Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.9 Published:29 March 2016

  Effects of Fertilization and Density on Yield and Grain Quality of Late Rice ‘Fengyuanyou299’Under the Condition of Water Saving Irrigation 2016, 32 (9):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080147 Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 588 ) Field experiments with split block design under water saving irrigation were conducted to investigate the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and planting densities on grain yield and rice quality of the double cropping late rice cultivar‘Fengyuanyou299’. The results showed that the chalky rice rate, chalkiness degree and protein content increased by 8.5%-20.0%, 0.8%-1.8% and 7.0%-43.4%, respectively, with the increase of nitrogen application amount, while the gel consistency and amylose content decreased by 5.8%-20.3% and 3.7%-6.6%. The milling quality and rice protein content increased first and then decreased with the increase of planting density, the chalky ratio, gel consistency and amylose content showed a downward trend, however, the chalkiness degree increased. In this research, the grain yield increased by 1.0%-34.7% when the nitrogen application rate was 135 kg/hm2 and the planting density was 300000 hill/hm2, it was the optimal treatment combination.

  Slow-release Properties of Early-rice Seed-coating Fertilizer 2016, 32 (9):  6-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090028 Abstract + ( 1362 )   PDF ( 563KB )   ( 720 ) In order to explore the slow- release properties of early rice seed- coating fertilizer, the initial release rate, differential release rate and cumulative release rate of N, P and K in early rice seed-coating fertilizer were determined. The results showed that the initial release rate of early rice seed-coating fertilizer nutrients were less than 40%, the initial release rate of N was the fastest, then was that of K, and the release rate of P was the slowest. The differential release rates of N, P and K showed that the nutrients of early rice seed-coating fertilizer released evenly, which could meet the early growth demand of early-rice for nutrients and improve fertilizer use efficiency, so that the slow-release properties of early rice seed-coating fertilizer were good.

  Effect of High Temperature After Anthesis on Rice Quality and Starch Granule Structure of Endosperm 张桂莲,, and 2016, 32 (9):  10-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100007 Abstract + ( 986 )   PDF ( 4645KB )   ( 485 ) To ascertain the influence mechanism of high temperature after anthesis on rice quality, taking two rice lines including heat- tolerant line 996 and heat- sensitive line 4628 as materials, an experiment was conducted in growth chambers to investigate the effect of high temperature and optimal temperature after anthesis on rice appearance quality, milling quality, cooking and eating quality and starch granule structure of endosperm. The results showed that under high temperature after anthesis, ratio of grain length to width, chalky rate and chalkiness increased, milled rice rate, head rice rate, amylose content and gel consistency decreased, protein content increased. Under high temperature treatments, gelatinization temperature, final viscosity, set back and peak time increased, breakdown decreased, Mg content and K content increased, Mg/K ratio decreased. Under the same treatment, rice quality of heat tolerant line 996 was less affected by high temperature than that of heat sensitive line 4628. Under high temperature stress after anthesis, starch granule had an incompact arrangement, most of the starch granule existed in the form of a single starch endosperm, refractive index decreased, transparency reduced, and led to the formation of chalk. Under high temperature after anthesis, the increase of protein content, the decrease of Mg/K, the change of rice RVA characteristics and starch granule structure of endosperm could be the main reason of the decrease of rice cooking and eating quality and appearance quality.

  Stalk Physical Properties of Hybrid Rice‘Ⅱ You 725’Under Different Fertilizer Treatments 2016, 32 (9):  15-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090119 Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 576KB )   ( 595 ) Rice lodging resistance is affected by different concentrations of potash and silicon fertilizer. In this study, the authors used‘ ⅡYou 725’as the material and adopted a completely random design. The best concentration of potash fertilizer was 75 kg/hm2, under which the internode breaking resistance of N2, N3 and N4 increased by 4.95%, 24.15% and 35.46%, respectively, in comparing with that of control, however, the lodging index decreased by 0.86%, 14.22% and 32.06%, respectively. Further more, the best concentration of silicon fertilizer was 240 kg/hm2, the lodging index decreased by 0.06%, 18.21% and 29.20%, respectively, and the breaking resistance simultaneously increased by 5.57% , 20.29% and 17.73% , respectively. Appropriate concentration of potash or silicon fertilizer could improve the lodging resistance of rice plants, they mainly improved the breaking resistance of basal high position internodes to reduce the lodging index. As a result, application of potash or silicon fertilizer could significantly increase the grain weight and lodging resistance of rice plant.

  Effect of Straw Returning and Fertilization on Yields of Wheat-Rape Multiple Cropping and Resource Use Efficiency 杨育川,,, and 2016, 32 (9):  20-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090043 Abstract + ( 1179 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 1032 ) In order to reduce fertilizer application, control pollution of straw burning and explore technical ways of straw returning, randomized block design method and field experiment were conducted in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province. The effect of straw returning methods including standing stubble, crushing and burning, and reduced fertilization on multiple cropping of wheat-rape was studied. The results showed that the highest wheat yield was 7444 kg/hm2, which was obtained by high fertilization and wheat straw returned after crushing. The highest rapeseed yield was 997 kg/hm2, which was obtained by wheat straw burning and 15% fertilizer reduction. Water use efficiency, nitrogen utilization rate and phosphorus utilization rate of wheat were the highest by wheat straw returned after crushing and fertilizer reduction of 15%, and water use efficiency of rape was the highest under wheat straw burning and fertilizer reduction of 15% . Light energy utilization efficiency was the highest by high fertilization and wheat straw returned after crushing. The yield, light energy utilization efficiency, nitrogen utilization rate and phosphorus utilization rate did not differ significantly among different treatments when fertilizer application was reduced by 15% . Therefore, under the reasonable conditions of straw returning, it was feasible to cut the chemical fertilizer application by 15% compared with current high fertilization rate. By comprehensive analysis of economic benefit, ecological benefit and environment protection, it showed that sowing rape after wheat harvest leaving stubble of 25 cm high and straw crushing and returning with rotary cultivator was the best practice.

  Effects of Biochar and Its Combined Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Physical and Chemical Properties and Microbial Quantity of Fluvo-aquic Soil and Winter Wheat Yield 2016, 32 (9):  27-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090084 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 979 ) In order to find out the application effects of biochar in fluvo-aquic soil and promote the scientific application of biochar, a field experiment with four treatments including control (CK), only biochar (B), only chemical fertilizers (F) and biochar with chemical fertilizers (BF) were conducted to assess the effects of biochar and its combined application with chemical fertilizers on the physical and chemical properties of fluvoaquic soil, microbial quantity of fluvo-aquic soil and winter wheat yield. Results showed that if the B treatment was compared with CK and BF treatment was compared with F treatment, both of the biochar application treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon and available K contents, but had no significant effect on soil pH, available P, bulk density and available N contents. The bacteria and actinomycetes quantity increased after biochar application and this increase was significant in the overwintering stage, while the fungi number showed a decreasing trend after biochar application. Compared to CK, B treatment improved the straw and grain dry weight by 6.8% and 4.2%, respectively. Compared to F treatment, BF treatment increased the straw and grain dry weight by 4.4% and 16.5%, respectively. Therefore, the application of biochar could ameliorate the physical and chemical properties of fluvo-aquic soil, increased the bacteria and actinomycetes quantity as well as the winter wheat yield to a degree.

  Yield Potential and Yield Gap of Wheat-maize Cropping System in the North China Plain 范兰,吕昌河, and 2016, 32 (9):  33-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070159 Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 1982KB )   ( 761 ) The North China Plain (NCP) is a main grain production base in China, therefore, it is very important to study the impacts of climate change on the production potential of wheat-maize cropping system in NCP. The yield potential of wheat-maize cropping system in NCP was simulated by EPIC model, and the yield gap was calculated according to the actual yield. The results were as following. (1) The potential and waterlimited yield for wheat-maize cropping system during 1961-2007 were 19.7-22.2 t/hm2 and 13.2-21.7 t/hm2, with the regional average of 21.2 t/hm2 and 16.4 t/hm2, respectively. (2) Both potential and water-limited yield of wheat-maize cropping system showed an increasing trend, with an annual increasing range from 20 kg/hm2 to 40 kg/hm2 and from -95.0 kg/hm2 to 70.2 kg/hm2, as affected by climate change. Meanwhile, the waterlimited potential increased in the south but had a decreasing trend in the north. (3) The yield gap between the potential and actual yield of wheat-maize cropping system from 2001 to 2007 was 20.3%-72.2%, with a regional average of 48.2%. In spatial distribution, the area of high yield gap located in the south, the area of low yield gap located in the middle, and the area of middle yield gap located in the north. As a result, there has been a large potential yield increase in wheat-maize cropping system in NCP since 1960, water and nutrient use efficiency should be improved in order to enhance the yield increasing potential in NCP, specially in the south of the region.

  Effects of Turnover of Different Green Manure on Corn Yield and Soil Fertility 2016, 32 (9):  41-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100042 Abstract + ( 955 )   PDF ( 602KB )   ( 684 ) In order to determine the optimum green manure in different ecological regions, the effects of turnover of different green manure on corn yield and soil properties were studied by plot experiment. The results showed that the biological character of Vicia villosa Roth var. was the best, it was better to improve corn diameter, length, biological yield and nutrient, especially in phosphorus deficiency regions, but it should be buried in early time in order to improve the effective number of corn plant; milk vetch was better to increase corn kernel yield, straw yield; wheat had positive significance in the improvement of harden clay, while the seeding time of wheat and ryegrass should be early, ryegrass was good green manure in phosphorus deficiency regions; common vetch was good green manure to increase the soil microbes and enzyme activity, and had better biological character; Raphanus sativus L. was good green manure to improve acidic soil and improve biology yield and nutrient, especially in the phosphorus deficiency regions. From the aspect of aggregative indices, common vetch was the most suitable green manure in Xiangxi Zhou.

  Effect of Chemical Regulators on Yield Characteristics of Different Maize Cultivars 2016, 32 (9):  47-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120061 Abstract + ( 908 )   PDF ( 446KB )   ( 569 ) In order to find out the optimal chemical regulator for maize growth, six maize hybrid cultivars were used as the main factor and five chemical regulators were used as the second factor, the yield of different maize cultivars under the treatment of different chemical regulators were analyzed by randomized block design experiment. The results showed that the yield increase rate of‘Xieyu 5’was more obvious than that of other cultivars, and‘Xieyu 3’was not suitable for chemical regulator treatment. Yuhuangjin, CCC and water spraying treatment could not improve the yield significantly, and Gaoyujin had a negative effect on yield. CCC could increase the yield of‘Xieyu 4’and‘Taiyu 339’, and Huangjinyu could increase the yield of‘Xieyu 5’ and‘Xianyu 335’. Chemical regulators had no significant effect on the yield of maize and different chemical regulators were suitable for different maize cultivars.

  Spike Traits and Yield of Maize Treated by Different Chemical Regulators 2016, 32 (9):  52-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120109 Abstract + ( 797 )   PDF ( 456KB )   ( 1466 ) The aim was to find the optimum chemical regulators for different maize varieties. Six maize varieties were used as the principal factor, and treatments of five chemical regulators were used as the secondary factor. The effects of different chemical regulators on the spike traits and yield of maize were studied with randomized block design. Ten spikes were selected randomly in every block. The spike traits were detected, and the grain yield was converted into the population yield. The results showed that for the same variety, CCC had significant effect on the spike traits compared with other chemical regulators. Gaoyujin were not suitable for chemical regulating on tested varieties. Yield was proportional to axle thickness, spike thickness and kernels per row. In addition, spike weight, spike grain weight and spike length were closely related to the population yield of maize under different treatments, and hundred-grain weight had the minimum impact on the yield.‘Xieyu 5’was fit for improving the spike traits with chemical regulators. So different chemical regulators should be adopted according to different maize varieties, no chemical regulator could satisfy all maize varieties.

  Water Use Efficiency of Maize Hybrids and Analysis of Related Characters 路进峰 2016, 32 (9):  58-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080137 Abstract + ( 802 )   PDF ( 464KB )   ( 566 ) In order to develop the potential water use efficiency (WUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) and achieve high yield and high efficiency in production, maize hybrids bred and popularized in China were used as materials, the high efficiency was analyzed according to yield WUE in mature time under changing and less rainfall conditions. The results showed that there were significant WUE variations among different genotypes. WUE of maize hybrids had abundant types. Analysis of variance for different characters of WUE showed that the difference of characters related to WUE among these materials was significant. WUE of different maize hybrids could be realized by different characters. Simple correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis results showed that row number, kernels per row and weight of 100-kernel were significantly related to WUE. Therefore, maize hybrids should be applied according to local agricultural production condition. The related characters to WUE of maize should be stressed in maize breeding process.

  The Seeds/Stem Ratio and Major Disease Resistance of Main Soybean Cultivars of Different Eras in Sanjiang Plain 2016, 32 (9):  66-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090106 Abstract + ( 813 )   PDF ( 540KB )   ( 569 ) In order to study the change rule of the seeds/stem ratio and major disease (the grey speck and root rot disease) resistance of main soybean cultivars in Sanjiang Plain of different eras, 18 main cultivars of different eras with the same maturity time were selected as test materials and a field investigation was conducted. The results showed that the seeds/stem ratio changing trend had been improved continually along with the years. The range ability was from 0.44 to 0.88 and the range was 0.44. The growth speed was 0.73%. So the seeds/stem ratio was a key factor for the increase of soybean yield. There were great changes on the grey speck disease resistance level among different soybean cultivars. The disease resistance was enhanced, indicating that the harm of the grey speck disease had been effectively controlled. The soybean cultivars of the 1950s and 1960s were all susceptible to grey speck disease and the cultivars of 1970s were transition ones. The soybean cultivars after the 1980s all had moderate resistance or resistance to grey speck disease. The soybean cultivars were all susceptible to root rot disease except individual cultivars‘( Suinong4’,‘Hefeng45, 55’and‘Heinong48’). The root rot disease resistance showed a stage improvement trend. The resistant cultivars accounted for 22.22% and the susceptible cultivars accounted for 77.78%. This result showed that the root rot disease had not been controlled effectively and needed to be solved in breeding and production at present.

  Growth Dynamics and Harvest Period of Vicia Sativa 2016, 32 (9):  71-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090015 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 724KB )   ( 577 ) The aims were to study the dynamics of growth and nutritional changes of Vicia Sativa, and obtain the optimal clipping period. Vicia Sativa 5-1-5 was used as the sample, the changes of plant height, growth rate, material accumulation, yield components and its compositions were studied. The nutrition value was also assessed. The results indicated that the dynamic growth of Vicia Sativa fit the Logistic model. The growth rate was slow in the seedling stage, and became the fastest from the branching-later stage to squaring stage, it was the critical period of vegetative forming. Biomass and the ration of stem to leaf increased gradually in the branching-later stage, but the palatability and nutritive value declined. The fresh matter and the dry matter reached the maximum in the fruiting period and the mature-later stage, respectively. The fresh matter in the fruiting period, CP, CA, CF, EE, NFE, TDN was 17.2, 0.5, 0.33, 1.29, 0.11, 2.17, 2.73 t/hm2, respectively. The dry matter in the mature-later stage, CP, CA, CF, EE, NFE, TDN was 4.71, 0.41, 0.34, 1.40, 0.10, 2.49, 2.83 t/hm2, respectively. In summary, 76-88 days after sowing was the optimal clipping period. It was suggested that Vicia Sativa should be harvested in blooming stage or fruiting-early stage in the practice.

  Research Progress of Quality Characteristics and Comprehensive Utilization of Mung Beans 张文兰,李 群,颜廷进,李娜娜,戴 双,蒲艳艳 and 2016, 32 (9):  77-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090133 Abstract + ( 884 )   PDF ( 595KB )   ( 671 ) Mung bean is one of the major legume crops in China, its nutritional quality and processing quality directly affects the development of mung bean processing industry. In order to promote the development of mung bean processing industry, the research progress of mung bean quality characteristics was summarized based on literatures both at home and abroad, including physical quality, nutritional quality, medicinal value and the processing quality,. We also viewed the current of exploitation of Starchstarch, protein, dietary fiber, resistant starch, flavonoids and superoxide dismutase of mung bean were also viewed. The author believedIt was concluded that the research of quality characteristics and functional component ingredients should be strengthened to develop health products; it was also believed that the processing technology should be improved, and a group of leading companies of mung bean processing with strong competence in market ought to be cultivated to accelerate the development of mung bean processing industry.

  Effect of Premature Senility on Yield Component of Millet Hybrids 2016, 32 (9):  83-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090037 Abstract + ( 709 )   PDF ( 474KB )   ( 576 ) In order to study the effect of premature senility on yield components of millet hybrids, the study adopted a randomized complete block design with eight hybrids (bred by Crop Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences) and the‘Millet 49’, and the correlations of yield components and degree of premature senility were analyzed with multiple comparisons and cluster analysis. The results showed that the control had the highest yield under the lightest degree of premature senility. The yields of other materials gradually declined as the premature senility was intensified, and the reduction of the yield ranged from 12.35%-36.14%. There were significantly negative correlations between the degree of premature senility and grain weight per ear, thousand kernel weight and yield. The premature senility had some correlations with parent infertility of the hybrids. In conclusion, the premature senility seriously affected the yield of the millet hybrids, so we should choose the anti- premature senility genes with good quality.

  Influence of LCO and Th-17 on Production and Quality of Dry Farming Millet and Soil Biological Characters 阮慧 2016, 32 (9):  87-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090054 Abstract + ( 974 )   PDF ( 838KB )   ( 643 ) The paper aims to study the influence of nodules factor (LCO), thuricin (Th-17) with different filling water amounts on rhizosphere soil properties at seedling stage, and the grain yield and quality of millet, to determine the role of LCO and Th-17 seed treatment in combining with different filling water amounts in agricultural production and yield increase in dry farming. Under the condition of drought, the authors studied the influence of 9 treatments, which were no seed soaking, Th-17 seed soaking and LCO seed soaking in combining with filling water amount of 0 L/hole, 0.1 L/hole and 0.2 L/hole, respectively, on yield and grain quality of millet. The results showed that: the millet yield of LCO and Th-17 treatment increased by 22.72%- 55.15% and 16.64%-50.70%, respectively, compared with that of the control group. The yield increase order was: L3＞L2＞T3＞T2＞T1＞CK3＞L1＞CK2＞CK1. The quality indexes of grain under LCO and Th-17 seed soaking treatment were lower than that of the control. Compared with those of the control, soil microbial biomass carbon of LCO and Th-17 treatment increased by 35.98%-64.8% and 18.62%-48.08%, respectively; soil microbial biomass nitrogen increased by 17.98%-80.31% and 19.44%-42.94%, respectively; soil catalase activity increased by 4.82%-10.92% and 3.76%-7.84%, respectively; soil invertase activity increased by 43.10%-51.85% and 21.95%-29.82%, respectively; soil urease activity increased by 22.51%-33.66% and 10.19%- 22.68% , respectively. In conclusion, application of LCO and Th- 17 with different filling water amounts could effectively improve the soil properties, promote the growth of plants, and then increase crop yield, and the effect of LCO treatment was greater than that of Th-17 treatment.

  Enlightenment of World Cassava Production to China 2016, 32 (9):  94-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090068 Abstract + ( 1049 )   PDF ( 494KB )   ( 766 ) In recent years, China’s cassava production has been trapped in the problems of high cost, low efficiency, stagnant yield per unit area, demand exceeds supply and so on. In order to promote the healthy development of cassava industry in China and enhance its international competitiveness, the situations of cassava production from 2004 to 2013 in the world were analyzed. The results showed that there was a large gap between China and other cassava producing countries in the aspects of harvest area, fresh root yield (FRY), total yield and contribution rate of FRY. The contribution rate of FRY to production quantity was 19.21% in China, which was only 31.13% of the world average level. Thus, China needed to learn from foreign successful experiences, followed a road combining“bringing in”and“going global”, strengthen policy support, improve the level of deep processing, promote the cultivation of fine cultivars and good cultivating practices, and improve the level of production scale and mechanization.

  Traits Relevant to Tuberization of Potato in Aeroponic 张光海,郭华春 and 张贵合 2016, 32 (9):  100-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090079 Abstract + ( 998 )   PDF ( 532KB )   ( 821 ) The paper aims to study the dynamical development regularity and correlation of tuberization traits of potato. The authors observed the development dynamic and correlation with yield per plant(YP) of the plant height(PH), stolon length(SL), root length(RL), primary stolons(PS) and mini-tubers(MT) of C×E population in aeroponic. The results showed that there was obvious segregation beyond the two parents for five agronomic traits among F1. It was the major developmental stage of root during the 40 d after the transplantation. Plant height of the potato grew rapidly from 50 d to 70 d after the transplantation. Primary stolons emerged rapidly from 30 d to 50 d after the transplantation and reached its peak at 60 d. Stolons length mainly grew from 40 d to 50 d after the transplantation and the mini-tuber also began to swell. Correlation analysis showed that MT had significantly or highly and significantly positive correlation with SL, and MT had highly and significantly positive correlation with PS. YP had highly and significantly positive correlation with PS. So, SL and PS are two important factors for screening the fine individual genotype of potato for aeroponic.

  Main Economic Traits Combining Ability and Heterosis of Edible Sunflower Yang Haifeng,Fan Yunqian,Duan Xueyan,Wei Ling and Liu Bo 2016, 32 (9):  106-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090130 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 515KB )   ( 740 ) Six cytoplasmic male-sterile(CMS) lines improved from local varieties and four branched male restorer lines were hybridized with 6×4 incomplete diallel, 24F1 hybrids were further used to estimate their general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability(SCA) and heterosis effects on main economic traits of edible sunflower. Variance analysis showed that GCA of eight traits in sterile lines and seven traits in restorer lines had significant or highly significant variance, and SCA of four traits had significant or highly significant variance. The preponderance of additive gene action played the leading role in plant height, stem diameter, growth duration, head diameter, 100-grain weight, while total grain per head, effective grain per head, seed setting rate, and grain yield per plant were affected by additive gene action and non-addictive gene action variance. Based on the GCA effect analysis, among the CMS and the restorer lines, A6, A2 and C3 were found to be promising parents. Based on the SCA analysis, A2C1 was found to be a perfect cross. The result of heterosis analysis indicated that most economic traits had heterosis, some traits even showed super parent advantages which could be used. Most traits in F1 inclined to parent of early maturity, strong and high stem, big disk and multi-grains.

  Effect of Light and Temperature Factors on Main Characters of Sesame Under Different Sowing Times 2016, 32 (9):  112-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100016 Abstract + ( 987 )   PDF ( 622KB )   ( 607 ) In order to determine the appropriate sowing time of sesame, the effects of light and temperature factors on the main characters of sesame under different sowing times were studied. 3 sesame varieties and 11 sowing times were selected. The results showed that the light and temperature factors had significant influence on main characters of sesame under different sowing times. The sesame growth periods were longer under the sowing time before June and after August. The plant height, first capsule height and yield per plant first increased and then decreased, the yield of the third sowing time was the highest. The capsule pitch number, grain number per capsule and thousand seed weight showed a decreasing trend. The accumulated temperature from sowing stage to squaring stage had a significantly negative correlation with capsule number per plant, which showed a significantly positive correlation with the accumulated temperature from squaring stage to early flowering period. The accumulated temperature from early flowering period to bloom stage showed a negative correlation with capsule pitch number, grain number per capsule, plot yield and yield per plant. The accumulated temperature from bloom stage to final flowering stage showed an extremely and significantly positive correlation with the main characters. The accumulated temperature from final flowering stage to mature period showed a significantly negative correlation with plant height, first capsule height and thousand seed weight, and an extremely negative correlation with capsule number per plant. In consequence, the relevant characters could be the best when the sesame was sowing timely, the appropriate sowing time of sesame was from late May to the middle of July in Nanchang region.

  Screening and Identification of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Maize Rhizosphere and Their Characteristics of Phosphate Solubilizing 李新柱,邢芳芳,高明夫,禚优优 and 胡兆平 2016, 32 (9):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090060 Abstract + ( 985 )   PDF ( 761KB )   ( 1039 ) This study aims at phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in maize rhizosphere soil and phosphorus soluble performance under laboratory conditions, in order to provide good bacteria and practical basis for microbial fertilizer development and production. P- solubilizing strains were screened from maize rhizosphere soil samples, the efficient solubilizing strains were optimized by the method of comparison soluble phosphorus circles. The P-solubilizing characteristics of preferred strains were studied by liquid culture conditions of Ca3 (PO4)2, phosphate tailings and soil, the strains were analyzed and identified by 16SrDNA sequence analysis. 19 kinds of phosphorus bacteria were isolated from the soil of maize rhizosphere and an efficient strain named PS- x was obtained by the method of comparison soluble phosphorus circles. The results of P- solubilizing characteristics study showed that PS-1 had strong ability of dissolving Ca3(PO4)2 and phosphate tailings. After 6 days cultivation in the medium with Ca3(PO4)2 as the sole phosphorus source under 35℃ , the soluble phosphorus content reached 429.2 mg/L, which was 45.95 times as much as that of the control group. After 7 days cultivation in the medium with phosphorus tailings powder as the sole phosphorus source, the soluble phosphorus content reached 61.72 mg/L, the phosphate solubilization rate was 21.2%. Available phosphorus content increased 19.28 mg/kg after 50 days cultivation in the soil. The results of sequence analysis of 16SrDNA showed that PS-1 was Bacillus licheniformis. The results showed that P-dissolving bacteria PS-1 had a strong dissolving ability and good application prospect, the growth- promoting effect evaluation and research could be further carried out.

  Application of in planta in Flax Transgene 李杨,, and 段海燕 2016, 32 (9):  125-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040097 Abstract + ( 849 )   PDF ( 765KB )   ( 622 ) In order to establish a simple, quick, efficient and stable system for flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) transformation, flax seed embryos were used as explants, the experiment conditions (pre-incubation time, coculture time, As concentration, silwett concentration and vacuum time) were optimized with in planta. The best combination was determined as: pre-incubation time of 8 h, co-culture time of 72 h, As concentration of 100 μmol/L, silwett concentration of 0.1%, vacuum time of 5min. The minimum lethal dose of glufosinate was found out for herbicide screening on transformed flax plants. PCR identification on surviving plants showed that positive transgenic plants were acquired successfully. The optimization of in planta transformation into flax seed embryos was achieved, and had great value in practical application.

  Development of Virus Induced Gene Silencing and Application of VIGS in Plant Abiotic Stresses 2016, 32 (9):  131-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090024 Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 536KB )   ( 979 ) Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) involves a virus delivery vector carrying a short sequence of targeted gene to infect plant, which could cause plant homologous gene silencing and phenotypic variation, and the gene function is analyzed by phenotypic variation. It is a recently developed technique of plant gene function research. In order to explore the application strategy of VIGS, in this review, molecular mechanism of VIGS, VIGS vectors development and the application of VIGS in plant abiotic stresses were introduced. The problems and application value of VIGS in plant abiotic stresses were obtained.

  Diurnal Change Characteristics of H2O and CO2 Flux of Corn Farmland Ecosystem 2016, 32 (9):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120032 Abstract + ( 905 )   PDF ( 672KB )   ( 643 ) Field ecosystem is an important part of terrestrial ecosystem, a study on H2O and CO2 flux change characteristics has significance to exploring carbon and water cycle in the whole terrestrial ecosystem. The corn farmland H2O and CO2 flux was measured under sunshine condition in heading period by the method of eddy covariance system, and the diurnal change characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) CO2 flux in farmland ecosystem increased with the increase of photosynthetically active radiation and the Michaelis-Menten function simulation reached extremely significant level, and the largest potential carbon flux was 3.63398 mg/(m2 · s); (2) CO2 flux had no obvious difference between morning and afternoon, and stomatal inhibition was not existent; (3) water vapor flux increased with the increase of photosynthetically active radiation, but water vapor flux in the afternoon was significantly higher than that in the morning, saturation vapor pressure of the afternoon was much higher than that of the morning, which caused much stronger transpiration and evaporation in the afternoon; (4) canopy conductance showed a reducing trend with time increase, which could reach a balance at 11:00, and reduced gradually at 14:00 with the decrease of photosynthetically active radiation, the reason could be the overestimate of canopy conductance in the morning caused by the evaporation of dew.

  Exploration of Returning Crop Straw to the Field Directly and Discussion on Multi-way Utilization of Straws 2016, 32 (9):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080073 Abstract + ( 1245 )   PDF ( 564KB )   ( 771 ) As a widespread way of crop straw disposing and soil enriching in current agricultural production, returning crop straw to the field directly has important scientific value and practical meaning. But many problems of total crop straw returned directly every year have appeared with the increase of straw yield. In order to provide a beneficial reference for the scientific utilization of crop straw, the authors clarified and weighed the pros and cons of crop straw returned directly, deliberated and discussed the potential risks of the undecomposed straws in the practice of total crop straw returned directly every year, summarized the multiway utilization approaches and technologies of straw, and put forward the sustainable direction of straw utilization. According to the analysis, the accumulation of organic matter in soil was a burden to agroecosystem, which might exceed the bearing capacity of farmland eventually and destroy the balance of agroecosystem. Therefore, on the premise of suitable straw returned amount which could retain soil fertility, it was necessary to comprehensively utilize the crop straw according to local conditions.

  Effect of Straw-returning on Nitrogen and Phosphorus and Water of Soil 2016, 32 (9):  148-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090097 Abstract + ( 1004 )   PDF ( 534KB )   ( 941 ) As an important part of low-carbon and organic agriculture, straw-returning has a positive effect about improving soil structure and nutrient content and reducing soil erosion. Straw-returning can increase soil porosity, reduce soil bulk density, and then retain water to preserve soil moisture ability, it can promote crop growth. Through straw-returning, the content of soil organic matter can be increased, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer can be improved, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus can be reduced, at the same time, the content of soil phosphorus and total phosphorus can be improved, straw-returning is beneficial to improve agricultural production environment, to ensuring the potential of yield increase. Straw-returning can reduce the number of surface runoff, reduce nutrient runoff away from soil consequently, it is benefit to the soil moisture and the surrounding river systems. There are different experimental study results about N2O gas emissions with straw-returning. However, there are some problems about the implementation of straw-returning, we should study the impact of straw-returning mechanisms, proceed long-term monitoring of experiments, develop the appropriate straw-returning ways, it has a very important significance for the sustained and rapid development of agriculture.

  Immobilized Strain Propagation and Release and Its Performance 2016, 32 (9):  155-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100038 Abstract + ( 786 )   PDF ( 555KB )   ( 628 ) The release of immobilized strains under different soil conditions was different. In the study, the release and degradation characteristic of immobilized Bacillus subtilis under different soil conditions were analyzed, the release condition of immobilized strain was measured under different temperatures, moisture and pH values in sterilization soil, and the nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilization were tested. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis released and propagated in a large scale under the temperature of 35℃ and 40℃, water content of 50 mL/100 g and pH 5-8, its degradation characteristics were not affected by immobilization. This study provided a theoretical basis for the application of immobilized strain in compound microbial fertilizer production.

  Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Main Blueberry Producing Areas in Jiaodong Peninsula 马海林,,李丽,马丙尧,杜振宇 and 孙蕾 2016, 32 (9):  159-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100009 Abstract + ( 730 )   PDF ( 681KB )   ( 642 ) In order to understand the fertility of blueberry planting soil, soil physical and chemical properties of 60 soil samples from Jiawo agricultural company’s blueberry production base in Qingdao were analyzed by the method of indoor assay determination. The results showed that the soil pH value of only 20% samples was in the optimal growing range of blueberry. At the same time, the maximum content of soil organic matter was only 13.649 g/kg, the soil samples with organic matter content more than 10 g/kg only accounted for about 20%. In addition, the soil nutrient contents were significantly different among different planting bases and the variation coefficients were high, especially the variation coefficients of available phosphorus, available potassium and available boron, which all reached above 50%, suggesting that nutrient contents of different bases were unbalanced with large fluctuation range. In conclusion, the soil pH in main blueberry producing areas should be adjusted, and it was also important to explore the way to improve soil organic matter content and soil fertility.

  Soil Fertility Change of Typical Farmland in the Middle and South Plain Area of Hebei Province 2016, 32 (9):  164-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120027 Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 575KB )   ( 661 ) In order to understand the soil fertility change in the middle and south plain area of Hebei Province since 1980s, the typical farmland fertility change rules in recent 30 years were analyzed with the data of“the Second National Soil Survey”and six positioning fertility monitoring stations built in 1998. The results showed that soil organic matter content, total N content and olsen- P content all had an increasing trend in all monitoring points, their data of 2014 increased by 18.8%, 9.1% and 78.2%, respectively, in comparing with those of 1998, and increased by 76.3%, 71.4% and 215.5%, respectively, in comparing with those of 1980s.Soil available K content declined and then increased from 1980s to 2014, the data of 1998 was 44.3% lesser than that of 1980s, and the data of 2014 was 47.7% higher than that of 1998. On the whole, the organic matter content and olsen-P content in 2014 reached middle to high level in all monitoring points, but had obvious differences among different regions. Soil available K content increased continually in recent years, but it was still lower than that of 1980s. Soil fertility in the middle and south plain area of Hebei Province needs further improvement to meet the high yield requirement.

  Phosphorus Forms and Availability of Hunan Tobacco-planting Soil 2016, 32 (9):  170-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090118 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 502KB )   ( 561 ) In order to study phosphorus forms and availability of Hunan tobacco-planting soil and illustrate the relationship among soil phosphorus forms, transportation and effectiveness, 16 representative soil samples of 4 main parent materials from Hunan tobacco-growing area were analyzed. The results showed that inorganic P was the main form of different parent materials planting tobacco soil phosphorus, which accounted for 63.82%-77.77% of total P, organic P only accounted for 22.23%-36.18%. The content of total P was relatively high in plate shale and purple slate of 834.63-991.86 mg/kg, but the available P content was low of 29.53-30.02 mg/kg; the contents of total P and inorganic P were low, but the content of available P and its proportion in total P in quaternary red clay and limestone were high. The order of the content of inorganic P, organic P and available P in different parent materials was: quaternary red clay＞limestone＞plate shale and purple slate. Soil available P had no direct correlation with total P, organic P and inorganic P in different parent material tobacco-planting soils.

  Gray Correlation Analysis of Flue-cured Tobacco Megastigmatrienone Content and Soil Physico-chemical Properties 张仲文,祖朝龙,张保全,王威,刘碧荣,孙学永 and 沈嘉 2016, 32 (9):  174-178.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110132 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 714KB )   ( 575 ) In order to study the effect of soil physico-chemical properties on megastigmatrienone content of flue-cured tobacco leaves and provide theoretical foundation for the selection of suitable tobacco-planting soil, the relationship between megastigmatrienone content in tobacco leaves and soil physico-chemical properties was analyzed by gray correlation analysis. The results showed that sand content and soil pH had the greatest influence on megastigmatrienone content, and the relationship between sand content in soil and megastigmatrienone content in flue- cured tobacco leaves accorded with quadratic. The relevancy of exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, available nitrogen, rapid available phosphorus and rapid available potassium with megastigmatrienone content was lesser.

  Application of RS and GIS in Fire Disaster Monitoring in Shenyang Mu Chenying,Xu Quanhui,Zhang Jing,Li Shi,Song Xiaowei,Jin Yu,Wang Min and Liu Qing 2016, 32 (9):  179-182.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090129 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 584KB )   ( 788 ) Remote sensing technology is an effective way to continually, rapidly and dynamically monitor the large-scale fire. Based on RS and GIS, the authors studied the application of satellite remote sensing technology in fire monitoring in Shenyang. According to the difference between the background pixel radiation and fire point pixel radiation, fire spot could be discerned automatically and corrected artificially by adjustment of fire monitoring threshold based on the character and underlying surface of the fire spot. Based on geographical information data, the authors attained not only geography position of the fire spot, but also the surrounding geography information, pixel numbers and land use types. By contrasting analysis of the satellite monitored fire spot data and actual fire spot data, the fire monitoring method achieved good effect. The method was utilized in fire monitoring in Shenyang in the autumn of 2014 and the spring of 2015, and provided an important scientific basis for the government to make decisions in forest-fire prevention and fire-fighting.

  Spring Frost and Its Impact on Yield in Winter Wheat Area of Southern Shanxi 2016, 32 (9):  183-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120148 Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 510KB )   ( 472 ) In order to clarify the characteristics of spring frost and its impact on yield of winter wheat in winter wheat area of southern Shanxi, the ten days mean value data of daily lowest temperature in late March and early and middle April from 1990 to 2015 in Linfen were collected from Linfen meteorological bureau and the yield data in winter wheat area from 2012 to 2015 were adopted, to analyze the characteristics of spring frost and its impact on yield. The results showed that the spring frost occurred frequently and severely in winter wheat area of southern Shanxi, more than 80% of the studied years were affected by spring frost. The lowest temperature in late March had little impact on wheat yield in late period, and the mean daily lowest temperature was positively correlated with wheat yield in late period. The spring frost damage was concentrated in the early and middle April. In alert period, the lowest temperature in early April was significantly or extremely and significantly correlated with wheat yield in the late period, and the mean daily lowest temperature was positively or significantly and positively correlated with the yield. The lowest temperature and mean daily lowest temperature of the middle of April was positively or significantly and positively correlated with the yield.

  Irradiation Pretreatment Assisted Extraction of Tannic Acid from Galla chinensis 2016, 32 (9):  188-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090073 Abstract + ( 875 )   PDF ( 614KB )   ( 661 ) To solve the problems of low tannin acid yield, solvent residue and so on, single factor experiment and orthogonal array design were used to optimize irradiation dosage, extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio parameters for the extraction of tannic acid by using the material of gallnut. The results showed that the order of the influence on irradiation pretreatment assisted extraction of gallnut tannic acid was: extraction temperature＞ irradiation dose＞ extraction time＞ solid- liquid ratio, and the extraction temperature had significant influence. The optimal process parameters for maximum tannic acid yield were determined as follows: irradiation dose was 800 kGy, extraction temperature was 90℃, solid-liquid ratio was 1: 35, extraction time was 4.5 h. The yield of tannic acid under this parameter condition could reach 65.13%, with a purity of 81.36%. Compared with that of conventional water extraction and solvent extraction, the tannic acid yield was improved by 15.13% and 20.13%, respectively.

  Determination of Organic Acid in Tobacco Root by Ferric Hydroxamate Spectrophotometry 2016, 32 (9):  194-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090136 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 624KB )   ( 611 ) In order to determine the amount of organic acids in root exudates, the authors used spectrophotometer measurement method to analyze the linear relationship between the acetic acid, malic acid and citric acid, and the orthogonal test design to determine the reaction condition of the optimal parameters and the optimal combination, thus to measure the amount of the organic acids of‘Nongda202’, NC89 and K326 in root exudates. The results showed that the optimal condition for the color reaction was as follows: 0.08 mol/L hydrochloric hydroxylamine, 0.4 mol/L DDC, 0.7 mol/L FeCl3, 50℃ , 30 min reaction time and 520 nm wavelength. The advantages of the established method included wide linear range, high accuracy, high recovery rate and low detection limit. Therefore, the colorimetric method of the ferric hydroxide, which was simple and easy to operate, was a good method to determine the total amount of organic acids in root exudates of tobacco.

  Economic Benefit Analysis of the Grain and Economic Crops Planting Pattern “Rice-Garlic-Tobacco”in Shifang of Sichuan Province 2016, 32 (9):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100005 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 472KB )   ( 552 ) In order to investigate the economic benefits of the new grain and economic crops planting pattern “rice-garlic-sun cured tobacco”, cost-benefit analysis and economic feasibility analysis of the new pattern, the traditional“rice-tobacco”and“rice-garlic”pattern were conducted. The results showed that compared with the traditional“rice-tobacco”and“rice-garlic”pattern, the multiple cropping index of“rice-garlic-sun cured tobacco”increased by 60%, its total output value increased 55740.4 yuan/hm2 and 40644.5 yuan/hm2, respectively; its net productivity of land increased 45144.0 yuan/hm2 and 43661.9 yuan/hm2, respectively; its net yield of active labor was 34.94% higher than that of the traditional“rice-tobacco”pattern, but was 24.22% lower than that of the traditional“rice-garlic”pattern. Compared with the traditional“rice-tobacco”and “rice-garlic”pattern, net yield of physical labor of the new planting pattern increased by 17.39% and 27.22%, respectively; the increased net benefit rate reached 116.38% and 25.76%, respectively; and the marginal costbenefit rate reached 3.14 and 1.55, respectively. The“rice-garlic-sun cured tobacco”pattern has certain popularization and application value as it is beneficial to improve the utilization of resources and increase farmers’income.