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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 165-173.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0992

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同播期冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及其与气象因子的关系

李轲1,2(), 陈耿1,2, 贾红1(), 孙雪2,3   

  1. 1 徐州市气象局， 江苏徐州 221000
    2 徐州市农业气象试验站， 江苏徐州 221000
    3 铜山区气象局， 江苏徐州 221000
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-14 修回日期:2026-02-02 出版日期:2026-04-25 发布日期:2026-04-23
  • 通讯作者:
    贾红，女，1981年出生，江苏赣榆人，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事气候变化对农业影响方面的研究。E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    李轲，男，1991年出生，江苏徐州人，工程师，硕士，研究方向：农业气象。通信地址：221000 江苏徐州云龙区昆仑大道美的广场南 徐州市气象服务中心，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    中国气象局创新发展专项“农业气象试验站区域联合试验”(CXFZ2024J049); 江苏省气象局指导项目“无人机飞防指数及农业服务可视化探究应用”(ZD202505); 江苏省气象局北极阁基金面上项目“大蒜气候适宜度模型及应用研究”(KM202614)

Characteristics of Grain Filling in Winter Wheat at Different Sowing Dates and Their Relationship with Meteorological Factors

LI Ke1,2(), CHEN Geng1,2, JIA Hong1(), SUN Xue2,3   

  1. 1 Xuzhou Meteorological Bureau, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000
    2 Xuzhou Agrometeorological Experimental Station, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000
    3 Tongshan District Meteorological Bureau, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000
  • Received:2025-12-14 Revised:2026-02-02 Published:2026-04-25 Online:2026-04-23

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摘要：

为探讨不同播期对冬小麦生育籽粒灌浆动态及最终产量的影响，以揭示播期、环境因子与小麦生长发育间的关系，为今后冬小麦种植应对气候变化提供科学依据。本研究采用田间试验，系统分析了不同播期（早播9月30日(E10)、10月10日(CK)、10月20日(L10)和10月30日(L20)）对小麦生育期、有效积温分配、籽粒灌浆特的影响，并利用Richards方程进行灌浆数据拟合，结合气象因子进行通径分析，评估其对小麦产量构成因素的影响。结果发现：（1）随播期推迟，小麦关键生育期也渐进推迟，冬前尤为明显，平均每推迟10 d，生育期总体缩短约7~8 d；（2）不同生育阶段积温分配有显著不同，全生育期有效积温从E10的2654.4℃降至L20的2266.2℃，但推迟至10月20日播种(L10)仍能保持适宜的冬前积温；（3）籽粒干物质积累呈现“S型”增长趋势，在10月10日和20日播种的小麦干物质累积能力整体更优。籽粒灌浆特性受播期和气象因子共同影响，晚播处理表现出较高的灌浆速率，早播处理在灌浆活跃期表现较好；（4）10月20日(L10)播种产量最高，达到719.21 g/m2。综上表明，播期对冬小麦生育期、籽粒灌浆和最终产量具有显著影响。在气候变化背景下，冬小麦播种推迟至10月20日前后，可达到提升产量的目的。

关键词: 冬小麦, 播期, 有效积温, 灌浆特性

Abstract:

The study aims to explore the effects of different sowing dates on the grain filling dynamics and final yield of winter wheat, reveal the relationship between sowing dates, environmental factors, and the growth and development of wheat, and provide a scientific basis for future winter wheat cultivation strategies to address climate change. Field experiments were conducted to systematically analyze the impacts of various sowing dates (early sowing on September 30 (E10), October 10 (CK), October 20 (L10), and October 30 (L20)) on the growth duration, effective accumulated temperature distribution, and grain filling characteristics of winter wheat. The Richards equation was employed to fit the grain filling data, followed by path analysis incorporating meteorological factors to evaluate their effects on wheat yield components. The results showed that: (1) as the sowing date was delayed, the key growth periods of wheat were also progressively delayed, particularly noticeable before winter, with the overall growth period being shortened by about 7-8 days for every 10-day delay; (2) the distribution of accumulated temperature varied significantly at different growth stages, with the effective accumulated temperature over the entire growth period decreasing from 2654.4°C for E10 to 2266.2°C for L20; however, for the October 20 (L10) sowing date, the accumulated temperature before winter remained at an adequate level; (3) the dry matter accumulation in grains exhibited an “S-shaped” growth trend, with the dry matter accumulation capacity of wheat sown on October 10 and October 20 being superior to that of the other treatments; the grain filling characteristics were influenced by both sowing dates and environmental factors, with distinct advantages in filling parameters for both early and late sowings; the late sowing treatment exhibited a higher grain filling rate, while the early sowing treatment showed better performance during the active grain filling period; (4) the highest yield of 719.21 g/m2 was achieved with the October 20 (L10) sowing date. In conclusion, sowing date is a critical factor affecting the growth of winter wheat, significantly influencing the growth periods, grain filling, and final yield. In light of current climate change, delaying sowing date to around October 20 can effectively enhance yield.

Key words: winter wheat, sowing date, effective accumulated temperature, grain filling characteristics

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