Current issue

• 2017 Vol.33 No.31 Published:27 November 2017

  Regional Agricultural Irrigation Water Consumption Prediction: Research Progress 2017, 33 (31):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090081 Abstract + ( 859 )   Accurate prediction of agricultural irrigation water consumption is important to study the efficient utilization of agricultural water resources and optimize the allocation of water resources. This paper summarized the current situation of regional agricultural irrigation water consumption forecast based on the prediction methods of agricultural irrigation water consumption and the regional scale transformation, and pointed out the problems existing in the research. The results showed that: the forecasting models of irrigation water consumption were mainly based on crop water requirement mechanism, mathematical statistics and heuristic algorithm; the prediction methods had limitations, the research on regional scale transformation was less, and the influence factors had spatial and temporal variability. This study provides references for prediction of regional agricultural irrigation water consumption.

  Growth and Development of Spring Wheat Based on Whole Field Soil-plastic Mulching 张红兵, and 2017, 33 (31):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090083 Abstract + ( 650 )   In order to explore the changes of growth and its yield components of spring wheat at different sowing dates by using whole-field plastic (i.e．,the whole soil surface in a field is first mulched with plastic,on top of which a soil layer about 1 cm thick is spread) , taking Dinxi40 varieties was conducted.The emergence of each growing period 、biomass 、yield components were observed．Results showed that the sowing date had a significant effect on the development of spring wheat,With the delay of sowing date, the whole growth period was shortened obviously,the whole growth period of late sowing spring wheat is shortened about 5 days that of the early ones. With the delay of sowing date, the time of vegetative growth of spring wheat was shortened. But its reproductive growth time showed a prolonged trend. the occurrence time of maximum accumulation rate of dry matter per plant was advanced.The maximum growth rate of dry matter increased, the number of spikelets of late sowing spring wheat is significantly higher than the early sowing ones.In the whole growth period,the soil moisture content of the late sowing spring wheat was higher than that of the early sowing spring wheat.It shower that in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plaeau,it is better to postpone the sowing date of wheat to increase the yield.

  Natural Precipitation and Yield of Corn: Correlation Analysis in Taihang Mountain Region Taking Wuan as an Example 2017, 33 (31):  11-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090122 Abstract + ( 642 )   The paper aims to study the effect of precipitation change on corn yield in Taihang Mountain region, thus to guide corn production. We selected precipitation and per unit area yield of corm in Wuan as the study objects, and analyzed the relationship between the two by building linear equations and linear regression on scatter diagram, and ways of statistical and contrastive description. The results showed that: there was a certain relationship between precipitation and per unit area yield of corn, and the precipitation during the whole growth period had a significant effect on corn yield; (1) the per unit area yield of corn increased with the increase of precipitation within the precipitation level of 490 mm, and had a negative correlation with precipitation more than 490 mm; (2) precipitation in July and August significantly influenced per unit area yield of corn, and the highest yield was obtained at the precipitation level of 278 mm.

  High Humidity and Drought: Effects on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Summer Maize at Grain Filling Stage 2017, 33 (31):  15-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17030084 Abstract + ( 762 )   Aiming at the effects of high humidity and drought on grain filling and yield reduction of summer maize, and revealing its physiological mechanism to disaster, the authors designed 3 treatments of high humidity, drought and control of soil in the summer maize growing season by artificially controlling soil moisture in 2016, and measured the diurnal variation of photosynthetic characteristics, light saturation point, light compensation point and dark respiration of leaves at night at the grain filling stage. The results showed that: the diurnal variation curve of the net photosynthetic rate of maize leaves was bimodal, that was“M”, while that of the high humidity treatment was weakened into a single-peak pattern, and that of the drought treatment continued to decline throughout the day; the diurnal variation law of stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) was consistent and they had a significant positive correlation; while that of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE) showed a negative correlation; the dark respiration under the high humidity treatment increased by 0.5800-0.7767 μmol CO2/(m2 ·s) compared with that of the control, while that of the drought treatment reduced by 0.1767-0.4933 μmol CO2/(m2·s) compared with that of the control, the reason for this situation might be that the high humidity condition led to the intensified respiration process of maize leaves and other green organs, which resulted in the decrease of nutrient accumulation in grains and ergo the drop of yield; according to the analysis of light saturation points and light compensation points, the interval of photosynthesis effectively using light under high humidity treatment expanded, while under drought stress, that value went down, which might be the main physiological reason for the reduction of maize yield resulting from drought at the grain filling stage.

  Effects of Colchicine on Callus Induction and Shoot Regeneration of Erianthus arundinaceus 2017, 33 (31):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16110075 Abstract + ( 990 )   Erianthus arundinaceum, a related species of the most important sugar crop Saccharum, is an essential gene resource for stress and disease resistance in sugarcane breeding. Colchicine is the most common and effective chemical inducer on polyploid breeding at present. To detect the effects of colchicine on callus induction and shoot regeneration, Erianthus arundinaceus‘Yun 83-183’, with the chromosome of 2n=60, was used as the material for studying the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D and colchicine, process-time and culture forms on callus induction and shoot regeneration. The results indicated that, when callus was cultured 7 days in solid medium with 0.07% colchicine or 0.5 days in liquid medium with 0.05% colchicine, callus had no ability of shoot regeneration, which meant that in liquid culture, colchicine had not only more inhibitory effect on callus, but also lower concentration and shorter process-time than solid culture; when the concentration of colchicine was 0.03% and callus was cultured 7 days in solid medium or 0.5 day in liquid medium, the resistance callus rate and resistance bud rate were the maximum, although the resistance callus rates were all about 88.00% and had no significant difference between solid culture and liquid culture, the resistance bud rate was only 6.00% in liquid culture, 16.22% lower than in solid culture, which meant that solid culture was more effective than liquid culture at the same colchicine concentration. For Erianthus arundinaceus‘Yun 83-183’, the best concentration of 2,4-D was 2 mg/L, the best concentration of colchicine was 0.03%, the best effect of callus induction and shoot regeneration was achieved with 7 days of solid culture. Our studies would provide fundamental information for chromosome doubling of Erianthus arundinaceus in the future.

  Effect of Removed Leaves Numbers on Hierarchical Structure and Industrial Availability of Tobacco in Qin-ba Mountains 2017, 33 (31):  27-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080100 Abstract + ( 452 )   To find out the effect of different removed leaves number on hierarchical structure of tobacco and industrial availability, field experiments were carried out to study nine kinds of different removed leaves number on leaf dry weight, fresh/dry ratio, economic traits and hierarchical structure of tobacco use ‘Nanjiang No.3’ during 2014 to 2015. The results showed as followed: (1)the fresh weight, dry weight, leaf dry weight, fresh/dry ratio of tobacco gained significant difference among all treatments, and the correlation was positive with removed leaves number. Among them, the yield of the treatment was stable in which the lower 4 pieces of unsuitable tobacco leaves decreased and the upper 1-3 pieces of top leaves uncured，gained the lowest fresh/dry ratio and highest dry weight of tobacco. (2) The yield of the treatment was stable in which the lower 3-4 pieces of unsuitable tobacco leaves decreased and the upper 1-2 pieces of top leaves uncured, quality grade structure was optimal, and the hierarchical structure was more suitable. In summary, the integrate analysis showed that it was the most appropriate treatment to gain the most stable yield, economic values and quality grade structure in Yangxian’s flue-cured tobacco of Shaanxi Province that to the lower 4 pieces of unsuitable tobacco leaves decreased and the upper 1st piece of top leaf uncured.

  Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Growth and Development of Radish Seedlings Under High Temperature Stress 2017, 33 (31):  33-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16100029 Abstract + ( 511 )   The experiment was carried out to study the effects of 1mM exogenous spermidine( Spd) on radish seedling growth, the photosynthetic pigments content in leave, soluble protein content, MDA, Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes. The radish seedling was exposed to high temperature (40℃/30℃) day alternates with night for one to five days with solution culture. The results show that with the increasing duration of high temperature stress seedling growth was significantly inhibited. The amount of photosynthetic pigments content in leaves and soluble protein content of seedlings decreased, and the amount of MDA increased. Antioxidant enzyme activities including POD, CAT, SOD and PAX in seedling increased first, and decreased finally. Exogenous Spd spray could promote the seedling growth. Suitable Spd concentration enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, SOD, APX, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble protein content; while the content of MDA decreased. The Spd concentration can also reduce the production O-2 rate and H2O2 content, maintain the stability and integrity of cell membrane structure. Finally enhanced high temperature tolerance of radish Seedlings.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis of Morphological Characters of Allium caeruleum with Different Geographical Distributions in Xinjiang 张馨,叶远荣 and 邱娟 2017, 33 (31):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16100088 Abstract + ( 560 )   In this study,the phenotypic traits of 45 A.caeruleum germplasm resources were analyzed by the genetic diversity in order to effective evaluation and utilization of Allium resources. [Result]The results showed that A.caeruleum distributed in mountain grasslands,arid desert and arid grasslands,81°09′N - 86°38′ N,48°15′ E - 43°15′E,altitude 320- 1896 m,along the north of the Tian Shan Mountains and the south of Altai Mountains that were divided into seven ecological zones. The coefficient of variation were between 21.19-700％,genetic diversity index were between 0.10 and 1.68 of 15 quantitative traits. The principal component analysis showed that the total loading of the bulbil number,bulbil size,bulblet size,bulblet number and root size was above 0.90,respectively. The differences appearing in root, bulb and inflorescence were among them response to their habitats. [Conclusion]A.caeruleum has geographically widespread distribution zones. Its habitat is diverse and the adaptation is strong. The result revealed that the broad genetic diversity existed among these quantitative traits.

  Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Eggplant Growth of Plug Seedling 2017, 33 (31):  46-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090101 Abstract + ( 684 )   A plug seedling experiment was conducted to select the suitable plant growth regulator and determine its optimum concentration. Two plant growth regulators and two eggplant varieties‘( Jingqie No.1’, globe eggplant variety and‘Jingqie Heilongwang’, long eggplant variety) were used as experimental materials. The plant growth regulators were paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride, and the concentration of paclobutrazol was 100 and 150 mg/L, while the concentration of mepiquat chloride was 600 and 800 mg/L. Before being sown, the seeds were socked in plant growth regulator, and the hypocotyl, plant height, biomass, G value, root activity and chlorophyll content of the plant were determined. The results showed that, compared with using mepiquat chloride, hypocotyl and plant height were reduced by using paclobutrazol. Meanwhile, the biomass of root, seedling index, G value, root activity and chlorophyll content of plant were increased by using paclobutrazol. There were more inhibition effects of the two plant growth regulators on‘Jingqie Heilongwang’ than that on‘Jingqie No.1’. In conclusion, the optimum concentration for‘Jingqie No.1’was 150 mg/L of paclobutrazol, and the optimum concentration for‘Jingqie Heilongwang’was 100 mg/L of paclobutrazol.

  Ecological Suitability Evaluation of Twelve New Apple Varieties in Tibet Plateau 2017, 33 (31):  54-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060010 Abstract + ( 901 )   Ttwelve early, middle and late apple varieties including‘Huashuo’were introduced into Tibet Plateau, and were used as material; 2012-2016, Researched growth habits, economic traits, disease resistance and other indicators for 12 new apple varieties, and explored the ecological suitability of different varieties, in order to find out to adapt to the climate of Tibet plateau excellent early 、middle and late apple variety. The results showed that the ‘Huashuo’ ‘Regal Gala’ ‘Red General’ ‘Yuhuazaofu’ ‘Ryoka’ and ‘Wangxianghong’ 6 varieties cultivated in Linzhi region have strong adaptability, early fruit, high yield, good fruit, bright color, good quality, the price was higher, with excellent comprehensive characters early, middle and late maturing varieties, they were suitable for promotion and development in the region of Tibet plateau.

  Effect of Orchard Mulching on Soil Quality, Growth and Development of Apple Trees in North Henan Province 2017, 33 (31):  60-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090076 Abstract + ( 583 )   To investigate the effect of mulching on apple orchard soil and tree in north Henan Province, and promote the application of orchard mulching in this area, three kinds of films were used in this study, which were white-black two-tone composite film (CF), cotton blankets (CB) and black film (BF), no mulching was used as CK. The results showed that all the treatments could hold moisture in the shallow soil layer (0-20 cm) effectively and had a significant difference compared with CK during dry seasons from May to June, all the treatments obviously influenced the temperature of shallow soil layer (0-30 cm) during the high temperature season (June). CB treatment significantly decreased the shallow soil temperature with the highest decreasing amplitude of 6.5℃, which had significant differences compared with others; CF and BF could improve the soil temperature in depths of 15 cm and 30 cm significantly, and the highest increasing amplitude was 1.9℃, but it was not obvious; CB treatment had the biggest total root surface and number of absorbing roots in the shallow soil layer (0-20 cm), then was CF treatment, BF and CK. Mulching treatment also had influence on leaf area, fruit yield and fruit quality.

  The Physiochemical Response of Young Loquat Fruit to Freeze Injury 2017, 33 (31):  68-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050055 Abstract + ( 654 )   The paper aims to study the cause of frost damage of young loquat fruit in temperature range from -3℃ to 0℃. After rain and snow weather, fruits showed freeze injury and those without injury by treatments of bagging and covering with plastic film were collected to check the freezing condition and detect the content of free proline and other physiochemical indexes. The results showed that: fruits covered with plastic film were protected from cold, and fruits without plastic film protection were exposed to rain and snow showed freeze injury; in the treatment of bagging, the fruit parts without contacting the bag were not injured, while the parts close to the bag showed freeze injury; the content of free proline in fruits with freeze injury was significantly higher than that of fruits without injury; the MDA content in bagging fruits with freeze injury was significantly higher than that of bagging fruits without injury, while the MDA content showed no significant difference between fruits with or without plastic film covering; the activities of SOD, POD and PPO all showed significant differences between fruits with or without plastic film covering, and they were all higher in fruits without covering; however, their activities were all very low in bagging fruits, and showed no significant difference between the freeze injured bagging fruits and no injured fruits. The results suggest that in the temperature range from -3 to 0℃, the low temperature conductive medium of different forms (air, liquid and solid) may be the main cause of freeze injury in young loquat fruit, and the liquid and solid conductive medium will lead to freeze injury. The content of free proline in loquat fruit may be the key index to identify whether the fruit is freeze injured.

  Development of Community Garden in Australia and Its Enlightenment to China 2017, 33 (31):  74-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17080076 Abstract + ( 649 )   In some developed countries, community garden has provided a place for people to contact nature and relax, which has been popular with more and more people. In China, the development of community garden is still in the exploration stage, and learning from the foreign community garden is of great benefit to the development of community garden. The development status of community gardens in Australia were introduced in detail. Three community gardens located in the residential area, school, and park, were taken as examples to analysis the benefits of the community gardens for these vulnerable groups, such as the lonely people, the elderly, children and disabled people. These illustrate the significance of community garden to the improvement of people’s physical and mental health and the sustainable development of society. At the end of this paper, according to the successful experience of the development of the community gardens in Australia and China’s present situation, we put forward the suggestions about the construction of community gardens in China.

  Analysis of Potential Biochar Production from Rice Residue in Quang Ninh, Vietnam 黄德青,邱良祝 and 2017, 33 (31):  81-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090072 Abstract + ( 546 )   The total amount of straw resource is increasing with the development of agriculture in Vietnam. But straw burning has become a critical issue as comprehensive utilization of crop residue has not yet been promoted due to the lack of available processing technologies. In recent years, biochar production via pyrolysis of waste biomass has been proposed as a new dimension of crop residue recycling in agriculture. In this study, a questionnaire survey with interviews to local farmers was conducted in randomly visited villages to investigate agricultural waste utilization and practical problems in resource utilization, the potential benefits of biochar produced by rice straw were estimated by cost-benefit analysis. The results showed that the income of straw carbonization could reach 1275 CNY/(hm2 ·a), and the income of biochar carbon trading could reach 117 CNY/(hm2·a). Furthermore, environmental and social benefits of biomass carbonization were also analyzed to provide a scientific basis for straw carbonization resource utilization in Vietnam and the Association of South-eastern Asian countries, as well as references for biochar production development.

  Frost: Variation Characteristics and Its Influence on Crops in Wuwei 李亚萍 and 杨梅 2017, 33 (31):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090065 Abstract + ( 508 )   To enhance the capacity of meteorological services for agriculture and reduce the loss caused by frost to agricultural production, we analyzed the characteristic of frost and the probability and the impact of disasters, which founded the data of frost and growth and crop yield from 1961 to 2015 at Wuwei counties (districts). Results showed that: (1) The first frost date was delayed 17-23 days at Wuwei counties (districts) in 55 years. The last frost date was advanced 20 to 29 days and the frost-free period was prolonged 39-48 days. The change coefficient of frost-free period > > last frost date> first frost date. (2) The last frost date was mostly positive anomaly in the 60 s to 90 s, the 21st century was most negative anomaly. The first frost date and frost-free period were mostly negative anomaly in the 60 s to 90 s, the 21st century was most positive anomaly. The anomaly amplitude was bigger in the 60 s to 70 s. (3) From the average ground lowest temperature when frost appeared, the probability of serious frost damage was 9% at Minqin, the Liangzhou was 2%. The probability of middle frost damage was 7% at Minqin, the Liangzhou was 7%, the Gulang was 2%. The probability of light frost damage was 84% at Minqin, the Liangzhou was 91%, the Gulang was 98%. (4) The influence of frost on thermophilic crops of spring corn was significantly greater than spring wheat. And the frost damage most sensitive period of spring corn was 3~ 7 leaves stage. When the first frost was earlier, the frost-free period was shorter, the spring wheat, spring corn and grain crops easily harmed by early frost and influenced yield. The last frost date was later, the spring wheat, spring corn and grain crops suffered from the late frost hazard risk was greatly increased.

  Variation of Asymmetric Warming and Its Effect on Phenophase of Special Forest Fruits over Tarim Basin 2017, 33 (31):  92-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16120096 Abstract + ( 524 )   The paper aims to reveal the impact of asymmetric temperature change in the climate warming context on plant phenophase. The authors analyzed the response of specific fruit phenophase to the asymmetric warming in Tarim Basin on the basis of meteorological and phenological observation data during 1980-2014. The results showed that, over the past 35 years, the annual average maximum and minimum temperatures in the region increased with asymmetry in time series, and the change tendency rate of annual average minimum temperature was 2 times warmer than the annual average maximum temperature. The increase of temperature in spring was more obviously than in other seasons. The spring phenophases of several kinds of specific fruits were found commonly earlier while the autumn phenophases were postponed. As the annual average temperature increased 0.1℃, the growing season extended by 1.5 days on average. Thus, most spring phenophases were clearly correlated negatively with the average, the highest and the lowest temperatures of the current month and the previous month (P<0.01), moreover, they also had extremely negative correlations with the monthly average diurnal range of the previous month (P<0.01). The temperature change in spring is the critical factor for the phenophases of specific fruits, and the variation of monthly average minimum temperature affects the phenological periods of fruits more significantly than the monthly average maximum temperature.

  Satellite Water Vapour Image Analysis of the Torrential Rain in Shandong Caused by“Matmo” 潘玲 and 2017, 33 (31):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090082 Abstract + ( 651 )   The paper aims to improve the forecast accuracy of typhoon torrential rain, reduce the impact of typhoon torrential rain on agricultural production. By using conventional observation data and FY-2E satellite cloud pictures, the authors analyzed the cause of typhoon“Matmo”torrential rain in Shandong. The results showed that: the heavy rain in earlier stage was caused by the typhoon inverted trough, and middle and low latitude weather systems’interaction in later stage led to heavy rainstorm in Shandong peninsula; water vapour bright area on the satellite cloud pictures corresponded to the upper wet area in the troposphere, bright area overlapped with lower water vapour flux divergence of great value and high energy tongue at 500 hPa total temperature field, which had good instruction significance to the path of typhoon forecast and the rainstorm fall area; the changes of morphology and grayscale in water vapour images could monitor more effectively in the interaction of middle and low latitude weather systems, the superposition of cloud winds products could monitor transformation of wind and cloud more clearly, which turned into extratropical cyclone from typhoon after entering the middle latitude, cloud winds products could play an important role in typhoon forecast.

  Effect of Marine Thermal Anomalies in Central Tropical Pacific on Winter Precipitation in South China: A Numerical Simulation 2017, 33 (31):  105-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090109 Abstract + ( 558 )   The paper aims to analyze the effect of rising SST at the central tropical Pacific Ocean on winter precipitation in south China. We simulated a typical large-scale precipitation in January 2008 by using the Regional Climate Model (RegCM) developed at the International Pacific Research Center (IPRC). The results showed that: this mode could well simulate the persistent rain (snow) process, and when the disturbance heat source in the central tropical Pacific Ocean joined, most parts of south China were mainly dominated by the updraft, and the water vapor transportation was enhanced in South China Sea, which was conducive to the occurrence of rain and snow in south China.

  A Short-term Heavy Precipitation in Baotou: Characteristic Analysis 2017, 33 (31):  112-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16110150 Abstract + ( 490 )   In order to forecast short-term heavy precipitation accurately and timely in Baotou, the author did diagnostic analysis of the weather process of a short-term heavy precipitation during August 1-2, 2014 in BaoTou by using conventional observation data, automatic station data, TBB data of FY-2E satellite and the NCEP reanalysis (1°×1°) data. The results showed that: the cold vortex of Lake Baikal developed into the favorable large scale circulation background, the low level shear line and ground inverse trough were the main system of the short-term heavy precipitation; beyond that, the development of meso-micro scale system and the strong release of unstable energy were the main reasons. The convective clouds of low TBB (-45℃ to -53℃) also led to the occurrence of the heavy precipitation, the low value areas of TBB corresponded to heavy precipitation centers, and the TBB field could directly reflect the distribution and intensity of heavy precipitation.

  Mortality of Three Stages of Lasioderma serricorne in Low Oxygen Environment Controlled by Nitrogen 2017, 33 (31):  112-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17020051 Abstract + ( 871 )   The new technology which modified oxygen concentration of an enclosed space by nitrogen was safe and effective for tobacco storage. Eggs, larva, and adults of Lasioderma serricorne were exposed in different low oxygen environment, and Probit analysis was used to determine the LT99 values. The results indicated that the time to reach LT99 of eggs, larvae and adults of L. serricorne in low oxygen environment produced by nitrogen generating equipment were much shorter than that in low oxygen environment produced by chemical method. Generally, low oxygen concentration between 1.5% and 2% was more effective to control eggs, larvae and adults of L. serricorne. The low oxygen environment produced by nitrogen could kill L. serricorne effectively during tobacco storage.

  Wheat Yield Loss Caused by Major Diseases, Pest-insects and Weeds: Experiment on Natural Loss Rate 2017, 33 (31):  117-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16120146 Abstract + ( 542 )   The paper aims to figure out the effects of major diseases, insect pests and weeds of wheat on yield under current farming system. Anxin Plant Protection Station carried out an experiment on the natural loss rate caused by wheat diseases, insect pests and weeds from 2014 to 2016. Through the field experiment, we basically figured out that the loss rate of wheat yield was from 70% to 87% in the case of the natural occurrence of wheat diseases, insect pests (such as aphid) and weeds, and defined the contribution of scientific plant protection measures in wheat production. The experiment provides a reference for evaluating the damage and loss caused by wheat diseases, insect pests and weeds.

  Chemical Mechanism for Biological Invasion of Alien Species Chenopodium ambrosioides 2017, 33 (31):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090068 Abstract + ( 544 )   Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chenopodiaceae, an annual or perennial erect herbaceous plant, was firstly discovered in northern Taiwan in 1864 and listed in he Directory of the Second Batch of Alien Invasive Plant Species on January 7, 2010. At present, studies on C. ambrosioides are focusing on its biology, ecology, chemical constituents, allelopathy and resistance, and its invasive mechanism is presumed as chemical weapon, such as vigorous secondary metabolism, strong allelopathic potential and better stress resistance. No research has been conducted from the perspective of molecular biology, like genetic evolution characteristics, molecular marker on the invasion and metabolomics. Particularly, the comparison of seed germination and growth rate of C. ambrosioides and indigenous plant was absent. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to study molecular basis and priority effects of C. ambrosioides in the future.

  Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activities of Five Kinds of Essential Oil Against Alternaria solani 2017, 33 (31):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17030003 Abstract + ( 565 )   The aim is to study the potential of plant essential oils for developing biological pesticides. Five kinds of essential oil from Cinnamomum aromaticum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula pedunculata, Myristica fragrans, Pelargonium graveolens were extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Alternaria solani was used as the tested material, the inhibiting effect of different plant essential oils on Alternaria solani was studied. The results showed that the main component of C.aromaticum essential oil was trans-Cinnamaldehyde (52.50%), 1,8- cineole (20.69%) was the main component in R. officinalis essential oil, linalyl acetate (33.92%) and linalool (29.29%) were the main components in L. pedunculata essential oil, GAMMA-terpinene (13.00%), (-)-4- terpineol (12.84%) and 2-carene (10.37%) were the main components in M. fragrans essential oil, and β- Citronellol (32.21% ) was the main component in P. graveolens oil. C. aromaticum essential oil had the strongest inhibitory effect on the hypha growth of Alternaria solani with EC50 of 286.62 mg/L, while the inhibitory effect of M. fragrans essential oil was the weakest. This study provided a scientific basis for screening out plant essential oil with high antifungal activity and developing C. aromaticum essential oil in the application of biological pesticides.

  Detection of Main Components and Antioxidant Activity of Platycodon grandiflorum Extracts 2017, 33 (31):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17070092 Abstract + ( 657 )   The paper aims to evaluate main components and antioxidant activity of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts. Water and ethanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction, polysaccharide was prepared by water extracting- alcohol precipitating method. Platycodin D content was detected by HPLC method, spectrophotometry was used to detect the content of total flavonoids and polysaccharide. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were detected based on the clearance of hydroxyl radical and DPPH · model. The content of total flavonoids in ethanol extracts from Anhui, Jilin and Shaanxi was 1.35%, 1.30% and 1.08%, respectively. The clearance rate for scavenging DPPH· and ·OH of ethanol extracts from Anhui and Jilin was higher than that from Shaanxi. The content of polysaccharide in water extracts from Anhui, Jilin and Shaanxi was 0.45%, 0.39% and 0.35%, respectively. The clearance rate of polysaccharide for scavenging DPPH· and ·OH from Anhui was the highest, that from Jilin was the next, and that from Shaanxi was the lowest. The clearance rate of P. grandiflorum ethanol extracts for scavenging DPPH· and ·OH was higher than that of water extracts and polysaccharide. Ethanol extracts have good in vitro antioxidant properties and provide some reference for the development of related antioxidant products.

  A Bibliometric Analysis of Stresses Research of Three Staple Crops for the Latest Ten Years in China 2017, 33 (31):  145-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16090075 Abstract + ( 434 )   To reveal status and development law of domestic research on rice, wheat and corn under adversity stresses, advance adversity research of staple crops and ensure food security, this paper used journal papers and index data from Chinese Journals Full Text Database from 2006 to 2015 and analyzed the published papers’quantities, research strength, financial assistance and research hotspots with bibliometric methods. The number of papers related to the three staple crops was approximately the same and they all increased generally in the annual variation. The numbers of published papers from different provinces were very different. Most papers were concentrated in a few high quality journals in this field. About 88.04% papers received financial assistance. Financial assistance index had a significantly positive relationship with journal impact factors. The most widely studied adversity stress was drought. Different provinces focused on different adversity stresses, which had obviously regional characteristics. The hot research themes were“growth and development”,“genes location and expression”and“resistance exercise and exogenous substance treatment”. Domestic research of staple crops under adversity stresses had a good development momentum, and highlighted basic research and applied research.

  Spatial-temporal Distribution Pattern and Related Influencing Factors of Horse Mackerel Central Fishing Ground in Central Atlantic 2017, 33 (31):  153-159.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17050019 Abstract + ( 756 )   The output of horse mackerel in the world has declined since 2010. The research on the fishing grounds of horse mackerel and the reserve fishery should been strengthened. According to the statistical data of the horse mackerel in the sea area of Cape Verde coastal of central Eastern Central Atlantic of fishing yield in Chinese vessels from January to August 2012 , from December The output of horse mackerel in the world has declined since 2010. So, the research on fishing grounds of horse mackerel and reserve fishery should be strengthened. In this study, the yield data of horse mackerel and marine environmental data obtained by remote sensing in the sea area of Cape Verde coast in Central Atlantic from January to August in 2012, from December 2013 to June 2014 and from January to August in 2015 were used. The monthly changes of average catch per unit effort (CPUE), spatial-temporal change of central fishing ground, as well as the correlations of CPUE with environmental factors including concentration of chlorophyll a, sea surface temperature (SST), longitude and latitude were analyzed by using production-centroid method, statistical interpolation, and generalized additive model (GAM). The results showed that the monthly change of average CPUE from December 2013 to June 2014 was similar to those from January to August in 2015, both of which showed large difference to that from January to August in 2012. The monthly change of average CPUE varied largely in different years. The center of fishery production in each year reached the southernmost tip of the fishing ground in April or May. Before April or May, the center basically moved from north to south; and after April or May, the center moved from south to north. GAM analysis showed that the optimum SST was 19.5-21℃, the optimum concentration of chlorophyll a was 5.473-6.685 mg/m3, the optimum longitude concentrated near 16°30''W and the latitude concentrated near 18°N. CPUE exhibited insignificant correlations with concentration of chlorophyll a and longitude (P>0.05); extremely significant correlation with SST (P<0.01); and significant correlation with latitude (P<0.05). In conclusion, taking this fishing ground only for horse mackerel needs further studies.

  Removing Heavy Metals in Cultured Oysters with Macroalgae 2017, 33 (31):  160-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060126 Abstract + ( 634 )   To effectively remove the heavy metals in cultured oysters, we separately cultured oyster (Crassostrea angulate) in concrete tanks indoors with sand-filtered seawater (control), macroalga (Gracilaria lemaneiformis), macroalga+chitosan, and macroalga+ascorbyl polyphosphate for 14 days. The oysters were sampled on day 0, day 7 and day 14 for determining concentrations of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+. Data were analyzed and compared to evaluate the macroalga ability of removing heavy metals in oysters. The results showed that three treatments of macroalga, macroalga+chitosan, and macroalga+ascorbyl polyphosphate all significantly decreased the concentrations of heavy metals in oysters (P<0.05). Macroalga + chitosan showed the best removing effect, and the concentrations of Cu2 + , Cd2 + and Pb2 + were respectively 1.93, 0.58, 0.33 mg/kg (wet weight) on day 14, which were all lower than the limits in GB 2762-2012. Therefore, it is completely feasible to remove the heavy metals in cultured oysters by employing the method of combining macroalgae with chitosan.