Current issue

• 2018 Vol.34 No.25 Published:07 September 2018

  Combined Application of Controlled-release Urea and Conventional Urea Under Reduced N Rate Affect Yield and N Utilization Efficiency of Winter Wheat 2018, 34 (25):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040064 Abstract + ( 1465 )   To explore the scientific nitrogen application on winter wheat, field experiments were conducted to study the effect of different rates of controlled-release urea and conventional urea under the application of recommended total nitrogen (196 kg N/hm2) and nitrogen reduction 20% (156.8 kg N/hm2) on yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat. The results showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased winter wheat yield by 17.11%-27.39%, and the ecommended nitrogen application increased the yield by 2.14%- 8.77% compared with that of farmers’habits. The yield had no significant difference between the 20% of nitrogen reduction and total nitrogen. Under the condition of equal nitrogen, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of controlled release urea was higher than that of conventional urea, and that of nitrogen reduction was higher than that of total nitrogen treatment. The yield under nitrogen 156.8 kg/hm2 (75% controlled release urea and 25% conventional urea) increased by 6.60% compared with that of the farmers’ habits, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 13.64 and 9.22 percentage points compared with the empirical fertilization and recommended total nitrogen, and the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 2.29 and 1.44 kg/kg. In conclusion, nitrogen 156.8 kg/hm2 (75% controlled-release urea and 25% conventional urea) used one time as basic fertilizer has good yield increasing effect on winter wheat with enhanced nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in the northern areas of Henan Province.

  Cropping Patterns with Drip Irrigation Under Mulch in Northwest Arid Region of China: Effects on Seed Corn Growth 2018, 34 (25):  7-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040004 Abstract + ( 1396 )   The paper aims to study the optimal cropping pattern for water saving and high-yield cultivation of seed corn with drip irrigation under mulch in northwest arid region of China. We arranged 9 narrow and wide row spacing treatments, the narrow row spacing contained the treatments of 30 cm (N30) and 40 cm (N40); the wide row spacing contained 60 cm (W60), 70 cm (W70), 80 cm (W80), 90 cm (W90) and 100 cm (W100); thereinto, the plant spacing of N40 treatment with no wide row spacing 100 cm was 15 cm. The results showed that: when the narrow row spacing was the same, with the increase of wide row spacing, the plant height had a decreasing trend, while, the stem diameter and the leaf area index (LAI) increased gradually; under the same planting density, the stem diameter was small and the plant height was high when the narrow line spacing was 30 cm; the accumulative water consumption ET range of each treatment during growth period was about 525.10-545.18 mm; from the perspective of the total yield level, N30 treatment was higher than N40 treatment in the same planting density. From the perspective of stable and high yield, it is recommended that the local seed corn planting pattern with drip irrigation under mulch could be narrow planting spacing of 30 cm and wide-row planting spacing of 70 cm.

  Brassica napus Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates: Quantitative Relationship Between Canopy Reflectance Spectra and Chlorophyll Content 2018, 34 (25):  14-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17070017 Abstract + ( 1283 )   The paper aims to measure the canopy hyperspectral reflectance and the content of chlorophyll a and b at the stage of budding, flowering and maturity under different nitrogen levels respectively and studied the relationship between the spectra and the content of chlorophyll, by taking the early maturing rapeseed variety ‘420’ as raw materials. The results showed that: under different nitrogen levels, all of the rape canopy reflectance spectra had the same trend, the parameters of chlorophyll content and spectrum showed a significant positive correlation between the vegetation index and coefficient of extraction, and the extracted vegetation index and the coefficient of determination from the fitted function model were also relatively high. There has a good prediction accuracy in this study which can be used as a reference for rapid and nondestructive remote sensing monitoring of quality breeding and regional scale growth of rape.

  Economic Characters and Hybrid F1 Expressing Characteristics of iaaM-transgenic Upland Cotton Germplasms 2018, 34 (25):  21-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060086 Abstract + ( 1305 )   To illuminate the value of iaaM-transgenic upland cotton in cultivating Ⅰ type of high quality hybrid cotton, PCR was used for the molecular detection of four iaaM-transgenic upland cotton germplasms, two upland cotton germplasms with high fiber quality and four F1 hybrids. A block comparison test was conducted to analyze the economic characters. The results showed that four iaaM-transgenic male parents and their hybrid F1 appeared characteristic main band in 500 bp, but two female parents had no characteristic main band, which indicated that iaaM gene was dominant expression in hybrid F1 generation. The iaaM-transgenic upland cotton germplasms had higher lint percentage, bigger boll weight, more bolls per plant and lower abscission rate, but with smaller seed index and higher empty seed rate. The lint percentage, boll weight and boll number of hybrid F1 with iaaM gene were close with the iaaM-transgenic parents, which indicated that the three factors with iaaM-transgenic yield characters were dominant expression in hybrid F1. The fiber quality of two hybrid combinations reached Ⅰ type standard, and one combination still had positive competitive advantage in lint yield, compared with Ⅲ type contrast‘Suza201’. When iaaM germplasm is used as cross parent, if we choose the suitable cross matching, it is feasible in practice for breeding Ⅰ type of high quality hybrid cotton with yield competitive advantage.

  Pathogen Molecular Identification of Mosaic Disease Aconitum 2018, 34 (25):  26-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18050155 Abstract + ( 1346 )   The study aims to identify the pathogenic species of the Acoitum mosaic plant from Jiangyou, Sichuan Province, which is the local production area of Aconitum, and analyze the characteristics of the pathogenic species by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in respect of molecular. Specific primers of coat protein (cp) of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) from Zhongba Jiangyou were designed, then cloned, transformed and sequenced. A 375 bp gene fragment was identified as CMV and named CMV- FZ. The sequence of 375 gene fragment was an effective code region of amino acid, coding 125 amino acid residues. The phylogenetic tree of different CMV isolates was established by the coat protein nucleotide sequence, and then the proteomics was analyzed for this sequence. Compared with the study result of CMV virus subgroup isolates cp gene, the sequence similarity was 74.8%-98.2% and 73.4%-99.2% for nucleotide and amino acid respectively, and the similarity to CMV virus subgroup II was 96.1%-98.2% and 96.0%-99.2% respectively. CMV- FZ embraced the highest amino sequence similarity with CMV-PCT2 from China, up to 99.2%. Genetic evolution analysis showed that the affinity of CMV-FZ, Chinese isolates (Zin and Hubei-1) and American isolates (DKRD) was the closest, they were together in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, belonged to the CMV subgroup II. The above results exhibited that Acontium accompanied with mosaic disease was infected with CMV.

  Planting Fokienia hodginsii in Purplish Soil Erosion Area: Study on Technical Measures 2018, 34 (25):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030123 Abstract + ( 723 )   To speed up the vegetation restoration in the purplish soil engineering erosion area, the author adopted the split-plot design, and carried out an experiment on erosion preventing measures for cultivating Fokienia hodginsii in the purplish soil engineering erosion area and a study on the initial planting density. The results showed that: adopting fish-scale pit preparation or contour reverse slope soil preparation to construct the earth-rockfill dam, using soil stabilizers and laying straws could improve the afforestation survival rate and the growth of Fokienia hodginsii, in which laying straws was most effective; different initial planting densities affected the stand growth status of Fokienia hodginsii, considering the afforestation costs and the adjustment of stand structure, it was more reasonable when the planting spacing was 1.8 m×1.8 m, and the initial planting density was 3086 plants/hm2. The experiment summarizes a set of technical measures for planting Fokienia hodginsii in the purplish soil engineering erosion area, and has certain significance on ecological level or forest cultivation level.

  Multi-technology Integration Module: Optimized Space of Landscape Configuration and Community Air Quality 2018, 34 (25):  37-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17110087 Abstract + ( 510 )   The paper aims to discuss the optimized space of landscape configuration and community air quality. Based on multi- technology integration module and landscape sampling, and evaluation and optimization methods, we studied the effects of multi-technology integration module on optimized space of landscape configuration and community air quality. The results showed that: there were significant differences of the △plant height and △trunk diameter between the chemical control plants (HGa, HIAA, RCC, RP) and CK; the promotion rate and inhibition rate of the tested varieties were within the best ratio range of field trials; and the richness of plant species, seasonal colors and spatial level in Blocknto were improved after optimizing; there were significant differences in Blocknto before and after optimizing, and the omprehensive evaluation results were improved by two grades. After optimizing, the air pollutants in Blocknto declined by a certain degree. There were extremely significant differences in the indexes of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and AQI, and significant differences in CO, NO2.

  Response of Growth and Flavonoids Accumulation in Celery Leaves to PEG6000 Stress 2018, 34 (25):  45-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040022 Abstract + ( 734 )   The study aims to analyze the effect of drought treatment on the growth and accumulation of flavonoids in celery. The change of biomass, osmolyte, antioxidant enzyme system, key enzyme in flavonoids metabolize and flavonoid accumulation in celery variety‘Shenqin 1’are studied by solution culture under mild drought (10% PEG6000 treatment) and severe drought (30% PEG6000 treatment). In mild drought condition, compared with control, no significant difference in biomass and H2O2, O2ˉ·content was observed; proline and soluble sugar content, antioxidant enzyme activity, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) activity and apigenin and luteolin content increased significantly. Compared with those of control, the apigenin content in leaf blade and leaf stalk was increased by 36.05% and 40.35%, respectively, and luteolin content was increased by 34.39% and 43.09%, respectively. Under severe drought condition, compared with control, the biomass of celery was significantly decreased, the plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight reduced by 34.47% , 36.02% , 59.09% , respectively. Compared with control, no significant difference in proline and soluble sugar content was observed, H2O2, O2ˉ·content and antioxidant enzyme activity increased remarkably (CAT activity was significantly lower than mild drought treatment); there was no significant increase in apigenin and luteolin content, and CHS and CHI activity were significantly reduced compared with that under mild drought stress. The change of the indexes mentioned above was almost the same in leaf blade and leaf stalk. It is concluded that mild drought (10% PEG6000 treatment) could keep a normal growth and meanwhile promote the accumulation of flavonoids in celery.

  Effect of Environment on Growth, Quality and Yield of Different Colored Cherry Tomato Varieties 2018, 34 (25):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060116 Abstract + ( 578 )   In order to clarify the differences among cherry tomato varieties, four colored varieties were selected to compare the variety characteristics, growth status, quality, yield and disease resistance. The results showed that the yield of variety pink‘Tianmei’was the highest (5.93 kg/m2), and the fruits had medium hardness and good taste. The content of vitamin C and total sugar of variety red‘Yanfei 202’was the highest, 41.1 mg/100 g and 5.2 g/100 g, respectively, but the fruits had thick skin and poor taste. Variety black‘Heifei’had vigorous growth and good taste, but the fruits were easy to crack, less resistant to extrusion, and difficult to be stored and transported. In conclusion, among all the varieties,‘Tianmei’is the best as edible product, and‘Yanfei 202’ is the best as processed product.

  Maturity Characters of Litchi Fruit 2018, 34 (25):  53-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090028 Abstract + ( 855 )   The paper aims to explore maturity characters of litchi fruit. Two litchi varieties,‘Nomici’and ‘Guiwei’were chosen as materials, both flowered and matured nearly at the same time. When the color of ‘Guiwei’began to turn from green to yellow at first, the experiment was carried out. Longitudinal and transverse diameters of fruit were measured. Every part of fruit was weighed. The contents of Vc, titratable acid (TA), sugar and the total soluble solids (TSS) were determined. Fruit maturity characters were investigated according to changes of fruit appearance, fruit growth and nutrients. The initial slow-growing stage of fruit development of‘Nomici’was longer than that of ‘Guiwei’. ‘Nomici’ turned yellow nearly 13 days later than ‘Guiwei’. But in most of late stage,‘Nomici’grew much faster than‘Guiwei’. Differences of fruit diameter and single fruit mass between ‘Guiwei’ and ‘Nomici’ were smaller and smaller. Both fruits were mature at The paper aims to explore maturity characters of litchi fruit. Two litchi varieties,‘Nomici’and ‘Guiwei’were chosen as materials, both flowered and matured nearly at the same time. When the color of ‘Guiwei’began to turn from green to yellow at first, the experiment was carried out. Longitudinal and transverse diameters of fruit were measured. Every part of fruit was weighed. The contents of Vc, titratable acid (TA), sugar and the total soluble solids (TSS) were determined. Fruit maturity characters were investigated according to changes of fruit appearance, fruit growth and nutrients. The initial slow-growing stage of fruit development of‘Nomici’was longer than that of‘Guiwei’.‘Nomici’turned yellow nearly 13 days later than ‘Guiwei’. But in most of late stage,‘Nomici’grew much faster than‘Guiwei’. Differences of fruit diameter and single fruit mass between‘Guiwei’and‘Nomici’were smaller and smaller. Both fruits were mature at

  Effect of Light Conditions on Growth and Development of Five Indoor Plants 2018, 34 (25):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17070008 Abstract + ( 496 )   To make indoor plants grow successfully under low light condition, five indoor plant species were tested in three indoor light conditions, i.e. I-about 100 lx, II- 200 lx, III-800~1400 lx. Anthurium showed significant differences of new inflorescence amount under different light treatments, and no obvious difference of other indexes. Aeschynanthus was the best under light treatment III in terms of height, spread and new shoot amount, and the difference was significant among the treatments. Leggy growth of Fittonia was obvious under weak light, while it was overcome by bright light. Epipremnum aureum and its yellow- leaved variety ‘Scindapcus’grew better with increase of light intensity. The differences of Fv/Fm among the five species were significant, and Fv/Fm of yellow-leaved Epipremnum was basically less than 0.75, whereas it was ca. 0.8 for other species. PI was less than 0.5 for yellow-leaved Epipremnum, more than 1.5 for Aeschynanthus, and intermediate for other species. ET0/CS of yellow-leaved Epipremnum was less than 120, that of Epipremnum was 120- 170, while that of other species was more than 170. The results indicated that yellow- leaved Epipremnum had low tolerance of low light, whereas other four species were suitable for indoor condition.

  Flower Color and Blossoming Characteristics of Hemerocauis hybrida Originated from Japan 2018, 34 (25):  70-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17070028 Abstract + ( 1011 )   In order to know the development and market prospect of Japanese Hemerocauis hybrida varieties, 23 varieties of H. hybrida from Japan were selected as the test materials and the morphological indexes such as flower color, flower type and blossoming characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the tested varieties were all early florescent and evergreen species. The flower type was variable and the flower color was very rich, and red, orange, yellow and purple were the main colors. Among the varieties, there were significant differences in the index of petal size, length, width, the ratio of length to width, flower stalk height, etc. In application, the corresponding varieties of Japanese H. hybrida should be chosen for reproduction and production, considering the practical need at the same time.

  Graft Compatibility of Four Vietnamese Section Chrysantha Species 2018, 34 (25):  77-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17100016 Abstract + ( 885 )   Grafting compatibility of four Section chrysantha species of Vietnam, C. tamdaoensis, C. phanii, C. hakodae, C. rosmannii, with different rootstocks was investigated. These Section chrysantha species are native to Vietnam. The camellia rootstocks being tested were C. osmantha, C. japonica‘Hei Mu Dan’, C. ‘maozi’, and C. oleifera. It was found that when grafted on young rootstock seedlings, C. tamdaoensis had the highest survival and sprouting rates and the largest new stem growth. When tested with 12 combinations of two different heights of rootstocks and three different types of growth regulators, C. rosmannii and C. osmantha showed the highest compatibility, with an over 70% survival rate. In particular, nine of 12 combinations resulted in at least 80% survival rate and six combinations led to at least 90% survival rate for C. rosmannii when grafted on C. osmantha. C. rosmannii and C. tamdaoensis showed higher survival and sprouting rates and larger new stem growth than C. phanii and C. hakodae, when grafted on big C. osmantha rootstocks. It was also found that the optimal month for C. tamdaoensi grafting with C. osmantha as rootstock was August. Overall, C. tamdaoensis and C. rosmannii performed better than the other two Vietnamese Section chrysantha species on the tested rootstocks. C. osmantha was found the best rootstock for these Vietnamese Section chrysantha species, followed by C. ‘maozi’.

  Farmland Surrounding High Arsenic Pyrite: Distribution of Soil Arsenic and Characteristics of Fungi Community Structure 2018, 34 (25):  82-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030150 Abstract + ( 589 )   We studied the fungi community in the farmland surrounding the high-arsenic pyrite area, analyzed the community characteristics of fungi in the soils of different regions around the mining area by Miseq highthroughput sequencing technology, in order to clarify the characteristics and adaptation mechanism of the fungi community. The results showed that: (1) arsenic and iron combined contaminated soil could decrease the richness of fungi in soil, and the impact of the combined contaminated soil on fungi diversity was first promoted and then inhibited; (2) arsenic and iron combined pollution inhibited the metabolism of Ascomycota in soil and simulated the metabolism of Basidiomycota, whereas showed a two- phase effects on the Zygomycota, Fusarium, Pseudallescheria and Cryptococcus, namely, at low doses it promoted the metabolism, while at high doses it had a negative effect; (3) arsenic and iron combined pollution caused significant differences in the fungi community structure in soils, and the effects of environmental factors on fungi community structure also had significant differences, the order was total arsenic and total iron. Therefore, during the mining process of high- arsenic pyrite, the fungal community structure in the soil is affected to a certain extent, and it is necessary to strictly manage the stacking of minerals and slag so as to avoid serious damage to the habitat of various organisms in the soil.

  A Survey of Overwintering Safety of Winter Wheat in Warm Winter of 2016-2017 2018, 34 (25):  90-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030146 Abstract + ( 646 )   The winter temperature of 2016 to 2017 is the warmest since 1961 in China. The effect of warm winter on winter wheat is different from freezing injury of cold winter and cold spell in later spring, it can cause withering seedlings and vegetative organs. An investigation at Gucheng Station showed that green leaf withering rate varied with planting periods, the withering rate was 92.95% to 41.95% with the delay of planting date, the withering of green leaf and vegetation organs had irreversible harm to wheat plants and great effects on vegetation organs’recovery after green-up. Under the global climate warming, semi-winter wheat varieties and weak-spring winter wheat varieties have replaced strong-winter wheat varieties and winter wheat varieties in north China, and the suitable sowing temperature (15-18℃) for winter varieties should be revised. Based on the temperature increase of 1.5-2℃, the suitable sowing temperature for semi-winter wheat varieties in north China should be revised to 13-16℃, and it is estimated that the suitable sowing period of semi-winter wheat varieties in Gucheng Station is October 2-14.

  The Lowest Temperature Index in Spring and Its Effects on Crop Yield in Heilongjiang 2018, 34 (25):  93-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060081 Abstract + ( 805 )   The paper aims to understand the distribution rule and trend of the lowest temperature index in spring and its effects on crop yield in Heilongjiang over 44 years. The authors used the lowest temperature index model, linear regression and EOF to analyze the variation characteristics of the lowest temperature index in spring, based on the daily data of the lowest temperature, average temperature from 80 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang from 1971 to 2014. The results showed that: there was a downtrend of the lowest temperature index in spring, the lowest temperature index decreased obviously since 1980s, but it increased significantly in 2010s; the lowest temperature index in spring presented alternate positive and negative variation in space, because of the heat condition change, the densest isolines and rapid change of the lowest temperature index appeared in the southeast; the lowest temperature index in spring increased in the positive region of characteristic vector, and reduced in the negative region; there was an uptrend of mean temperature of each site in spring, which increased since 1970s, then decreased in 2010s, however, the change of the lowest temperature index in each site was on the contrary; the lowest temperature index was a kind of expression of temperature. The lowest temperature index would decrease if the temperature rose in spring; with the increase of the lowest temperature index in spring, maize and rice yield would decline, extreme low temperature events would cut down the production greatly. The results provide a basic method for studying chilling injury in regional scale, and have certain reference value for scientific layout of crop variety and for determining the northern boundary of cultivation.

  Agrometeorological Year’s Harvest of Sugar Beet: Assessment Method in Heilongjiang 2018, 34 (25):  104-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060113 Abstract + ( 637 )   Discussing the assessment method of agrometeorological year’s harvest of sugar beet aims at providing guidance for agricultural production, planting plan adjustment and cultivation management of sugar beet. With the yield and sowing area data of 11 sugar beet cultivation regions from 1986 to 2012 in Heilongjiang, as well as the daily air temperature, precipitation and sunshine time data of the same term, and based on the climatic suitability index method and weighted coefficient method, the authors built the stepwise regression models of the agrometeorological year’s harvest of sugar beet for these regions, and the assessment model of weighted coefficient method in Heilongjiang. The results showed that: there were significant correlations between the value Fi of the agrometeorological year’s harvest of sugar beet and the comprehensive climatic suitability index of the key growth period, the correlative coefficients passed a significant statistical test of above P<0.02, the retrospective test correct rate in the 11 cultivation regions was 73.7%-88.5%, and that of Heilongjiang was 81.0%. The average correct rate of the forecast test in the study regions was 76.9%, while that in Heilongjiang was 100% in 2013, the forecast and actual agrometeorological year’s harvest of sugar beet were all ordinary in 2013. The correct rate of the constructed agricultural meteorological year’s harvest model in Heilongjiang, which was based on the climatic suitability index method and the weighted coefficient method, is relatively high, and can be used for agricultural meteorological year’s harvest assessment, and agrometeorological forecast and service in Heilongjiang.

  Climate Suitability of Cabbage Mustard in Guizhou 2018, 34 (25):  109-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090126 Abstract + ( 544 )   To study the suitable climate resources of cabbage mustard growth in Guizhou, based on the daily air temperature and precipitation data of 84 national meteorological observation stations in Guizhou from 1981 to 2010, and combining with the biological characteristics of cabbage mustard, we established the temperature, precipitation and climate suitability models according to the theory of agro-ecological climate suitability and fuzzy mathematics method, and evaluated the climate suitability of cabbage mustard growth with gradual pentad by this model. The results showed that: the relatively appropriate, suitable and most suitable period of growth temperature of cabbage mustard in Guizhou focused on the 1st pentad in March to the 5th pentad in November, and the most suitable period was concentrated in April’s 4th pentad to the October’s 3rd pentad; while the relatively appropriate, suitable and most suitable period of cabbage mustard precipitation focused on the 5th pentad in March to the 5th pentad in May, the 3rd pentad in July to the 4th pentad in November, but the most suitable period of precipitation was relatively short, only in the 3rd and 6th pentad in October. When the temperature is the dominant factor, the precipitation has a significant effect on the climatic suitability of cabbage mustard. The most suitable climatic period for the growth of cabbage mustard in Guizhou is from April to May in spring and from September to October in autumn, and the climatic condition in autumn is better than that in spring, which can meet the normal growth of cabbage mustard in the open field for 2-4 cropping.

  Climate Model Interpret and Forecast Products in Qinghai: Development and Verification 2018, 34 (25):  115-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17110035 Abstract + ( 578 )   Based on the numerical climate prediction data of 1982-2016, we studied the 500 hPa geopotential height of the northern hemisphere and the surface air temperature and precipitation for the next 45 days in Qinghai plateau, and constructed the prediction model and its operation system platform by applying downscaling method and PP, MOS forecasting method. The results showed that: the system platform construction must take into consideration the advanced system structure and function, the efficiency of data transmission, the storage backup and recovery, and the maintainability of system management, as well as the foresight, openness, stability, security and expansion. System module was prepared by using front-end web pages, back-end programs, model-view-controller mode and common communication protocol technologies. The downscaling methods such as the Tchebycheff polynomial, empirical orthogonal function factorization and predictand division are applicable to the interpretation of the climate model in Qinghai plateau. The average test score of monthly precipitation for 35 samples and the temperature for 51 samples in Qinghai in 2012-2016 is 64% and 75%, respectively. The point to get a higher score in the forecasting is to select the best factors’ construction plan and set up the regression prediction model.

  Drought Characteristics in Chuzhou During 1961-2015 2018, 34 (25):  123-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060120 Abstract + ( 460 )   The paper aims to provide meteorological service for preventing and reducing disasters. The authors studied the drought variation characteristics during 1961-2015 by means of mathematical statistics,Z index and Mann-Kendall test based on the monthly precipitation data during 1961-2015. The results indicated that: the climate of annual precipitation in Chuzhou had a wetting trend, spring and autumn showed a drought trend, and spring drought trend was obvious; while the climate of summer and winter had a trend of wetting, however, it was noticeable that drought was the main trend of winter climate during 2006-2015. Drought of year and drought of spring which were above great drought occurred once every 5-6 years; continuous drought of season by season occurred twice every 5 years; the frequency of drought which was above great drought occurred twice every 7 years in winter, once every 6 years in summer and once every 8 years in autumn.

  Lightning Climate Characteristics Analysis Based on ADTD Detection Data 2018, 34 (25):  128-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010159 Abstract + ( 617 )   To reveal the characteristics of the lightning climate in Beijing, the authors adopted the lightning data from 2009 to 2016 probed by ADTD system to analyze lightning parameters characteristics, such as the lightning time distribution, the lightning intensity and the cumulative probability of lightning current amplitude. The results showed that: there were 155567 lightning strikes in this region during 2009-2016, and the negative and positive lightning accounted for 90% and 10% of the total, respectively; compared with the later stage, the total lightning strikes at the previous stage decreased by nearly 30%, but the positive lightning increased by more than 36.1%. Summer is the high incidence season of lightning in Beijing, the number of lightning accounts for about 82.1% in the whole year, which is correspondent to main flood season. The intensity distribution of negative lightning is relatively concentrated, and that of positive lightning is relatively dispersed, the average intensity is -33.9 kA and 63.5 kA, which is enhanced compared with the historical statistical results. The cumulative probability distribution function recommended by the IEEE working group can objectively reflect the distribution characteristics of lightning current amplitude in this area, and the coefficient of determination is higher than 0.99.

  Grassland Fire Disaster: Refined Risk Prediction in EOS 2018, 34 (25):  134-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040024 Abstract + ( 594 )   The paper aims to enhance the risk assessment and emergency management of grassland fire. The author built the risk prediction model of grassland fire in EOS based on the natural disaster risking theory by using the“smart grid” meteorological element forecast data, DGI index, NDSI index, DEM data and socioeconomic data. Then, the author interpolated all the factors into the same spatial scale data by ANUSPLIN interpolation software, calculated the grassland fire disaster risk index by GIS raster tool, divided the region into high risk, sub- high risk, medium risk, sub- low risk and low risk areas, did statistics of area and population, and developed a product of grassland fire risk prediction with business application capability. With the deepening of the supply- side reform of the meteorological industry, the improvement of refined meteorological services is enhanced continuously, and the diversification of professional meteorological application is developed, this study could provide a reference for the development of new fire insurance forecasting products.

  Climate Extremes and Agro-climatic Indicators: Dynamic Change Trends in Central Hunan During 1961-2010 2018, 34 (25):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090024 Abstract + ( 578 )   Based on the daily observational data of meteorological stations in central regions of Hunan from 1961 to 2010, the climatic extremes and agricultural climatic indexes closely related to crops were selected, statistical analysis, trend analysis and Mann-Kendall mutation test were used to analyze the agricultural hydrothermal climatic conditions and climate extremes in central regions of Hunan, and the authors then studied the tendency of the main agricultural climate indexes. The results showed that: in the past 50 years, the agricultural hydrothermal climatic conditions in central regions of Hunan had an increasing trend; annual heavy precipitation was increasing, especially in summer, indicating that the threat of flood in summer was increasing; the change of the highest (lowest) temperature threshold indicated that the extreme high (low) temperature was mitigating trend, and the number of days was decreasing, which indicated that the possibility of occurrence of meteorological disasters such as high temperature and low temperature damage caused by extreme weather was reduced; ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ accumulated temperature began to change in 1997 and 2000, and the rising trend was obvious, indicating that the effective thermal resource in central regions of Hunan was increasing; frost days showed decreasing trend indicating that the risk of frost damage was decreasing. All this has important guiding significance for determining the appropriate agricultural climate index and promoting agricultural production.

  Impacts of Climate Change on Growth and Development of Pasture: A Review 赵放 and 2018, 34 (25):  145-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040099 Abstract + ( 705 )   As a special community of grassland ecosystem, pasture is very sensitive to climate change, thus, the relationship between growth dynamics of pasture and climate change is an important content of grassland management and researches. We systematically summarized advances and results of climate change on growth and development of pasture from 1950s to 2012 at home and abroad, and pointed out existing problems: firstly, the density and sequence length of the data were insufficient; secondly, it was difficult to select method to assessing the impact of single factor and multiple climatic factors on pasture; and then, the current research lacked integrated approaches, there were fewer mechanism models or the adoption of mechanism models with statistical models. Moreover, we discussed key points in the research of climate change impacts on grassland ecosystem, including transferring data from point to surface, multi- source information fusion and data assimilation technique; efforts on studying multiple factors affecting pasture production techniques; building a mechanism simulation model of the comprehensive effects of climatic factors on growth and development of pasture; developing a scientific, open and dynamic grassland management plan, in order to provide a basis for ecological balance and sustainable development of grassland.

  Effects of Mechanical Tillage Treatments on the Growth Characteristics of Artificially Cultivated Glycyrrhiza uralensis 2018, 34 (25):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060095 Abstract + ( 593 )   To effectively improve the perennial artificial cultivation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis farmland surface growth environment, reduce the cost and increase the yield and economic benefits, planter surface tillage, bulldozer cut root tillage and knife surface tillage were studied and compared with no tillage. The effects on main biological characteristics of soil moisture, compaction, surface root respiration, plant photosynthetic capacity, and G. uralensis height and yield were investigated. Comprehensive analysis showed that planter soil surface tillage and knife soil surface tillage were suitable mechanical tillage treatments which could improve soil environment of G. uralensis, increase production; planter soil surface tillage treatment could increase the yield by 7.43% and should be combined with early spring field fertilizers and mechanical weeding before middle or late May. Bulldozers surface tillage operation could cause serious damage to G. uralensis field, and was not recommended in application.

  Effect of γ-PGA Addition on Free Infiltration Characteristics Under Film Hole Irrigation 杨扬 2018, 34 (25):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17060069 Abstract + ( 492 )   To reveal the effect of γ-PGA application rate on the characteristics of single-point free soil water infiltration under film hole irrigation, infiltration experiment of different amounts of γ-PGA (0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% ) was carried out, the effects of γ- PGA on infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration rate, soil moisture distribution and infiltration wetting body were studied. The results showed that the free infiltration under γ- PGA application was in accordance with the Kostiakov model of soil water infiltration, and the infiltration rate decreased obviously, the stable infiltration rate decreased from 0.47 cm/ min to 0.15 cm/min, and the reduction rate reached 68%. The effect of γ-PGA amount on the migration characteristics of vertical wetting front was the most obvious, and vertical wetting front migration distance RX and infiltration time t accorded with the RX=D/2 + EtF model. The influence of γ- PGA on the moisture distribution of wetting body was obvious and the moisture content of wetting body in the 10 cm range of the center of film hole was significantly higher than that of CK, and increased with the increase of γ-PGA dosage, but water content change of each treatment layer was the opposite below 10 cm. The research results could provide reference for the future study of film hole infiltration.