Abstract: Wild ancient tea trees have abundant genetic diversity, and they are the primary tea tree germplasm resource with high conservation and research value. In this study, 23 accessions of wild ancient tea tree resources were selected as test materials, and summer new shoots with one bud and two leaves were picked to make steamed samples, and then, the authors analyzed the diversity of biochemical components including water extract, tea polyphenols, total free amino acid, caffeine, various catechins composition and so on. The results showed that water extract was between the range of 43.65% to 51.19%, and there were 21 accessions of resources that contained high water extract (>45.00%). The tea polyphenols content was between the range of 12.02% to 38.60%, and there were 16 accessions with high tea polyphenols (>25.00%) materials. The variation of amino acids was between the range of 1.46% to 3.41%, the caffeine was between the range of 2.17% to 4.91%, the total catechins was between the range of 15.52% to 25.89%, the non-esters catechins was between the range of 5.09% to 9.84%, the esters-catechins was between the range of 5.02% to 16.57%, and the EGCG variation was between the range of 2.87% to 10.01%, with 4 high EGCG (>8.00%) accessions of resources. Except the tea polyphenols and the amino acid, the phenol ammonia could also be used as a biochemical index of tea varieties’ processing suitability. In the primary selection, 5 accessions of resources were optimum to make green tea, 11 were optimum to make black and green tea, and 7 were optimum to make black tea. The 23 accessions of the tested wild ancient tea tree resources contained abundant biochemical components, and could be used as important resources for a further in-depth study, as well as for a targeted development of tea variety cultivation.