Abstract: The soil microbial characteristics and enzyme activities of super-high-yield demonstration fields in Fujian Youxi County were analysed, aiming to explore the high-yield mechanism of rice super-high-yield cultivating method from the perspective of soil microbiology. The results showed that the field in super-high-yield cultivating practice had higher levels of community numbers of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and azotobacteria compared to the field under conventional cultivating method. The community numbers of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and azotobacteria in the soil sampled on 11, oct (11/10, after drying period) were 5.65, 4.96, 3.13 and 15.6 times higher than those of CK. And the community numbers of ammonifying bacteria, aerobic azotobacter, aerobic cellulose degradation bacteria and anaerobic cellulose degradation bacteria were 56.7, 10.90, 4.23 and 7.02 times higher than those of CK. The overall differences of soil enzyme activities were significant, of which the proteinase and urease were the most significant. The results indicated that the super-high-yield cultivating method could improve soil aerating conditions, increase the size of soil microbial population and its activity.