秸秆复合有机酿热物对大棚土壤环境的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190900665

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决黑龙江省早春大棚土壤温度低及设施土壤环境恶化问题,以‘千禧’番茄为材料,研究秸秆+牛粪(NGH)、秸秆+马粪(MGH)、秸秆+羊粪(YGH)、单一秸秆(JG),以未进行反应堆技术为对照(CK),对早春大棚‘千禧’番茄土壤温度、土壤理化性状、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤温度、土壤EC、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。经过秸秆生物反应堆处理的20 cm土层温度有明显的提升,其中秸秆+羊粪处理在反应启动后提升土壤温度效果最好;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理提高了土壤速效磷含量,是对照的2倍;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理土壤中4种酶活性均处于最高水平,分别比对照提高了91.9%、220%、18.5%、7.3%。各处理微生物多样性指数均显著高于对照,变化规律一致为秸秆+羊粪(YGH)>秸秆+牛粪(NGH)>秸秆+马粪(MGH)>秸秆(JG)>对照(CK);秸秆+羊粪(YGH)及秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理对糖类、氨基酸类、酯类、醇类、胺类、酸类6类碳源的利用能力最强,显著高于其他处理和对照。应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法将大棚番茄土壤分为4个等级,秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理为第一级,秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理为第二级,秸秆+马粪(MGH)及单一秸秆(JG)处理为第三级,对照(CK)为第四级。应用秸秆复合有机酿热物生物反应堆促进了土壤环境的改善,以秸秆+羊粪(YGH)作为复合有机酿热物效果最佳。

关键词: 番茄, 有机酿热物, 酶活性, 微生物, 主成分分析, 聚类分析

Abstract:

To increase the soil temperature and solve the soil environment deterioration of early spring greenhouse in Heilongjiang, straw+ cow manure, straw+ horse manure, straw+ sheep manure and straw only were applied to the early spring soil of ‘Qianxi’ tomato greenhouse, respectively. The effect of different straw compound organic ferment materials bio-reactors on soil temperature, soil physical and chemical characters, enzyme activity, microbial community structure were investigated. The results showed that, compared with the control, all treatments decreased the soil pH, and significantly increased the soil temperature, content of EC, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium, organic matter and sucrase, urease, phosphatase and catalase enzyme. Soil temperature of 20 cm deep increased significantly under straw bio-reactors treatments, especially in the straw+ sheep manure (YGH) treatment. Straw+ sheep manure (YGH) treatment improved the content of available phosphorus in soil by 2 times as compared with the control. Four soil enzymes of straw+ sheep manure (YGH) treatment were at the highest level, which was 91.9%, 220%, 18.5% and 7.3% higher than the control, respectively. The microbial diversity index of the treatments was significantly improved compared with that of the control, and followed the same rule: straw+ sheep manure (YGH)> straw+ cow manure (NGH)> straw +horse manure (MGH)> straw (JG)> control (CK). The utilization ability of the straw+ cow manure (NGH) and the straw+ sheep manure (YGH) on six carbon sources were the strongest, which were significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the effect of straw compound organic ferment materials bio-reactors on tomato greenhouse soil was divided into 4 grades, the order was: YGH, NGH, MGH and JG, and CK. The application of straw compound organic ferment materials bio-reactors could improve soil environment, and straw+ sheep manure (YGH) is the best compound organic ferment material.

Key words: tomato, organic ferment materials, enzyme activity, microorganisms, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis

中图分类号:

S154.1

王娟, 陈立新, 邹春娇, 萨日娜, 刘力勇, 杨龙, 谭巍. 秸秆复合有机酿热物对大棚土壤环境的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(25): 78-85.

Wang Juan, Chen Lixin, Zou Chunjiao, Sa Rina, Liu Liyong, Yang Long, Tan Wei. Effects of Straw Compound Organic Ferment Materials on Tomato Soil Environment in Greenhouse[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(25): 78-85.

图/表 11

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处理	全氮/%	全磷/%	全钾/%	有机质/(g/kg)
试验地土壤	0.17	0.06	2.78	20.7
玉米秸秆	0.617	0.108	0.990	—
羊粪	1.17	1.39	2.80	—
牛粪	0.60	0.65	1.01	—
马粪	0.66	0.89	1.42	—

处理	全氮/%	全磷/%	全钾/%	有机质/(g/kg)
试验地土壤	0.17	0.06	2.78	20.7
玉米秸秆	0.617	0.108	0.990	—
羊粪	1.17	1.39	2.80	—
牛粪	0.60	0.65	1.01	—
马粪	0.66	0.89	1.42	—

处理	pH	电导率/(μs/cm)	碱解氮/(mg/kg)	速效磷/(g/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)
NGH	7.56bc	206.7c	230.8a	57.3b	222.5d	33.5c
MGH	7.47cd	179.7d	196.5ab	51.2c	239.0c	36.4b
YGH	7.64ab	220.3b	268.1a	128.4a	381.8a	42.1a
JG	7.38d	242.0a	228.0a	51.3c	267.0b	43.0a
CK	7.73a	158.7e	151.4b	62.1b	197.8e	26.5d

处理	pH	电导率/(μs/cm)	碱解氮/(mg/kg)	速效磷/(g/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)
NGH	7.56bc	206.7c	230.8a	57.3b	222.5d	33.5c
MGH	7.47cd	179.7d	196.5ab	51.2c	239.0c	36.4b
YGH	7.64ab	220.3b	268.1a	128.4a	381.8a	42.1a
JG	7.38d	242.0a	228.0a	51.3c	267.0b	43.0a
CK	7.73a	158.7e	151.4b	62.1b	197.8e	26.5d

处理	蔗糖酶/[mg/(g·d)]	脲酶/[mg/(g·d)]	磷酸酶/[mg/(g·d)]	过氧化氢酶/(mL/g)
NGH	39.0b	4.1b	8.5b	8.7ab
MGH	32.4b	7.7a	9.9a	8.4bc
YGH	52.1a	7.7a	9.6a	8.8a
JG	53.5a	4.2b	9.3a	8.7ab
CK	27.2b	2.4c	8.1b	8.2c