Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.30 Published:31 October 2016

  Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Japonica Hybrid Rice Lu Weilin,Duan Renzhou,Yu Xinchun,Yan Deyuan,Guo Guiying,Quan Ruilan and Liu Xiangchen 2016, 32 (30):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010151 Abstract + ( 1184 )   PDF ( 486KB )   ( 408 ) To explore dosage effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the formation of rice yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization, japonica hybrid rice cultivar ‘6 you 53’ was used as the material in this study to analyze the nitrogen uptake and utilization indicators in five nitrogen fertilization treatments based on the principle of precise and quantitative cultivation techniques. The results showed that the nitrogen accumulation of leaf and stem peaked at booting stage, and the total amount of nitrogen accumulation of spikes in mature stage increased with the increase of nitrogen. Leaves and stems of nitrogen translocation, nitrogen translocation efficiency, nitrogen contribution ratio, nitrogen physiological efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency increased firstly, and reached the maximum at 300.00 kg/hm2. A downtrend was observed for nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity, and soil nitrogen dependency rate. Nitrogen recovery efficiency showed a significantly positive correlation with grain yield and panicle numbers, and showed a significantly negative correlation with spikelets per panicle. Panicle numbers showed a significantly negative correlation with the nitrogen fertilizer uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Meanwhile, panicle numbers were significantly and negatively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, partial factor productivity for applied nitrogen and soil nitrogen dependency rate. The 1000-grain weight exhibited a positive correlation with nitrogen translocation and nitrogen translocation efficiency. In conclusion, rational application of nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in improving grain yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization.

  A Review of Genetic Diversity of Wheat Crops in China Pu Yanyan,Gong Yongchao,Li Nana,Tian Qian and Ding Hanfeng 2016, 32 (30):  7-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060069 Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 577KB )   ( 513 ) In order to understand the genetic characteristics and genetic differences of wheat germplasm resources in China, thus to prove the influencing factors of germplasm genetic diversity, and widen the genetic basis of existing germplasm resources. This article summarized the meaning and research significance of genetic diversity, summed up the wheat crop genetic diversity research and progress from the aspects of morphology, cytology, biochemical level and molecular biology. It also analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of different methods in studying the wheat genetic diversity. At last, it pointed out the problems existing in the wheat crop genetic diversity research, put forward a proposal that the results of a variety of molecular markers combined with other methods are more reliable.

  Stability Analysis of Winter Wheat Varieties Based on R Language Sheng Kun,Yang Lijuan,Li Xiaohang,Wang Yinghong and Jiang Zhikai 2016, 32 (30):  14-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060113 Abstract + ( 1763 )   PDF ( 577KB )   ( 923 ) This article aimed at determining the suitable variety stability analysis parameters and their calculation methods. Fourteen parameters for one set of variety regional test data were computed by R language. The effect and correlation of the parameters were studied using rank correlation and principal component analysis. The results showed that R language was a convenient and flexible language for calculating all kinds of parameters. Correlation analysis showed that the correlations between PCOA and yield, CV and Bi, Sigma.square and Si, Si2, Si3, ASV, respectively, ASV and Si6 were positive significantly. The principal components analysis showed that 14 methods could be categorized in three groups: group Ⅰ included Bi which showed negative correlation with others and no correlation with yield; group Ⅱ YIELD, Pi, YSI, CV and PCOA whose yield level and stability of performance were considered simultaneously; and group Ⅲ which were mostly associated with each other and showed little or no correlation with yield. The research showed that the ASV, Si and the PCOA were the beneficial supplements of the single variable parameter model.

  The Best Sowing Date and Fertilization Level of New Wheat Variety ‘Wen Mai No.10’ He Jinbao,Xie Zhiyun,Gao Haitao,Zhang Shibao,Nong Mingying,Liu Na,Wang Xian and Yang Zhiqing 2016, 32 (30):  22-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060109 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 514KB )   ( 498 ) This article explored the best sowing date and the optimum fertilization level of new wheat variety ‘Wen Mai No.10’ to provide foundation for its timely sowing, rational planting and scientific fertilization. With orthogonal experiment method of two factors and three levels, the new wheat variety ‘Wen Mai No.10’ was used as material, the effects of different sowing dates, different fertilization levels, and interaction of sowing date and fertilization level on yield of ‘Wen Mai No.10’ were compared. The results showed that: in all combination treatments, the yield of A1B3 treatment was slightly higher than that of other treatments, its average yield was 4.06 kg/10m2, ranked No.1. By doing variance analysis, the yield difference of different treatments and inter blocks were highly significant, but the difference of interaction of sowing date and fertilization was not significant. The results also showed that the best sowing date of ‘Wen Mai No.10’ was early November, and the optimum fertilization level was 375 g/10m2. In terms of whole growth period, three different sowing dates had no significant effect on the whole growth period of ‘Wen Mai No.10’.

  Effect of Different Banding Planting Methods on Population Dynamic and Yield Structure of Winter Wheat Wang Hanfang,Yang Cheng,Li Xiangdong,Shao Yunhui,Fang Baoting,Yue Junqin,Zhang Deqi,Ma Fuju and Qin Feng 2016, 32 (30):  28-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060151 Abstract + ( 1305 )   PDF ( 645KB )   ( 439 ) Different banding planting width of 20, 40, 60 and 100 cm with line width of 20 cm and sowing whole district were conducted in field, the effect of seeds distribution on population dynamics, yield and yield three factors were studied. The results showed that ear number and tiller number of per plant at all growth stages increased with the increase of planting width, ear number and tiller number of per plant reached the least when planting width was 20 cm, ear number and tiller number of per plant reached the maximum when sowing whole district; the variation of thousand-grain weight and kernels number of per spike was in the opposite to hectare spike number; thousand-grain weight and kernels number of per spike reached the highest when the planting width was 20 cm, and they reached the lowest when sowing whole district. The yield increased first and then decreased, the yield-increasing effect was the best when planting width was 20-60 cm, the yield was the lowest in sowing whole district treatment. The results suggested that suitable wide planting was benefit to the increase of group growth and yield of wheat compared with equal line width planting and sowing, the percentage of ear-bearing tiller and yield ratio were higher. In the experiment condition, 60 cm planting width had the highest yield, more tiller and high percentage of ear-bearing tiller.

  Decomposition Rate and Nutrient Release of Corn Stalk Treated with Different Decomposition Maturing Agents Yang Lili,Zhou Miliang,Deng Xiaohua,Tian Feng,Zhang Mingfa,Chen Zhifeng and Zhang Liming 2016, 32 (30):  32-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010027 Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 759KB )   ( 452 ) Using nylon net to simulate stalk return to soil, the decomposition rate and nutrient release of organic C, N, P and K of corn stalk treated with different decomposition maturing agents were studied. The results showed that: (1) the decomposition rate of corn stalk was: fast decomposition period (first 10 days)>medium decomposition period (10-50 days)>slow decomposition period (50-100 days); after 100 days, 72.46%-76.09% of the corn stalk biomass was decomposed; the accumulated decomposition rate under decomposition maturing agent was higher than that of CK; (2) the sequence of nutrient release rate of corn stalk was: K>P>C>N, after 100 days, the average nutrient release rate of organic C, N, P and K of corn stalk was 58.66%, 57.3%, 88.68% and 94.88%, respectively; the decomposition maturing agent was beneficial to difficult destructive materials in corn stalk and could accelerate nutrient release of organic C, N and P. It was demonstrated that zymogeneous bacteria of organic waste had the best effect and could be promoted in production.

  Effect of Burkholderia sp.LD-11 on Fluorescence Parameters of Maize: Under Different Drought Stresses Huang Feiyan,Chen Qingyun,Jiang Linling,Li Youzhi and Fan Xianwei 2016, 32 (30):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030097 Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 655KB )   ( 448 ) The objective was to analyze the inoculation with Burkholderia sp.LD- 11 on the fluorescence parameters of maize under different soil drought stresses. Two maize lines were cultured in the greenhouse, and then inoculated withBurkholderia sp.LD-11. After the drought stress, the relative physiological indexes were detected. The results showed that with drought stress increasing,Fv /Fm value declined, andFv /Fm value of experimental group was more than that of the control group. While the changes ofFv ''/Fm '', yield and ETR in experimental group were less than those of the control group. Moreover,qN of experimental group was always less than that of the control group. Therefore, the present study showed that Burkholderia sp.LD-11 strain could partially alleviate the damage of drought stress on maize.

  The Effect of Sowing Date on Appearance Quality and Nutritional Quality of Maize Hao Kexing and Li Nana 2016, 32 (30):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060122 Abstract + ( 935 )   PDF ( 792KB )   ( 475 ) The research aims at clarifying the effect of sowing date on appearance quality and nutritional quality of maize, analyze the correlation between appearance quality and nutrition quality, and discuss the possibility of using appearance quality to predict nutritional quality. The research is developed on the natural condition of mid-late maturity maize ecological territory in loess plateau of Shanxi Province. ‘Qiangsheng 49’ and ‘Tunyu 6’ were used as material. Appearance qualities were acquired with modern image processing technology, and nutritional qualities were acquired with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The results were as follows: sowing date significantly affected the appearance quality of maize, the plumpness index in the suitable date (the third period) was the biggest, the longer advancing or postponing time, the worse the plumpness. Sowing date of test weight had an obvious main effect which was in single summit-shaped curve, and the peak appeared in the forth period. The density of grain was primarily influenced by variety. All characters of maize nutrition quality were strongly influenced by sowing date. Protein content of sowing in suitable date (the third period) was higher than those of other sowing date; the starch content of ‘Qiangsheng49’ showed an increasing tendency along with sowing date. The oil content of ‘Qiangsheng49’ in the first three periods was higher than those of later three periods. However ‘Tunyu6’ had bigger variations, but lack of apparent law. Negative correlation was showed obviously by the starch contents and grain length, grain area, rectangularity as well as single grain weight. The significantly positive correlation appeared in rectangularity and oil content. The protein content was significantly negative-correlated with starch content, and was positively correlated with oil content. Therefore, we can adjust sowing date in order to get higher grain quality.

  Relationship Between Fe Deficiency Stress and Fe Efficiency of Soybean Cultivars Zhao Jing,Qiu Qiang,Zhang Minghao,Sun Xingmiao,Qian Furong,Zhang Wei and Yan Xiaoyan 2016, 32 (30):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020011 Abstract + ( 967 )   PDF ( 593KB )   ( 449 ) In order to study the relationship between Fe deficiency stress and Fe efficiency of soybean cultivars, Fe-efficient and Fe-inefficient soybean varieties were used in the experiment. The results of principal components analysis showed that the contribution rate of shoot light energy absorption factor and root morphology factor were the highest, which was 41.0% and 67.2%, respectively; according to characteristic vectors with higher absolute value in these two factors, it was indicated that the improvement of photosynthesis and root surface area was helpful to enhance soybean resistance to low iron. In addition, the results of Logistic equation dynamic simulation showed that V and Vm of overground part and root growth of Fe-efficient variety were higher than that of Fe-inefficient variety; the time of arrival in Vm of Fe-inefficient variety was delayed by low iron treatment, while Fe-efficient variety resisted the growth damage caused by low iron stress through the increase of root V. When iron concentration was 0 mmol/L, V, Vm and △t of overground part in both Fe-efficient and Fe-inefficient varieties were lower, which indicated that the partition of varieties with different tolerance to low iron was relative, not absolute, and plant tolerance depended not only on cultivar characteristics, but also on stress level.

  New Spring Peanut Varieties Demonstration and Test in Song County, Henan Province Dong Guangtong and Zhang Hongduo 2016, 32 (30):  56-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030200 Abstract + ( 648 )   PDF ( 486KB )   ( 418 ) In order to select the optimal peanut varieties which can be promoted appropriately under environmental condition in the western region of Henan Province, and provide a scientific basis for large area promotion, we chose the varieties with prominent performance in previous tests, and carried out a field comparison experiment with randomized blocks and three replications. The results showed that the production trends of pods and nuts were basically identical. The nuts production increased by 5% more than the average yield were ‘Yuhua No.9326’, ‘Luohua No.4087’, ‘Puhua No.9519’, ‘Yuhua No.15’, ‘Qiule No.177’, ‘Yuhua No.9719’ and ‘Shanghua No.6’. However, the nuts production of ‘Baisha No.1016’, ‘Yuanza No.9102’ and ‘Shanghua No.5’ decreased by 5% more than the average of the tested varieties. Nuts productions of other varieties were in between. Based on a comprehensive assessment of yield, stability, resistance and other economic traits, we selected the best varieties grown in western Henan Province currently as ‘Yuhua No.9326’, ‘Luohua No.4087’, ‘Puhua No.9519’, ‘ Yuhua No.15’ and ‘Shanghua No.6’.

  Herbicide Resistance ACCase Gene in Setaria italic and Molecular Phylogeny Gao Aibao and Guo Pingyi 2016, 32 (30):  61-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030224 Abstract + ( 803 )   PDF ( 1941KB )   ( 448 ) In order to breed herbicide resistant millets and master the molecular mechanism, the authors chose ACCase sequences from sethoxydim resistant line ‘Setaria italic Chum BC 6-1’ and sensitive line ‘S. italic Sda11’ to compare, and analyzed ACCase gene sequences of the 14 species. The base composition, transition and transversion, and genetic distance were calculated, and then the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results showed that the lengths of ACCase sequence of the two lines had 2320 amino acids with 11 different amino acids. Except the reported I-1779-L locus showed a sethoxydim resistance, we found that the other 3 loci mutations, S-105-N, D-489-Y and W-876-L, might also show a sethoxydim resistance. The average 259 pairs of transition and 213 pairs of transversion appeared in 14 ACCase gene sequences. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by Neighbor Joining (NJ) method and Maximum Likelihood (ML) method, showing the same topologies. Phalaris paradoxa and Phalaris minor were first aggregated, subsequently, Avena sativa and Lolium rigidum. Another branch, Alopecurus myosuroides and Alopecurus japonicus were first aggregated, subsequently, Beckmannia syzigachne. Then the both were clustered. The third branch, Zea mays was aggregated, with Echinochloa crus-galli firstly, clustered with Setaria italic consequently. Only Triticum aestivum was separated, different from the traditional classification. This study found that the other 3 loci were related to sethoxydim resistance, which was contributed to understand the mechanism of herbicide resistance. It was the basis for molecular phylogenesis and herbicide resistant breeding.

  Effect of Furrow Sowing Beside Plastic Film Covering Micro-ridges on Root and Yield of Summer Sowing Millet Xia Xueyan,Song Shijia,Ren Xiaoli,Liu Meng,Cui Jihan,Zhao Yu,Liu Fei,Nan Chunmei and Li Shunguo 2016, 32 (30):  68-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16070068 Abstract + ( 595 )   PDF ( 487KB )   ( 414 ) 80% of summer sowing millet is planted in dry land and has low and unstable yield. To solve this problem, the effect of furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges on root growth and development and yield of millet are studied by randomized block design. The results showed that this new cultivation technique significantly promoted root growth and development and yield of millet, the total root length, total surface area, total volume, number of root tip and root diameter increased by 14.63%, 21.59%, 31.59%, 11.44% and 12.39%, respectively, compared with that of CK. The yield increased by 44.59%, the yield had significantly positive correlation with total root length, total surface area, total volume, number of root tip, root dry matter and root diameter, developed root system was the reason for yield increase under the cultivation technique of furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges.

  Variation Analysis of Agronomic and Quality Characters and Waxy Identification of Foxtail Millet Fan Qiaoli,Zhang Rui,Xu Ziqing,Guo Shihua and 吴宝华 2016, 32 (30):  72-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030226 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 618KB )   ( 346 ) In order to clarity the agronomic and quality characters of millet, and rapidly identify its waxy or no-waxy endosperm, 11 foxtail millet cultivars were used to study the variation and correlation of agronomic and quality characters using SAS 9.3 software, and detect no-waxy and waxy types by I2-IK stains. The results showed that the variation coefficient of single panicle weight was 20.73%, which was the largest among all the traits; the variation coefficient of the number of node was the smallest, which was 6.05%. For waxy types, single ear weight was significantly and positively correlated with grain weight per ear and milled rice rate, their correlation coefficients were both 0.98. Grain weight per ear was also significantly and positively correlated with milled rice rate, their correlation coefficient was 0.97. For no-waxy types, single ear weight was significantly and positively correlated with grain weight per ear, their correlation coefficient was 0.99, but the ear long and Long peduncle were significantly and negatively correlated with milled rice rate, their correlation coefficients were -0.94 and -0.82, respectively. The number of node had extremely significant and positive correlation with single spike weight and single spike grain weight. No-waxy types had lower gelatinization temperature, larger gel consistency and higher direct starch content than waxy millets. Stained in I2-IK, the waxy millet grains such as ‘Xinhuangnian’, ‘Maozhuanian’, ‘Baiminiangu’ turned to be reddish brown, but for non waxy types such as ‘Jinfenggu’, ‘Fengtian501’, ‘200106’, ‘Chigu9’, and ‘9931-2-1-2’, their grains turned to be blue.

  Cultivation Technique of ‘Jinqiao No.5’ Hao Zhiping,Lv Huiqing,Cao Changlin,Zhang Qiongshu,Peng Zhidong,Zhang Jianhua and Shi Lijuan 2016, 32 (30):  79-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030098 Abstract + ( 583 )   PDF ( 521KB )   ( 349 ) Buckwheat is one of the popular health food in recent years since it can be used as both food and medicine. But the production and processing of buckwheat were limited by its short growth period and low yield. The influence of fertilizer and density in production were studied using two factors D saturating optimum design of nitrogen and phosphate and randomized block design, in order to improve the yield of ‘Jinqiao No.5’ and expanding its production scale. The results showed that, when the urea was 408.0 kg/hm2, phosphate fertilizer was 919.5 kg/hm2 and the density was 812000 plants/hm2, the yield of ‘Jinqiao No.5’ was the highest.

  Genetic Effects and Heterosis of Two-line Hybrid Brassica napus L. in Different Ecological Environments Guan Zhoubo,Dong Yuhong,Zhang Yaowen,Wang Xuefang,Wei Shihao,Zheng Lei,Tian Jianhua and Li Dianrong 2016, 32 (30):  82-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030037 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 472KB )   ( 415 ) In order to explore genetic effects and heterosis expression of two-line-method Brassica napus L.hybridized combination in different ecological environments, the authors used 6 rapeseed restorer lines of different nuclear backgrounds as parents to make 36 cross combinations according to an incomplete diallel design (NC II). These cross combinations were planted in two different ecological areas Dali and Zhangye, the traits were investigated in mature period and ADE model of Zhujun was used to analyze these data. The results showed that yield traits were influenced by additive effect, dominance effect, and the environment interaction effect in different degrees, the pod numbers per plant and thousand seed weight were mainly influenced by additive effect, yield per plant and per pod grain number were mainly influenced by dominance effect. In environment interaction effect, all genetic effect of yield per plant, pod numbers per plant and thousand seed weight achieved significance with environment interactions, but the hereditary of per pod grain number was relatively stable. In genotype and environment interaction effect, the effective branch height and first effective branch number were affected by environmental effects. As to the genetic correlation, phenotype correlation coefficient and genotype correlation coefficient of yield per plant and pod numbers per plant, per pod grain number and thousand seed weight all reached the significant level. Heterosis of hybridized combination overall performance showed that F1 generation was better than F2 generation. The results give significant guidance for breeding two-line hybrid combinations.

  A New Boron Combined Compound Fertilizer: Its Effect on Yield and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco Du Weimin,Pan Xingbing,Chen Shouming,Pang Liangyu and Yao Li 2016, 32 (30):  87-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010048 Abstract + ( 640 )   PDF ( 496KB )   ( 644 ) A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of a new kind of boron combined compound fertilizer on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco in boron deficit soil in Panzhihua. The results showed that the application of this fertilizer had no significant effect on the agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco. Compared with that of CK, the tobacco leaf yield, the output value and the average price were increased by 7.2%, 14.0% and 6.3%, respectively. And the application of boron combined compound fertilizer could make the chemical composition content more suitable and the ratio of chemical compositions of tobacco leaf more coordinated. Thus, the effect of the fertilizer on economic benefit increase was remarkable, and the study would be a scientific basis for the large area application of the fertilizer.

  Advances in Crocin Biosynthesis and CCD Gene Family Shu Hongmei,Guo Shuqiao,Gong Yuanyong,Jiang Lu,Zhu Jingwen and Ni Wanchao 2016, 32 (30):  91-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040163 Abstract + ( 964 )   PDF ( 574KB )   ( 635 ) Crocin is an apocarotenoid compound and the main active ingredient of saffron (Crocus sativus) which is a traditional Chinese precious medicine. In order to analyze the biosynthesis pathway of crocin and the function of genes, this paper summarized the structure of crocin, the biosynthesis process and the precursor substance of crocin, and the function and expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) gene family (CCD1, CCD4, CCD7, CCD8). Finally, the problems of studies on the pathway of crocin biosynthesis and key genes at present stage were raised. And we think that along with the development of molecular biology techniques, many genes in crocin synthetic pathway would be identified, and the synthetic pathway of crocin would be defined.

  Analysis of SSR Information in EST Resources and Development of EST-SSR Marker in Paspalum vaginatum Li Huayong,Wang Xiansheng,Wang Yanping,Wu Yan,Shen Qi and Jia Xinping 2016, 32 (30):  96-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040046 Abstract + ( 1376 )   PDF ( 660KB )   ( 446 ) The objective of this study was to characterize SSR derived from the Paspalum vaginatum EST sequences and to develop EST-SSR markers for genetic diversities analysis. In total, 81220 EST sequences from Paspalum vaginatum were investigated using the software SSRIT, and the distribution and characteristics of EST-SSR were analyzed. Fifty primers were designed using the software Primer 3.0, and the validity and polymorphism of the primers were tested by PCR amplification of 10 turfgrass cultivars. The results showed that 22721 SSRs were identified from the Paspalum vaginatum 13705 EST sequences with a frequency of 16.87%. Analysis of EST-SSRs motifs revealed that tri-nucleotide and mono-nucleotide were the dominant motifs, accounted for 31.71% and 29.28%, respectively. A total of 163 EST-SSR motif types were mined, A/T was the dominant repeat motif, followed by CCG/CGG and AGC/CTG. Fifty primers of EST-SSRs primers were synthesized and 37 primer pairs could amplify clear bands using the DNA template of ‘Adalady’. The polymorphisms of the primers were tested by PCR amplification of 10 turfgrass cultivars, and 12 primer pairs showed polymorphism. The cluster analysis based on EST-SSR markers indicated that 10 turfgrass cultivars were grouped into four classes. These results showed that it is an effective and feasible way to develop EST-SSR markers from the Paspalum vaginatum EST sequences, and EST-SSR markers developed in the study could be used for genetic diversity analysis in turfgrass.

  Three High Effective Extraction Methods for RNA in Tobacco Zhang Zhenbiao,Song Xiyun and Guo Xinmei 2016, 32 (30):  103-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040154 Abstract + ( 884 )   PDF ( 611KB )   ( 504 ) In order to find an effective way to extract RNA in tobacco leaves and provide theoretical basis for tobacco molecular biology research, tobacco leaves were used as material, 3 methods including RNA isolation kit, Trizol method and RNAiso method were used to extract RNA, then RNA were detected by gel electrophoresis and spectrometer. The results indicated that the operation of RNA isolation kit was very easy, but the extraction was the least; Trizol method was convenient and efficient, but there were proteins and a little degradation in RNA; in contrast, the concentration of RNA extracted by RNAiso method was very high and ranged from 100 to 500 ng/μL, A260/A280 was from 1.8 to 2.0, RNA bands were clear and bright without degradation, and the brightness of 28S band was about twice that of 18S band; RT-PCR result showed that 2500 bp target gene consistent with the reference sequence was obtained, and it could be used in functional verification. Hence, RNAiso method was the best way to extract total RNA in tobacco leaves and had been used in many laboratories.

  Diversity of Different Communities and Species in Liangucheng Nature Reserve Area Wang Jingrui,Yan Haoyuan,Gao Chengbing,Ning Baoshan,Yang Juhai and Yang Xiaobao 2016, 32 (30):  108-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040111 Abstract + ( 895 )   PDF ( 630KB )   ( 385 ) In order to provide theoretical foundation for the protection and utilization of species diversity in arid desert region, the typical desert vegetation communities in Minqin Liangucheng Natural Reserve Area was used as the study object, community succession process was studied through the indexes of species diversity, soil water content and precipitation. The results showed that: (1) soil water content in different communities followed the order of typical community Ⅲ ＞ Ⅱ ＞ Ⅴ＞ Ⅳ ＞ Ⅰ; (2) species diversity index followed the order of typical community Ⅴ ＞ Ⅱ ＞ Ⅲ ＞ Ⅰ ＞ Ⅳ, the species diversity indices was low, but ecological dominance was high; (3) the amount of precipitation in 2014 was higher than that in 2013, which was 142.9 and 108.7 mm respectively, there were different levels of rain events in each month of 2014 except December. Species diversity index showed increase or decrease trend affected by precipitation, but the influencing effect had certain hysteresis, its full performance showed after a period of time. The community could keep a suitable size during the succession process, and show the greatest adaptive capacity to avoid extinction.

  Recommended Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Application Amount forChinese Cabbage in Sanming City Xiao Qitong 2016, 32 (30):  113-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050107 Abstract + ( 501 )   PDF ( 651KB )   ( 297 ) By studying NPK fertilizer effect on Chinese cabbage in field experiment, the nutrient enrichment and paucity index and fertilization system in Sanming City were built. The results showed that: the contribution rate of soil fertility to Chinese cabbage was 39.22% to 83.75%, the growth rate of Chinese cabbage was 28.50%, 5.33% and 9.05% with the application of N, P and K, and the yield-increasing effect was N>K>P. The highest index of alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P and available K of local Chinese cabbage soil was 260, 42 and 172 mg/kg, respectively; and the lowest index was 188, 12 and 66 mg/kg, respectively. The maximum application rate of N for the local Chinese cabbage was (287.71 77.50) kg/hm2, the application ratio of NPK was 1:0.09:0.84; the N application amount with the best economic yield was (274.52 75.92) kg/hm2, and the application ratio of NPK was 1:0.07:0.85.

  Interplanting in Ecological High Value Orchards in Sino-Burma Border Area Wang Panlei,Guo Yurong,Pan Yanhua,Zhu Hongye,Zeng Li,Liu Hongming,Li Jinxue,Yue Jianqiang and Gao Junyan 2016, 32 (30):  120-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030086 Abstract + ( 1501 )   PDF ( 660KB )   ( 467 ) Since planting fruit trees on the mountainous or hilly lands is the most common land-using approach in Sino-Burma border area, the soil erosion is serious because of summer rains and winter spring drought. A possible solution to the problem of soil erosion is the interplanting of fruit trees with forages and grain crops. Therefore, the situation of interplanting of forages and general economic crops in southwest Yunnan and southeast Yunnan was analyzed and compared by literature review, investigation and experiments. The interplanting effects were studied from the aspects of yield, output value, coverage and effect of water and soil conservation. The results showed that in Sino-Burma border orchards, the forage germplasm resources for interplanting were rich. The yields and output value of interplanting leguminous and gramineae were the highest, and the fresh yield was 79000-83000 kg/hm2, the output value was 13500-42000 yuan/hm2, which were higher than those of leguminous, gramineae and compositae. Interplanting crops were mainly capsicum, bean, ginger, and the economic benefit was 7500-36000 yuan/hm2. Interplanting ginger had the highest economic benefit. In conclusion, the interplanting of leguminous and gramineae in Sino-Burma border orchards had the best benefit, and the interplanting of forages had better economic and ecological benefit than the interplanting of crops.

  Relationship Between Atmospheric Electric Field and Atmospheric Pollutants Zhang Huaming,Zhao Guixiang,Kang Yonggang,Liu Yaolong and Ge Yanbin 2016, 32 (30):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030125 Abstract + ( 660 )   PDF ( 670KB )   ( 502 ) The paper aims to analyze the relationship between atmospheric electric field and atmospheric pollutants. With data of synchronization atmospheric electric field, atmospheric pollutants, and meteorological elements of two weather stations in Taiyuan from June 2012 to May 2015, the correlation of atmospheric electric field in sunny days with atmospheric pollutants were analyzed. The results showed that: the correlation between atmospheric electric field and atmospheric particulate matter followed: PM10>PM2.5>PM1.0, and the correlation between PM10 and the atmospheric electric field was significantly larger than PM2.5, PM1.0; the NOx was high in the correlation of atmosphere electric field and gas pollution, followed by O3, CO; the correlation between pollution gases and charged particles decided the relationship between them and atmospheric electric field. Through analysis of the characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter, the paper gave the reasons why atmospheric electric field of Jiancaoping was higher than that of Taoyuan and atmospheric electric field occurred at about 16:00 having a small peak in Taoyuan.

  Comparison Test of Two Kinds of Ensemble Forecasting Methods for Flood Season Precipitation in Inner Mongolia Si Qin,Xun Xueyi and Zhang Xu 2016, 32 (30):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030049 Abstract + ( 652 )   PDF ( 1068KB )   ( 303 ) To study the EC ensemble forecast method, the authors took daily precipitation process in 2014 flood season in Inner Mongolia as an example, tested the optimization method and compared it with the ensemble average forecast, based on temperature of EC 51 member ensemble forecast system and IDL lattice data of precipitation. The results showed that: (1) in the short-term forecast, when the number of ensemble members increased to 3 or 4, it had the highest correlation coefficient, when the number of ensemble members increased more or less, the average correlation coefficient decreased; (2) the members with bigger coefficients were selected as the members for the optimization ensemble forecast, results showed that the forecast effect was improved, and it was better than the ensemble average method, therefore, it was necessary to study the selection of number of ensemble forecast member; (3) either the ensemble average method or the optimization method, the forecast effect was bad for heavy rain or above level. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a better ensemble forecasting method which could be more applicable to disastrous weather forecast.

  A Short-term Heavy Rainfall Process: Mesoscale Analysis Li Lin,Yang Qing,Chang Zekun,Guo Caiping,Qu Zhongyou and Wang Xin 2016, 32 (30):  139-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030174 Abstract + ( 903 )   PDF ( 1646KB )   ( 524 ) The paper aims to improve the forecast accuracy of short-term heavy rainfall, and provide references for the government decision making. By using conventional observation data and information provided by Micaps system, the authors adopted the synoptics diagnosis and mesoscale analysis method to conduct live rain fall, mesoscale and satellite cloud image analysis of the short-term heavy rainfall process occurred on August 1, 2015 in central Shanxi Province. Results showed that: the heavy rainfall appearance time was associated with 850 hPa shear line and the ground convergence line movement, and the moving direction of TBB negative center; heavy rainfall appeared near the ground convergence line, in south of 850 hPa warm shear, and at the bottom of 200 hPa jet and split-flow amplitude area; heavy rainfall appearance area had a good corresponding relationship with the TBB<-52℃ range and the ground convergence line; heavy rainfall center was in negative center with TBB values below -52℃.

  The Climatic Features and Cause Analysis of High Temperature and Low HumidityDuring Physiological Fruit Drop of Navel Orange in Jiangxi Province Xie Yuanyu,Liu Yunxiang and Huang Ying 2016, 32 (30):  144-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050124 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 1028KB )   ( 442 ) Based on daily average temperature, maximum temperature and relative humidity data from 87 weather stations in Jiangxi Province, this paper analyzed climatic features of high temperature and low humidity during physiological fruit drop of navel orange, and examined the relationships between days of high temperature and low humidity with western Pacific subtropical anyticyclone to find out the cause of drought during physiological fruit drop of navel orange. The results showed that days of high temperature and low humidity showed an increasing trend in Jiangxi from 1981 to 2013, and had a significant increase in 2000s, but no significant increase was observed before 2000. The high temperature and low humidity-prone areas were located in southern and northeastern of Jiangxi. The Mann-Kendall test results showed that there were abrupt changes of high temperature and low humidity in the end of 20th century. The days of high temperature and low humidity after 2000 was 2.4 days more than that before 2000. There was a close relationship between days of high temperature and low humidity with western Pacific subtropical anyticyclone. The days of high temperature and low humidity increased dramatically when western Pacific subtropical anyticyclone ridge shifted northward in March and eastward in May.

  Nitrogen Application and Planting Density Affecting PanicleBlast of Seedling-Throwing Late Rice Cheng Kaikai,Li Chao,Tang Haiming,Tang Wenguang,Wang Ke and Xiao Xiaoping 2016, 32 (30):  157-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030114 Abstract + ( 855 )   PDF ( 843KB )   ( 373 ) Panicle blast is one of the main types of late rice diseases in Hunan Province. The interaction of nitrogen application amount and seedling-throwing density was used in this research to study the influence on late rice panicle blast, and provide theoretical support for rice panicle blast control from the perspective of cultivation. This study set up four nitrogen levels (N1, N2, N3, N4) and three seedling-throwing densities (D1, D2, D3). The results showed that every disease development parameter presented a concave trend with density increase under the same nitrogen level, and an increasing trend was found with nitrogen increase under the same density. The disease development under N3D1 treatment reached the highest level, and the rate of disease panicles, disease plants, and disease index was 10.76%, 69.56%, 12.65%, respectively. The correlation coefficients R2 of SPAD value with the rate of disease panicles, disease plants, disease index were 0.7294, 0.8325 and 0.746, respectively, all reached significant level. The correlation coefficients R2 between leaf area per plant and the rate of disease panicles, disease plants, disease index were 0.8259, 0.8481 and 0.8407, respectively, and all reached significant level extremely. Nitrogen application of 180 kg/hm2 and planting density of 262500 holes/hm2 could promote the growth of late rice, and also reduce panicle blast.

  Research Progress on Control Weed in Rice-Rice-Rape Cropping System Field in Hunan Province 2016, 32 (30):  161-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050128 Abstract + ( 682 )   PDF ( 585KB )   ( 452 ) Weeds seriously affect the yield and quality of rapeseed, in order to reduce the harm of weeds in rice field, this paper three introduced three aspects of weed seed bank, weed species and weed occurrence characteristics of rice rapeseed field in Hunan province and the physical, chemical, biological and other farming measures currently adopted, and the future of the comprehensive management of weeds in rape fields were discussed and prospected. The results show that the weed seed bank density of up to 224 550 seed / m2, and three harvests weeds in rape fields mainly Alopecurus aequalis, Alopecurus japonicus, Beckmannia syzigachne, Sclerochloa dura, Poa annaua and other wet weeds, chemically-based control methods, less the rest of the measures applied. At present, the control method is mainly used in chemical method, and the rest of the measures are used less, and the environment pollution is serious. Therefore, it is the best choice to actively promote the comprehensive friendly governance system to control weed in Rice-Rice-Rape cropping system field in Hunan province.

  Herbicides: Selection and Effect on Millet Yield in Spring-seeding and Early-maturing Region Ren Yuemei,Yang Zhong,Guo Ruifeng,Zhang Shou and Feng Jing 2016, 32 (30):  163-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060116 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 717KB )   ( 527 ) To select suitable kinds and dosages of herbicides and popularize simple and efficient cultivation techniques of millet in spring-seeding and early-maturing region, four main herbicides in local agricultural material market and two spraying methods were used study the herbicides’ effect on plant control effectiveness, fresh weight control effectiveness, yield, emergence rate and plant height. The results showed that: (1) the control effectiveness of 10% monosulfuron to cotyledon weeds was more than 92%, and the effect was consistent among five concentrations; the control effectiveness of 25 and 40 days to monocotyledon and cotyledon weeds followed an order of: atrazine sprayed after the sowing and before seedling≥ 10% monosulfuron≥ MCPA-Na≥ atrazine sprayed after seedling≥ 2,4-D butyl ester, the best control effectiveness was found in atrazine sprayed after the sowing and before seedling, and the optimum dosages were 3000 and 4500 g/hm2; (2) 3000 and 2250 g/hm2 treatments of 10% monosulfuron and 750 and 1500 g/hm2 treatment of atrazine sprayed after the sowing and before seedling increased the yield significantly; (3) 750 and 1500 g/hm2 treatment of atrazine sprayed after sowing and before seedling, 1500 and 2250 g/hm2 treatment of 10% monosulfuron and 1500 g/hm2 treatment of 2,4-D butyl ester had little influence on sprouting; 10% monosulfuron and atrazine sprayed after sowing and before seedling inhibited growth strongly in the early stage. In conclusion, the suitable herbicides for the region were 10% monosulfuron with the dosage of 1500 and 2250 g/hm2 and atrazine sprayed after sowing and before seedling with the dosage of 1500 g/hm2.

  Effects of Oxalate, SA and BTH on Defense Enzyme Activity in Muskmelon Hou Hui,Zhou Zengqiang and Wang Li 2016, 32 (30):  171-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030003 Abstract + ( 562 )   PDF ( 733KB )   ( 361 ) In order to research the activities of defense enzymes in muskmelon, the oxalate, salicylic acid and BTH were used to treat 2-leaf muskmelon leaves in different concentrations. The results showed that after treated by oxalate, the activities of β-1,3-glucosidase and peroxidase (POD) in 2-leaf muskmelon leaves were higher than that in the control. And the β-1,3-glucosidase activity increased 2.7 to 3.9 times, POD activity increased 3.5 to 4.8 times 9 days after the treatment. But PAL activity could not be induced by oxalate. After treated by SA and BTH, the activities of β-1,3-glucosidase, POD and PAL were higher than that of the control obviously. And the β-1,3-glucosidase activity increased 1.9 to 3.8 times, POD activity increased 3 to 5.5 times and PAL activity increased 1.8 to 5.2 times 7 days after the treatment.

  Control Effects of Herbicides on Brasscia napus, Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum in Linseed Field Liu Minyan,Niu Shujun,Hu Guanfang,Zhao Feng and Li Yuqi 2016, 32 (30):  176-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040035 Abstract + ( 1398 )   PDF ( 574KB )   ( 482 ) There are large areas of Brasscia napus, Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum cultivation in northwest China and north China, their seeds left in soil after harvesting emerge in the next year and turn into weeds of serious damage to linseed, and this has become a major problem in linseed production. Field efficacy trial was conducted in linseed field to evaluate control effects of four kinds of herbicides on B. napus, F. esculentum and F. tataricum. The results showed that 40% MCPA-sodium and bromoxynil octanoate EC, 25% bromoxynil octanoate EC and 80% bromoxynil SP were high-effective herbicides to control B. napus. In linseed field, the plant and fresh weight control effects were 100% after 45 days treatment at the dosages of 600, 450 and 480 g/hm2, the yield growth rate of linseed was 83.24%, 87.79% and 88.13%, respectively, the three kinds of herbicides were safe to linseed at the recommended dosages, their suitable dosages in large-scale demonstration and popularization were 600, 450 and 480 g/hm2. 40% MCPA-sodium and bromoxynil octanoate EC, 25% bromoxynil octanoate EC, 80% bromoxynil SP and 24% picloram AS were high-effective herbicides to control F. esculentum in linseed field, the plant control effects were between 90.32% to 98.07% and the fresh weight control effects were between 97.30% to 99.27% after 45 days treatment at the dosages of 660, 450. 540 and 180 g/hm2, the yield growth rates of linseed were from 87.31% to 92.80%, the four kinds of herbicides were safe to linseed at the recommended dosages, their suitable dosages in large-scale demonstration and popularization were 660, 450, 540 and 180 g/hm2, 24% picloram AS need to use protective cover nozzle for directional spray. 24% picloram AS was a high-effective herbicide to control F. tataricum in linseed field, the plant and fresh weight control effects were 91.42% and 98.71% after 45 days treatment at the dosage of 216 g/hm2, the yield growth rate of linseed was 94.24%, the herbicide was safe to linseed at the condition of directional spray using protective cover nozzle, its suitable dosage in large-scale demonstration and popularization was 216 g/hm2.

  Effect of Alfalfa Mycorrhiza on Atrazine Degradation and Enzyme Activities in Soil Song Fuqiang,Fan Xiaoxu,Chang Wei,Li Jize,Wu Qi,Zhou Zixin and Jia Tingting 2016, 32 (30):  182-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040027 Abstract + ( 921 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 513 ) In order to reveal the degradation mechanism of AM on atrazine, the new cross-compartments cultivation systems (T type) were built. Medicago sativa which was sensitivity to atrazine was chosen to inform symbiotic association with Glomus mosseae as the research objective. Then the degradation rate of atrazine and soil enzymes activities in rhizosphere were investigated in this study. When atrazine addition level was 20 mg/kg, M. sativa root colonization reached 85.70% in 25 d, and the degradation rate of atrazine was 70.22%, which was attributed to arbuscular mycorrhiza by 77.28%. It was suggested that alfalfa mycorrhiza had high degradation ability on atrazine in soil. Meanwhile, atrazine could promote the activities of saccharase, urease, catalase and cellulase in rhizosphere soil. Under the dual function of G. mosseae and atrazine treatments, these four enzymes activities were further enhanced. In conclusion, this research provided theoretical foundation for AM application to remedy pesticide polluted soil.

  Price Forecasting and Warning of Urban Green Leafy Vegetables Ma Jia,Ma Ying and Zhao Jingyin 2016, 32 (30):  188-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010047 Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 780 ) Based on the importance and necessary of price forecasting and warning of urban green leafy vegetables, agricultural product varieties, price types and spatial scale in the domestic and foreign researches were systematically reviewed. The main methods, model characteristics and applicable conditions of agricultural product price forecasting and warning were also studied. And the development direction of the researches on price forecasting and warning of urban green leafy vegetables was discussed. There were rich researches on price forecasting and warning of agricultural products at home and abroad, but the researches on green leafy vegetables’ price were rare. So a scientific, standardized, unified and appropriate price database of green leafy vegetables should be set up in order to provide effective data support for future research. Based on the existing technologies, considering forecasting accuracy and requirement of data, combination model composed of two or more methods, especially the combination of seasonal forecasting model and time sequence model, should be used to forecast the price of green leafy vegetables so as to effectively get more realistic result. Besides, to choose the appropriate model, the variety of vegetables and the temporal frequency of data should be classified according to the characteristics of different green leafy vegetables.

  Comprehensive Evaluation on Development Modes of Rural Tourism: A Case Study of Rural Tourism in Xinxiang, Henan Province Wang Yani,Qin Anzhen and Yang Wenqi 2016, 32 (30):  193-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040162 Abstract + ( 1738 )   PDF ( 707KB )   ( 694 ) In order to evaluate rural tourism development in Xinxiang and analyze its influencing factors, establish a comprehensive evaluation system for development modes of rural tourism, and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of different modes, five development modes of rural tourism, namely rural scenery type, red tourism type, modern new country type, agricultural resources type and natural scenery type, were classified according to their development themes. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy evaluation method in terms of infrastructure construction, tourism resource exploitation and tourism operation and management. Results showed that the comprehensive evaluation value of natural scenery type was 0.82 out of 1.00, which was the highest. The outstanding performance of natural scenery type was mainly driven by rural environmental construction, natural resource exploitation, local investment environment, year-end profit of enterprises and satisfaction degree of tourists. Thus the authors suggested that natural scenery type should be preferentially developed in the rural tourism industries of Xinxiang. Among all the evaluated indexes, the year-end profit of enterprises was with the largest weight coefficient of 13.1%, indicating that it was an important index to evaluate the sustainable development of a scenery spot. The evaluation method developed by the authors is an innovative one which can significantly simplify the quantification of indexes, and rule out the subjectivity in weight coefficient estimation.

  Enlightenment of Transnational Seed Company Development to China’s Seed Industry Wu Zedong,Liu Naixin,Ma Longbiao and Ni Hongtao 2016, 32 (30):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050086 Abstract + ( 1750 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 634 ) The development history of four major transnational seed companies was introduced in this paper. Meanwhile, the current situation of China’s seed industry was analyzed. The problems of China’s seed industry were the disconnection of seed breeding, reproduction and marketing, and seed companies of small scale and low international competitiveness. Thus, it was concluded that only through forming large-scaled seed companies which were supported by science and technology and capable of combining seed breeding, reproduction and marketing to compete in the international seed market, could the future seed industry in China be in a sustainable development and break away from the control of foreign seed industry.