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  Analysis of Agro-meteorological Factors Causing Apple Florescence Freezing in Zepu ABASI Kerimu, MENG Fanxue, KUDERETI Rehanguli, WANG Jun, LI Huimin Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (36): 97-101.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1030 Abstract + (4821)    HTML (2298)    PDF (1210KB) (13750)       Knowledge map    Low temperature and freeze injury is one of three major disasters that endanger the development of fruit trees in Xinjiang. The daily meteorological data during 1991 to 2022 from meteorological station of Zepu and investigation data about freezing injury of apple florescence in recently years were used to analyze the cause of freezing injury. The results showed that: from 1991 to 2022, the apple flower bud expansion period, flower bud opening period, the beginning of flowering were ahead of time by 2.0 to 5.1 d/10 a; apple florescence freezing damage was significant when the temperature dropped suddenly in flowering period, the lowest temperature reached -2.0℃, and the duration below 0℃ was 0.5 h; the dominant disaster-causing factors included the maximum diurnal range of temperature (no less than 22℃), the extreme minimum temperature (no more than -2℃), the spring cold weather, severe cooling, long duration, precipitation weather with dust weather (sandstorm, sand-blowing and floating dust) and severe wind. After freezing injury, the soluble solids content and other indicators of apple decreased to different extents. Freezing injury in apple flowering period affected the quality of apple. It will be of great scientific significance and application value to study on the freezing damage in flowering period of Fuji apple in Zepu apple producing area.

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  Analysis of Climate Quality Certification Indexes and Evaluation for Figs in Yuepuhu Kerimu ABASI, MENG Fanxue, Nuerpatiman MAIMAITIREYIMU, XIE Ye, Alimu AIERKEN Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2024, 40 (1): 78-82.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0002 Abstract + (4813)    HTML (2126)    PDF (1224KB) (13632)       Knowledge map    In this paper, the daily average temperature, extreme maximum temperature, extreme minimum temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours data of Yuepuhu General Weather Station during from 1991 to 2022 were analyzed by using climate tendency rate, cumulative anomaly climate statistical method to verify the climate quality for figs, and the effect of meteorological conditions on figs phenological phase and impact of meteorological factors, meteorological disaster on fig quality were primarily analyzed as well. The results showed that, according to this classification, the climate quality for figs in Yuepuhu garden spot were “excellent”. The research conclusion aims to provide scientific basis for improving fruit quality of fig cultivation and future rational management.

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  Nationally Approved New Maize Variety ‘MC278’: Breeding, Characteristics in Different Ecological Areas and Main Cultivation Techniques WANG Xiaoguang, QU Wenjie, LIU Chunge, WU Peng, WANG Ronghuan, FENG Peiyu, SHAN Hong, SHI Guiqing, LENG Yan, CHENG Guanglei Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (15): 17-21.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0752 Abstract + (2120)    HTML (8)    PDF (1068KB) (66)       Knowledge map    In view of the shortage of water and heat resources in different ecological areas, and the frequent occurrence of wind disaster, lodging, low yield, poor quality and other problems in maize production, a new maize variety ‘MC278’ was bred by taking ‘Jing X005’ as female parent and ‘Jing 27’ as male parent. The inoculation tests of the variety in Jilin, Hebei and other places showed that it had strong resistance to small spot disease, Curvularia, dwarf mosaic, silk smut and stem rot, and was easy to infect large leaf spot, and it was moderately resistant to corn borer in Jilin. In the regional trials in Beijing, Inner Mongolia and other regions in different years, the kernel yield of ‘MC278’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Zhengdan 958’ (CK), the highest yield was 16166 kg/hm2, and the average yield was increased by 8.3%. The content of crude protein, crude starch and lysine of ‘MC278’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Zhengdan 958’. In 2019, the production in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other regions showed that the yield of ‘MC278’ was all more than 12804 kg/hm2, and the maximum yield was 14283 kg/hm2. ‘MC278’ was equipped with field management measures and harvest techniques, such as suitable sowing date, density and water and fertilizer management, and prevention and control measures of diseases and insect pests. The variety passed the national examination and approval in 2019 (National Approved Maize Variety No.20190030), and its planting area now includes 15 provincial regions, such as Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong and etc.

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  Genetic Background of National Certified Wheat Variety ‘Shannong116'and Stability Analysis of High Yield and Quality WANG Yanxun, TIAN Jichun, YANG Ming, PENG Li Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (21): 7-11.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0665 Abstract + (1375)    HTML (3)    PDF (1209KB) (59)       Knowledge map    In order to widely promote the newly approved wheat variety ‘Shannong 116' with high yield and strong gluten into production as soon as possible, we conducted an in-depth analysis from the genetic background of its hybrid parents, the performance of high and stable yield in regional trials, and the performance of strong gluten stability in many years of quality test results. The results showed that the yield of ‘Shannong 116' increased significantly compared with the control, the national test increased by 4.0% compared with ‘Zhoumai 18', and the Shandong test increased by 3.8% compared with ‘Jinan 17'. In the national wheat quality evaluation for four consecutive years from 2018 to 2021, the quality test indicators of ‘Shannong 116' all met the GB/T17892 standard for strong or medium gluten wheat. The plant height of ‘Shannong 116' is 76.9 cm, with compact plant type, neat ear layer and good ripening. It combines the excellent characteristics of the female parent of strong strength, disease resistance, early maturity and the male parent of high yield, water saving and lodging resistance. It is suitable for large-scale planting and market order acquisition and utilization in the Huang-huai wheat region.

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  Effects of Different Sowing Amounts on Yield and Dry Matter Production and Transport of ‘Xinmai 296’ YIN Xundong, LV Guangde, MOU Qiuhuan, MI Yong, YIN Fuwei, LI Ning, QIAN Zhaoguo, WU Ke Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (34): 1-7.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1220 Abstract + (1059)    HTML (13)    PDF (1254KB) (96)       Knowledge map    In order to study the effect of sowing amount on dry matter production and transport capacity and grain yield of ‘Xinmai 296’, five sowing amount levels were designed as 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg/hm2, to determine the dry matter weight of various organs at different growth stages and grain yield under the 5 sowing amounts, and calculate the dry matter transport amount and transport rate through the formula. The results showed that under 150 kg/hm2 sowing amount, the dry matter accumulation at jointing to flowering and flowering to maturity stages, dry matter production after flowering, the contribution rate of dry matter production after flowering to grain, and dry matter weight of grain at maturity stage were the highest, and the difference from those under other sowing amounts was significant. The dry matter weight of each organ after flowering reached the highest under the sowing amount of 150 kg/hm2, and the dry matter weight of ear at harvest and the dry matter weight of the whole plant at each stage after flowering also reached the highest under the sowing amount of 150 kg/hm2, and the difference from those under other sowing amounts was significant. The yield of ‘Xinmai 296’ reached the highest under the sowing amount of 150 kg/hm2, and the difference from that under other sowing amounts reached a significant level. Under different sowing amounts, the variation trend of yield was 150 kg/hm2> 75 kg/hm2> 225 kg/hm2> 300 kg/hm2> 375 kg/hm2. This study can provide reference for studying the sowing amount of different wheat varieties.

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  Comparative Study on Fruit Quality of Different Varieties of Lonicera caerulea ZHOU Lin, LI Mengsha, WANG Hua, SHEN Guang, LV Pin, ZHOU Liping Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (26): 44-49.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1132 Abstract + (1023)    HTML (3)    PDF (1380KB) (32)       Knowledge map    By studying the differences of fruit quality among different Lonicera caerulea varieties, we determined the development and utilization directions of Lonicera caerulea, aiming at providing a scientific basis for variety screening. Fruit quality traits of five varieties (‘Lanjingling’, ‘L32’, ‘Beilei’, ‘L54’ and ‘L63’) were comprehensively analyzed and evaluated, including fruit size, soluble solid content, mineral elements content, and active substances content. The results showed that, among the five Lonicera caerulea varieties, the mean fruit weight of ‘Lanjingling’ was the highest, significantly higher than that of ‘L32’, ‘Beilei’ and ‘L54’; and its comprehensive sensory evaluation was the best. The three varieties of L series had larger fruits, bitter flavor and the lowest sensory scores. However, except iron element, the contents of other mineral elements of L series varieties were significantly higher than those of ‘Lanjingling’ and ‘Beilei’. Fruit index and fruit longitudinal diameter of ‘Beilei’ were significantly lower than those of the other four varieties, but its soluble solid content and active substance content were significantly higher. The flavor of ‘Beilei’ was also the best, and its taste and sensory score were only inferior to those of ‘Lanjingling’. Among the five varieties, ‘Lanjingling’ is fit for fresh-eating due to its big fruit size and good taste. ‘Beilei’ is fit for fresh-eating and processing because of its good flavor, and high contents of mineral elements and active substances. L series varieties are fit for developing mineral beverage for their high mineral element contents.

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  Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Main Traits of Soybean in Inner Mongolia from 2002 to 2021 YU Zhonghao, ZHOU Wei, LI Zhigang, LI Ziwen, JIA Juanxia, ZHOU Yaxing Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (34): 14-21.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0022 Abstract + (970)    HTML (4)    PDF (1418KB) (53)       Knowledge map    The paper aims to comprehensively analyze the agronomic and quality traits of soybean varieties in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to provide theoretical reference for the selection of parents and superior varieties for future breeding of soybean varieties in Inner Mongolia. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, TOPSIS analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively analyze 6 traits of 109 soybean varieties in Inner Mongolia. The genetic diversity index of the 6 traits ranged from 2.5964 to 2.8692, the coefficient of variation ranged from 6.79% to 20.1%, in which the variation coefficient of protein content was the lowest and the heredity was the most stable. Three principal components were selected by principal component analysis, the cumulative genetic contribution rate was 79.98%, and the evaluation equation S=0.48S1+0.31S2+0.21S3 was established. Using principal component analysis and TOPSIS analysis, 7 varieties with high comprehensive ranking were selected, which could be used as good parents in future new variety breeding. The 109 soybean varieties were divided into five groups by cluster analysis. The Ⅰ group had the best comprehensive character and could be regarded as the excellent soybean varieties in Inner Mongolia, while the Ⅴ group had only one variety ‘Dengke 2’ with a very short growth period, which could be promoted in areas with short frost-free period or participate in the breeding of extremely early maturing varieties. Soybean varieties in Inner Mongolia are diverse and the soybean breeding level is also improved year by year, but there is a lack of high-quality soybean varieties, so it is necessary to pay more attention to soybean breeding with high oil and high protein contents. The selected parents are mostly from Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province, and the local soybean varieties have not been well developed and utilized, this is also a key factor restricting the further improvement of soybean breeding in Inner Mongolia.

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  Flowering Characteristics and Dynamic Observation of Three Varieties of Fraxinus YAN Liping, LIU Cuilan, WANG Yinhua, LI Li, LIU Rong, WU Dejun Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (4): 23-30.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0514 Abstract + (923)    HTML (5)    PDF (3105KB) (21)       Knowledge map    The objective of this paper is to study the flower morphological structure and flowering characteristics of Fraxinus, and to provide a theoretical basis for its pollination and fertilization. In this paper, three varieties of Fraxinus (‘Lu la No.2’, ‘Lu la No.5’ and ‘Jinjian’) were selected to observe their flowering characteristics and morphological structure of flower. The results show that the flowering period of male plants of Fraxinus is 11-13 days, which is 13-15 days earlier than that of female plants. The flowering period of the female plants of ‘Lu la No. 2’ is only 5-6 days. The small flowers of the 3 Fraxinus varieties are dense without corolla. Their bracts become 2 lobes after flowering, and the calyx is bell-shaped with 4 deep lobes. The male flowers reveal boat-shaped anthers and extremely short filaments accompanying their blooming. The female flower reveals the pistils after its bracts are cracked and its stigma is split into two at maturity and becomes pink, and its peduncle is extremely short. Shield hairs are observed on the bracts and calyx surface of the three Fraxinus varieties under scanning electron microscope, and the morphology of shield hairs differs between different varieties. The anther and pollen structure are not significantly different between ‘Jinjian’ and ‘Lu la No.5’. There are significantly irregular folds on the entire pistil surface of ‘Lu la No.2’. The study lays a foundation for further research on the breeding of Fraxinus and the innovative utilization of Fraxinus germplasm resources.

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  Isopyrazam and Its Mixture Against Powdery Mildew of Four Different Cucurbit Crops in the Field WEN Junhui, YAO Beibei, CAI Jianying, ZHU Qi, ZHONG Guohua Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (4): 112-118.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0133 Abstract + (901)    HTML (3)    PDF (1133KB) (29)       Knowledge map    To screen effective fungicides to control powdery mildew of cucurbit crops, clarify the field control efficiency of isopyrazam and its mixture on powdery mildew of balsam pear, zucchini, melon and watermelon, and provide a scientific scheme for the green control of powdery mildew of cucurbit crops, some field control efficacy trials were carried out for three years according to the guidelines of field efficacy test GB/T 17980.30—2000. According to the development of different crops and diseases, by 2-4 times applications with 7-14 days intervals and spraying at the initial stage of powdery mildew, the control efficiency of isopyrazam 11.2% EC 67.2 g(a.i.)/hm2 (preparation 600 mL/hm2) and isopyrazam· azoxystrobin 29% SC 87-261 g(a.i.)/hm2 (preparation 300-900 mL/hm2) were more than 80%. The duration was 10-14 days, significantly higher than that of the conventional dosage of azoxystrobin· boscalid 30% SC, difenoconazole 10% WG, triadimefon 25% WP or myclobutanil 12.5% EC. Therefore, isopyrazam 11.2% EC and isopyrazam· azoxystrobin 29% SC have good control efficiency on powdery mildew of balsam pear, zucchini, melon and watermelon, which indicated that they are worthy of further research and development.

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  The Mechanism of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization: Research Progress XU Lingqing, LI Jiajia, CHANG Xiao, ZHANG Yunlong, LIU Dali Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (34): 97-101.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0587 Abstract + (864)    HTML (11)    PDF (1234KB) (156)       Knowledge map    Inorganic nitrogen is an important source of nitrogen for crops to absorb and utilize. The mineralization capacity of soil organic nitrogen determines the soil capacity of providing nitrogen to crops. The mineralization of soil organic nitrogen is mainly driven by soil microorganisms. It is the process of decomposing organic nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen under the action of microorganisms. The change of the mineralization rate of organic nitrogen is mainly attributed to the change of soil microorganisms after the change of environmental factors. The study of soil nitrogen mineralization is of great significance to soil nitrogen cycle and soil nitrogen supply capacity. This paper reviewed the mechanism of microbial action in the process of soil nitrogen mineralization, and discussed the effects of microbial changes on soil nitrogen mineralization rate under different environmental factors, as well as the interaction mechanism of plant-soil-microbes. The study can provide theoretical reference for exploring the soil nitrogen mineralization process and improving soil nitrogen supply capacity.

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  Changes of Agronomic Characters, Quality and Yield of Soybean Varieties Approved in Different Years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region JIA Limin, ZHAO Xiaoyu, WANG Xuejiao, SU Erhu, LI Qiang, GUO Jiahua Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (7): 10-18.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0212 Abstract + (834)    HTML (2)    PDF (1390KB) (26)       Knowledge map    To clarify the change trend and law of main agronomic characters of soybean varieties approved in different years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and promote soybean breeding, the main agronomic characters, quality and yield of soybean varieties approved by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2002 to 2020 were comprehensively analyzed. The number of main stem nodes showed an upward trend as a whole, the number of growth days showed no significant change as a whole, and the plant height, the number of effective branches per plant and 100-kernel weight showed a downward trend as a whole. The content of crude protein increased slightly, while the content of crude fat decreased. Among the approved soybean varieties, there were 8 high protein soybean varieties, accounting for 7.08% of the total approved number, and 42 high oil soybean varieties, accounting for 37.17% of the total approved number. The yield of soybean varieties approved from 2002 to 2020 showed a gradual upward trend, and the yield of ‘Xingdou 7’ reached the highest of 3531.0 kg/hm2 in 2019. Correlation analysis showed that there were complex correlations among the characters, and the yield was positively correlated with the number of growth days; the yield had a significantly positive correlation with the plant height and crude fat content, and the correlation coefficients were 0.298 and 0.274, respectively. The yield had a very significantly positive correlation with 100-kernel weight and the number of main stem nodes, and the correlation coefficients were 0.494 and 0.414, respectively. The yield was negatively correlated with the effective branch number per plant, and significantly negatively correlated with the crude protein content, and the correlation coefficients were 0.189 and 0.414, respectively. The increase of 100-kernel weight is the key factor to increase the yield of soybean in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Therefore, in the process of soybean breeding, attention should be paid to the combination of parents with high 100-kernel weight and moderate number of main stem nodes and the selection of individual plant of future generation. At the same time, attention should also be paid to quality and resistance, so as to select new soybean varieties with high yield, high quality, multi-resistance and wide adaptability in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

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  The Forms and Classification Methods of Phosphorus in Soil: Research Progress YE Gengkang, E Shengzhe, CHEN Zhengyu, YUAN Jinhua, LU Gangbin, ZHANG Peng, LIU Yana, ZHAO Tianxin, WANG Yuxuan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (1): 96-102.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0041 Abstract + (793)    HTML (28)    PDF (1174KB) (267)       Knowledge map    Phosphorus in soil directly determines plant growth and crop yields, but phosphorus existing forms in soil are very complex, and those phosphorus forms that can be absorbed and utilized by plants account for only a small part of total phosphorus. Therefore, it is important to study the existing forms and classification methods of phosphorus in soil to improve the phosphorus use efficiency of crops, explore ways to enhance phosphorus availability, and reduce phosphorus loss. In this paper, the existing forms of phosphorus in soil, influencing factors of soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus classification methods were reviewed. The results show that the forms of phosphorus in soil consist of two major categories: inorganic phosphorus and organophosphorus, phosphorus absorbed by plants is mainly water soluble inorganic phosphorus, and other forms of phosphorus are difficult to be absorbed by plants, causing low utilization efficiency of phosphorus in soil. There are many factors that lead to low phosphorus use efficiency, mainly ions like calcium, iron and aluminum, and organic matter, pH, temperature, moisture etc. To study and improve the mechanism of the influencing factors could effectively enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of phosphorus classification methods by domestic and foreign scholars, the effective forms of phosphorus have been studied more in-depth and accurately. Bowman-Cole organophosphorus classification method and Hedley’s phosphorus classification method are the two most widely used methods at present.

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  A Conventional Rice Variety ‘Guangliangxiang 2’ with Fragrance and High Quality: Breeding and Utilization WU Zishuai, MA Dongjin, LI Hu, LUO Qunchang, CHEN Chuanhua, LIU Guanglin, LIU Jianling, LI Weixin, QIN Zhaoguan Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (36): 6-11.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0138 Abstract + (759)    HTML (5)    PDF (1067KB) (45)       Knowledge map    The aims are to breed conventional indica rice variety with fragrance and high quality and of both early and late maturing characteristics in Guangxi rice cropping area, thus improving the brand competitiveness of Guangxi fragrant rice. The fragrant rice varieties ‘Tiandongxiang’ and ‘Zaoxiang 1’ were used as female parent and male parent respectively, and the breeding was conducted by genealogy after hybridization. ‘Guangliangxiang 2’, a high-grade and high-quality conventional rice variety of fragrant type, was bred through regional trials of conventional high-quality rice in Guangxi, and by identifying agronomic characters, yield, resistance and quality. ‘Guangliangxiang 2’ was approved by Guangxi Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in 2019. It has moderate growth period and good agronomic characters. The average yield of the variety in the Rice Regional Trail is 6912.0 kg/hm2, 11.81% higher yield than that of the control. The rice quality is up to the second-class of the standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for early and late rice, with a fragrance value of 83. This variety has wide adaptability and could be grown as early and late rice in the rice cropping areas of the south, central and north of Guangxi. It has also been introduced and put on records in same ecological zones in Guangdong, Jiangxi and Hunan. The variety is the only conventional rice variety selected by the Guangxi Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs as the first batch of seven green rice varieties in 2020, and it is the main variety for the public brand construction of “Guangxi Fragrant Rice”, which is favored by growers and rice merchants. ‘Guangliangxiang 2’ has the characteristics of high yield, high quality, fragrance and wide adaptability, and is suitable for promotion in Guangxi and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

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  Suitable Planting Density of New Maize Variety ‘Yudan 132’ for Mechanical Harvesting LI Keke, DONG Yongbin, WANG Lishuang, WANG Han, LI Yayong, ZHANG Long, LI Yuling Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (23): 1-5.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1126 Abstract + (714)    HTML (3)    PDF (1245KB) (40)       Knowledge map    In order to screen suitable planting density of new maize variety ‘Yudan 132’ for mechanical harvesting, five planting densities, including 60000, 64500, 67500, 72000 and 75000 plants per hectare, were set in Changge and Yuanyang experimental bases, to study the effects of different planting densities on yield and agronomic traits. The results showed that with the increase of planting density, the plant height and ear height of ‘Yudan 132’ gradually increased, while the stalk diameter decreased. The ear tip-barrenness length increased with the increase of planting density, while ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number and kernel number per row showed a downward trend. With the increase of planting density, grain yield increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum at 67500plants/hm2, showing an approximately parabolic distribution. Therefore, the suitable planting density of new maize variety ‘Yudan 132’ is 67500plants/hm2. This study will provide reference for the promotion and application of ‘Yudan 132’.

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  Regulation Mechanism of Low Temperature Stress on Plants: Research Progress CHEN Siqi, SUN Jingshuang, MA Wenjun, WANG Junhui, ZHAO Xiyang, HU Ruiyang Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (17): 51-61.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.cabs-2021-0656 Abstract + (694)    HTML (21)    PDF (1344KB) (120)       Knowledge map    Low temperature is an abiotic stress that could affect plant growth and vegetation distribution. Once the environmental temperature is continuously lower than the optimal temperature for plant growth, the plant would suffer low temperature stress, including chilling injury and freezing injury. Chilling injury refers to the damage on plant caused by low temperature of zero degree or above. The cells do not freeze at this temperature, but the cold will have physiological obstacles for thermophilic plants, causing injury or death. Freezing damage refers to the phenomenon that plants are damaged or die because of the low temperature below the freezing point. Previous studies mainly focused on the regulation mechanism of low temperature stress on plants, including the process in plants from the perception of low temperature signal to the expression of functional genes, and to the resistance to low temperature stress. This article reviews the research on cold stress on plants in recent years, analyzes the research status from the aspects of signal perception, signal transduction, functional gene expression, cold-induced physiological and cellular regulatory mechanism, and discusses the prospect of the research on plant cold resistance. It will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating new cold-resistant plant germplasms.

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  Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Crop Quality, Soil Fertility and Environment: Research Progress CHAO Ying, FU Gangfeng, YAN Xianghui, HANG Zhongqiao, YANG Quangang, WANG Hui, PAN Hong, LOU Yanhong, ZHUGE Yuping Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (29): 103-107.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0631 Abstract + (633)    HTML (13)    PDF (1055KB) (68)       Knowledge map    The substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers is an effective strategy to reduce the amount and increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizer. It also significantly stimulates crop yield and soil fertility. However, it is worth noting that the substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers could contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution loading in soil environment. This paper reviewed the effects of organic fertilizer application on crop quality, soil amelioration, greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural non-point source pollution. Besides, we summarized current research of organic fertilizer application and put forward proposals for further studying the organic fertilizer application. Firstly, constantly optimizing the fermentation process to improve the quality of organic fertilizer is of overarching importance. Secondly, it is suggested to strengthen the quality trait evaluation in assessing the application effect of organic fertilizer, and take full advantage of long-term positioning observation and modern monitoring means to improve the soil fertility monitoring level and accomplish the comprehensive environmental effect evaluation. These suggestions aim at providing guidance for rational and efficient application of organic fertilizers, and for sustainable utilization of soil and water resources.

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  Effects of Potassium Fertilizer Types on the Growth and Yield of Pepper ZHANG Wu, HUANG Wenyan, LIU Yueyan, WANG Jianjian Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (2): 57-62.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0026 Abstract + (544)    HTML (5)    PDF (1371KB) (53)       Knowledge map    The effects of different potassium fertilizer types on the growth and yield of pepper were studied to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization and efficient planting of pepper. Under the potted soil culture condition, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate were used as the source of fertilizer. The plant height, stem diameter, biomass of root, stem and leaf, and yield of pepper were measured based on three different treatments: no potassium fertilizer (CK), potassium chloride (K1) and potassium sulfate (K2). The tested pepper varieties were ‘Zhenghong 189’ and ‘Yanjiao 425’. The results showed that: compared with CK group, the application of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate could promote the plant height, stem diameter, and biomass of root, stem and leaf of pepper, and enhance the growth and development of pepper. The total biomass of ‘Zhenghong 189’ under K1 and K2 increased by 19.26% and 25.88%, respectively, compared with that of CK, and the total biomass of ‘Yanjiao 425’ under K1 and K2 increased by 49.22% and 73.93%, respectively, compared with that of CK. The two types of potassium fertilizers increased the number of pepper seeds, the weight of single fruit and the seed setting rate of pepper, thus increasing the yield of pepper. The yield of ‘Zhenghong 189’ under K1 and K2 increased by 6.43% and 10.46%, respectively, compared with that of CK, and the yield of ‘Yanjiao 425’ under K1 and K2 increased by 20.23% and 22.49%, respectively, compared with that of CK (P<0.05). Comparing the two pepper varieties, ‘Yanjiao 425’ was more sensitive to potassium fertilizer. Under the conditions of this experiment, pepper was not sensitive to chlorine, and potassium sulfate was better than potassium chloride in promoting the growth and yield of pepper under the normal application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. In order to achieve high yield and high quality in pepper cultivation, potassium sulfate treatment is an appropriate choice.

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  Effects of On-tree Storage on the Fruit Quality of Phyllanthus emblica SHAO Xuehua, KUANG Shizi, HUANG Jianhui, OUYANG Jiamin, WAN Yan, LAI Duo Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2023, 39 (7): 140-145.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0273 Abstract + (543)    HTML (2)    PDF (1173KB) (27)       Knowledge map    This study evaluated the changes of fruit quality of Phyllanthus emblica treated by on-tree storage (OTS) technology to explore the feasibility of on-tree storage in P. emblica production. Taking ‘Shanghuxian’ seasonal fruits (picked in November) and fresh OTS fruits (picked in January and April) as test materials, a total of 24 indicators of the fruits, including the amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, lysine, proline and hydroxyproline), sugars (total sugar, reducing sugar and sucrose), nutrients (water-soluble pectin, tannins, cellulose and reduced ascorbic acid), functional components (total antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, procyanidins and total phenols) and enzymes activities (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, carboxylesterase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and acetylcholinesterase), were determined by the micromethod. The results showed that compared with seasonal fruits, the amino acid content of ‘Shanghuxian’ OTS fruits showed a significant upward trend (P<0.05), and the accumulation of amino acids was proportional to the time of the OTS. The contents of total sugar, sucrose and reducing sugar in ‘Shanghuxian’ all decreased significantly, and the longer the time of OTS, the more significant the decrease was. There was no significant difference in the content of water-soluble pectin between the OTS fruits and the seasonal fruits (P>0.05). The tannin and cellulose contents of the OTS fruits were significantly lower than those of the seasonal fruits, while the content of reduced ascorbic acid significantly increased. The total antioxidant capacity, and the content of proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and total phenolic of the OTS fruits showed a significant downward trend compared with those of the season fruits (P<0.05), among which the total phenolic content decreased by 77.75%. The determination results of the activities of eight enzymes in ‘Shanghuxian’ showed that the contents of acid phosphatase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and acetylcholinesterase were significantly decreased after OTS, while the contents of alkaline phosphate, carboxylesterase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were significantly increased. Among them, the content of peroxidase in the OTS fruits was 1.5 times higher than that of the seasonal fruits, and the acid phosphatase decreased by 75.42%. To sum up, the OTS of ‘Shanghuxian’ could slightly reduce the sugar content and antioxidant capacity of the fruits, but it could increase the content of amino acids and reduced ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and reduce the accumulation of tannins, phenols and cellulose. The OTS technology could reduce the astringency of the fruits and increase the rate of slag, thereby improving the taste and marketability of the fruits. The technology could be popularized and applied in the production of P. emblica.

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  Safety of 6 Herbicides on Setaria italica and Their Weed Control Efficacy LI Binghua, LIU Xiaomin, XU Xian, ZHAO Bochui, LI Zhuolin Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (19): 133-138.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0086 Abstract + (530)    HTML (4)    PDF (1374KB) (87)       Knowledge map    In order to screen safe herbicides for Setaria italica (foxtail millet), the efficacy of metribuzin, bixlozone, flumioxazin, flumetsulam, pyroxasulfone and terbuthylazine were studied using laboratory bioassays in two application periods of seedling pre-emergence and post-emergence, respectively. A field experiment was conducted to test the weed control efficacy and safety of terbuthylazine screened out by the indoor bioassay experiment. The indoor bioassay results showed that the pre-emergence application of the six herbicides inhibited the biomass of foxtail millet by more than 20% and caused seedling death. In foliar-applied treatments, the herbicides inhibited plant height and biomass of foxtail millet to a lesser degree than in soil treatments, but the inhibitory rate of metribuzin, flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone on foxtail millet were more than 20%. The biomass inhibition rate on foxtail millet by 1500 g/hm2 and 1800 g/hm2 of 50% terbuthylazine SC was 0.76% and 2.99% respectively, and the control efficacy on Amaranthus retroflexus was 98.42% and 100% respectively. Field experiment showed that the biomass control efficacy of 1500 g/hm2 and 1800 g/hm2 of 50% terbuthylazine SC on broad-leaved weeds were 93.46% and 95.84%, respectively, and the two treatments increased the millet yield by 41.40% and 41.82% compared with the blank control. Based on the research results, the six herbicides have low safety on foxtail millet under pre-emergence soil treatment, and terbuthylazine has the application prospect as foliar-applied herbicide in the control of broad-leaved weeds in foxtail millet field.

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  Research Progress of Plant SWEET Gene Family HUANG Cheng, LI Xunan, LI Shiyan, WANG Jinda Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin    2022, 38 (17): 17-26.   DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0669 Abstract + (529)    HTML (9)    PDF (1634KB) (90)       Knowledge map    The SWEET gene family of plant sugar transporters is a class of important sugar transporters discovered in recent years, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, and resistance to stress by regulating the transport and distribution of sugar in plants. SWEET gene has different biological functions in different species and plays an important role in plant life activities. In this study, we reported the research status of the protein structure, transport mechanism and biological function of the SWEET gene family in plants, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further study on other structures and functions of SWEET gene family.