Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.7 Published:05 March 2012

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  Differential Expression Analysis of 12 MicroRNAs under Cold Stress in Populus tomentosa 2012, 28 (7):  1-7.  Abstract + ( 1376 )   PDF ( 1087382KB )   ( 931 ) In order to study the differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Populus treated with cold stress for different time and identify cold stress related miRNAs, in this study, Populus tomentosa plantlets were treated for different time (0, 2, 8, 14, 20 h) under cold stress (4℃). Small-sized RNAs (<200 nt) were extracted as template, real-time PCR was used to detect the differential expression of 12 miRNAs under cold stress. The results showed that significant changes of miRNAs were found under different cold stress and the dynamic expression was detected. The expression of most 12 miRNAs was suppressed under cold stress. The expression of miR168a, miR169ac, miR394a-3p, miR530a was down-regulated significantly at all the stress time. The study showed that miRNAs played critical roles in cold stress.

  Analysis of Ggenetic Variation of Nitrogen Nutrition for Populus nigra in the Seedling Stage 2012, 28 (7):  8-12.  Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 704135KB )   ( 785 ) In order to understand the genetic variation and study the genetics background of the Populus nigra. The genetic diversity was studied by structure 2.2 software and coefficient analyzing growth of 104 Populus nigra genotype. The results showed that in genetic parameter estimation, trait heritability was higher than 0.65, and genetic gain of volume were higher than 25.49%. According to path analysis, there were positively direct path coefficients for ground diameter under nitrogen fertilization and volume under non-fertilization to response index to nitrogen, and others the opposite. The characteristics of germplasm sources of Populus nigra population were pluralism and heterogeneity, all genotype were divided into 7 groups, the group 2 and the group 3 were main group. Combined with geographic origin and nitrogen use efficiency evaluation of Populus nigra, central Europe and southern Europe were origin center of population evolution of Populus nigra. On the basis of the analysis of the genetic structure of Populus nigra, it was recommended that future the screening of nitrogen-efficient Populus nigra parent material should be established mainly in central Europe and southern Europe.

  Study on the Tissue Culture of Pinus bungeana 2012, 28 (7):  13-16.  Abstract + ( 1119 )   PDF ( 945598KB )   ( 784 ) The aim was to establish efficient regeneration system. Mature embryo and cotyledon of Pinus bungeana were used as explants, after primary culture and propagation culture, the role of different plant growth regulator type and concentration, activated carbon, GA3 in the various stages of tissue culture were studied. The results showed that the best initiated medium for cotyledon was MS+6-BA 3 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+TDZ 0.01 mg/L, the best initiated medium for mature embryo was MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L. The optimum shoot proliferation medium was MS+NAA 0.05 mg/L. Pre-embryo (removal of hypocotyl) as explants, the optimum shoots rooting medium was 1/2MS+IBA 0.3 mg/L. Activated carbon could not promote shoot proliferation, growth coefficient decreases with the increase of carbon concentration. Right amount of activated carbon and GA3 effectively promoted the growth of buds.

  Research on Cold Resistance in Three Evergreen Broadleaf Trees of Euonymus 2012, 28 (7):  17-20.  Abstract + ( 1029 )   PDF ( 562924KB )   ( 937 ) The aim was to study the cold-resistance mechanism of evergreen broadleaf trees. Taking three evergreen broadleaf trees of Euonymus as the research object, lethal temperature 50 (LT50) was calculated with logistic formula through determining electrolyte leakage rate. The influence of cold stress on POD activity, soluble sugar contents and proline contents was investigated. The resuLTs showed that electrolyte leakage rate increased, POD activity and osmotic regulation substances such as soluble sugar contents first up then down along with cold stress increased. There was obvious difference in cold resistance of congeneric and different species. The cold resistance of three evergreen broadleaf trees from strong to weak was: E. japonicus. ‘CuZhi’, E. japonicus.‘Aoxue’, E. japonicus, and its lethal temperature 50 respectively was -28.27℃, -26.42℃, -25.70℃.

  Comparison of AM Fungi on the Infection Characteristics to Amur Cork tree Seedling 2012, 28 (7):  21-26.  Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 1459342KB )   ( 864 ) In order to explore the differences of VA mycorrhiza fungi on the infection and growth to amur cork tree seedlings which among varied inoculation substrates, strains and mixed strains, the annual seedlings were inoculated with four through potted experiments. The results showed that the seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza in different strains were different obviously to the the growth and development. On the part of this experiment, the result of the combination (Peat: Vermiculite: Sand = 1: 0.5: 1) was better. The mycorrhiza could be formed between amur cork tree and four arbuscular mycorrhiza. It improved the seedlings growth greatly. In this substrate, the mycorrhiza all could be formed between annual seedlings and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Vesicle and arbuscular structures were produced in the cells. Comparing to the other mycorrhiza, inoculation with G. mosseae and G. diaphanum were best. It could promote the height, basal diameters, fresh weights and dry weights of seedlings. Most of the seedlings which were not infected couldn’t finish one growing season. Compared with the infection characteristics between the mixed and single inoculation, G. mosseae and G. diaphanum lead to higher infection rate and it improved seedlings growth. Conversely, the combination with G. versiform and G. diaphanum maintained lower infection rate, and they also reduced the infection efficiency of another.

  Common-toxicity of Mixture of Three Plant Extracts to the Larvae of Dioryctria splendidella 2012, 28 (7):  27-31.  Abstract + ( 1052 )   PDF ( 617659KB )   ( 845 ) The research aimed to determine the common-toxicity of the mixture of 3 kinds of plant extracts and provide theoretical basis for developing new botanical pesticide. With ethanol as extracting solvent, active components were extracted from 3 kinds of plant. The common-toxicity of the mixtures, which were respectively mixed with the plant extracts of Macleya cordata, Citrus maxima peels and Phytolacca americana L., to control the larvae of D. splendidella were tested in the laboratory by using impregnation method. The results showed that the effect of the mixed extracts of M. cordata and Citrus maxima peels wasn't significantly, but it had some additive function only when the mix-proportion were reached to 1:5 and 5:1. The mixed extracts of M. cordata and Phytolacca americana in mix-proportion of 1:3 had remarkable synergistic effects, and the common-toxicity coefficient (CTC) was 147.52. When Citrus maxima peels extracts mixed with P. americana extracts in mix-proportion of 1:3, the CTC reached to 170.02. The overall results indicated that the best mixture combination was C. maxima peels extracts and P. americana extracts, and the best mix-proportion was 1:3.

  Analysis of Forest Landscape Pattern in Ningyuan River Basin 2012, 28 (7):  32-37.  Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 813952KB )   ( 933 ) In order to reveal the characteristics and existing problems of Ningyuan River basin landscape, based on the data from forest resources survey in Hainan Province in 2010, under the support of ARCGIS 9.2 and FRAGSTATS 3.3, the author analyzed the forest landscape pattern of Ningyuan River basin from composition and plaque distribution, plaque feature, heterogeneity and spatial distribution. The results showed that forestry landscape was the main type in Ningyuan River basin for the reason that the area of forestry landscape accounted for 85.05% of the total area and the number of patches accounted for 83.39%. The results also showed that the scheduling of the area of each patch type was as follows: broadleaved mixed forest (42949.05 hm2)＞rubber (14678.66 hm2)＞non-forested land (14378.50 hm2)＞betel nut (4236.73 hm2)＞mango (3857.55 hm2)＞pine (1872.70 hm2)＞eucalyptus (1713.98 hm2)＞acacia (1655.16 hm2)＞other economic forest (402.63 hm2)＞broad leaved (377.95 hm2)＞bamboo forest (27.68 hm2). Broadleaved mixed forest, rubber, betel nut and mango took absolute advantage in forestry landscape and it was not distributed for each patch type. The patches of the whole landscape were adjacent to each other, spatial distribution was in equilibrium and the fragmentation degree was low. In comparison, landscape of bamboo forest was the most severely influenced by human.

  Research on the Characteristic of Change in Soil Phosphorus Pool of Lei Bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) Forest Under Intensive Management 2012, 28 (7):  38-43.  Abstract + ( 1166 )   PDF ( 663643KB )   ( 865 ) To investigate the change of soil P in the Phyllostachys praecox stands under intensive management, soils were sampled with 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years of bamboo stands. Soil pH, acid phosphatase activity, available P, and total P were analyzed. Hedley’s method was used to study the different fractions of soil P. The results showed that soil pH was decreased with the prolonging plantation time of Phyllostachys praecox stand, and soil P content was increased. Soil total P (TP) contents were 0.70, 0.89, 1.37, and 1.86 g/kg, and soil available P (Olsen P) contents were 46.6, 137.3, 225.1, and 283.1 mg/kg in 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years soil respectively. Soil resin-Pi and NaHCO3-Pi contents were significantly increased with the process of 0-15 years’ intensive management. The contents of NaHCO3-Po, NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and Residual-P were not significantly changed in the initial stage of intensive management, and significantly increased after 10 years’ intensive management. The content of HCl-Pi was significantly increased in the initial 10 years’ intensive management, and was not changed after 10 years. The acid phosphatase activity was significantly increased with the lasting of intensive management. Correlation analysis showed that the acid phsophatase acitivity was negatively correlated with soil organic P fractions, such as NaHCO3-Po and NaOH-Po. In summary, long-term intensive management would cause the excess phosphorus accumulation in the soil of Lei bamboo, which would probably induce a contamination to the water around the forests.

  Partial Least Squares Regression Application in LAI Inversion Using Hyperion Data 2012, 28 (7):  44-52.  Abstract + ( 1328 )   PDF ( 4733164KB )   ( 879 ) Leaf area index (LAI) is an important indicator of forest structural parameters. Remote sensing was considered to be an effective means of regional LAI inversion. Single variable curve estimate and linear regression was the dominant model in LAI inversion using remote sensing, but the model generality, modeling accuracy and vegetation index on the choice of the need to further discussed. In this paper, Hyperion data as a data source, through LAI-2000 instrument to obtain 130 samples (60 m x 60 m) leaf area index of ground measurements at Huangfengqiao forest farm in Youxian County. Extract NDVI, RVI and other 13 factors from Hyperion image, Variable Importance in the Projection (VIP), Proportion of Variance Explained and variable weights was used in variable selection, using partial least squares regression analysis(PLS) to establish vegetation index and measured plots of regression models, which to inversion the leaf area index and mapping in study area. The result as followed: PLS regression analysis has good prediction effect in LAI inversion, among all the fitting models, the effect of six vegetation factors atrial least-square regression was best with R2 coefficient of 0.91; LAI and vegetation index had a good linear relationship. The results showed that the sensitivity of ratio vegetation index (RVI) was highest among all the modeling factors. Residual analysis showed that it was reliable to build model using 4 to 6 independent variables, prediction accuracy of Partial least-square regression was highest.

  A Real-time Monitoring System of Forest Fire Prevention Based on Wireless Sensor Networks 2012, 28 (7):  53-58.  Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 784077KB )   ( 1246 ) In order to make a forest fire monitoring process run automatically, intellectually, a real-time monitoring system of forest fire prevention based on wireless sensor networks was proposed. The monitoring system was composed of two parts: wireless sensor monitoring networks and control center, and it could acquire detailed information of forest weather and fire environment in time, on-line and accurately, with advantages of flexible arrangement, convenient maintenance, reasonable price and nice expansibility. The introduction of mobile node further strengthened firemen’s safty and the system’s reliability. The system, used in forest fire prevention which was with features of complicated situations and demanding real-time, could improve efficiency of disaster relief and could reduce casualties as well as property losses caused by fire.

  Effect of Heavy Metal Home Position Elimination on the Mulberry in Mining Area Soil 2012, 28 (7):  59-63.  Abstract + ( 1570 )   PDF ( 610708KB )   ( 911 ) In Liuyang Qibaoshan mining area Hu’nan Province, Heavy metal pollution in soil, Mulberry variety ‘Lake MulberryⅠ’ was used as materials to determine the content of the four kind of heavy metal Cu and Pb and Cd, Zn in the soil and plant, to have a new understanding of the enrichment characteristics and the ability of four heavy metal in the mining area, and to predict the expected years of repairing to normal in mining area soil after contaminated. The results showed that each part of the mulberry trees the content of Cu in unit dry weight content of the root (33.13 mg/kg)>leaf (13.38 mg/kg)>skin (7.51 mg/kg)>bone (4.93 mg/kg), the content of Pb of the root (33.13 mg/kg)>leaf (10.32 mg/kg)>skin (3.35 mg/kg)>bone (1.73 mg/kg), the content of Cd of the root (4.53 mg/kg)>leaf (1.90 mg/kg)>skin (1.57 mg/kg)>bone (1.03 mg/kg), the content of Zn of the root (317.72 mg/kg)>leaf (186.53 mg/kg)>skin (105.07 mg/kg)>bone (89.16 mg/kg). The amount of heavy metals transferred from Tillage layer soil per square by mulberry, Cu 12116.1 mg, Pb 7409.83 mg, Cd 2056.4 mg, Zn 254532.8 mg.

  Research on the Management Model of Flora and Vegetation Recovery of Wanquan River Basin in Hainan Province 2012, 28 (7):  64-69.  Abstract + ( 918 )   PDF ( 621953KB )   ( 742 ) In order to protect, develop and utilize the plant resource of Wanquan River basin in Hainan Province better, discuss the scientific and reasonable management model of vegetation recovery, the author had conducted a preliminary study to flora of Wanquan River basin in Hainan Province based on lots of consultation of literatures and field investigations. The results showed that: (1) there were recorded vascular plants 546 families and infraspecies, contained vascular plants 138 families, 411 genera: pteridophytes 19 families, 27 genera, 38 species; gymnosperms 4 families, 6 genera, 6 species; angiosperms 115 families, 378 genera, 502 species; (2) There were 9 families of spermatophyte with more than 10 species,7 genera of spermatophyte with more than 4 species; (3) Areal-types of families and genera of spermatophyte were 11 and 14, pan-tropical elements of the two occupied 62.8% and 32.6% of the non-world distribution; (4) Chinese endemic genera was little, only 3, 0.82% of the total non-world genera; (5) Making pointed references to 6 management models of vegetation recovery: reforestation update, forest reservation, thinning, tending in sapling stage, replanting and transformation, turning economic forest to ecological forest. It was showed that there were plentiful plant resources in Wanquan River basin. Angiosperms had an absolute advantage over the others, which had a high degree of differentiation and a phenomenon of superior flora, of which dispersion patterns were varied and geographical elements were complicated, which had a significant tropical and subtropical nature.

  Study on Economic Efficiency of Forest-chicken Compound Management Patterns in the Lower Yellow River 2012, 28 (7):  70-73.  Abstract + ( 1158 )   PDF ( 603612KB )   ( 770 ) Forest-poultry compound management patterns were proposed to utilize and protect beach eco-system, keeping ecological security and the sustainable development of the economy. Chick was cultivated in poplar stands in 2006 in beach of the Lowe Yellow River, Chuang Yuan Country. Four levels was applied to raise chickens, including five, nine, thirteen and thirty chickens in the one hundred square meter, respectively. The results showed that 3 season chicken could be raised in woodland within 1 year, chicken subsystem joining the system sped up financial flows and shorten the cycle and investment recovery period. The economic efficiency of raising chicken in woodland was obtained more quickly than that of single poplar planting. Feeding chicken in woodland not only improved chicken physical and meat quality but also raised chicken price and economic returns. Therefore, secondary production in forestry ecosystem should be strengthened to gain higher economic efficiency. The ratio of outputs to inputs of four stocking level chicken subsystem was 1.69, 1.62, 1.21 and 0.15, respectively. The stocking density was negatively correlated with the ratio of outputs to inputs.

  Undergrowth Vegetation Species Diversity and Soil Fertility of Low-quality and Low-effect Secondary Forest in Tongshi of Hainan: A Case Study of Pinus caribaea Morelet 2012, 28 (7):  74-79.  Abstract + ( 1178 )   PDF ( 661020KB )   ( 782 ) In order to discuss the efficient cultivation technique of low-quality and low-effect secondary forest of Hainan Province, lay the foundation for the renovation of the low-quality and low-effect secondary forest of Hainan. The undergrowth vegetation diversity, biomass and its soil physical and chemical properties of inferiority and inefficient Pinus caribaea Morelet secondary forest in state forest Tongshi farm (109o31′E, 18o46′N) in HaiNan Province were researched, and the correlation between them was studied by the method of quadrats investigation and sampling analysis. The results showed that the plant richness and diversity indices of shrub layer were higher than the herb layer, but the evenness index was lower than the herb layer; the general result of undergrowth vegetation biomass was that shrub layer was more than grass layer. The content of soil total N was between 1.15-1.78 g/kg, where there were significant differences in the content of total N among in the 0-20 cm soil, 20-40 cm soil and 40-60 cm soil. It was showed significant differences in the content of available P between the 40-60 cm soil and the other two. It was showed significant differences in the content of quick K between the 0-20 cm soil and the other two. From the experiment results, it was concluded that the soil nutrient was poor. The diversity indices of undergrowth species had significant positive correlation relationship with the content of soil total N, P, K and quick K, but no obvious correlation relationship with the bulk density, pH value, and little correlation with soil physical and chemical properties.

  Study on Carbon Storage of Eucalyptus Plantations in Short Period in Liuzhou, Guangxi Province 2012, 28 (7):  80-84.  Abstract + ( 1039 )   PDF ( 620068KB )   ( 1012 ) By using the methods of field investigation, soil sampling and laboratory analysis, the carbon content, storage in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) plantation ecosystems near Liuzhou, Guangxi Province was studied. The results showed that the carbon content (percent of dry weight) of the understory layer in all plantations at 2a, 3a, 4a were 41.9%, 41.1%, 40.85% respectively, there was no significant difference (P<0.05). The litter content ranged, from highest to lowest as follows: 2a >4a >3a. The carbon content of soil from 0-60 cm depth ranged from 0.32%-0.65%. The total carbon storage of eucalyptus plantations at 2a, 3a, 4a were 47.2, 85.76, 101.9 t/hm2, respectively. The carbon stored in the tree layer increased with ages, there was significant difference between them. Carbon storage in tree layer at 3a, 4a accounted for 38.61% (33.12 t/hm2), 57.42% (58.51 t/hm2) of the entire stored carbon within each of the respective ecosystems, they contributed much to entire ecosystems. The carbon stored in the understory layer of eucalyptus plantations at 2a, 3a, 4a accounted for 0.86%, 2.69%, 1.49% of the total carbon stored in the ecosystem respectively，the carbon stored in the litter of eucalyptus plantations at 2a, 3a, 4a accounted for 8.55%, 3.98%, 2.62% of the total carbon stored in the ecosystem respectively. The Eucalyptus plantations soil carbon storage were 37.54, 46.92, 39.2 t/hm2 respectively, there was significant difference between them, the soil carbon with 0-20 cm depth accounted for 41.2% of total soil carbon stock, and the soil carbon with 20-40 cm depth accounted for 31.88%. The carbon stored in the tree layer and soil combined accounted for the majority of the carbon stored within these plantation systems, where as the carbon stored in the understory and litter contributed the least to the total carbon stock. The study offered the basic data for short -rotation Eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi area.

  Individual Tree Crown Structure of Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl in Shelterbelts 2012, 28 (7):  85-88.  Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 562918KB )   ( 753 ) Crown structure affects tree growth through controling leaf area and its distribution. The distribution of crown has important implications for shelterbelt’s protective function. Some shelterbelts from 1-row and 1-row 8-year-old Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl shelterbelts were selected in August 2009, aiming to understand crown characteristics of different shelterbelts. Crown shape, tree growth, accumulative biomass, leaf area and its variation in the crown were investigated. The results suggested that tree height, DBH, crown length, crown width, leaf accumulative biomass and leaf area hadn’t all significant difference at the P<0.05 level between 1-row and 2-row shelterbelt. However, stem accumulative biomass had significant difference. Crown shape was difference between a 1-row and 2-row shelterbelt, and it was asymmetry ovoid in 2-row shelterbelt. The variation tendencies of leaf area were the same for a 1-row and 2-row shelterbelt. Leaf area increased significantly with higher depth in the crown or from interior to the exterior of the crown. DBH, tree height and crown length were reliable predictors of leaf area at the tree-level. The research of the crown structure of Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl based on 1-row and tow-row shelterbelts played a critical role in the insight the change of shelterbelt and managing shelterbelt crown.

  Research Progress in Genetic Linkage Map of Horticulture Plant 2012, 28 (7):  89-94.  Abstract + ( 1031 )   PDF ( 580509KB )   ( 1294 ) Genetic linkage mapping is a key link in genomic research, which is the cornerstone of a wide spectrum of biotechnology applications, including gene localization, map-assisted cloning, and molecular marker-assisted selection in breeding. The paper briefly reviewed the procedure of genetic mapping, types of molecular markers, mapping populations, and research progress in construction of the genetic linkage maps of horticulture plants. Furthermore, the existing problems and the future direction were discussed in this field.

  Advance of Molecular Marker and Its Application in the Tobacco Genetic Breeding 2012, 28 (7):  95-99.  Abstract + ( 1107 )   PDF ( 513440KB )   ( 835 ) This paper summarized the application of DNA molecular marker in tobacco breeding from following respects: germplasm research, the construction of genetic map and marker-assisted selection (MAS) etc, and analyses the questions and application prospect of molecular markers in tobacco genetic breeding.

  Progress in Antimicrobial Mechanism of Chaetomium 2012, 28 (7):  100-103.  Abstract + ( 931 )   PDF ( 529063KB )   ( 897 ) Chaetomium, applied in biological control has many advantages, such as security, highly efficiency and low-toxicity. This paper summarized the biological control of Chaetomium, including products of antimicrobial metabolites or extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes, parasitism, microbial competition and inducing plants to produce defensive product. At last, the application of Chaetomium in biological control in future has been prospected.

  Effects of Drought Stress on Ultra Structure of Mesophyll Cells in Flue-cured Tobacco 2012, 28 (7):  104-108.  Abstract + ( 1503 )   PDF ( 2640243KB )   ( 715 ) For study the cell structure changes of flue-cured tobacco leaves during the drought stress, and analysis of alterations in the structure of each organelle, when the leaf cells responded to the stress, based on the observation of ultra structure of tobacco leaves using transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that: the organelles of tobacco leaves were morphologically integrated before stress. Under stress, the thylakoids of chloroplast became more round and even disintegrated. The plates inside arranged disorderly first, as the stress last, the lamellae began deformed, fractured and completely disorganized. Comparing to senescence, the starch became larger in shape, but not burst the membrane of chloroplast into the cytoplasm. Mitochondrial inner membrane showed to be invaginated and fractured in the end, but most of the outer membrane was intact. The phenomenon of hetero chromatinization and plasmolysis appeared in the nucleus and cells, the proportion of vacuole to cell became smaller.

  Effects of Fertilization on the Growth of Flue-cured Tobacco P and K Nutrition in the Rhizosphere 2012, 28 (7):  109-113.  Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 673576KB )   ( 881 ) Flue-cured tobacco seedlings were cultured in root boxes to investigate the effect of fertilization on phosphorus and potassium in the rhizospheric nutrition of flue-cured tobacco. The tobacco seedlings were supplied with chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer and the mixture of chemical and organic fertilizers respectively. The blank treatment was established in the same way except without fertilizer supplied. The result showed organic fertilizer and the mixture of chemical seedling biomass, smoke, phosphorus, potassium uptake were higher than the contrast, were increased 1.2 times, 1.5 times and 1.7 times. Available P and K in the soil near the roots of tobacco seedlings were much higher than those far from the roots, indicating faster absorption of P and K by the seedlings than the movement toward to soils. The reasonable application became adjust flue-cured tobacco root zone phosphorus and potassium nutrition the important means. Ca-P and O-P content were stable and the potential soil phosphorus source. Organic fertilizer and the mixture of chemical raised greatly the available P in the rhizsophere of tobacco seedlings. Al-P and Fe-P in the soil near the roots were much higher than those far from the roots. It also increased obviously the activity of acid phosphatase in the rhizospheric soil, indicating organic fertilizer and the mixture of chemical increased the ability of the Al-P, Fe-P and organ phosphorus. In the production practice, advocates of coordinated chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer to keep a steady supply of soil nutrient and improve the nutrient utilization efficiencies of P and K, promotion of the growth and development of smoke seedlings and production quality flue-cured tobacco have important significance.

  ISSR Analysis of 18 Bergenia purpurascens Resources in Yunnan 2012, 28 (7):  114-118.  Abstract + ( 1104 )   PDF ( 1030229KB )   ( 802 ) The objective of this paper is to reveal the genetic diversity of Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Engl. in Yunnan. 18 Bergenia resources collected from different locations in Yunnan were used as research materials and the ISSR molecular marker was employed to reveal their genetic diversity. The result showed that 275 ISSR bands were amplified from 18 Bergenia resources by 26 primers. Among them 232 bands were polymorphic bands and the polymorphic rate reached at 84.2%. This result revealed that there was rich genetic diversity among resources of B. purpurascens in Yunnan. The Dice similarity coefficient between every two resources of B. purpurascens varied from 0.651 to 0.841 and several resources from the same area failed to be grouped together first on the dendrogram. This result inferred that the differentiation level of B. purpurascens in Yunnan was very high.

  Molecular Identification and Sequence Analysis of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus from Hebei Province 2012, 28 (7):  119-125.  Abstract + ( 1059 )   PDF ( 870795KB )   ( 914 ) This study is designed to conduct molecular identification of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) arised in Hebei Province, and analyze their variation and phylogenetic relations. In the study, a pair of specific primers PA1-F/R was designed according to known genome sequence of TYLCV to conduct PCR detection, and then the generated specific segments were collected, cloned and sequenced. Next, a new pair of primers PA2-F/R was redesigned according to the sequence to amplify the near whole sequence of virus sample, and conducting homology comparison and molecular evolution analyzing. The result indicated that all specific segments attained from the 4 virus samples by PA1-F/R primers were approximate 645bp. Also, by sequencing and analyzing on DNA-A, it discovered that total length of the 4 virus samples were 2781-2782 nucleotides, coding 6 ORFs in all. Through comparison of genomes, it found that the 4 sample DNA-A had the highest probability in homology with TYLCV reported in Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, Japan and Australia at above 99.0%, and belonged to the same large branch with TYLCV reported in America, Afric and Europe. This study demonstrated that the 4 samples were infected with TYLCV, and it is highly probable that they were isolates of TYLCV-Israel strain.

  The Research on Plant Growth Retardants Improving Drought Resistance of Solanum integrifolium Poir. 2012, 28 (7):  126-132.  Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 908604KB )   ( 670 ) In order to increase the drought resistance capability of Solanum integrifolium Poir. the research used plant growth retardants: PP333, B9 and CCC to spray on leaves in dry conditions and took their leaves to measure their physical signs. The data showed results that plant growth retardants have raised proline content and SOD activity, reduced MDA content and soluble sugar content, including PP333 have improved chlorophyll content of Solanum integrifolium Poir. So the plant growth retardants have increased the Solanum integrifolium Poir.’s drought resistance at a certain degree except decreased the root biomass by spraying PP333 and CCC and CCC caused phytotoxicity. Within this chemicals concentrations range, the concentrations 400 mg/L of PP333, 6000 mg/L of B9 and 4000 mg/L of CCC were the best in them.

  Effect of Substrates Mixed with Residue of Various Edible Fungus on the Emergency of Tomato and Broccoli 2012, 28 (7):  133-136.  Abstract + ( 1158 )   PDF ( 588878KB )   ( 941 ) This experiment was conducted to study and explore a vegetable soilless substrate with the source which is abundant, economical and with good quality. Orthogonal design was employed. Tea mushroom residue, straw mushroom residue, clay mineral and other materials were used as raw materials to make up substrate for vegetable plug transplant production. The results showed that the substrate with different formulations made significant effects on tomato emergency rate, seedling index of both tomato and broccoli, but not broccoli emergency rate. The No.8 [made up with tea mushroom residue 0.4 (V/V), straw mushroom residue 0.35 (V/V), perlite 0.1 (V/V) and clay mineral 0.15 (V/V)], which was screened from nine formulations, was most appropriate for tomato and broccoli plug transplant production. The emergency rate of tomato and broccoli were highest and the seedling index, pH and conductivity were moderate in No.8 substrate.

  Differences in Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Different Cucumber Cultivars on High Nitrogen 2012, 28 (7):  137-140.  Abstract + ( 1058 )   PDF ( 536092KB )   ( 780 ) In order to research the characteristic of nitrogen uptake and utilization under high nitrogen in cucumber, a field experiment was conducted with five cucumber cultivars at two N fertilization levels in high N field. The result showed that there were no significant variations in fruit yield, dry matter and total nitrogen absorption among different cucumber cultivars at high N supply, but it exited significant variations on nitrogen utilization efficiency at high N supply. At low N supply there were significant variations in fruit yield, dry matter, total nitrogen absorption and nitrogen utilization efficiency. The correlation and path analysis indicated that the nitrogen utilization efficiency had a dominant effect on improving cucumber yield on high N field whether or not fertilizer.

  Identification and biology characteristic determination preliminarily on momordica charantia anthracnose 2012, 28 (7):  141-145.  Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 964104KB )   ( 888 ) The aim was to determine anthracnose in Momordica charantia. The pathogen strain from Hainan Province was identified with morphology and ITS sequence analysis, and the biology characteristics were studied preliminary. The results showed C. gloeosporioides was the pathogens of anthracnose. The alignment analysis indicated that it had the highest homology with the anthracnose pathogen from Taiwan, Shanxi Province and Mexico. The pH values for the mycelial growth was 9-12, with an optimum of pH 10; alternation of light and darkness were conducive to the growth of the mycelial; the spores germinate with pH values 5-8, with an optimum of pH 6; darkness was conducive to the germination of the spores. C. gloeosporioides was the pathogens of anthracnose; the pH values and light condition were the important factors which affected the mycelial growth and spores germination.

  Studies on the Toxicity of Six Fungicides to Pathogens of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. 2012, 28 (7):  146-150.  Abstract + ( 1237 )   PDF ( 2430381KB )   ( 849 ) To screen the effective fungicides for the control of the disease, EC50 of eight kinds of fungicides to Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. were tested by means of mycelium growth rate method under the condition of laboratory, respectively. The results showed that EC50 values of prochloraz, diniconazole and difenoconazole were 0.08526, 0.81147and 1.03912 mg/L, respectively, suggesting that the three fungicides tested all had good inhibition against the fungus. But mancozeb, triadimefon and chlorothalonil were not obviously inhibitory against the pathogen, with the EC50 value being 99.33022, 128.4983 and 112.112 mg/L, respectively.

  Study on Optimum Application of N, P and K Fertilizers in Kidney Bean of Northwest Guizhou 2012, 28 (7):  151-154.  Abstract + ( 1064 )   PDF ( 555076KB )   ( 854 ) Using the quadratic orthogonal revolving experiment of three factors and four levels, the effects of amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorous fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on yield of ‘Jingxiaohei’ variety were studied to need of the N, P, K elements of the kidney bean, in order to explore high yield and stead of the kidney best fertilizer technique, and put forward the corresponding optimization cultivation measures, excavation yield potential, improve the comprehensive production capacity of kidney bean. The results showed that: in particular ecological areas of northwest Guizhou, if the yield of ‘Jingxiaohei’ beyond 3400 kg/hm2, the cultivation measures of N 93.57-117.64 kg/hm2, P2O5 192.33-257.67 kg/hm2, K2O 101.90-148.10 kg/hm2 should be taken. Analysis showed that, the order of contributive rate of each factor was N > K2O > P2O5 on yield effect. We found the key technique was the amount of N, and the second important role was the K2O and P2O5 on yield effect of ‘Jingxiaohei’ variety.

  A Method Suited to Extract Total RNA from Various Tissues of Grapevine 2012, 28 (7):  155-159.  Abstract + ( 991 )   PDF ( 914251KB )   ( 1196 ) In order to solve the problem of extracting total RNA from grape tissues, the author took the leaf-roll associated virus 3 infected grapes varieties ‘Gernischt’ as materials, the method of CTAB combined with SDS was studied in this paper, a suitable method for total RNA extraction from leaves, petioles and phloem of grapevine was established. The results indicated that high-quality RNA could be obtained by this method, with OD260/OD280=1.8-1.9, without degradation. The results showed that the RNA obtained could be used for RT-PCR to detect grapevine viruses. The method was simple, the results were stable. It also gave better suggestions to extract total RNA of tissues which rich in polyphenol and polysaccharides.

  Analysis of Physical and Chemical Properties under Different Jujube Tree in Northern Shaanxi Province 2012, 28 (7):  160-164.  Abstract + ( 952 )   PDF ( 640647KB )   ( 1055 ) Information about balanced fertilization on jujube tree is limited. Thus, the objectives of our study were not only to quantify physical and chemical properties of different jujubes, but also to provide new theoretical evidence for high yield and high quality cultivation and the physiology of resistance of the jujube tree. Soil samples were collected from different types of jujube tree in Yanchuan County in North Shaanxi Province, China. There were three study areas in this county. In each area we sampled 3 sites belonging to different variety. The varieties of jujube trees were ‘Goutouzao’, ‘Muzao’, ‘Junzao’ and ‘Huitiaozao’. In each site, 0-100 cm soil layer was divided to 5 layers. It was 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm and 80-100 cm. For each site a composite sample was obtained by mixing 3 subsamples. The field moist soil samples were measured. The quantitative analysis was measured by commonly analysis of soil agriculture chemistry. The result showed that soil pH values variation tendency of soil types was basically identical with the increase of soil depth. The lowest pH value was found in 0-20 cm layer, and the highest pH value was found in 20-40 cm layer. Different jujube trees had prominent effects on soil pH values, the size of different jujube trees was as the following: ‘Muzao’> ‘Junzao’> ‘Huitiaozao’> ‘Goutouzao’. Compared different age of the same jujubes varieties, the older the jujubes was, the lower soil pH value in its soil was. The highest concentration of nitrate nitrogen was found in 0-20 cm soil layer, followed by 20-40 cm soil layer. The lowest content of nitrate nitrogen was found in 40-60 cm soil layer. Below 60 cm, the content of nitrate nitrogen showed an increasing tendency. The difference of nitrate nitrogen content was found among different soil. The order of extractable nitrate nitrogen was ‘Goutouzao’> ‘Junzao’> ‘Huitiaozao’> ‘Muzao’. The mean content of nitrate nitrogen of over age of 30 a was higher than age of 30 a below. The difference of TSN content was found among different soil. The highest concentration of TSN was found in 20-40 cm soil layer. The younger the jujube was, the higher the concentration of soil total soluble nitrogen in its 20-40 cm soil layer was. Below 40 cm layer, the concentration of TSN showed a declining trend. Compared different jujubes varieties, the order of extractable TSN was ‘Goutouzao’> ‘Huitiaozao’>‘Muzao’ > ‘Junzao’. The difference of pH value, nitrate nitrogen and TSN content were influenced by variety, fertilizer and age of jujube tree. It remained unclear the mechanism of assimilate nutriment in different jujube trees in this area.

  Effect of Facility Cultivation on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Myrica rubra 2012, 28 (7):  165-170.  Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 837679KB )   ( 872 ) In order to study the effect of facility cultivation on photosynthetic characteristics of Myrica rubra leaves. Experiment was carried out in May 2011 with cv. ‘Dingao’ as test materials (cultivar at development stage). The daily variation of eco-physiological factors of Myrica rubra on the internal and external greenhouse were measured using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system in May, 2011: net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), leaf temperature (Tleaf), air relative humidity (RH) and so on. Also light response, CO2 response curve of ‘Dingao’ leaves on the internal and external greenhouse was measured to study the effects of facility cultivation on photosynthetic characteristics of Myrica rubra. The results showed that: Pn curves of Myrica rubra were both double-peak, the CO2 compensatory point, CO2 saturation point and net photosynthetic rate on the internal greenhouse were higher than that on the external greenhouse; there existed a hyperbolic relationship between Pn and PAR. A conic-curve relationship was found between CO2 concentration and RH, a cubic-curve relationship between Pn and Tleaf. The photosynthetic characteristics of Myrica rubra and environmental factors had a close relationship. The results could provide theoretical support for environment control of facility Myrica rubra.

  Cloning and Induced Expression Analysis of tps1 Gene of Fusarium Oxysporum f. sp. 2012, 28 (7):  171-175.  Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 2423529KB )   ( 819 ) In order to realize the difference of tps1 gene between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. FOC race 1 and race 4 and other Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. and analyze whether the host selective difference between FOC race 1 and race 4 were related with tps1 gene. The tps1 genes of race 1 and 4 were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and sequence, the gene sequences and the encoded protein sequences were compared by DNA Star software, and also analyzed the expression quantity alteration of tps1 after induction with Musa AAA Cavendish or Musa ABB Pisangawak. The full length of tps1 from FOC race 1 and race 4 were both 1660 bp, with their open reading frames 1605 bp, encoding 535 amino acids. There were only two base differences among the sequences of the tps1 gene of FOC race 1 and race 4 and their amino acid sequences were the same. The tps1 gene sequences of these two races were different from those of other specialized forms or species of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. It was inferred from the differences of the tps1 gene sequence and protein sequences from FOC1 and FOC4 isolates that there was no obvious relation between tps1 gene and the host selective preference of FOC1 and FOC4. These results would help to know the relation of tps1 genes and FOC long-term survival without host in the future research.

  Effects of NaCl Stress on Physiological and Biochemical characteristics of Belamcanda chinensis 2012, 28 (7):  176-180.  Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 779323KB )   ( 769 ) In order to investigate the reaction and adaptation of Belamcanda chinensis and Zirs germanic. taking Belamcanda chinensis and Zirs germanic as test materia in this article, the physiological and biochemical index changes of two plants were compared under the NaCl stress and which provided a basis for the study on the function of the salt-resistance of plants. The results showed that SOD and the soluble sugar of two kinds of plants had an upward trend in 0.1% and 0.3% NaCl concentration, the concentration of 0.5% NaCl was decreased, but the decline was different; Two species of MDA content had been on an upward trend; Two kinds of plant chlorophyll content had increased in 0.1% and 0.3% NaCl concentration, with the stress time decreases, while had been on a downward trend in 0.5% NaCl concentration. This show of Belamcanda chinensis and Iris germanica resistance to salt stress, but the resistance of Belamcanda chinensis was higher than that of Iris germanica.

  Allelopathic Effects of Water Extract from Rhizosphere Soil of Parthenium Hysterophorus 2012, 28 (7):  181-184.  Abstract + ( 1102 )   PDF ( 651485KB )   ( 893 ) The aim was to study the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts from rhizosphere soil of Parthenium hysterophorus on seed and seedling of vegetables. Aqueous extracts with different concentrations of rhizosphere soil of Parthenium hysterophorus were prepared to study their allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of three plant acceptors (Brassica chinensis, Beta vulgaris and Amaranthus tricolor). The results showed that the water extracts with different concentration had inhibitory effects on the rate of germination of three plants in general, but it increased the seed germination index of Beta vulgaris. The order of restraining effect from strong to weak was Amaranthus tricolor, Brassica chinensis, Beta vulgaris. Compared with contract, the root length and the seedling height changed significantly; the free proline contents were all higher than those in control and the promotion became stronger as the concentration of aqueous extract increased; while the contents of soluble sugar changed differently. The aqueous extracts from rhizosphere soil of Parthenium hysterophorus had certain allelopathic effects with different selectivity on different plants and different growth characters.

  Study on Germination Characteristics of Trollius chinensis Seeds 2012, 28 (7):  185-189.  Abstract + ( 1073 )   PDF ( 4824325KB )   ( 817 ) To provide the theory and practical technology for introduction, domestication and cultivation of Trollius chinensis Bunge, the effects of the treatment time of different concentrations GA3, storage time in 4℃, different temperature and soil matrix on germination of T. chinensis seeds were researched. The results showed that: (1)The dormancy of T. chinensis seeds were broken at 4℃ temperature in sands or GA3 treatments. 40～50 days was the best time to relieve Trollius chinensis seeds dormancy in sands at 4℃ temperature. The treatment of 150 mg/L GA3 for 3-4 days, 250 mg/L GA3 for 2-4 days and 350 mg/L GA3 for 2 days were the better way to relieve dormancy. (2)The germinating time, gemination rate and growth of seedlings were influenced by different temperature. It was suppressed by 30℃ or higher than 30℃ and was delayed by 10℃; 15℃ and 20℃ were the most suitable temperature and which were also promoted by 25℃. (3)Different soil matrix influenced geminination of Trollius chinensis seeds. The germination rate were sands＞mixture ground mass one（mixture of sands and soil by 2:1 , leaf mold＞mixture ground mass two（mixture of sands and soil by 1:2）respectively.

  Prevent browning of axillary buds in vitro culture of Camellia sinensis 2012, 28 (7):  190-193.  Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 590404KB )   ( 909 ) The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of strengths of MS medium, different culture temperatures and time on prevent explant browning in plants of Camellia sinensis cv Fuzao 2#. Axillary buds reserved a part of stalk excised from juvenile twigs origin of current year growth tea plants is explant. Explants cultured on basal medium supplemented with BA 2.0 mg?L-1 +IBA 0.1mg?L-1+sucrose 20g?L-1+agar 7.5g?L-1 after adsorbing phenolics used 2.0g?L-1 PVP solution for 1h. Minimum rate of explant browning (5.6%) were developed on 1/4MS at 10℃ under 48h dark conditions. The results showed no differences between strengths of MS medium and culture time in the percentage of explant browning, however, culture temperature have significant effect on explant browning. the effect of the factors on explant browning was in sequence of culture temperature>strengths of MS medium>culture time, low culture temperature is an essential factor in prevent explant browning. Successful reduces axillary buds browning in vitro culture by low temperature suggested that this strategy was viable for preventing explant browning.

  The Impacts of Sand Burial on Seedling Growth of P. cornutum and P. dolabratum 2012, 28 (7):  194-198.  Abstract + ( 1109 )   PDF ( 961007KB )   ( 847 ) In order to investigate the impacts of sand burial on seedling survival and growth of the species, the author took sand from natural habitats and use of indoor artificial simulation test, studied the effects of different depth sand burial on the seedling growth of P. cornutum and P. dolabratum. Results showed when the sand burial depth was up to 1/3-1/2 of their height, all the seedlings from P. cornutum and P. dolabratum could survive, and their growth characteristics which included biomass, growth percent of leaf area, RGR and NAR were significantly higher than the unburied seedlings, had lower root-top ratio. When the burial depth increased to 2/3 of their heigh, 80% of P. cornutum seedlings and 60% of P. dolabratum seedlings could survive, their growth characteristics were significantly lower than the unburied seedlings, had higher root-top ratio. No seedlings could survive when they were wholly buried in sand. Therefore, the seedlings growth of P. cornutum and P. dolabratum had strong adaptability to sand burial. When buried by sand, the seedlings extended stem and allocated more biomass for the growth of their overground part, which might be two important adaptation strategies of P. cornutum and P. dolabratum sand burial.

  Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Schisandra chinensis Baill under Two Cultivation Mode 2012, 28 (7):  199-206.  Abstract + ( 966 )   PDF ( 846201KB )   ( 766 ) In order to provide scientific basis for cultivation of S. chinensis, diurnal changes of the net photosynthetic rate, relationship between diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate and effect of environmental factors were studied. Diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate and environmental factors in leaves of S. chinensis and effect of environmental factors on net photosynthetic rate were investigated by CI-340 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that compared with artificial cultivation, LSP, LCP, CSP, CCP and SLM of bionic cultivation were on descent tendency, while AQY and Chla/b were ascent tendency. Furthermore, the artificial cultivation mode of S. chinensis appeared “siesta of photosynthesis”, while it did not happen under bionic cultivation mode. Under bionic cultivation mode, the leaves of S. chinensis had a strong adaptation of photosynthesis. In addition, intensity of photo (PAR), environmental CO2 density (Ci), Tleaf and RHin were main environmental factors influencing diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate of two cultivation modes.

  Research on Quality Grading Standards of Bupleuri Radix Seeds 2012, 28 (7):  207-211.  Abstract + ( 1442 )   PDF ( 595270KB )   ( 1013 ) The purpose of this research was to establish quality grading standards of Bupleuri Radix seeds in order to control the quality and regulate the seeds’ market supply and demand. In the research, five quality indicators of Bupleuri Radix seeds were tested including germination percentage, 1000-grain weight, neatness, water content and viability using the testing methods identified by our research group; the data were analyzed on the basis of K-means Clustering Algorithm with the SPSS 17.0 statistical analysis software. The research had finally set up the quality grading standards of Bupleuri Radix seeds totally with four indices and three grades, which took germination percentage and the 1000-grain weight as the main criteria, and the neatness and the water content as the reference. Except the seeds with germination percentage below 50%, among 25 samples, there were 8 accessions in the first grade, 11 accessions in the second grade, 6 accessions in the third grade. The standards can provide a reference for Bupleuri Radix seeds quality inspection.

  Effect of Supplementary Nutrient Sources on the Growth of the Cultivation Seeds of Armillaria mellea 2012, 28 (7):  212-216.  Abstract + ( 1005 )   PDF ( 661399KB )   ( 950 ) Taking SNA04, a good strain of A. mellea, as objective, certain different supplementary nutrient sources were added in the course of culturing the A. mellea so as to observe the effect of the supplementary nutrient sources on the growth of the A. mellea, which would lay the foundation for the seed-producing industrialization and mass production of the A. mellea in Zhaotong Prefecture. By using SNA04 as strain of the A. mellea and oak branches as main medium, different concentration gradients of glucose, ethanol, yeast extracts, protein peptone and potato juice were used as the supplementary nutrient sources to cultivate cultivation seeds of A. mellea. The results were as follows: the growth of rhizomorphs after adding the supplementary nutrient sources, compared with the control, accelerated and the growth of strains improved, manifesting as the rhizomrphs of high-speed growth, multiple branching and white complexion as well as robustness. In particular, the growth speed of rhizomorphs was the fastest in the strain bottles with the potato juice of 250 g/L reaching an average growth speed of 1.29 cm/d, which boosted the strains of the control 0.48 cm/d faster. Among the five sorts of nutrient sources added, the fittest for the growth of the rhizomrphs was the sources added in potatoes. Potato was the main products of high-yielding crop in Zhaotong prefecture, which would be used as supplementary nutrient source to cultivate the cultivation seeds of A. mellea.

  The Effects of No Uncover Plastic Film with Different Nitrogen Application Amount on Flue-cured Tobacco Photosynthesis, Yield and Quality 2012, 28 (7):  217-222.  Abstract + ( 983 )   PDF ( 648480KB )   ( 883 ) In order to solve the problem that fertilizer loss caused by rain in flue-cured tobacco production and and to improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency on flue-cured tobacco, under the high rainfall year, (above 850 mm rainfall in May to September in 2010), no uncover plastic film method was adopted in Xinhuang tobacco growing area in northwestern Hunan Province , to study the effects of different nitrogen application amount (105 kg/hm2, 120 kg/hm2 and 135 kg/hm2) on tobacco photosynthetic physiology, yield and quality. The results showed that: with the increase of nitrogen rate, tobacco plant growth was better, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were getting higher. Nitrogen rate (135 kg/hm2) treatment was the highest and nitrogen rate (105 kg/hm2) treatment was the minimum. No uncover plastic film can reduce fertilizer loss in high rainfall, but the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can be reflected the stress caused by the method that no uncover plastic film. Nitrogen fertilizer application amount higher, PSII biggest photochemical efficiency Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo values were higher, photochemical quenching coefficient the qP relevant to leaf absorb the light energy decreased, the non-photochemical quenching coefficient increased, the actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) and the electron transport rate (ETR) decreased. With the increase of nitrogen, leaf maturity, oil and chroma increase, but tobacco leaf organization structure stiffness, identity partial thick. The sugar in all treatments upper leaf content relatively low, but the total alkali content more than the 3%, they were disadvantages of quality. In general, the quality difference between treatments was not significant. Dried leaf production and the average price are the treatment nitrogen rate 135 kg/hm2 highest, nitrogen rate 105 kg/hm2 minimum. Suggestion was to reduce nitrogen application amount under no uncover plastic film method in the future, and to increase organic fertilizer and manure with other agricultural measures to improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

  The Prediction of Tobacco Yield of Heilongjiang Province Based on Stepwise Regression 2012, 28 (7):  223-227.  Abstract + ( 1029 )   PDF ( 675959KB )   ( 823 ) Northeast quality flue-cured tobacco production and decision-making system development and application, it is to develop a system, then to product statistical data modeling embedded systems of using related factors of tobacco yield, and developed a graphical interface, as long as farmers or tobacco companies make the input and yield data related to factors, finally calculated by the model can be immediately cured tobacco production data., so this paper applied the theory of stepwise regression, and made use of the toolbox of mathematical statistics of MATLAB software, selected the related factors with tobacco yield, such as transplanting time, average temperature from May to August and fertilization, then established stepwise regression equation with tobacco yield of Heilongjiang Province and these factors. Found out the factors that have a significant effect to tobacco production. The results showed that there was a significant effect to tobacco yield that average temperature from May to August, transplanting time, the number of pure phosphorus fertilizer per acre applied, the number of pure K fertilizer per acre applied, the number of pure P cake fertilizer per acre applied. According to the conclusions, to suggest technical person to pay attention to the influence of transplanting time to tobacco yield, and further regulate the number of fertilizer usage in the production.

  Near-infrared Spectroscopy Prediction Model of Filling Power for Yunnan Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties 2012, 28 (7):  228-231.  Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 627315KB )   ( 868 ) In order to investigate the feasibility of predicting the filling power of cut tobacco by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), one hundred and forty samples were collected from twelve flue-cured tobacco varieties in Yunan Province, and the near-infrared spectra and filling power of all samples were measured, PLS models were established with 100 corresponding spectra and filling power. By outer validated with spctra and tested filling power values of forty samples and t-test, T=0.4215, t(0.05,39)=1.6849, T

  The Research of Dynamic Energy Distribution in Sunlit-Greenhouse on Northern Jiangsu 2012, 28 (7):  232-237.  Abstract + ( 1053 )   PDF ( 867446KB )   ( 777 ) In order to further enhance the thermal insulation properties and reduce the frequency of low temperature and solar radiation disaster occurred in the greenhouse, the tomato sunlit-greenhouse of Xuzhou was used as research object, using the greenhouse microclimate data collected from December 2010 to April 2011, according to the physical processes and mechanism of forming sunlit-greenhouse microclimate, different weather type about winter, spring and effect of different leaf area index on greenhouse energy distribution were studied systematically. The results showed that: with indoor total radiation changing, sensible heat and latent heat changed, sensible heat consumption was the main consumption in cloudy day, latent heat consumption was less than sensible heat consumption in the whole day; the energy used as crop evapotranspiration in fine day was significantly higher than that in cloudy day, while the consumed energy of indoor and outdoor tubular heat transfer was the opposite; with leaf area index increasing, the radiation reaching the earth surface reduced, the ground heating was slow, the exchanging quantity between indoor air and sensible heat of earth surface reduced, while the exchanging quantity between indoor air and sensible heat of wall increased. The results could provide a scientific basis for greenhouse structure optimization and sunlit-greenhouse management in winter and spring.

  Study and Application on Dwarfing and Compact Planting Technique of Toona sinensis 2012, 28 (7):  238-242.  Abstract + ( 1190 )   PDF ( 587706KB )   ( 1214 ) A pilot demonstration project has been conducted in order to improve the traditional cultivation methods of Toona sinensis. The three-year project studied on techniques of compact planting of Toona sinensis in open field, time and angle of pinching, pruning and branch shearing. The experiment result showed that Toona sinensis grew better with row spacing of 1.5 m×1 m and plant density about 6750 tree/hm2. Young and health tree should be pinching and pruning from early June to late July, small and weak tree should be pruning and shearing in early June. Stumping should be conducted on late June or in spring before stem sap flow and germinating. Limb and perennial, health branch groups should be shearing in late May, main branch should be pulling to 80o, and young tree’s annual branch should be pulling to 90o form the middle of August to early September of the third or forth year. This research took the lead to innovate the branch pulling direction and angel by combine the technique of shearing and pulling. This new dwarfing and compact planting technique increased Toona sinensis yield by 30% per hm2 in 3 years.

  Studies on Dynamic Change of Fertility and Nutrient Component of Potato Plant under Different Cultivation Soil 2012, 28 (7):  243-250.  Abstract + ( 1010 )   PDF ( 773526KB )   ( 713 ) In order to find out the soil of fertilizer and the dynamic change of nutrition variation in potato plants on different soil sort after planting potatoes, the fertilizer indexes of dissimilar sorts of soil and dynamic change content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of potato plant in different periods were studied under the same level fertilization by randomized block. The results showed that, by using compound fertilizer, it reduced the pH of soil, decreased the content of slowly available potassium and soil organic matter, and increased the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and the content slowly available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but the variety of total potassium differed depending on soil sort. The content of nitrogen in overground plant was higher than underground plant which was between 2.5% to 5% in former, and 0.5% to 2.5% in latter. The content of potassium decreased from seeding to mature periods, and it dropped among seeding stage, squaring stage, tuber middle stage and mature stage. It reduced in phosphorus content of underground plant among different growth stage, and it was higher in seeding stage than mature stage. The content of potassium in overground plant had litter change in dissimilar growth stage, and it decreased in underground plant from seeding stage to mature stage in different soil sort. The different was significant in content of between overground to underground in dissimilar cultivation soils.

  Effect of “Guiyu” Medium of Raising Seedling on Watermelon Growth 2012, 28 (7):  251-255.  Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 601795KB )   ( 756 ) In order to determine whether “Guiyu” medium of raising seedling can be used as nursery media for watermelon. A greenhouse nursery and a field experiment were conducted comparing with the other two media in terms of seedling characters, fruit yield and TSS (total soluble solids) of watermelon in 2011. The result showed that the growth and economic traits indiced of “Guiyu” treatment were obvious higher than the others, including (1)stem diameter: “Guiyu” treatment was 3.26 mm before grafting, which was by 2.11% higher than “Shandong” and significant at 0.01 level by 12.03% higher than conventional treatment(CK), and Guiyu’s was 4.97 mm during transplanting which was still by 2.26% higher than “Shandong” and significant at 0.05 level by 9.23% higher than CK; (2)number of lateral branch root: the number of individual plant of “Guiyu”, “Shandong” and CK were 9, 8 and 7 respectively; (3)taproot length: Guiyu’s was 8.6 cm and longer than “Shandong” and CK by 0.7 cm and 1.0 cm respectively; (4)weight of single melon: Guiyu’s was 5.46 kg which was significant heavier than “Shandong” and CK by 5.60%; (5)fruit yield: Guiyu’s was 32825 kg/hm2 which increased by 6.06% and 11.08% than “Shandong” and CK respectively; (6)net income: Guiyu’s was 33390 yuan/hm2 and increased than “Shandong” and CK by 2295 yuan/hm2and 3855 yuan/hm2 respectively; (7)TSS: Guiyu’s was 11.8° and was not different with the others. Thus, “Guiyu” could be popularized in production, and stem diameter, taproot length and number of lateral branch root could be considered as referential indices to estimate the fruit yield after transplanting.

  Effects of Melon Interstock on the Development of Grafted Watermelon 2012, 28 (7):  256-260.  Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 699233KB )   ( 715 ) An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of melon interstock on the growth development of greenhouse watermelon. Effects of pumpkin rootstock, interstock and melon stock on the growth development were studied, which the scions were ‘JingXin No.2’ and the interstocks were ‘Elisabeth’ as the rootstocks were ‘Degaotiezhu’. The results showed that, compared with self-root watermelon, the pumpin rootstock can obviously enhance the growth vigor and photosynthesis as well as raise disease resistance, while the impacts of melon interstock on the watermelon develop were not significant. The plant height of the grafted watermelon which used pumpin rootstock were 27.8%, 25.5%, 25.5% higher than those of self-root watermelon respectively, and the stem diameter of grafted watermelon which used pumpin rootstock were 42.2%, 33.6%, 38.5% higher than those of self-root watermelon respectively, while the incidences of Fusarium wilt of pumpin-root watermelon were 71.5%, 57.2%, 60.5% lower than those of self-root watermelon. The levels of the indicators of the watermelon which inserted the melon interstock were between those of traditional grafting and those of self-root watermelon, and were better than those of self-root watermelon significantly.

  Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth and Quality of Lotus Root and Fertilization-Benefit Analysis 2012, 28 (7):  261-264.  Abstract + ( 950 )   PDF ( 542498KB )   ( 689 ) In order to improve the production and quality of lotus root, we studied organic and inorganic on two kinds of lotus root through different methods, including growth, quality and efficiency of fertilization. The results showed that, the organic fertilizer treatment was better than the inorganic fertilizer treatment. It had the following advantages: lotus root thick stem, root hypertrophy, internode short, the single main lotus heavy, low fiber content, rich in vitamin and reducing sugars, low nitrate content. The application organic fertilizer of the lotus had good quality, high yield and good benefits. In short, the application of organic fertilizers would not only increase production of lotus root, but also to improve quality.

  Effect of Hydroabsorbent Mixed Slow Release Fertilizers on Growth and Nutrients Uptake of Edible Chrysanthemum 2012, 28 (7):  265-269.  Abstract + ( 972 )   PDF ( 625464KB )   ( 705 ) The aim was to provide the basis on the application of hydroabsorbent mixed slow-released fertilizer in chrysanthemum. A pot experiment was conducted to study and compare the effects of hydroabsorbent mixed slow-released fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer on chrysanthemum’s growth, yields and nitrogen effects. Four treatments were set up, which were control (CK), hydroabsorbent (B), slow-release fertilizer (H) and hydroabsorbent mixed slow-released fertilizer (BH). The results showed that, compared with H treatment, the hydroabsorbent mixed slow released fertilizer significantly boosted the growth of chrysanthemum, and including plant height increased about 8 cm, chlorophyll content increased by over 4%, biomass increased by more than 25%. The contents of N, P and K of chrysanthemum treated with BH were significant more than those treated with H, and nitrogen use efficiency improved more than 23%. Meanwhile, the hydroabsorbent mixed slow-released fertilizer could significantly reduce soil nitrate content, thereby reducing the risk of nitrogen leaching loss. Therefore, the hydroabsorbent mixed slow-released fertilizer had a significant effectiveness for chrysanthemum, and was better than slow-release fertilizer.

  Study on Dustfall Adsorbing Capacity of 10 Bamboos Including Phyllostachys aurea etc.in Winter and Its Laws 2012, 28 (7):  270-275.  Abstract + ( 1032 )   PDF ( 729789KB )   ( 842 ) In order to research the dustfall adsorbing capacity in winter and its laws of 10 species of ornamental bamboo in Fuzhou were chosen to systematically study the dust accumulation on the leaves of different plants in time, height and direction three aspects by direct sampling and measurement, and statistical analysis as well. The results showed that: The dustfall adsorbing capacity of Sinobambusa tootsik, Bambusa eutuldoides var. basistriata, Thyrsostachys siamensis, Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys heterocycla ‘Viridisulcata’, Phyllostachys propinqua; Bambusa tuldoides ‘Swolleninternode’ were higher than others, and Bambusa eutuldoides var. viridi-vittata showed a rising trend after the rain in the fourth day, Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys heterocycla ‘Viridisulcata’, Bambusa vulgaris ‘Vittata’, and Bambusa eutuldoides var. basistriata have declined; Phyllostachys aurea, Sinobambusa tootsik, Phyllostachys heterocycla ‘Viridisulcata’, Bambusa vulgaris ‘Vittata’, Phyllostachys propinqua, Bambusa eutuldoides var. basistriata, Bambusa tuldoides ‘Swolleninternode’, in the distance the ground 150 cm unit leaf area dustfall adsorbing capacity more than 200 cm, especially Phyllostachys heterocycla ‘Viridisulcata’, Bambusa eutuldoides var. basistriata, Bambusa tuldoides ‘Swolleninternode’ have the significant differences, other was opposite, but the difference was not significant, and in the same height, The dustfall adsorbing capacity of Sinobambusa tootsik was the strongest, Bambusa vulgaris ‘Vittata’ was the worst; The dustfall adsorbing capacity was different in different directions in ten ornamental bamboos.

  Effect of Using Different Sizes Tuber to Plant on Production and Related Properties, Quality of Pinellia ternata 2012, 28 (7):  276-280.  Abstract + ( 1034 )   PDF ( 623782KB )   ( 734 ) In order to provide basis for formulating high yield and good quality cultivation technologies of Pinellia ternata of Bijie, different sizes tuber (tuber diameter＜1.0 cm, 1.0-1.5 cm, 1.5-2.0 cm, ≥2.0 cm) was planted to study the effect on production and related properties, total alkaloid content of product. The fresh tuber production of Pinellia ternata increased with tuber-size increasing, and the production differences of different sizes tuber were highly significant. The net addition production planting with tuber diameter of 1.5-2.0 cm was the tallest, and the second was 1.0-1.5 cm. Total grain number of Pinellia ternate tuber planting with tuber of tuber diameter between 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm was the highest, followed by 1.5-2.0 cm, ≥2 cm and ＜1 cm. The ratio for input and output of planting with tuber of tuber diameter＜1.0cm was the tallest, and the second was 1.0-1.5 cm. With the increasing of tuber diameter, quantity of small tubers decreased, fresh weight reduced and the proportion of small tubers’ quantity to total grain quantity and total fresh weight declined. The proportion of big and middle tubers’ quantity and fresh weight to total grain quantity and total fresh weight rose with increasing of tuber diameter. In the middle of Pinellia ternate growth, length and width of middle leaf, plant height added with increasing of tuber diameter. The order of total alkaloid content of Pinellia ternate product was 1.0-1.5 cm, 1.5-2.0 cm, ≥2.0 cm and ＜1.0 cm. Tuber of 1.0-1.5 cm should be planted in Pinellia ternate’s production and small tuber of tuber diameter＜1.0 cm should be used to enlarge tuber’s number.

  The Discussion on Chinese Medicinal Herbs Industry Sustainable Development——Based on the 100 Pharmacists’ Questionnaire in Fujian Province 2012, 28 (7):  281-286.  Abstract + ( 925 )   PDF ( 655807KB )   ( 922 ) The aim was to accelerate Chinese medicinal herbs’ consumption and assure Chinese medicinal herbs industry sustainable development. With the help of the Food and Drug Administration in Fujian Province, the study was conducted in a random sample of 100 pharmacists’ questionnaire, during the licensed pharmacists cultivate period. These years, with the trend of health care and returned to nature, there was more and more demand for Chinese medicinal herbs. Nevertheless, there were a series of problems in the Chinese medicinal herbs’ consumption, such as declining quality, quickly rising price, and poor circulate system, and so on. It put follow measures to improve the consumption of Chinese medicinal herbs. Firstly, enhancing research on Chinese medicinal herbs storage techniques; Secondly, strengthening Chinese medicinal herbs quality control; Thirdly, guiding Chinese medicinal herbs consumption and create requirement; Fourthly, speeding up Chinese medicinal herbs circulation and control the Chinese medicinal herbs’ price not to rise too fast. The side effects of Chinese medicinal herbs was small, it was especially suit for the chronic curing. There were large potential space in the Chinese medicinal herbs’ consumption, and it must promote the consumption and push forward the sustainable development of Chinese medicinal herbs industry.

  Analysis of Meteorological Conditions on Occurring of Sunflower Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Hetao Irrigation 2012, 28 (7):  287-291.  Abstract + ( 921 )   PDF ( 639743KB )   ( 651 ) Sunflower is the major cash crops in Bayannaoer, and accounted more than 30% for the total crop sowing area of the city, while the sunflower Sclerotinia was restricting the healthy development of the industry. It could be judged early the sunflower Sclerotinia appear sooner or later and the occurrence of the degree of severity by meteorological index, therefore, it was very important to guide the production and scientific control. Correlation analysis was performed between data about appearance of central infected plants, prosperous beginning stage, occurrence degree for sunflower Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in hetao irrigation district and meteorological data in corresponding period, and corresponding predictive equations were established and established the prediction equation. The results showed that 13 index were identified, 7 were indicators before late April. Most of these indicators, directly or indirectly affected soil moisture, soil moisture changed by sunflower Sclerotinia occurred sooner or later, the occurrence of high and low degree. June was the critical period, June winds for each additional day, Sclerotinia center stage and the beginning of peak strain there were 12.1 days and 2.5 days in advance, average minimum temperature in mid-June was increased by 1℃, Sclerotinia appeared before peak 1 day in advance. The average maximum temperature was increased in mid-1℃, higher levels of 0.09 Sclerotinia occurred.

  Application of Landscape Evaluation on the Water-city Square in Liaocheng by AHP Method 2012, 28 (7):  292-296.  Abstract + ( 1176 )   PDF ( 695415KB )   ( 680 ) In order to explore the important factors influencing the quality of water square, the author fully investigated it and adopted the method of AHP, through 8 factors of rule layer and 25 evaluation factors, then carried out a comprehensive evaluation on the square. The results showed that: (1) the road landscape and ecological landscape were the two most important factors among these rule factors, making up 32.38%, 27.68% of the total weights respectively; (2) the maximum weight factor was the trenchant primary and secondary situation of road landscape among the evaluation factors, further indicating the important position of road landscape in the evaluation.

  The Discussion of Leisure Agricultural Manor Landscape Design Based on Mental-map of the Rural Landscape Wang Kun 2012, 28 (7):  297-301.  Abstract + ( 1047 )   PDF ( 919407KB )   ( 873 ) At present the direction to the orientation of the leisure agricultural manor landscape in northeast China is not clear. The planning to the Mental-map of the rural landscape just started. In this paper we summarized the theory, concepts, and the characteristics of the mental-map of the rural landscape. Based on the design of the leisure agricultural Manor of Harbin Hananxincheng in cold region, we reinterpretation the mental-map of the rural landscape and put forward the content and the characteristics to the mental-map of the rural landscape in cold region. In accordance with the basic characteristics of countryside in cold region we discussed the landscape planning and design method of the leisure agricultural manor in cold region which has Manchu ethnic customs. We hoped to provide reference to the planning and design practices to the regional characteristics of the rural tourism development and promote the exploration and development of the mental-map of the rural landscape research.

  Effects of Different Exogenous Additives in Landscaping Waste Composting 2012, 28 (7):  302-306.  Abstract + ( 1000 )   PDF ( 694236KB )   ( 663 ) Composting experiment was carried out by outdoor high-temperature aerobic compost technical, using landscaping wastes in Xiangshan Park of Beijing as composting material. The days of the high temperature period, EC value, pH value, C/N ratio and germination index (GI) were analyzed during the aerobic composting, and the different effects was analyzed when charcoal matter and wood vinegar, compared with the effective microorganisms (EM) and blank space group. The results showed that, both charcoal matter and wood vinegar would promote the process of composting of landscaping waste. Mainly as follows, the temperature rise and the days of the high temperature period were promoted by charcoal matter and wood vinegar. The pH value and EC value of the compost will be affected by charcoal matter and wood vinegar. The C/N ratio of descent can be achieved by charcoal matter and wood vinegar. It reached to 44.50% and 41.44%, which was slightly lower than the EM group (45.61%) and higher than the blank space contrast (32.51%), and the T value was all below 0.6. The degradation of the plant toxic substance in the compost was subjected to be accelerated by adding charcoal matter and wood vinegar, and the GI was up to 97.27% and 98.03% respectively.

  Effect of Microorganism Agents on Nutrient of Garden Waste Compost 2012, 28 (7):  307-311.  Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 559298KB )   ( 1333 ) The goal of this research was to select microorganism agents for compost of garden waste and improve the quality of compost, by assessing the change of nutrient content and the maturity degree among several composts disposed with five microorganism agents (the agent produced by FIVEMANS Co., zymogeneous bacteria, compost produced by fallen leaves, Enzyme bacteria SuFuJi and organic fertilizer). Different microorganism agents were added into garden waste respectively and the variation trends of nutrient content, pH and EC in the composts of different maturity degree and different treatment time were determined. The results showed that C/N of the composts was lower than 18 and germination indexes were higher than 90% in all treatments. All compost products were maturing and with composting time prolonged, the compost in the nutrient content of increase; the addition of microorganism agents significantly affected nutrient content in the composts. There was the highest nutrient content, 5.13% and 5.01%, in the composts added with zymogeneous bacteria and organic fertilizer, respectively. The lowest nutrient content in all treatments, 4.41%, was found in the compost added with microorganism agent of FIVEMANS. The pH of all composts was alkaline (pH ≥ 8.0). This research shows that zymogeneous bacteria and organic fertilizer can enhance nutrient content in maturity compost and outstanding effects are expected in actual application.

  Study on Plant Communities of Southland Tropical Garden in Zhanjiang 2012, 28 (7):  312-316.  Abstract + ( 951 )   PDF ( 588582KB )   ( 746 ) In order to construct stable and reasonable plant communities which can play better role in ecological function in city, the plant communities of southland tropical garden were surveyed in Zhanjiang by quadrat method. The results showed that the main plants were tropical plants and the types of communities were rich. The trends of the important index of different sample plots were arbor