Current issue

• 2018 Vol.34 No.36 Published:24 December 2018

  Planting Densities of Helong Rice: Effect on Agronomic Traits and Yield 2018, 34 (36):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040039 Abstract + ( 638 )   The paper aims to explore the effect of different planting densities on agronomic traits and yield of rice. The author took new Helong rice varieties ‘ ( uzhenxiang’, ‘Nongxiang32’ and ‘Yiyou673’) as materials, and set 3 different planting densities: 15×104 bunches/hm2, 18.75×104 bunches/hm2 and 22.5×104 bunches/hm2 to study their effects on growth stage, disease resistance, botanical characters and yield of rice. The results showed that: the planting density had little effect on the growth stage and the incidence of rice blast; high planting density increased the incidence of rice sheath blight and effective panical numbers, decreased the tiller numbers and the total spike grain;‘Yuzhenxiang’and‘Nongxiang32’had the highest yield at a planting density of 18.75×104 bunches/hm2, and‘Yiyou673’had the highest yield at a planting density of 22.5×104 bunches/hm2; among the 3 varieties planted at the 3 densities, the combined yield of ‘Yiyou673 (A3)’×density B3 (the bunch distance between was 20.2 cm) was the highest of 11.04 kg, and the yield increased by more than 6% compared with the other two varieties. Therefore,‘Yiyou673’ is recommended as the preferential variety in Helong rice production with the planting density of 22.5 × 104 bunches/hm2.

  Breeding and Yield Structure Analysis of Blast-resistant Hybrid Rice‘Guyou 168’ 陈晓波 2018, 34 (36):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18040134 Abstract + ( 717 )   The aims are to breed new blast- resistant hybrid rice varieties and to reveal their structural characteristics of high yield. A new hybrid rice variety“Guyou 168”with high yield and blast resistance was bred by crossing‘Gufeng A’(female parent, three-line sterile line bred by Rice Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science) and‘Liuhui 168’(male parent, restoring line). By the plot trial of‘Guyou 168’in Wulin mountainous region, Hunan Province, its biological characteristics were analyzed. The correlation analysis and path analysis between yield and component factors of yield were conducted. The results showed that‘Guyou 168’had the characteristics of high yield, blast resistance, susceptibility to sheath blight, medium-susceptibility to false smut as well as strong cold resistance. The analysis of yield structure indicated that the contribution of spike number per hectare to yield amounted to 34.2%, while that of grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight and seed-setting rate was 27.3%, 18.4% and 17.5% respectively. The contributions of spike number per hectare and grain number per spike to total grain number per hectare came up to 30.6% and 69.2% respectively. The contribution of total grain number per hectare to sink capacity reached 92.9% while that of 1000-grain weight was 6.9%. The contribution of sink capacity to rice yield was 79.5% while that of seed-setting rate was 17.5%. The keys to high yield of‘Guyou 168’are cultivating large spikes, increasing the total grain numbers per unit area and enlarging sink capacity based on the full spikes, as well as improving the seed-setting rate as the guarantee.

  Evaluation System of Maize Varieties in Shanxi Mid-late Maturing Area 2018, 34 (36):  13-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070041 Abstract + ( 677 )   To provide data for selecting suitable maize varieties and distinguishing different maize varieties in mid- late maturing areas in Shanxi, seven local main promoted varieties were used for randomized block design, wide row and close planting techniques were adopted, ear traits and yield were measured after harvest. The results showed that (1) the yield of the promoted varieties did not reach the significant different level, but the difference of 100-grain weight, number of spike rows, axis diameter, spike diameter and spike length reached the significant level; the genes controlling those traits were different; however, the differences among the varieties did not reach the significant level, reflecting that the genetic background had some relationship; (2) some traits of the varieties showed differences in plots, reflecting that the variety had poor stress resistance; (3) when evaluating the variety, the indicators should be considered comprehensively, so a set of evaluation system should be established in the future. The comprehensive characters of‘Xianyu 335’were the best among the varieties, and the performance of some traits reflected that the genetic backgrounds of these breeds were similar, indicating that the maize genetic resources in China were narrow. In the future, the research on maize breeding should be focus on exploring genetic resources, improving stress resistance and enhancing the adaptation to mechanized harvesting.

  Soil Fertility Effect of Fertilization on Field Irrigated by Potato Starch Wastewater 何进勤,雷金银,赵营,桂林国 and 2018, 34 (36):  18-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070029 Abstract + ( 584 )   To solve the technical problems of fertilization on field with potato starch wastewater irrigation in southern mountainous region of Ningxia, taking farmland irrigated with potato processing starch wastewater for three years as the object and silage corn as the experimental crop, we explored the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility and crop yield. The results indicated that: compared with the control (no fertilizer), there was no significant difference of silage corn yield under the application of chemical fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizers or combined application of chemical and bio-organic fertilizers; the application of bioorganic fertilizer could increase the content of soil organic matter and available potassium in 0- 20 cm, approximately doubled the content of available phosphorus in 20- 40 cm soil, and increased the alkalihydrolyzale nitrogen and total phosphorus accumulation in 0- 60 cm soil, and formed available potassium enrichment zone in 40-60 cm soil; the total nitrogen content in 0-60 cm soil significantly increased under the treatment of chemical fertilizer reduction by 30% combined bio-organic fertilizer (30% HF+WF), however, there was no significant difference of total potassium content in 0- 60 cm. Therefore, crop yield could be guaranteed under no fertilizer when silage corns are planted in farmland irrigated with potato processing starch wastewater for three years, but the improvement effects of soil fertility and yield could be better by applying suitable bio-organic fertilizer.

  Dynamics of Sugar Content and Sink-source Change of Sugar Beet 2018, 34 (36):  25-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070082 Abstract + ( 750 )   To study the mechanism of sugar content response to sink-source alteration, the effects of leaf area index (LAI ), dry mater of aerial part (DMA ) and dry mater of hypogeal part (DMH ) on sugar content changes in sugar beet were investigated.‘KWS6167’was used as material, four different transplanting periods were set up, and five time points were sampled. LAI , DMA , DMH and sugar content were determined. The results showed that two indicators of the sink (DMH and the sugar content of roots) presented a linear upward trend in the whole growth period. In the four growth periods, the growth rate ofDMH showed“N”type, while the growth rate of sugar content showed an inverted“N”type. In A, B and C treatments,LAI andDMA showed a positive correlation with sugar content from June 10th to August 10th, while a negative correlation from August 10th to October 7th. In D treatment from June 10th to October 7th,DMA andDMH showed a positive correlation with sugar content. The sugar content of beet roots has significantly positive correlation withDMH and the sinksource ratio.

  Functions and Mechanisms of PLDs in Adversity Stress Responses 2018, 34 (36):  31-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17120042 Abstract + ( 421 )   Membrane phospholipid is the important source in generating intracellular signaling messengers. Phospholipase Ds can catalyze phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid, and thus participate in the signaling process. Phospholipase Ds play important roles in phospholipase family, 12 PLD genes are identified inArabidopsis , 10 of which have the N-terminal C2 domain, whose biochemical properties are significantly different. Phospholipase Ds and phosphatidic acids display the overlapping or unique cellular signaling transduction under different stresses. PLDα 1, PLDδ and PLDα 3 positively regulate the response to ABA signaling in drought stress; PLDα 1, PLDδ , PLDα 3, PLDζ s and PLDε are in response to salt stress; PLDδ -PA and PLDα-PA play opposite roles in freezing stress; PLDζ 1 and PLDζ 2 regulate the growth of roots positively under phosphorus starving; PLDε responds differently under different nitrogen levels. The mechanism of the specific function of phospholipase Ds mainly contains three categories: cellular regulation, membrane lipid remodeling and degradation. Cellular regulation contains two aspects, phospholipase D acts directly on proteins, such as the combination of GPA1 or GAPC; and indirectly affects proteins by the products of phospholipase Ds, such as phosphatidic acid (PA). The paper summarizes the biochemical property of phospholipase Ds, and its function and mechanism under adversity stress.

  Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Gene 2018, 34 (36):  42-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090064 Abstract + ( 494 )   We aim to investigate the gene and protein properties of GM-CSF. In this study, pUC-GM-CSF was used as a template to amplify GM-CSF gene according to the GM-CSF sequence registered in GenBank, and then this gene was cloned into pMD18-T vector. Sequencing was performed for the recombinant plasmid pT-GM-CSF. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze homology and ORF of GM-CSF gene. Moreover, the amino acid sequence, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, phosphorylation site, subcellular localization and secondary structure were analyzed for the encoded protein. The results showed that the total open reading frame of this gene was 453 bp, encoding 150 amino acids. In the protein encoded by GM-CSF, 4 serine residues and 3 threonine residues may be phosphorylated. The maximum hydrophobicity of GM-CSF protein was 2.267. This protein had 8.91% possibility to be located outside the cell, 0.8% possibility to be located on the cell wall, and 0.24% possibility to be located in cytoplasm. The secondary structure of the protein was mainly composed of random coil, α helix and extension chain. These results can lay a foundation for exploring the immune enhancement mechanism of GM-CSF.

  The Structure, Function Prediction of 14-3-3 Protein and Its Expression at Maturity Stage of Cassava 2018, 34 (36):  49-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070142 Abstract + ( 491 )   This study aims to lucubrate our research on structures and functions of 14-3-3 protein family, as well as to provid a new insight into the molecular regulation of starch accumulation in cassava tuberous roots.The 14-3-3 proteins are signal transduction factors in plants, which play an important role in regulating starch synthesis in cassava tuberous roots. In the present study, the sequences composition, physicochemical properties, phylogenetic evolution, leader peptides, subcellular localization, the secondary structures, functional domains, tertiary structures and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of cassava 14-3-3 protein family were predicted and analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Differential expressions of 14-3-3 genes in different cassava cultivars were analyzed. The result showed that (1) cassava 14-3-3 protein family consisting of 16 isoforms had multiple conservative structure domains and these hydrophilic proteins, which are similar in the secondary structure, were classified into two different categories based on their evolutionary relationship, (2) there were significant differences in the expressions among 16 members from 14-3-3 gene family in the tuberous roots of the mature stage of mosaic cassava, ZM-Seaside and SC9 (P<0.05), and the expression of 14-3-3 gene family in cassava variety ZM-Seaside with high yield decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to mosaic cassava and SC9 (P<0.05), inferring the 14-3-3 proteins may play a negative-regulation role in starch accumulation of the mature stage of cassava tuberous roots.

  SNP Sites Development Based on SLAF-seq Technology in Raspberry 2018, 34 (36):  58-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030143 Abstract + ( 704 )   The aims are to analyze the genetic evolution relationship of raspberry populations, and develop specific SNP markers. 23 raspberry varieties were sequenced by Specific Length Amplification Fragment Sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology. The SNP site was developed from the whole genome of raspberry. The genome of black raspberry was used as the reference genome. The electron enzyme cutting prediction was conducted by bio-informatics analysis, the specific length DNA fragments were screened and the SLAF-seq library was constructed. Mass sequence tags were obtained by high-throughput sequencing, and polymorphic SLAF tags were obtained by software analysis and comparison, and then a large number of specific SNP loci were developed. Compared with the sequencing data of rice and the comparison results of the reference genome, the results showed that the paired-end comparison rate was 95.60%, enzyme digestion efficiency was 93.52%, which indicated that the SLAF database was normal. A total of 59.93 Mb reads were obtained, the average quality value of Q30 was 95.07%, the mean value of GC content in all samples was 39.16%, and the average level of GC content was low which indicated that it met the sequencing requirement. A total of 425402 SLAF tags were obtained, of which 121610 were polymorphic SLAF tags. 749811 effective single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were obtained and the population structure and phylogenetic tree of 23 raspberry germplasm were analyzed by these SNP. SLAF-seq technology can develop a large number of SNP markers,

  Effects of Light Quality of Light Emitting Diode (LED) on Callus Induction and Regeneration of Indigoblue Woad 2018, 34 (36):  65-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070064 Abstract + ( 623 )   To study the effects of light quality of light emitting diode (LED) on callus induction and regeneration of indigoblue woad, the seeds of indigoblue woad (Isatis indigotica Fort)‘Dinglan1’were used as the material. Six light treatments were set as follows: fluorescent lamp (CK), 100R, 100B, 80R/20B, 70R/30B and 50R/50B. The contents of chlorophyll and soluble sugar were detected. The results showed that the complex light of the red and blue LED had better effect compared with only red or blue LED. Under 70R/30B treatment, the callus of indigoblue woad grew best. It was green and had close texture. The differentiation rate was 68.75%. The rooting rate of regenerated plants was 92.86%. The rooting status was characterized by early rooting, thick root and long root under 70R/30B, which were significantly higher than those of the control. Under 70R/30B treatment, the content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and soluble sugar reached the maximum, 0.497 mg/g, 0.654 mg/g and 0.244 mg/g respectively. In a summary, it suggests that the complex light of the red and blue LED is suitable for the induction and differentiation of callus, morphogenesis of regeneration plant, chlorophyll synthesis and soluble sugar accumulation. 70R/30B is the best light.

  Reproductive Biology and Crossbreeding of Hawthorn: Research Progress 2018, 34 (36):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17110009 Abstract + ( 566 )   Hawthorn is known as the“medicinal and edible”fruit with a long history in China. However, its new varieties are mainly produced by bud mutation and seedling selection. In order to discuss the crossbreeding of hawthorn, the study analyzes the researches on the crossbreeding of hawthorn at home and abroad. The flowering biology of hawthorn, the regulation of pollen germination, the reproductive biology, the necessary of crossbreeding, breeding method, parent selecting and the genetic rules of crossbreeding are introduce in detail. In addition, the future development and new trends in breeding Hawthorn are put forward, to provide a theoretical basis for future research.

  Correlation Research Between Leaf and Flower Traits of Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian ‘V3’ 2018, 34 (36):  75-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030161 Abstract + ( 657 )   To elucidate the relationship between leaf and flowering characters, and establish a universal identification standard for appearance quality of Phalaenopsis Aphrodite , taking Phalaenopsis aphrodite without pedicels as test material, the length, width, thickness and leaf area of leaves were investigated, and then six flower characters such as the number of flowers after flowering were investigated. Correlation analysiswas made by Excel 2017 and SPSS 19.0. The results showed that the leaf characters of Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian‘V3’had a high correlation with flower characters after flowering. The length of the first, second, third leaf had a very significant correlation with flower diameter, the correlation coefficients was 0.552, 0.236 and 0.167, respectively. It was predicted that the flower diameter was greater than 7.1 cm and the petal thickness was greater than 1.12 mm when the length of the first, second and third leaves was at least 20.2 cm, 17.8 cm and 13.6 cm, respectively. That is to say, the longer the first three mature leaves are, the more number of flowers become, the longer flower diameters become, so that the quality of flowering is higher. Using this simple leaf character, we can predict the flower quality effectively, and it is a simple and feasible method for screening plant seedling.

  Health Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem in East Dongting Lake 2018, 34 (36):  81-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18010102 Abstract + ( 458 )   The aims are to determine the ecological load and environmental capacity of wetlands, and provide references for making environmental regional planning and nvironmental laws. Taking East Dongting Lake as the studying area, the Mamdani FIS (Fuzzy Reasoning System) model was used to construct the index system including nine factors, water pH, the suspended solids concentration in water, soil pH, soil water content, the number of vegetation types, the number of invasive species, the rate of wetland area change, the population density, and the industrial structure. The wetland ecosystem health assessment was carried out. The results showed that the health assessment score of East Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem was 1.37, the status of health was between sub-health and unhealthy. Based on the nonlinear analysis ability of Mamdani FIS model and the reasoning rules using expert opinions, the assessment results of wetland ecosystem health are more objective, and have important reference values for the reasonable formulation of the ecological environment protection policy for lake wetlands.

  Effect of Floating Cultivation with Polygonum cuspidatum on Water Purification and Polydatin Content in Roots and Leaves 2018, 34 (36):  88-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070005 Abstract + ( 646 )   Floating bed ofPolygonum cuspidatum was constructed, the polydatin content ofP. cuspidatum in the sediment and water were measured by HPLC. The results showed thatP. cuspidatum grew normally in water, and the vigorous root inside floating bed could sprout naturally after overwintering, and could be continuously used for a certain time; the removal rate of TN, TP, NO3--N and NH4+-N of 3.5%P. cuspidatum (the total weight of P. cuspidatum /water) detected on the 20th day was 69.4% , 71.3% , 90.3% and 74.1% , respectively. P. cuspidatum had the highest removal rate of NO3--N among water-quality indexes, then was TN, TP, NH4 +-N and NO2--N. The content of polydatin in soil-growing roots was about 10 times as that in water-growing roots. The content of polydatin in soil-growing leaves was about 50% higher than that in water-growing leaves.

  Consecutive Application of Biogas Manure Affects Maize Production and Soil Chemical Properties in Hailin Farm 2018, 34 (36):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18080109 Abstract + ( 467 )   To clarify the effect of consecutive application of biogas manure on maize yield, soil chemical property and benefit, a field experiment was conducted in Hailin Farm, Heilongjiang from May 2016 to October 2017, the treatments included biogas fluid, biogas residue and chemical fertilizers. The results showed that the application of biogas manure increased maize yield, the increasing rate under 15,000 kg/hm2 biogas fluid treatment was the highest, the treatment of 30000 kg/hm2 biogas fluid + 600 kg/hm2 chemical fertilizer had the highest maize yield. The application of 1t biogas manure could substitute 107.38 kg carbamide, 217.90 kg diammonium phosphate and 80.55 kg potassium sulfate. As a result, it generated a direct economic benefit of 826.16 yuan. Different treatments of biogas manures could achieve significant economic benefits compared with that of the control. The treatment of 30000 kg/hm2 biogas residue + 600 kg/hm2 chemical fertilizer had the highest economic benefit with an average amount of 19246.66 yuan/hm2. The pH values increased by 0.12 to 0.25 units and the organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium and alkali hydrolysis nitrogen also increased in the surface layer of soil after the application of biogas manure. To some extent, the chemical properties of the surface layer of soil were improved. Therefore, the reasonable application of biogas manure can realize its efficient and economic utilization in biogas manure engineering areas.

  Experimental Study on Reduction of Fertilization in Rice-wheat Rotation in High Fertility Plots in Southern Henan 2018, 34 (36):  99-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070093 Abstract + ( 552 )   To study the effect of chemical fertilizer reduction on soil fertility, grain yield and economic benefit in high fertility land of southern Henan, the rice-wheat rotation planting system was selected and a three-year reduction fertilization experiment was carried out. There were five treatments: conventional fertilization, conventional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, conventional fertilization with 5% nitrogen fertilizer increase, conventional fertilization with 5% nitrogen fertilizer decrease, and conventional fertilization with 10% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that with the increase of treatment time, 5% and 10% of nitrogen fertilizer reduction of conventional fertilization reduced soil bulk density and increased the content of organic matter in soil. The treatment of conventional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could improve the content of available phosphorus, available potassium and slow available potassium in soil. During the first round of rice-wheat rotation, the total phosphorus content in plant, the total potassium content of wheat plant and the economic characters of rice increased under 5% nitrogen fertilizer increase, and the effects of 5% nitrogen fertilizer increase and decrease on the total nitrogen content in plant, the total potassium content of rice and the economic characters of the wheat were not obvious. To the third round of experiment, the difference between 5% nitrogen fertilizer increase and conventional fertilization was not significant. The reduction of nitrogen fertilizer by 5% could increase the total phosphorus and total potassium content and crop yield of wheat, and had the highest economic benefit with less expenditure on fertilizer.

  Melioration Effect of Biochar Addition on Manganese Toxicity in Acidic Soil 2018, 34 (36):  110-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17090042 Abstract + ( 516 )   Abstract: [Objective] Plants grown on acid soils are affected by a number of barriers, among which manganese toxicity is the second important factor limiting plant growth following aluminum toxicity. The purpose of this study was to alleviate the acidification and toxic effect of manganese in acid soil. [Method] We designed an one month laboratory incubation experiment to study the effects of two different biochar: rice-husk-based charcoal and apple-branch-based charcoal with an addition of 3%, respectively, on the growth and manganese accumulation of water spinach on acid soil, as well as the melioration effect under the addition of exogenous manganese (2mmol·kg-1 and 4 mmol·kg-1). [Result] Our results show that: (1) A significant increase of the plant height and biomass of water spinach were tested with the addition of rice-husk-based charcoal and apple-branch-based charcoal; the addition of rice-husk-based charcoal significantly reduced the inhibition of exogenous manganese on the growth of water spinach, while apple-branch-based charcoal did not make a significant effect；two kinds of biochar significantly alleviate the water deficit in spinach caused by the high exogenous manganese toxicity. (2) Biochar addition significantly increased soil pH value which had significant or extremely significant correlation with the height and biomass of water spinach. (3) The manganese content of spinach grown significantly reduced by 48.5% and 26.6% as the addition of rice-husk-based charcoal and apple-branch-based charcoal, respectively; meanwhile, the addition of rice-husk-based charcoal significantly decreased manganese content of spinach to 516.4~975.5mg·kg-1 grown on exogenous manganese added soil, which caused an enrichment of manganese to 1502.1~2185.9mg·kg-1; apple-branch-based charcoal did not effectively alleviate the toxicity of exogenous manganese on water spinach. (4) Biochar, especial the rice-husk-based charcoal, significantly decreased the exchangeable manganese content and increased the labile reduction manganese content in soil, but showed no significant influence on total active manganese content. [Conclusion] The addition of rice-husk-based charcoal and apple-branch-based charcoal significantly increased the growth of water spinach and alleviate the water deficit in spinach caused by exogenous manganese toxicity; Two kinds of biochar significantly alleviated the accumulation of manganese in water spinach, increased soil pH, decreased soil exchangeable manganese content, and, in different degrees, alleviated manganese toxicity and promoted plant growth.

  Farmland Soil Moisture in the Area with Scare Ground Data: Synergetic Inversion Method of Microwave and Optical Remote Sensing 2018, 34 (36):  117-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070002 Abstract + ( 552 )   The inability to obtain surface roughness factor in large scale area is the difficulty in microwave inversion of soil moisture. In this regard, from the perspective of the advantages of synergetic microwave and optical remote sensing data in soil moisture monitoring to improve the inversion accuracy of soil moisture, we studied a remote sensing inversion method for soil moisture in large areas of surface roughness parameters. The impact of vegetation to the backscattering was removed by applying the water-cloud model based on GF-3 and Landsat8 remote sensing data. Then, the backscattering, the incident angle, PDI, TVDI and NDWI index were used together as the model input parameters. The soil moisture inversion model was under 2 polarization modes (HH and HV). The results showed that: R 2,IA ,RMSE were used to compare the experimental results of the two models in farmland of Jianghan Plain, the inversion accuracy of soil moisture under HH polarization was better than that of HV polarization mode (HH polarization method:R 2=0.6864,IA =0.8895,RMSE =6.979%). In space distribution, the areas with higher temperatures and lower vegetation coverage had lower soil moisture, such as the north of Zhongxiang, the northeast of Jiangling, the east of Jingmen, the west of Xiantao, and the northwest of Tianmen; the areas with lower temperatures and higher vegetation coverage had higher soil moisture, such as Jianli and the southern part of Tianmen.

  Analyzing and Zoning of Eco-climate Suitability of Kiwifruit in Sichuan 2018, 34 (36):  124-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18080082 Abstract + ( 617 )   Based on the climate data of 145 meteorological stations in Sichuan Province from 1981 to 2010, the climate suitability conditions of planting kiwifruit in those region were analyzed. Annual mean temperature, extreme maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, frost-free period, Relative humidity, sunshine hours were selected to be the climatic regionalization indices. the climate conditions were analyzed and the division indices of climate suitability were obtained by using experience orthogonal function method and fuzzy clustering method, then the climate suitability division of the kiwifruit was built using GIS technology. at last, risk zoning for meteorological disasters by the three kinds of meteorological disaster that kiwifruit during the growth period of winter freezing injury, bud enlargement injury and sunburn injury. Provide scientific basis for the rational layout and quality evaluation of kiwifruit industry in Sichuan Province. The results showed that, the most suitable region is about 3.39×104km2, suitable region is about 8.73×104km2, less suitable region is about 8.46×104km2. The preliminary analysis of the whole Sichuan Basin region belongs to the high suitable region, but after adding three kinds of meteorological disaster risk region, the high suitable region shrinks further to the Longmen mountain vein along with the Chengdu Plain region.

  Reproductive Characteristics and Early Development of Oratosquilla oratoria 2018, 34 (36):  133-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17100115 Abstract + ( 597 )   To study the reproductive biology characteristics of (Oratosquilla oratoria ) and guide its artificial breeding, the reproductive characteristics and early development ofOratosquilla oratoria from Yangtze River estuary are studied by the conventional biological method and statistics regression analysis. The results showed that the individual absolute fecundity (F ) of 50 matureOratosquilla oratoria ranged from 10480 to 39600 eggs.The individual relative fecundity per centimeter (FL ) ranged from 838 to 2676 eggs/cm and the individual relative fecundity per gram (FW ) ranged from 487 to 1250 eggs/cm. Gonadosomatic Indexes (GSI ) for females were 6.08%-15.63%. Correlation analysis showed thatF ,FL andFW had significantly positive correlations with body length and body weight. The early development study of juvenileOratosquilla oratoria showed that under the conditions of (22.5 ± 0.6)℃ and 30‰-32‰ salinity, the embryonic development lasted for 19 days to hatch out of the membrane and the yolk were fully absorbed in 4 days later. Pseudozoea larvae began at Z1 stage, which lasted 35-40 days and then metamorphosed to theⅠperiod of infant squilla. The results show that we should feed the juvenile Oratosquilla oratoria with rotifers, Artemia nauplius etc. in time after the yolk disappeared completely to meet their growth and development needs.

  Identification and Molecular Typing of Vibrio Strains Isolated from Litopenaeus vannamei in Shanghai 2018, 34 (36):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18090068 Abstract + ( 638 )   The study aims to understand theVibrio distribution characteristics ofLitopenaeus vannamei and the molecular genetic characteristics of main species in Shanghai, and provide a basis for the investigation and prevention of vibriosis in the future. The isolation and identification ofVibrio fromLitopenaeus vannamei was studied by selective medium separation and automatic identification system of bacteria. 52 strains were isolated from different fishponds and different regions. Among these strains, 30 strains were Vibrio parahaemolyticus (57.7%), 9 strains wereVibrio mimicus (17.3%), 7 strains wereVibrio vulnificus (13.5%), 4 strains wereVibrio alginolyticus (7.7%), 1 strain wasVibrio cholerae (1.9%) and 1 strain wasVibrio fluvialis (1.9%). The results of the investigation showed thatVibrio parahaemolyticus was the main type ofvibrios which was isolated fromLitopenaeus vannamei in Shanghai. The genetic typing of 30Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carried out through ERIC, ERIC-PCR finger print revealed that the genotypes had abundant genetic diversity. And every strain was amplified 4-8 bands within 250-4500 bp. 5 cluster groups were divided by cluster analysis, including 15 strains of Ⅰcluster group（50%）, 6 strains of Ⅱ cluster group (20%), 2 strains of Ⅲ cluster group (6.7%), 2 strains of Ⅳ cluster group (6.7%), and 1 strain ofⅤ cluster group (3.3%). The results indicated thatV. parahamolyticus of Ⅰcluster group was popular in Shanghai.

  Proportional Fertilization: Effects on Quality and Yield of Alfalfa 2018, 34 (36):  146-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18070098 Abstract + ( 402 )   To study the effect of fertilization on the production of alfalfa, takingMedicago sativa L. cv.‘Xinmu No.4’as the material, the 3414 fertilization experiment was conducted, and the effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium proportional fertilization on the yield and quality of alfalfa were studied. The results showed that the different fertilization treatments had different effects on yield and quality of alfalfa. The fresh yield of N2P2K3 was the highest (83.62 t/hm2), and that of N2P2K1 was the second, they increased by 28.31% and 20.42%, respectively, compared with N0P0K0 (65.17 t/hm2). The crude protein content of the first cutting was the highest in the leaves and stems of each treatment. The content of leaf protein in each treatment was higher than that of the stem, but the acid washing fiber and neutral detergent fiber were lower than that of the stem. The leaf protein of N2P2K0 was the highest in the first cutting, which was 30.94%. The average leaf protein content of N1P2K2 was the highest in the three cuttings, which was 28.44%, and the N2P1K2 was the second, N2P2K2 was the lowest, which was only 23.00%. The comprehensive analysis shows that the optimum ratio of fertilization for 2-year-old alfalfa in the experimental area is N2P2K3 combination, 120 kg/hm2 urea + 90 kg/hm2 superphosphate +90 kg/hm2 potassium sulfate.

  Soaking Agent and Time Affect Seed Germination of Medicago sativa 2018, 34 (36):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17120055 Abstract + ( 488 )   To select the suitable seed treatment scheme ofMedicago sativa , we set three processing time, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, and four seed soaking agents, respectively, H2O, 2.0% NaCl, 2.0% CaCl2, and 2.0% KNO3, and designed 12 treatment combinations. According to the test data, we assessed the effect of the combinations onM. sativa seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that seeds soaked in 2.0% KNO3 for 1 d, 2 d and 3 d had higher germination rate and seed vigor, and less adverse effect on the seedling growth, especially the effect of 1 d, which was prominent and could be the preferential choice for treatingM. sativa seeds. The germination rate under 2.0% NaCl for 1 d was higher, but the germination speed was low, and the growth of seedlings was affected. The germination rate under H2O treatment for 1 d was higher, and the effect on seedling growth was less, but the soaking time of 2 d and 3 d had no obvious effect on seed germination and seedling growth. The soaking treatment of 2.0% NaCl for 2 d and the soaking treatment of 2.0% CaCl2 for 1 d, 2 d and 3 d had low germination rate and speed, as well as adverse effect on seedlings, and were unsuitable for M. sativa seed soaking.

  Maize Diseases Identification Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network 2018, 34 (36):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb18030031 Abstract + ( 954 )   To improve the identification rate of maize diseases, an identification method of diseases is established based on a deep convolutional neural network under natural environment condition. Ten common maize diseases were taken as the study objects, and the image preprocessing was carried out, the Triplet loss double convolution neural network structure was applied to study the features of maize images. Then, SIFT algorithm was adopted to extract textural features. By this way, the labeling and classification of images through the Softmax were conducted. The normal maize images and the diseased ones were combined by the training set. Deep learning on similarity network check was used to explore the features of normal maize images, and furthermore, transfer learning was used to delve into the features of diseased maize images. The features were classified and identified. The result shows that this method could accurately identify the ten common maize diseases, and the classification accuracy is over 90%.