect of rhizosphere growth promoting bacteria A2 on the growth of plant, by indoor germination test, wheat was treated by four different concentrations of PEG6000, and then soaked in three different fermentation products of A2. The germination potential of seed, rate of germination, and index of coleoptile drought resistance were determined by“Method of Coleoptile Length” respectively. Meanwhile, the content of proline and soluble sugar were measured in leaf. The results indicated that there was no significant difference of coleoptile length, germination rate, proline content and soluble sugar content under the concentration of 4% PEG6000. When PEG6000 concentration reached 12%, the germination rate of wheat was 14.93% higher than that of the control. In addition, the content of proline and soluble sugar were 66.55% and 66.92% higher than those of the control respectively. In conclusion, with the increasing concentration of PEG6000, there was significant difference or very significant difference among indexes with seed soaking treatments. So, the A2 promotes the growth of plant and induces plant producing some resistance substances to adapt to the unfavorable environment.

  Temperature Effect of Different Mechanism Insecticides to Apolgus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae) 2016, 32 (29):  70-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030190 Abstract + ( 1101 )   PDF ( 481KB )   ( 702 ) To systematically understand the temperature effect of different kinds of insecticides with different mechanisms to Apolygus lucorum, the toxicities of eight kinds of insecticides to the third instar nymphs of A. lucorum were measured at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃ by food-dipping method. And a comprehensive analysis was conducted using the results combined with the previous study. The results showed that acetylcholine receptor activator (imidacloprid and acetamiprid), chitin synthesis inhibitor (hexaflumuron), chloride ion channel activator (avermectin) and chloride ion channel inhibitor (fipronil) showed a strong positive temperature effect. The temperature effects of sodium channel control agents were relative complexed. β-cypermethrin showed a strong negative temperature effect, fenvalerate was not affected by temperature and λ-cyhalothrin showed a weak negative temperature effect. Temperature did not have effect on other pesticides. The results showed that except the sodium channel control agents which have complex temperature effects, temperature effects of other insecticides all showed strong regularity according to their mechanisms.

  Ecological Compensation in Farmland Ecological Environment Protection: Study and Practice 江宏 2016, 32 (29):  76-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060089 Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 489KB )   ( 512 ) The paper aims to compare domestic and foreign farmland ecological compensation researches, learn from foreign development model and experience, establish and improve the compensation mechanism for farmland ecological restoration and farmland ecological construction, and ultimately achieve the purpose of protecting the environmental quality of farmland. The ecological compensation of cultivated land was summarized and analyzed by literature review and induction, the authors summed up the explanation of farmland ecological compensation, found that foreign researches were mainly related to quantitative estimation of the ecological value of cultivated land, accounting standards, system implementation efficiency evaluation externality theory and so on, and the domestic researches were mainly related to laws and regulations, comprehensive external income, farmland protection, food security and so on；in practice，many examples were implemented in EU countries and the United States, but there were fewer domestic examples and the practice was still in an exploratory stage.

  Forestry Climate Resources in Heilongjiang: A Comprehensive Evaluation 2016, 32 (29):  81-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030056 Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 1822KB )   ( 516 ) Aiming at the characteristics of climate resources and forest growth, 12 meteorological factors were chosen as the elements of forestry climate resources’evaluation index system, then the authors established an evaluation model of forestry climate resources and specifically analyzed the spatio- temporal change characteristics of the individual and comprehensive climate resources from 1961 to 2013. The results showed that: the radiation resources exhibited an obvious decreasing trend from the time scale, the abrupt change occurred in 1983 and the periodic oscillation was 11 years; on the contrary, the heat resources exhibited an obvious increasing trend, the abrupt change occurred in 1986 and the periodic oscillation was 23 years; the water resources showed a weak increasing trend and did not have any abrupt change and periodic oscillation; the comprehensive climate resources showed an obvious increasing trend, the abrupt change occurred in 1985 and did not have any periodic oscillations. From the space scale, most of the radiation resources were mainly located in the eastern mountainous region and the areas around the Xiaoxing’an mountains; the heat resources were mainly located in the eastern mountainous region and the eastern area of Xiaoxing’an mountains; the water resources were mainly located in the west of the eastern mountainous region and Xiaoxing’an mountains; the comprehensive resources were mainly located in the west of the eastern mountainous region, and then in the middle and southern area of Xiaoxing’an mountains. The results could provide some scientific reference for forestry department and local government to deal with climate change and utilize climate resources reasonably.

  Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Peanut Yield and Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency 2016, 32 (29):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030110 Abstract + ( 691 )   PDF ( 464KB )   ( 413 ) In order to achieve high yield and good quality of peanut production and high utilization efficiency of nitrogen in Shajiang black soil area of southern Henan, the effects of nitrogen application rate on peanut yield and quality and nitrogen utilization efficiency were studied by field experiments with split- plot randomized block design. The results showed that pods yield increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate for all peanut varieties. The highest pods yield appeared under nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm2 for‘Yuhua 23’,‘Yuanza 9102’and‘Yuanza 6’, whose pods yield increased by 30.45%, 25.96% and 21.46% in comparing with that of CK respectively. Peanut protein and crude fat content of‘Yuhua 23’ exhibited a parabola trend with the increase of nitrogen application rate. However, the protein content increased and the crude fat content decreased in‘Yuanza 6’and‘Yuanza 9102’. Nitrogen application could reduce methionine content in peanut kernel in‘Yuanza 6’and‘Yuanza 9102’, and increase other protein components content in other varieties.‘Yuanza 9102’had the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency of 36.7%. ‘Yuhua 23’had the highest nitrogen agronomy efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity of 6.9 kg/kg and 36.9 kg/kg, respectively. Under the experimental condition, the appropriate nitrogen application rate for ‘Yuhua 23’and‘Yuanza 6’was 180 kg/hm2, and peanut yield was 5330.36 and 5002.98 kg/hm2, respectively. The appropriate nitrogen application rate for‘Yuanza 9102’was 135 kg/hm2 with peanut yield of 5199.40 kg/hm2.

  Effects of Commercial Organic Fertilizer Application on Crop Yield and Heavy Metals Accumulation in Soil and Agricultural Products 2016, 32 (29):  97-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020034 Abstract + ( 1016 )   PDF ( 654KB )   ( 647 ) Seven field experiments were run for two years to study the effects of commercial organic fertilizer application on the yield of vegetables and rice and the accumulation of heavy metals in soil and agricultural products. The results showed that the combined application of chemical and organic fertilizers could significantly increase the yield of vegetables, but it had less effective to increase the yield of rice. Application of commercial organic fertilizer could also increase the accumulation of heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and As in soil. The Cumulative amounts varied with sources of organic fertilizers, and increased with increasing the application rates. In general, short-term application of the commercial organic fertilizer did not lead to the excessive heavy metals in vegetables and rice products, but it did increase the content of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in vegetables and rice products. Annually recommended application rate of organic fertilizer was 250~500, 100~200, and 500 kg/ mu, respectively, for vegetable production, rice-rape plantation system, and rice-strawberry plantation system. All of the organic fertilizer was recommended to be applied as base fertilizer.

  Root-soil Interaction in Intercropping System and Alleviation Mechanism of Continuous Cropping Obstacle 2016, 32 (29):  105-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030091 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 766KB )   ( 5064 ) The problems of continuous cropping of single crop in large area and the large amount application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture are serious, which have caused field ecosystem to be simple and weak, frequent occurrence of crop diseases, shorter disease epidemic cycle, and serious continuous cropping obstacles. Intercropping is commonly practiced in China which has the advantages of increasing production and efficient nutrient resource utilization. The aim of this study is to clarify the mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle, in order to look for alleviate measures. The authors summarized the latest developments of alleviation mechanism of intercropping on continuous cropping obstacle in terms of host nutrition and physiology change, induced resistance of host, effective use of nutrition, soil physiochemical properties improvement, pathogen inhibition and soil microbial diversity, analyzed the mechanism, and proposed the research directions to guide agriculture production and provide theoretical and technical support for the sustainable development of agriculture.

  Improvement Effects of Ridge Culture with Plastic Film Mulching on Cold Waterlogged Paddy Fields 2016, 32 (29):  113-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030070 Abstract + ( 669 )   PDF ( 753KB )   ( 398 ) The study aims to evaluate the improvement effects of ridge culture and ridge culture with plastic film mulching, thus to provide scientific basis for soil fertility improvement in cold waterlogged paddy fields. Location experiment was conducted to study the effects of ridge culture and ridge culture with plastic film mulching on soil temperature, soil water stable aggregate content, reducing substances, organic matter oxidation stability coefficient and rice yield. Compared with the conventional tillage treatment, the treatments of ridge culture and ridge culture with plastic film mulching could both improve the rice yield, and the average yield of 3 years increased by 4.9%-16.8%. Ridge culture with plastic film mulching was more effective in improving rice yield, could improve soil temperature in early period of rice growth, the temperature-increasing effect of ridge culture with plastic film mulching was better than single ridge culture. The ridge culture with plastic film mulching could improve ＞0.25 mm soil water stable aggregate content, the treatment of single ridge culture improved ＞1 mm soil water stable aggregate content significantly, while the treatment of ridge culture with plastic film mulching improved 0.5-1 mm soil water stable aggregate content significantly. Single ridge culture could decrease the contents of reducing substances, field water management and rice growth period affected the reduction effect of ridge culture with plastic film mulching on the contents of reducing substances. Therefore, single ridge culture and ridge culture with plastic film mulching could reduce organic matter oxidation stability coefficient, increase the content of readily oxidized organic matter, and enhance organic matter mineralization. They both could improve soil properties and rice yield, and the improvement effects of ridge culture with plastic film mulching was better than single ridge culture.

  Micro Irrigation Technology Affecting Degraded Artificial Grassland in the Area Around Qinghai Lake 2016, 32 (29):  120-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070030 Abstract + ( 655 )   PDF ( 458KB )   ( 366 ) The purpose of this study is to explore the response of artificial pasture to irrigation conditions in Qinghai Lake region and provide reference for its management and sustainable utilization. Photovoltaic pumping system with micro sprinkler was adopted to conduct micro irrigation experiment in mixed sown pasture around Qinghai Lake. Then community structure was investigated, above and under-ground grassland biomass was calculated. Results showed that diversity index, evenness index and ecological dominance index of plant community in the control area were smaller than that of irrigation area. Irrigation promoted the growth of plant leaf, while drought was in favor of the root development. Irrigation effectively improved forage production of artificial pasture. Therefore, the increase of soil moisture could inhibit the growth of indicator species in degraded pasture, benefit grassland restoration, and the artificial pasture around the lake could response well to irrigation.

  Climate Characteristics of Water Resources in Xinjiang in Recent 54 Years 2016, 32 (29):  124-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020109 Abstract + ( 964 )   PDF ( 1508KB )   ( 602 ) To explore the content of climate change, climate characteristics of water resources in Xinjiang, based on the meteorological data of 50 stations over the Xinjiang region, was estimated by the empirical formula of the land surface evaporation, and in turn the climate change characteristics and temporal distribution of water resources in Xinjiang area were analyzed by the method of Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that: (1) the precipitation, the average temperature and the evaporation during historical 54 years in the Xinjiang area was detected to increase significantly. (2) the highest value of the precipitation was found in North part of Xinjiang, followed by East and South parts. (3) the annual average temperature was found to increase with a significant trend of 0.03 ℃ per year. (4) The D-value of precipitation in the northern Xinjiang was close to the value of the Xinjiang, and was less than 0 in southern and eastern Xinjiang, which indicated that most areas of southern and eastern Xinjiang was strongly characterized by scare water resource and suffered arid climate through many years. (5) From northern to southern and from western to eastern, the precipitation, evaporation and precipitation deficit decreased, while the average temperature increased.

  Late Rice: Characteristics of Air, Water and Soil Temperature During Whole Growth Period and Their Applications to Mitigating Disasters 2016, 32 (29):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030076 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 865KB )   ( 460 ) The paper aims to analyze the characteristics of air, water and soil temperature during the whole growth period of late rice and the measures to avoid cold-dew wind disaster, environmental temperatures were recorded using a cropland microclimatic and real observation system. The results indicated that: the accumulated water temperature was the highest during the vegetative stage and the accumulated soil temperature was the highest during the reproductive stage. The differences among daily mean air, water and soil temperature were quite big during the vegetative stage. They were close and synchronously declined after the booting stage. The water temperature at noon was positively correlated with sunshine hours and negatively correlated with leaf area index (LAI). Water temperature was higher for 14 hours, which was longer than that of early rice. Water could be used to adjust low temperature. When cold-dew wind occurred, air temperature dropped rapidly and the minimum appeared at 6:00. The daily mean air temperature was 2℃ lower than daily mean water temperature, the minimum air temperature was 5.3℃ lower than the minimum water temperatures. All day long the water temperature was stable, deep-water irrigation could smooth the morning and night temperature drop, this might enhance the mean air temperature for 1.5℃. Drainage and drying field in sunny days, water and soil temperature were upward significantly after 11:00. Cold- dew wind after the heading caused the shriveled grain increase. After deep-water irrigation, drainage and drying field in sunny days could reduce the rate of shriveled grain and the rate of unfilled grains, and improve thousand kernel weight significantly.

  Variation Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation in Jilin: From 1961 to 2013 杨 雪,杨 东,安丽娜,薛双奕 and 马荣良 2016, 32 (29):  139-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040151 Abstract + ( 1019 )   PDF ( 1816KB )   ( 1699 ) The paper aims to study current climate change in Jilin. Using the data of average temperature, average highest and lowest air temperature, and the annual and monthly precipitation from 20 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2013, the variation characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Jilin were analyzed by linear analysis, moving average, Mann-Kendall mutation test and spatial interpolation. The results showed that: in recent 53 years, the annual temperature change of Jilin was between 3.25 to 6.63℃, there was a significant upward trend, and the tendency rate was 0.286℃/10 a and mutated in 1986; winter warming was most obvious in seasonal temperature change; the temperature of Jilin was greatly influenced by altitude, the plain area of the midwest, Dunhua and Jingyu had the most obvious average temperature warming; annual precipitation change was between 489.28 to 825.26 mm, slightly increased on the whole, the tendency rate was 0.5 mm/10 a, mutated in 1987; the seasonal precipitation changed gently, mainly showed a tendency difference of increase in spring and winter and decrease in summer and autumn; annual precipitation decreased more obviously in the northwest and Changbai Mountain region of Jilin, while the annual precipitation in Songhua River basin showed an obviously increasing trend. In general, the climate in Jilin showed a warming and drying tendency.

  A Local Extreme Rainstorm Process in Arid Desert Area 2016, 32 (29):  147-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030127 Abstract + ( 867 )   PDF ( 1372KB )   ( 470 ) The paper aims to improve the forecast ability of extreme rainstorm in arid desert area and alleviate the local water resource shortage. The authors used the maps of conventional meteorological observation, precipitation of regional automatic weather stations, FY-2D satellite cloud pictures, meteorological elements of single station and NCEP reanalysis data to analyze the cause of a local extreme rainstorm happened on 15 May 2013 in Minqin of the arid desert area. The results showed that: this local rainstorm happened in the arid desert area which had very little precipitation, the rainstorm had the characteristics of special time, large rainfall intensity and long brewing time. The 500 hPa Xinjiang trough leading the cold air southward, low-shear line moving slow eastward, and ground wind field convergence were the major system which affected the extreme rainstorm. The water vapor gathered in southwest and southeast direction, the southeast jet was the main source. Low-level convergence, high-level divergence and the whole layer ascending motion were the dynamic conditions; the high value areas of K index, CAPE index and Si index, the high energy tongue areas of θse stretching position north by east were coincided with the rainstorm area; the combination and development of two convective cloud clusters was the important cause of the rainstorm.

  Lightning: Characteristics Analysis and Application in Anhui During 2010-2012 曹辉 2016, 32 (29):  155-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040172 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 687KB )   ( 428 ) In order to reduce life and financial losses caused by lightning, the research was carried out to explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of lighting and its application in Anhui. Excel, Origin and Surfer software were adopted as statistical tools to analyze the daily lightning data in Anhui from March 2010 to December 2012. The results showed that: Anhui was dominated by negative lightning; the lightning was characterized by monthly unimodal change, more frequently in warm season while fewer in cold season; lightning happened most frequently in July, and concentrated between June to September; as for daily change, the positive peak and negative peak appeared from 1 to 3 o’clock and 15 to 17 o’clock, respectively; convective weather mostly concentrated from 14 to 18 o’clock; lightning intensity was high in warm season while low in cold season, the lightening intensity per month is 46.2 kA, positive lightening and negative lightening peak in July and June respectively, which is in accordance with the occurrence rate of positive and negative lightening above 30 kA, positive and negative lightening intensity mainly ranges from 0 to 30 kA; in terms of spatial distribution, the borders among plain, hilly and mountain showed the highest annual average lightning intensity and density, and were also the key places to prevent lightning disaster in Anhui. Based on the data related to the relationship between lightning and thunderstorm days, the authors derived a formula applicable to calculate the ground lightening density of 16 cities in Anhui. The results were of important practical significance for guiding the local industrial and agricultural production as well as engineering construction.

  Lightning Stroke Casualty Characteristics in Beijing and Lightning Protection Equipment 2016, 32 (29):  161-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040003 Abstract + ( 713 )   PDF ( 1015KB )   ( 590 ) According to the lightning accident data in Beijing from 1957 to 2015, the relevant characteristics of lightning casualties were analyzed by using the mathematical statistics method. The results showed that: the recorded lightning casualty accidents were 65 in total, among which 47 persons were killed and 96 persons were injured, with personnel casualty ratio of 2.04:1 and an average of 2.42 persons per year. Lightning stroke accidents occurred from April to September, mainly from June to August, most of which were in July (accounting for 32.31%). The spatial distribution of lightning stroke was mainly in the central and eastern part of Beijing and Dongcheng district had the most lightning stroke accidents, which had a certain relationship with a relatively dense population and the concentration of tourist places. The lightning accidents causing personnel injury and death increased rapidly since 1990s, and simultaneously the casualty accidents in the suburb districts became more than that in urban districts. The location of lightning stroke distributed in the open area, accounting for 43.08% of the total locations as the largest category, followed by buildings, trees, mountains, farmland and water area, in that order. The most stroke type was direct lightning, accounting for 52.31%, followed by contact voltage, step voltage and flanking flashover. The Great Wall and the Capital Airport in recent years had more lightning accidents. The temporal and spatial distributions of thunderstorm day from 1959 to 2012 were compared, and the spatial distribution was somewhat different while the temporal distribution was somewhat similar. Finally, according to the characteristics of the personnel casualty accident, a practical and effective lightning protection equipment was designed, which could protect the personnel safety in open area.

  Drying Technology of Fermented Rapeseed Meal by Fluidized Bed 2016, 32 (29):  169-172.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040009 Abstract + ( 790 )   PDF ( 550KB )   ( 520 ) In order to improve the drying process of fermented rapeseed meal, fermented rapeseed meal was dried by fluidized bed dryer in this study. The sampling data collected in fixed time were calculated so as to obtain the drying curve and drying rate curve of fermented rapeseed meal in the drying process. Moisture changes of fermented rapeseed meal in the drying process were analyzed based on the curve. The results showed that constant drying rate of the fermented rapeseed meal was 82.62 kg/(m2 ·h) at the temperature of 120℃. Evaporation in the constant drying stage accounted for 44.54% of the total evaporation. The drying curve and drying rate curve of fermented rapeseed meal were obtained and would provide reference for optimizing the drying process of fermented feed using fluidized bed dryer.

  Design and Experiment of Longitudinal Axial Flow Threshing Device of Small Harvester for Rice 2016, 32 (29):  173-182.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070041 Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 1994KB )   ( 640 ) As large harvesters cannot easily pass through in southern hilly area, and the threshing part of horizontal axial flow harvesters causes big loss rate, we designed a small vertical axial flow threshing device of rice harvester. It was assembled to the harvester to test the loss rate of threshing part in field. The results showed that tooth pitch of elastic threshing pole, helix angle of conducting bar and dip angle of vertical bar on concave plate screen had significant effect on the loss rate of rice. The optimal parameter combination of the system was tooth pitch of elastic threshing pole was 90 mm, helix angle of conducting bar was 23°, dip angle of vertical bar on concave plate screen was 14°. Under the above conditions, the loss rate of rice was 1.51%, which was less than the national standard (3%). The test data provides a technical support for industrialization of small vertical axis flow rice combine harvester.

  LAPS System: Localization and Preliminary Evaluation in Guizhou 2016, 32 (29):  183-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020048 Abstract + ( 710 )   PDF ( 2311KB )   ( 380 ) In order to consult meteorological observation data from different sources in the same platform, and supply better initial fields to mesoscale numerical models, the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) was introduced and localized by Guizhou meteorological bureau. Two large-scale precipitation processes in Guizhou in June 2015 were diagnosed and analyzed. The results indicated that: the LAPS analysis field had more detailed description of mesoscale weather system after being fused with multiple local observation data. But in the output of the basic reflectivity factor, the value was too large, it was only used by forecasters referring to the position of the maximum value at present, and could not be used for the quantitative precipitation estimation (abbreviated QPE), further research and revision were also required.

  Application of GIS in Site Selection of Livestock Farm ——Take China-Singapore Foodstuff Control Area as an Example 2016, 32 (29):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030215 Abstract + ( 985 )   PDF ( 3703KB )   ( 337 ) Site selection of livestock farm is a complex work which conditioned by multiple factors. Site selection is also an important factor to effect the safety production of livestock farms. It is need to work together by different departments before the use of Geographical Information System technology. If they want to get a appropriate field,they need to survey and measure by themselves. Not only laborious and time-consuming, but also it can not accurately assessment different factors,such us epidemic prevention. This paper on the base of the overview which Geographical Information System have been applied in agricultural field. Focus on China-Singapore foodstuff control area in Yongji county of Jilin Province. Its emphasis on the application of Geographical Information System in site selection of livestock farm. Geographical Information System can integrate the information of earth objects,traffic and terrain.And it can convert graphic data into spatial data. For non-spatial data it can integrate the information and graphic data. The results show that Geographical Information System can make the plan more reasonable,make the set of industry more scientific,and realizes the project from theory to practice. And then Geographical Information System can raise the feasibility of the planning. Within the confines of the livestock,Geographical Information System can raise the efficiency and accuracy of the site selection.Make decision maker understand the productive potential of livestock. In order to determine the breeding scale and development direction.

  Ecological Geological Conditions of Anhui Modern Featured Agriculture 2016, 32 (29):  194-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040007 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 477 ) China is in a critical period of transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, agro-ecological geological condition research is a breakthrough to develop modern featured agriculture and it plays a crucial role in the transformation of traditional agriculture. Based on the analysis of the development of featured agriculture in Anhui Province, the authors combined the geological distribution of featured agricultural products, discussed the relationship between Anhui featured agriculture and ecological geological condition, explored some ecological geological conditions of typical featured agricultural products, including Anhui tea, southern Anhui chestnut, Ningguoshan pecan, Hexian vegetable, Huaiyuan pomegranate, Bozhou Chinese herbal medicine, Dangshan pear and so on. Besides, the authors also studied how agricultural geology promoted the development of modern featured agriculture in Anhui.

  Development and Reflection on Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Risk Assessment 2016, 32 (29):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060147 Abstract + ( 927 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 530 ) To figure out practical and theoretical demands and discipline development direction of agricultural product quality and safety risk assessment in China, we systematically analyzed the teaching curriculum in universities and colleges. Moreover, the existing systems set up by Ministry of Agriculture in agricultural product quality and safety risk assessment were evaluated. One national institute and a hundred of laboratories on agricultural product quality and safety risk assessment have been founded by the end of 2015. Universities and colleges set up teaching programs which are relevant to the discipline. However, the development of disciplines is still slow, due to the reason that the curriculums are not based on the fundamental research of risk assessment theory and model which are practically needed. Finally we put forward some feasible strategies that would be beneficial to the development of agricultural products quality and safety risk assessment. First, more efforts should be put to strengthening the discipline construction and theoretical research. Second, on the basis of evaluating the existing risk factors and exploring the unknown ones, new theories, new risk assessment techniques and models should be developed to adapt to the special situation in China. At the same time, an objective evaluation should be carried out on nutritional function of agricultural products, exchanges of knowledge and technology between institutions and scientists should be encouraged, and a scientific consumption of agricultural products should be guided.