有机肥对土壤微生物群落特征影响的研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0167

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤微生物是评价土壤健康的关键指标，农业生产中，施肥提高土壤肥力和粮食产量的同时也深刻地改变着土壤微生物的生存环境。在农业生产发展和推广有机肥的基本政策下，研究有机肥料对土壤微生物的影响有利于全面、客观评价有机肥对土壤健康的意义。中国自20世纪70、80年代，布局了一批长期定位施肥试验，基于这些研究结果，对土壤微生物研究发展变化趋势及环境影响因素进行研究，阐述了有机肥在提高土壤微生物生物量和构建群落结构方面的积极效应，探讨了有机培肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。总的来说，有机肥改变土壤微生物群落多样性和碳源利用特征，提高土壤细菌真菌比，增加古菌、固氮微生物和氨氧化微生物等功能微生物菌群丰度，抑制土壤病原菌的活性，从而起到提高土壤碳氮代谢活性和维护土壤健康的作用。有机肥构建土壤微生物群落结构的途径主要是引起土壤pH、养分含量、团聚结构、酶的活性等理化性质的改变，以及自身携带的外源微生物、抗生素、重金属等对土壤微生物群落特征的影响。施用有机肥时应综合考虑土壤条件、作物类型和肥料种类等因素。今后，可以通过新的生物技术深入挖掘微生物功能特性及作用机制，同时开发安全高效的新型微生物肥料，充分发挥微生物在农业绿色发展中的作用。此外，还要重视土壤健康微生物指标的开发和验证，深入开展土壤健康评价体系研究。

关键词: 有机肥, 土壤健康, 土壤微生物, 微生物群落结构, 功能多样性

Abstract:

Soil microorganism is the key index to evaluate soil health. In agricultural production, fertilization improves soil fertility and crop yield, and also profoundly changes the living environment of soil microorganisms. Under the fundamental national policy of agricultural production development and promotion of organic fertilizers, studying the effects of organic fertilizers on soil microorganisms is conducive to a comprehensive and objective evaluation of the significance of organic fertilizers to soil health. Since the 1970s and 1980s, China has arranged a number of long-term positioning fertilization experiments for different soil types and land use types, which provided data support for studying the influence of organic fertilizers on soil microbial community structure and diversity. Based on these research results, this paper analyzed the development trend of soil microbial research and environmental factors, expounded the positive effects of organic fertilizers on improving soil microbial biomass and constructing community structure, and discussed the impact of organic fertilizers on the functional diversity of soil microbial community. In general, organic fertilizers can change the diversity and carbon utilization characteristics of soil microbial community, and play an important role in maintaining microbial metabolic function and the stability of soil ecosystem. Organic fertilizers improve the ratio of soil bacteria to fungi, increase the abundance of functional microbial communities such as archaea, nitrogen fixing microorganisms and ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, and inhibit the activity of soil pathogens, so as to improve the activity of soil carbon and nitrogen metabolism and maintain soil health. The way of constructing soil microbial community structure by organic fertilizers is mainly to cause the changes of soil pH, nutrient content, aggregate structure, enzyme activity and other physical and chemical properties, as well as the effects of exogenous microorganisms, antibiotics and heavy metals on the characteristics of soil microbial community. Therefore, soil conditions, crop types and fertilizer types should be comprehensively considered when applying organic fertilizers. In the future, we can deeply explore the functional characteristics and action mechanism of microbial communities through new biotechnology, develop safe and efficient new microbial fertilizer products, and give full play to the role of soil microorganisms in the green development of agriculture. In addition, we should pay attention to the development and verification of soil microbial indicators, and carry out the research on evaluation system of soil health deeply.

Key words: organic fertilizer, soil health, soil microorganism, microbial community structure, functional diversity

黄颖博, 罗凡, 龚雪蛟, 王迎春, 李兰英, 刘东娜, 尧渝. 有机肥对土壤微生物群落特征影响的研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2023, 39(3): 88-96.

HUANG Yingbo, LUO Fan, GONG Xuejiao, WANG Yinchun, LI Lanying, LIU Dongna, YAO Yu. Effects of Organic Fertilizers on Soil Microbial Community Characteristics: Research Progress[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(3): 88-96.

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供试土壤		气候类型		土地利用方式		pH		处理		微生物生物量碳变化		微生物生物量氮变化	参考文献
黄壤		亚热带季风气候		水田（稻田）		6.6		不施肥		0		0	[39]
								化肥		+3.72%		+43.8%
								单施有机肥		+53.5%		+106.6%
								低量有机无机肥配施		+35.7%		+69.2%
								高量有机无机肥配施		+64.0%		+98.4%
红壤		亚热带季风气候		水田（稻田）		6.9		不施肥		0		0	[44]
红壤		亚热带季风气候		水田（稻田）		6.9		有机无机配施		+60.2%		+60.4%	[44]
红黄壤		亚热带季风气候		旱地（茶园）		5.19		不施肥		0		0	[40]
								化肥		-34.3%		-31.1%
								半量化肥+半量有机肥		-4.5%		-4.5%
								全量有机肥		+104.7%		+21.4
								全量化肥+豆科绿肥		+142.5%		+29.5%
供试土壤	气候类型		土地利用方式		pH		处理		微生物生物量碳变化		微生物生物量氮变化			参考文献
潮土	温带大陆性气候		旱地轮作（小麦—玉米）		7.58		不施肥		0		-			[43]
							化肥		-4.4%		-
							有机肥		3.7%		-
							有机无机配施（测土配方）		36.6%		-
							有机无机配施（农户习惯）		21.5%		-
黑垆土	温带季风气候		旱地（小麦连作）		8.10		不施肥		0		0			[45]
							氮磷肥		-5.6%		176%
							单施有机肥		+31.1%		662%
							氮肥+有机肥		-		442%
							磷肥+有机肥		+46.6%		326%
							氮磷肥+有机肥		+34.5%		355%
沼泽土，潮土	温带大陆性气候		旱地（棉花连作）		8.44		不施肥		0		0			[46]
沼泽土，潮土					8.44		生物有机肥用（低量-高量）		+28.7%~+92.9%		+0.7%~+1.1%
灰漠土，壤土					9.32		不施肥		0		0
灰漠土，壤土					9.32		生物有机肥用（低量-高量）		+28.6%~+127.9%		+12.3%~+83.9%
灰漠土，砂土					8.75		不施肥		0		0
灰漠土，砂土					8.75		生物有机肥用（低量-高量）		+39.2%~+146.3%		+25.2%~+148.8%

供试土壤		气候类型		土地利用方式		pH		处理		微生物生物量碳变化		微生物生物量氮变化	参考文献
黄壤		亚热带季风气候		水田（稻田）		6.6		不施肥		0		0	[39]
								化肥		+3.72%		+43.8%
								单施有机肥		+53.5%		+106.6%
								低量有机无机肥配施		+35.7%		+69.2%
								高量有机无机肥配施		+64.0%		+98.4%
红壤		亚热带季风气候		水田（稻田）		6.9		不施肥		0		0	[44]
红壤		亚热带季风气候		水田（稻田）		6.9		有机无机配施		+60.2%		+60.4%	[44]
红黄壤		亚热带季风气候		旱地（茶园）		5.19		不施肥		0		0	[40]
								化肥		-34.3%		-31.1%
								半量化肥+半量有机肥		-4.5%		-4.5%
								全量有机肥		+104.7%		+21.4
								全量化肥+豆科绿肥		+142.5%		+29.5%
供试土壤	气候类型		土地利用方式		pH		处理		微生物生物量碳变化		微生物生物量氮变化			参考文献
潮土	温带大陆性气候		旱地轮作（小麦—玉米）		7.58		不施肥		0		-			[43]
							化肥		-4.4%		-
							有机肥		3.7%		-
							有机无机配施（测土配方）		36.6%		-
							有机无机配施（农户习惯）		21.5%		-
黑垆土	温带季风气候		旱地（小麦连作）		8.10		不施肥		0		0			[45]
							氮磷肥		-5.6%		176%
							单施有机肥		+31.1%		662%
							氮肥+有机肥		-		442%
							磷肥+有机肥		+46.6%		326%
							氮磷肥+有机肥		+34.5%		355%
沼泽土，潮土	温带大陆性气候		旱地（棉花连作）		8.44		不施肥		0		0			[46]
沼泽土，潮土					8.44		生物有机肥用（低量-高量）		+28.7%~+92.9%		+0.7%~+1.1%
灰漠土，壤土					9.32		不施肥		0		0
灰漠土，壤土					9.32		生物有机肥用（低量-高量）		+28.6%~+127.9%		+12.3%~+83.9%
灰漠土，砂土					8.75		不施肥		0		0
灰漠土，砂土					8.75		生物有机肥用（低量-高量）		+39.2%~+146.3%		+25.2%~+148.8%