Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.8 Published:15 March 2012

  23

  Research Advances On The Molecular Mechanisms of Lipogenic Genes In The Lactating Mammary Gland 2012, 28 (8):  1-5.  Abstract + ( 523 )   PDF ( 556892KB )   ( 926 ) The effect of nutrition on ruminant milk fat yield and composition has largely been investigated in cows and goats,but the mechanism involving was largely unknown. This article reviews the present knowledge on the main lipogenic genes (LPL,ACACA,FASN and SCD), especially those of fat supplementation, on ruminant mammary lipogenic gene expression,together with milk fat content and FA composition. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying these regulations of SRBP and PPAR was present in detail.

  A Report of Studies on Deqin Alfalfa Variety Comparative Trial 2012, 28 (8):  6-11.  Abstract + ( 589 )   PDF ( 605602KB )   ( 756 ) Deqin and Algonguin alfalfa varieties were collected and compared in this study. The results showed that the cultivated day of Deqin alfalfa ranged from 233～246 days. Planted in 3 test places, the average winter suvival rate of Deqin alfalfa was 95.3%, which was singnificantly different from that of Algonguin（77.4%）(P<0.5). The average plant height of Deqin and Algonguin alfalfa were 38.2cm and 27.1cm respectively, the difference between those was especially singnificant(P<0.1). The value of Stem wt to Leaf wt of Deqin alfalfa was lower than that of Algonguin in 2004 (P<0.5), moreover, its values in 2005 and 2006 were obviously lower than those of latter (P<0.1). The yield results indicated that the fresh yields and dry matter yields of Deqin alfalfa were singnificantly higher than those of Algonguin (P<0.1). Dry matter contents of Deqin alfalfa in early flowering stage and full flowering state were 25.73% and 28.04% respectively, crude protein contents were 24.50% and 19.41% respectively, and IVDMD were 68.03% and 66.56% respectively, which all indicated the nutrition component of Deqin alfalfa was the fist level. The analysis of stress resistance showed that Deqin alfalfa had a strong resistance to high temperature and humidity, nutrient-deficient soil. Considering form the introduction point of view, Deqin alfalfa with a stong adaptability, high yield, good nutrition and palatability, was a kind of excellent forage variety which was worth planting and popularizing in DiqingTibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

  Study of Medical Arnebiae Against Newcastle Disease Virus in SPF Chicken Embryo 2012, 28 (8):  12-14.  Abstract + ( 519 )   PDF ( 577017KB )   ( 858 ) Study of radix Arnebiae on newcastle disease virus inhibition. SPF chicken embryo culture and Hemagglutination test were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Chinese tradition medicine radix Arnebiae on Newcastle disease virus. Test a total of 4 groups, first groups inoculated virus allantoic fluid and radix Arnebiae mixture, HA was 0. The second group of inoculation of the virus allantoic fluid with amantadine hydrochloride mixture, HA was 4 log2. Article III group inoculated virus allantoic fluid and normal saline solution, HA was 8 log2. Article IV group not inoculated virus allantoic fluid, not to the drug, HA was 0. The group I and III group had extremely significant difference (P<0.01 ), the group II and III group had significant difference (P<0.05 ). The results showed that the radix Arnebiae had no side-effect on SPF chicken embryo. Synchronously inoculating SPF chicken embryo with the radix Arnebiae and virus allantoic fluid could completely inhibited the reproduction of Newcastle disease virus in SPF chicken embryo.

  Antimicrobial test to chicken E.coli on Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan 2012, 28 (8):  15-18.  Abstract + ( 564 )   PDF ( 602031KB )   ( 863 ) In order to investigate antimicrobial effect to chicken E.coli on Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan in vivo, The prevention and treatment test was carried with 15 days age chicken. In the prevention trial these chicken were attacked by the O2 type E.coli and taken orally 0.5mL,1.0mL and 2.0mL Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan respectively, at the same time. And then the incidence, mortality, and protective rate were detected when the Chinese herbal preparation were continuous used 10 d, once a day. In the treatment test these chicken were attacked by the O2 type E.coli and established the O2 type E.coli disease model, following taken orally 0.5mL,1.0mL and 2.0mL Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan respectively and injected cephalosporin latter sodium as positive control. The cure rate, effective rate and incidence were detected when the Chinese herbal preparation were continuous used 10 d, twice a day. The prevention trial results showed that the protective rate in experimental groups were higher than those in control (P<0.05),the incidence and mortality were lower than that of the control at 18th day (P<0.01),and the protective rate of middle and high dose group reached above 85%.The treatment test results showed that the incidence of the Chinese herbal preparation groups was lower than that of cephalosporin latter sodium group(P<0.05), the cure rate of middle and high dose group were higher than that of cephalosporin latter sodium group(P<0.05 or P<0.01) , and the effective rate of high dose group was higher than that of cephalosporin latter sodium group(P<0.01).So chicken E.coli disease could be effectively prevented and treated by oral the preparation of Yinqiaotiangan.

  Study and analysis on the genetic regulation of rabbit hair color 2012, 28 (8):  19-23.  Abstract + ( 676 )   PDF ( 541395KB )   ( 1950 ) Through summarized the effect of different seat color genes of domestic rabbits, analysis of gene interactions in different sites，Indicate that the rabbit hair color is the result of joint action of multiple locus gene．Think that the gene of the influence domestic rabbit hair color involves 10 units at least, the hair color genotype of field mouse color rabbit is the basic genotype of the domestic rabbit hair color, other domestic rabbits hair color comes from the field mouse color gene mutation and mutation gene reorganization. Puts forward the concept of characteristic gene and genotype, Made comparison table of rabbit hair color with " complete genotype" of 26 kinds Hair color.

  Application of Improved Genetic Algorithm in Design of Feed Formula 2012, 28 (8):  24-28.  Abstract + ( 537 )   PDF ( 620229KB )   ( 921 ) According to the malpractices of many feeding formula software, a new method of feed formula design for white cashmere goats based on improved genetic algorithm is proposed. Compared with the standard genetic algorithm, we replaced the traditional roulette wheel model with random league matches in choosing strategy policy, using different random crossover and gauss mutation, improved crossover operator and mutation operator. The test result shows that the method has high computing efficiency, broaden the search space, improved search capabilities in key areas, reduce the cost and so on. It can provide a new way for optimization of complex issues.

  Influence of Maggots Powder on Immunity and Performance of Laying Hen 2012, 28 (8):  29-33.  Abstract + ( 582 )   PDF ( 742572KB )   ( 818 ) To investigate the influence of Maggots powder on immunity and performance of Laying Hen. Experiment I：3000 Xingza 288 egg-chickens were randomly allotted to two groups，were fed with the diet with maggots powder (the maggots group) and fish meal (the control group) respectively for 6 weeks. Experiment II: 3000 Xingza 288 Laying Hen were randomly allotted to two groups, were fed with the diet with maggots powder (the maggots group) and fish meal (the control group) respectively 3 months. The results showed that in Experiment I, contrast with the control group the diet cost of the maggots group were decreased 60 yuan/t, survival rate of egg-chickens was increased by 3.2% (P<0.05), uniformity was increased by 8% (P<0.05). In Experiment II, contrast with the control group laying member and the weight of eggs was increased by 9.2% (P<0.05) and 9.616% (P<0.05) respectively. Contrast with the control group the members of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes of egg-chickens and layers were increased. Contention of IgG and IgM of layers were increased by 9.5% and 7.1% respectively. The results indicated that supplementation of maggots powder in diet of laying hens was feasible.

  Study on the Anti-oxidant Activity of the Kalgan Mushroom Polysaccharide to Olein 2012, 28 (8):  34-37.  Abstract + ( 550 )   PDF ( 597552KB )   ( 1144 ) In order to provide the basic theories for the study of natural anti-oxidants, the research study the anti-oxidant activity of Kalgan mushroom polysaccharide to soybean oil by using the SCHAAL oven. The results showed that the polysaccharide and refined polysaccharide of Kalgan mushroom had a good anti-oxidant activity to soybean oil with the dose-response relationship. And the anti-oxidant activity of refined polysaccharide of Kalgan mushroom is stronger than the polysaccharide at the same concentration. The anti-oxidant activity of Vc and BHT were stronger than the polysaccharide and refined polysaccharide at the same concentration, and anti-oxidant activity of citric acid was equaled to the same concentration of refined polysaccharide. Vc and citric acid both had the synergistic effect to the Kalgan mushroom Polysaccharide, but the synergistic effect of Vc was far stronger than the citric acid.

  The Variation of Amino Acid and Reducing Sugar during the Fermentation of CHE Feed on Line 2012, 28 (8):  38-41.  Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 549476KB )   ( 916 ) In order to detect the essential amino acid of the forage. In this study, Lys, Try, Pro and reducing sugar of the CHE feed were extracted and the assay of their variation were carried out. The results showed that the maximum of Lys was 1.82 μg/g; and the maximum of Try was 309.26 μg/g; and the maximum of Pro was 428.61 μg/g. At the same time, the content of reducing sugar was stabilized at 3.03%. Fermentation period was optimized between 108 h. At this time, the content of amino acid WAS maximum, and the content of reducing sugar was stabilized.

  Progress of research on drug metabolic enzymes in pigs 2012, 28 (8):  42-46.  Abstract + ( 485 )   PDF ( 552387KB )   ( 1001 ) metabolic enzymes have the crucial role in metabolism of the exogenous and endogenous substances in pigs, Cytochrome P450 is the most important enzyme family. The progress on metabolic enzymes classification,pig cytochromes subtype，relationship between CYP and drug was reviewed. Pig metabolic future research focus was prospected. In this article we provided the scientific basis for reasonable utilization of clinical drug.

  Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 and swine pseudorabies vaccine co-inoculation on regulatory cytokine mRNA expression in piglet peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro 2012, 28 (8):  47-50.  Abstract + ( 585 )   PDF ( 677511KB )   ( 822 ) To explore the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on the immune response of attenuated pseudorabies vaccine (PRV), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a piglet were experimentally inoculated with PCV2 and PRV alone or in combination, respectively. The mRNA level of regulatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40 and IFN-γ in piglet PBMCs at different hours post inoculation were quantitatively measured by real-time PCR method. The results showed that there was up-regulation of the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-12p40 and IFN-γ induced by PRV, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12p40 induced by PCV2, respectively. Moreover, the up-regulation of IL-4, IL-12p40 and IFN-γ mRNA expression induced by PRV was repressed in presence of PCV2, and the repression effect of IFN-γ mRNA expression was significant (P<0.05). The results revealed that PCV2 could induce the detrimental effect on the cell-mediated immune response of PRV.

  Isoalantolactone Reduces Enterotoxins Production by Staphylococcus Aureus 2012, 28 (8):  51-55.  Abstract + ( 678 )   PDF ( 883557KB )   ( 935 ) In the study, we are aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of isoalantolactone against Staphylococcus aureus, and further assess the influence of isoalantolactone on the expression of enterotoxins by S.aureus. A broth micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs); Western blot, proteolytic activity, TNF-α release and real-time RT-PCR assays were performed to assess the effects of isoalantolactone on S.aureus SEA and SEB expression. The data showed that the MICs of isoalantolactone against S.aureus strains were greater than 2048 μg/mL. However, low concentrations of isoalantolactone (1-8 μg/mL) could dose-dependently inhibit the expression of SEA and SEB by S.aureus.

  The Protection Mechanism of Licorice Flavonoids on Acute Lung Injury in Mice 2012, 28 (8):  56-62.  Abstract + ( 577 )   PDF ( 1768290KB )   ( 1059 ) To study the preventive and therapeutic effects of licorice flavonoids on nonspecific lung injury in mice, we established the mouse model of acute lung injury by nasal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice were treated with licorice flavonoids at dosages of 30 mg/kg before or after LPS nasal instillation. At 6, 12, 24 h after LPS nasal instillation, cytokine level detection, pathological examination , the lung wet/dry weight ratio and the activity changes of NF-κB were performed. The results showed that licorice flavonoids displayed significantly anti-inflammatory in the lung tissue by reduce W/D ratios, attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and suppress TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β expression levels. In addition, the treatment effect of licorice flavonoids was better than prophylaxis effect. Licorice flavonoids could also inhibited the degradation of I kappa B and the transfer of NF kappa B to nuclear. Thus licorice flavonoids could inhibited common LPS downstream channel that was NF-κB. Therefore, We suggested that licorice flavonoids effectively attenuate LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation through inhibition of NF kappa B pathway，and treatment effect of licorice flavonoids was better than prophylaxis effect.

  Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Bacillus mucilaginosus Using Response Surface Method 2012, 28 (8):  63-67.  Abstract + ( 669 )   PDF ( 1282018KB )   ( 1523 ) Response surface method was used to optimize the fermentation conditions of Bacillus mucilaginosus. Experiment factors and levels were firstly selected by one-factor tests. On the basic of the previous results and according to the Box-Behnken experimental design principles, the method of response surface method with 3 factors and 3 levels was adopted. Then the factors influencing were determined by means of regression analysis. After analysis on each significant and interaction effect, the results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions of Bacillus mucilaginosus as follows: yeast extract 0.53%, molasses 2.18%, pH 7.91. Then the largest number of bacteria predicted by the theoretical model was 1.853×108 cfu. After fermentation conditions optimization, the error of test value and predictive value was 0.7%. The experimental data and the predicted value of model fit well.

  Experimental Study of Relevant Immune Factor with Erythrocyte in the Peripheral Blood 2012, 28 (8):  68-71.  Abstract + ( 493 )   PDF ( 674936KB )   ( 882 ) In order to detect peripheral blood of BALB/c mice infected with Mycoplasma suis were affected, To investigate the changes of CD35, CD58 and CD59 in peripheral blood of BALB/c mice with the Mycoplasma suis with the method of ELISA on the 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 days. The results showed that CD35 of erythrocyte surface gradually decline and on the 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 days, CD35, CD58 and CD59 in the plasma of mice infected with Mycoplasma suis was respectively significantly higher than the control group(P＜0.01). On the third day, CD35, CD58 and CD59 concentration in the plasma of mice raised to the highest point(P＜0.01). Results demonstrated that the lever of CD35, CD58 and CD59 in peripheral blood of BALB/c mice infected with Mycoplasma suis were increased, and raised to the highest point on the third day. The CD35, CD58 and CD59 in the erythrocyte surface were damaged after mice infected Mycoplasma suis, the immunity of erythrocytes were further affected.

  Epidemiological Investigations of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Infection Bronchitis 2012, 28 (8):  72-76.  Abstract + ( 618 )   PDF ( 947753KB )   ( 828 ) In order to investigate the infection of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Infection Bronchitis in Henan Province. 309 share tissues were collected from the diseased chicken in 15 regions of Henan province. The viruses that isolated by embryonated egg-culture, meanwhile, the viruses was identificated by Hemagglutination test (HA), Hemagglutination Inhibition test (HI) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that the positive rates of these three viruses was up to 26.54％ totally and the positive rates of NDV, IBV and AIV (H9) were 11.00％, 3.88％ and 11.65％, respectively. The positive rates of NDV (30.00%) and IBV (15.00％) were both highest in October 2010, while the highest of AIV (H9) (43.24%) was in January 2011. Chickens co-infected with dual viruses accounted for 3.24％ from the detected samples. From July 2010 to April 2011, NDV, IBV and AIV (H9) were very prevalent in the regions of Henan province, offering the scientific evidence to prevent and control these diseases in Henan province.

  Advances on Viral Disease of Freshwater Fish 2012, 28 (8):  77-81.  Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 562677KB )   ( 1157 ) In this article, the advances on viral diseases of Freshwater fish, such as Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), Spring viraemia of carp (SVC), Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), were reviewed for prevention and treatment. The epidemic situation, related domestic and foreign researches, aetiology, diagnosis and prevention were introduced. we analyzed and discussed problems in the researches on virus disease of freshwater fish. The goal was to provide theoretical foundation and scientific accordance in further researches on viral diseases of Freshwater fish.

  A Preliminary Report on Exogenous Hormones Soaking Experiment of Loach 2012, 28 (8):  82-86.  Abstract + ( 890 )   PDF ( 1025496KB )   ( 1221 ) The objective of this study is to find a simple method to induce spawning. Exogenous hormones in this experiment include HCG and LHRH-A2 and DOM. Every loach is in accordance with basic amount of HCG250 IU and LHRH-A22 μg and DOM1 mg. Salt is used as aided agent for soaking and salad oil is used to eliminate foam. We studied the effect of different soaking time and different concentrations and different salinity on propagation of loach. The total amount of loach for soaking experiment is 13.987 kg and 900 loaches were injected into exogenous hormones and 802.18 thousand spawning eggs were collected. The rate of inducing spawning was from 0% to 100%. The average spawning rate was 34.66% and 714.2 thousand loach juveniles were got and the hatching rate was from 45.6% to 93.3%. The average value of hatching rate was 81.21%. The rate of induce spawning induced by exogenous hormones is 80% and there is no significant difference on hatching rate between injection hormones and hormones soaking method. This study indicates that hormones soaking method is likely a new convenient, time-saving and promising method for loach.

  Effect of Pb2+on Limnodilus claparedianu Acute Toxicity and Superoxide Dismutase Activity 2012, 28 (8):  87-89.  Abstract + ( 508 )   PDF ( 598773KB )   ( 924 ) (College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025) Abstract: This article reported on water Pb2+ pollution of heavy metals in aqueous earthworm extent of stress caused. and adopted an acute toxicity method to measure the semi-lethal concentration (LC50) of Limnodilus claparedianus that were disposed in Pb2+ with different concentrations. The variation of L. claparedianus SOD activity toxic was tested by means of enzyme activity. The results showed that the semi-lethal concentration (LC50) of 48 hours was 9.488 μL/L. Pb2+ had a significant effect on L. hoffmeisteri SOD activity (P＜0.05). The SOD activity in the animal specimen increased when they were disposed in low concentration Pb2+ (2.000-8.653 μL/L). But SOD activity in the animal specimen decreased at different levels when concentrations of Pb2+ increased to 12.481 μL/L, a conclusion was achieved that Pb2+ could cause coercion to L. claparedianus and even cause death of animal individuals, and they could also lead to direct and indirect influence on aquatic ecosystems and the subspecies which were fed by L. claparedianus.

  Study of the Procambius clarkii Prey Eggs of Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck. 2012, 28 (8):  90-93.  Abstract + ( 640 )   PDF ( 599211KB )   ( 785 ) In order to explore the using of Procambius clarkii as a way of biological control Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck), We studied Procambius clarkii prey on different height of eggs apart from water surface laid by P. canaliculata in laboratory, and we used a novel experimental design and analysis method named UD-SVR (uniform design and support vector regression) to study which factor affected the height of eggs laid by P. canaliculata. Result indicated, height of eggs apart from water surface seriously restricted Procambius clarkii to prey the snail’s eggs, and when the height apart from water surface was higher, the predation rate was lower. In the four factors, such as size of the snails, distance apart from the water surface, temperature at night, humidity at night, only the factor of distance apart from the water surface has significant effect on the spawning height of snails, this distance was proportional to the height of eggs laid by snail, as a result it made difficult for Procambius clarkii to prey eggs. Therefore, in paddy field, irrigation canals and pond, it would be best to reduce water level in peak period of spawning and raise water level after it spawning, this measures is beneficial for preying eggs by Procambius clarkii.

  The Strategy to Promote the Development of Industry of Genuine Medicinal Material of Amomum villosum 2012, 28 (8):  94-99.  Abstract + ( 1245 )   PDF ( 811066KB )   ( 1030 ) The industry of A. villosum faces a critical problem that there is no available raw material. To resolve this problem, a strategy to promote the development of the industry was suggested in this paper, which basing on the results of literature investigation and field survey. The suggestion can be referenced by government for constituting related policy, and by researchers for the direction of study on A. villosum. To promote the industry developing, it should be done from five aspects as below. First, the road of production-study-research cooperation should be followed. Within the cooperation, enterprise, government, and technology are as the mainstay, guider, and technological supporter respectively. Second, key technique should be studied to increase the yield of A. villosum in per unit area. Third, cultivating technique for A. villosum should be advanced by improving the ecological environment. Fourth, market share should be expanded by developing new products of drug, food, cosmetic, health supplement and feedstuff, which relate to A. villosum. Last, the benefits of farmer in genuine producing region and consumer should be protected by elucidating the inbeing of genuineness of A. villosum.

  Policy Suggestions to Build China's Raw Milk Pricing Mechanism 2012, 28 (8):  100-105.  Abstract + ( 620 )   PDF ( 615402KB )   ( 1083 ) Aimed at China's raw milk prices' fluctuate condition, this study will pay attention to discuss the pricing mechanism of raw milk in United States, Japan, The European Union. At same time, there will be different measures in Shanghai and Heilongjiang. According to China's raw milk of the specific conditions of the market, and there puts forward some suggestions, the government should lead raw milk pricing mechanism and make production plan; establish the pricing system for quality, do the work of cost investigation, monitoring and warning, supervision and inspection, etc.

  Financing and Supporting Policy of Leading Agricultural Enterprises in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Region 2012, 28 (8):  106-111.  Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 709223KB )   ( 791 ) In order to optimize the financial resources and support the development of leading agricultural enterprises grow. Based on data obtained from questionnaires on 105 leading agricultural enterprises of the seven counties (cities) such as Nanchang County, and on the basis of analyzing leading agricultural enterprises situations, Principal component factor analysis were applied to agricultural leading enterprises by SPSS. The results were as follows: financial subsidies, Listing and financing, tax relief and credit aid that of financing and supporting policy of leading agricultural enterprises in that region, According to the conclusions of the corresponding policy recommendations.

  The Estimates and Analysis on Shandong’s Agricultural Economy Productivity in Processing of Modernization 2012, 28 (8):  112-115.  Abstract + ( 626 )   PDF ( 564508KB )   ( 865 ) In order to evaluate of input-output efficiency of agricultural production, provide practical guidance to promote sustainable agriculture in low yield in Shandong province, this article using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method to research the agricultural economy productivity of 17 cities in Shandong province. The results showed that the mean overall agricultural production efficiency’s developing trends of Shandong province can be divided in three phases; different region’s overall efficiency, technical efficiency and scale efficiency had significant differences; western Shandong had clearly insufficient in agricultural extension and technological achievements, middle Shandong must improved the structure of agricultural production inputs. And in practice, should relied on technological progress and optimal combination of production factors to improve the efficiency of agricultural production.

  The Evaluation Research of Ecological Tourism Development Potentiality of Nature Reserve in Minority areas: Taking Leigong Nature Reserve as An Example 2012, 28 (8):  116-123.  Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 880449KB )   ( 850 ) The conflict of the environment protection and economic development exists in nature reserves of the minority areas; ecological tourism is the only way of sustainable development. Quantitative measure of ecological tourism development potentiality can promote tourism planning and development of nature reserve in minority areas, with the reasonable greatly instruction meaning and reference value. The author chose the seven aspects, resource endowment, environmental capacity, economic benefits, the tourist market and the location of the traffic, community participation and management measures, to construct evaluation index system, make evaluation standard, and evaluate ecological tourism potentiality with the method of set pair analysis. The results showed that: resources endowment of nature reserve was better, belonged to high potential type, but because of the small capacity of the ecological environment, the low driving effect of relevant industry, especially the backwardness of community participation, traffic and management measures. These had affected at present ecological tourism potential of nature reserve. The evaluation results conformed to current situation; it demonstrated that the evaluation index and standard was accurate and feasible.

  Index Building and Evaluation of Fujian Tea Brand Ecosystem 2012, 28 (8):  124-131.  Abstract + ( 604 )   PDF ( 692157KB )   ( 855 ) In order to explore the proper managing strategy of Fujian tea brand, the paper outlined the key index system of Fujian tea brand ecological system from the perspective of brand ecology, and used the AHP to determine the weight standards of each element of the system, thus pointed out the key path and emphasized elements of Fujian tea brand development. Research showed that, product aptitude and the operation of enterprise were key points of tea brand development, especially the safety index, brand management ability of enterprise and marketing capability were the most important elements to promote the competitive power of tea brand. In addition, production safety of tea planter, market supervision dimension of government and industry supervision dimension of tea associations had great influence on the growth of tea brand market. As for consumer market, it was necessary to cultivate customers’ loyalty to brand, as well as manage tea brand based on the overall economic development of target market and culture consumption custom.

  Research on Circular Economic Development Mode and Countermeasure of Agriculture of County 2012, 28 (8):  132-137.  Abstract + ( 568 )   PDF ( 606988KB )   ( 936 ) In order to change the extensive development of current agricultural economy of Chinese country, implement the goal of coordinating development of zoology and environment, it has important practical significance to seek a kind of suitable county agricultural development model. This study used the theory of circular economy and ecology as the basis, taking Dong’e County of Shandong as an example, discussed the application of agricultural circular economy theory in agriculture. From this county agricultural development faced with resource and environment condition, the author pushed forward the necessity of development of agricultural circulation economy, preliminary conception the specific mode of development of agricultural circular economy in Dong’e County, and put forward the countermeasures and suggestions to further develop the agricultural circular economy. The development of agricultural circular economy is an important component to construct the circular economy society and achieve sustainable development, is also the inevitable trend of the development of agricultural transformation; the preliminary research of the author made hopes to provide referenced basis to the development of agriculture circular economy.

  Study on Poverty Problem in the Typical Region of Agro-pastoral Interweaving Belt in Keerqin Desert Land 2012, 28 (8):  138-144.  Abstract + ( 510 )   PDF ( 1021411KB )   ( 796 ) In order to research on poverty problem of micro area was an effective supplement, with the country's poverty reduction policies and measures for environment protection. Took Aohanqi mother-child village as an example, based on farm household survey data, in-depth analysis mother-child village causes of increased poverty nearly 13 years. Selection of environment and resource, economy, population, three major influencing factors were analyzed, the results showed that the natural environment was poor, water scarcity, planting coefficient was high, low output unit area and high volume low quality population had became the key factor to poverty, based on above analysis, put forward the development potential of the village and some countermeasures to address poverty.

  Investment on Basic Conditions of Agricultural Research Institutions and Effectiveness Evaluation in China 2012, 28 (8):  145-149.  Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 615594KB )   ( 769 ) In order to provide the theoretical and practical foundation for increasing investment of agricultural scientific research and optimizing investment structure. It analyzes the scale, evolvement trend and effectiveness of investment on basic conditions by applying statistics, econometrics and expert scoring methods and finds a strong instability exists in investment scale and investment intensity of the basic conditions of China’s agricultural scientific research institutes and the current performance of investment is mainly benefiting from the extraordinary development during the 11th Five-Year and the significant improvement of output capability of scientific research institutes by increasing investment on basic conditions scientific research. Based on the above findings, it suggests to further increase investment of basic conditions and establishes a continuous and stable investment mechanism step by step.

  Research on Spatiotemporal Patterns of Rural Settlements in Jingzhou County, 2012, 28 (8):  150-155.  Abstract + ( 608 )   PDF ( 1479746KB )   ( 900 ) n order to find the trait of Jingzhou County and optimize it, the author applies the GIS technology to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of rural settlement in Jingzhou County of Hu'nan province. First, the vector data layers of rural settlements were extracted from the land use data in 1990 and 2005, respectively, These data layers were used in GIS software to calculate such landscape metrics, which quantified the spatial distributions of rural settlement plaques in 1990 and 2005, respectively, The 2 data layers were also overlaid with road networks and river systems to visually examine the impact of the linear features on the spatial patterns of the rural settlements. The findings suggest that the size and the number of the rural residential points have decreased during the 15-year period. Moreover, the spatial distribution patterns of the villages in the study area were largely affected by roads and rivers. The conclusion was that the rural settlement of Jingzhou Country should be adjusted from three aspects (overall planning, making policy and moving gradually), and its spatiotemporal patterns must be more rational.

  On the CPC Leadership Core’s Thoughts about the Inheritance and Innovation of Food Production 2012, 28 (8):  156-159.  Abstract + ( 547 )   PDF ( 494584KB )   ( 761 ) Bread is the staff of life, and food is the source of grain. Manufacture and supply of grain is a fundamental and strategic task to China with such a huge population. Through a brief review of CPC core leaders’ awareness of grain problems, we induce their inheritance of the idea systems of the relationship between grain and industry, that’s to say, their adherence to the guiding principle of taking agriculture as the foundation in developing the national economy. Through analyzing CPC core leaders’ methods to release the peasants' initiative and increase grain output on the basis of their understandings of China’s reality; we induced their innovative ideas on grain policy. With comparing and evaluating their ideas of grain problems, this thesis put forward that, on the basis of continuity and stability of grain policy, we should innovate grain theory with the variations of domestic and international situations.

  Study on Demarcating of Prime Farmland Based on Accounting Productivity of Cultivated Land-A Case Study on Anxian County 2012, 28 (8):  160-165.  Abstract + ( 556 )   PDF ( 1375763KB )   ( 936 ) In order to achieve the destination that both quality and quantity of the prime farmland are important in the demarcation of prime farmland. Taking accounting productivity of cultivated land, the prime farmland demarcating was researched, in case of Anxian County with the spatial analysis function of ARCGIS10.0 taken, this paper selected the theoretical productivity, the realistic productivity, the practical productivity, the potentiality realistic productivity, landscape indices, the possibility of occupying the farming for construction to establish a demarcation method for prime farmland with the principle of grading according to quality based on accounting productivity of cultivated land. The consolidation potential of Rural Residential Land was obtained, which was the most foundation of schedule partitioning. The results showed that: the first demarcated area which evaluation scores above 90 points were located in Xiushui, Tashui, Huagai and Lexing with the area about 9644.19 hm2, the second demarcated area which evaluation scores above 60 points and below 90 points were located in Lexing, Qingquan, Xingren, Yonghe, Xiushui, Huangtu and Huagai with the area about 19926.98 hm2, the last demarcated area which evaluation scores below 60 points were located in Feishui, Jiepai, Jushui, Sangzao and Xiaoba with the area about 6508.83 hm2. The farmlands with evaluation scores above 62.35 points were the ideal prime farmland protection areas which was 28864.00 hm2, which could make protection ratio of prime farmland meet the national requirement indicators. The empirical research shows that the method can reduce disturbances of human factors in the demarcation of prime farmland and make the demarcation of prime farmland more scientific and reasonable.

  Game Analysis on Collective Construction Land Transfer: Based on Survey of Stakeholder 2012, 28 (8):  166-172.  Abstract + ( 640 )   PDF ( 900411KB )   ( 886 ) The purpose of the paper is to search for the key of the income distribution of the circulation of right to use collective land, providing innovation for the land use right transfer system and reference. Methods of questionnaire and game theory were employed, study of the Game Analysis on Collective Construction Land Transfer. The results indicated that, there was a series of contradiction among the process of the current land use right transfer by survey. Transfer all aspects of information disclosure was the impact of income equalization point, and the same information under conditions of interest subject their income and other pressure proportional to its pressure, and inversely proportional to the owners, and when the pressure was greater than or equal to a certain value, farmer income in the information under the same conditions than information not under the same condition of income, and land owners income was just the opposite of. Therefore, the government and other departments could be from the policy or system level increased price and other aspects of information publicity and openness, formulate corresponding policies or rules from the macro level to hold, guidance and management, to protect the interests of the main party of benefit balance.

  A Study on the Innovation of Farmer Professional Cooperatives Based on the Default Risk 2012, 28 (8):  173-178.  Abstract + ( 526 )   PDF ( 660605KB )   ( 900 ) In order to improve the performance rate of order-based agriculture and promote the management of agriculture industrialization. The condition and causes are analyzed by the use of game theory, it is pointed that the default risk of order-based agriculture can be solved with the pattern of “company+ farmer professional cooperatives + peasant household” and financial derivatives trade. Based this, the functions of farmer professional cooperatives is analyzed, which include changing the weak position of peasant household, achieving the standardization of agricultural products, advancing the credibility and integrity level of peasant household, and representing peasant household to trade in future market. Taking the present situation of farmer professional cooperatives into account, farmer professional cooperatives should enlarge service, innovate function, cultivate or import talents people of finance professional ability, formulate relative provision of future operation and format speculation. The government should perfect further the function of service and supervision to improve the performance rate of order-based agriculture.

  The Analysis of Consumption Characters of Chongqing Rural Residents in Different Income Level 2012, 28 (8):  179-183.  Abstract + ( 695 )   PDF ( 677310KB )   ( 996 ) In order to improve the composition of consumption, to make the life of farmers better, and to provide scientific evidence for making policies by government, we analyzed the data of “The expenditure per capita of rural residents in different income levels in 2009”. We revealed the relationship among the incomes and the composition of consumptions by employing the process of “Correspondence Analysis” in SPSS. The results showed that the first 2 of the elements took up to 86.9% of the contribution. The first element, including the expenditures of food, communication, wearing, education, recreation and medical treatment, occupied no less than 51.7%. Meanwhile we drew pictures to show clearly the differences of the consumption inhabits of rural residents with different income level.

  Baoding city rural married women labor force employment influencing factor analysis 2012, 28 (8):  184-187.  Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 540813KB )   ( 854 ) Abstract: compared with the male rural labor, rural married women labor force transfer rate is low and the non-agricultural employment form poor. This article take the Baoding rural married women as the research object, the scientific selection of research samples, using the probit model analysis of rural married women labor force employment influencing factor, and the factors that influence the direction and degree of influence, for the promotion of rural married women labor force transfer policy recommendations.

  Study on the Application of Virtual Logistics in International Distribution 2012, 28 (8):  188-192.  Abstract + ( 529 )   PDF ( 618549KB )   ( 1023 ) virtual logistics can integrate social idle logistics resources effectively and improve the international competitiveness of enterprises to achieve a high-speed and security virtual international distribution in low cost. The article discussed the feasibility of applying virtual logistics to international distribution by SWOT method, systematically described the operation mode, the business process, the organization structure and the operation process of the virtual international distribution center. Finally, supporting measures had been given from views of the enterprise and government to ensure its applications in international distribution.

  Study on Model of Water and Ethanol Sorption Isotherm for Potato Powder 2012, 28 (8):  193-198.  Abstract + ( 598 )   PDF ( 805345KB )   ( 765 ) In order to be better guide potato powder used for ethanol dehydration, water adsorption isotherms on potato powder should be determined, and a sorption isotherm model should be developed. Adsorption equilibrium models have been used to fit the experimental data for water adsorption isotherms on potato powder. Results from the adsorption equilibrium experiments indicated that, isotherm of potato powder exhibited Type Ⅱ (according to the Brunauer’s classification). The sorption capacity decreased with increasing temperature. GAB model was found to be the best represent experimental data.

  Studies of Soil CO2 Flux and Influencing Factors in Oasis Cotton Field of the Arid Area 2012, 28 (8):  199-207.  Abstract + ( 531 )   PDF ( 1233983KB )   ( 862 ) Study on soil CO2 flux of oasis cropland in arid area under different management mode and relationship with soil temperature and humidity. This study provided reference for CO2 contribution of oasis cropland ecosystem to atmospheric. Using LI-8100 Automated Soil CO2 Flux System, we determined the rate of soil carbon dioxide emission in oasis cotton field in the north of Tianshan Mountain, we also evaluated the influence of temperature and soil moisture on soil CO2 flux. The results indicated that: the diurnal fluctuation and monthly variation of soil CO2 flux was characterized by single-peaked curve for the farmland. The average rate of soil CO2 flux per month: drip irrigation field was 3.45 μmol/(m2?s), flooding field was 3.37 μmol/(m2?s), abandoned farmland was 1.63 μmol/(m2?s). In addition, the peak of rate of soil CO2 flux appeared at about 15:00 to 20:00 (Beijing time), and the valley value occurred at about 4:00 to 6:00. And soil CO2 flux was higher in June and July than other months. Correlation analysis showed that: exponential relationship between the rate of soil CO2 flux and temperature in different field, 5 cm ground temperature and air temperature showed positive correlation. But the soil CO2 flux represents different correlation with soil moisture from 0 cm to 20 cm and the correlation with soil moisture weaken with soil depth at 10 cm, 20 cm. Furthermore, the rate of soil CO2 flux sites tended to increase rapidly after typical wetting events (rainfall and irrigation). Soil temperature and moisture together controlled the soil CO2 flux, and explained 67.4% of the variance in cotton field and 79.6% in abandoned farmland.

  Extension Matter-element Evaluation of Regional Soil Environment Quality 2012, 28 (8):  208-212.  Abstract + ( 633 )   PDF ( 612451KB )   ( 829 ) In order to evaluate regional soil quality objectively, and land resources were planed and used rationally, matter-element model was introduced into the soil environment quality comprehensive evaluation, and the matter element model of the soil evaluation quality Evaluation was built. Through soil sampling and measuring, the effects of various factors on soil quality were analyzed within a certain area with the matter-element method. The results indicated that Cu content was class II, other heavy metals was Class I in the evaluation area, the result of integrated soil environmental quality was Class I, the specific level was 1.342. In other words, the exact level was between Class I and Class II, more emphasis on I level. The assessment method was feasible, and could also detect the soil environmental grades scientifically. The effects of different pollution factors on soil environmental quality could be estimated, and the pollution grades could be divided and evaluated.

  Study on the Effects of Returning Wheat Straws to Fields Directly on Raising the Yield of Crops and Fertilizing Soil 2012, 28 (8):  213-216.  Abstract + ( 538 )   PDF ( 521626KB )   ( 713 ) To further study the effects of returning wheat straws to fields directly on raising the yield of crops and fertilizing soil, and to find out farming methods which are suitable to this area and that can raise the yield of crops and improve soil fertility, a comparative test was conducted by fertilizing only, returning wheat straws to fields without fertilizing, and returning wheat straws to fields plus applying a certain quantity of fertilizer. The results showed that returning wheat straws to fields directly could raise the yields of succession crops significantly; returning wheat straws to fields directly plus fertilizing could raise the yields of succession crops more significantly than just returning wheat straws to fields and than just fertilizing; moreover, returning wheat straws to fields directly could increase organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soil nitrogen, and rapidly available phosphorus and potassium of soil in various degrees; meanwhile, it could help reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity and permeability rates, and improve soil microbial and soil enzyme activity. Returning wheat straw to crop fields directly plus fertilizing should be popularized and it has far-reaching effects.

  Study on Composting Course of Municipal Sludge and Heavy Metal Forms Analysis 2012, 28 (8):  217-222.  Abstract + ( 537 )   PDF ( 763054KB )   ( 827 ) In order to study the basic physical and chemical properties, available nutrients, change of heavy metal forms of the compost before and after composting and the influence of zymophyte on composting effects during aerobic composting systematically, the experiment of thermophilic composting for excess sluge from No.3 WWTP was carried out by turning the pile manually. The results showed that throughout the 35 days of composting, organic matter degradation rate of two composts adding zymophyte or not (compost A and B) were 30.38% and 30.32%, respectively, nitrogen loss rate were 24.58% and 23.69%, respectively, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased to some extent. Germination index reached 59.3% and 55.6%, respectively, the effect of whether adding zymophyte or not was not significant on composting. The heavy metal forms analysis by sequential extraction method indicated that Cu largely existed in the form of X-NaOH and X-HNO3, and Zn, Pb X-EDTA, while X-(KNO3+H2O) fraction of Ni was relatively high. Bioavailability of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni tended to decrease to some extent after composting, with Ni exceeding 50% which decreased greatest. It was expected that the test results derived from this study might be valuable to utilization of sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants in Xi’an City.

  The Study of Distribution Characteristics of Phosphorus of Typical Soils in Hunan and Its Loss Risk 2012, 28 (8):  223-227.  Abstract + ( 645 )   PDF ( 689531KB )   ( 828 ) In order to clarify the distribution characteristics of phosphorus in different types and use patterns of soil and assess the risk of phosphorus’s loss, the content and profile distribution of phosphorus in three typical soils (red soil, alluvial soil, purple soil) was studied. Sample of dry land and paddy soil profile, coming from three parent materials, collected in the field were analyzed in laboratory to classify the inorganic phosphorus according to the fractional analysis method in acidic soil proposed by Zhang Shoujing. The results showed that: the levels and forms in different soil showed a marked difference: the sequence of phosphorus content from high to low was alluvial soil, red soil, purple soil. Al-P and Fe-P had a high percentage in acidic soil, while Ca-P in alluvial soil and purple soil. Phosphorus’s level was the highest in surface soil, and then its content decreased firstly and then tended to be relatively stable. Al-P, Fe-P and O-P mainly enriched in 0-20 cm soil layer and their distribution trend in the profile was similar to the total P, yet Ca-P had a little change in the profile. Because of different land use pattern, the content of the total P also showed a difference: paddy>dry land. Different types and utilization of soils had a significant effect on content and morphological characteristics of phosphorus, so the control of the risk of phosphorus’ loss should be based on different soil types and utilization.

  Research on the Intensive Use of Agricultural Land in Licheng District of Jinan City 2012, 28 (8):  228-234.  Abstract + ( 552 )   PDF ( 770675KB )   ( 714 ) In order to study the intensive use of agricultural land of Licheng District in 1995-2008, calculated by using entropy to analysis the national economic statistical data (1995-1998), the statistical yearbook materials (2000-2009), and field survey data of Licheng District. Using the related software, such as GIS, SPSS and coordination coefficient are to study the intensive use values of agricultural land and coordination coefficient changes of Licheng District from 1995 to 2008. The results of the study indicated that: during the study period, the intensive value of agricultural land intensive use in Licheng District was rising and in good momentum of development; the agricultural land intensive use coordination coefficient was good overall the Licheng District. Through the intensive use of agricultural land in the inputs, outputs, land use, sustainable use of research, the following conclusions: in the study period, the intensive use of agricultural land values in Licheng District were good, but the total area of arable land and per capita arable land area decreased rapidly, the contradiction between supply and demand of land was obvious; pesticides, fertilizers and so on was declining, indicating that investment in agricultural land significantly enhanced the scientific and rational; the output efficiency of agricultural land increased year by year, but in the southern mountainous region was higher than in northern plains; sustainable development aspects of the forest cover and per capita cultivated land in the northern plains is less; coordination coefficient had a downward trend in the late study period.

  Empirical Study of Assessment of Agricultural Energy Value in the Context of Low-carbon Economy 2012, 28 (8):  235-239.  Abstract + ( 518 )   PDF ( 661041KB )   ( 794 ) In order to development and utilize potential biomass energy of agriculture。We evaluate the energy value of agriculture, using the data of Hunan Statistical Yearbook 2009, we assess the total amount of biomass energy and can be used for the amount of energy, then the thesis convert it into standard coal to assess the energy value of agriculture. The results show that the hunan agriculture energy value is about 24.475 billion yuan, of which the energy value of livestock and poultry feces is the highest, and the potential value of the forest is very big. Related department in making policy should fully consider the use of agricultural energy and related technology development.

  Land Eco-security Evaluation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Based on GIS——A Case Along the Yangtze River Region of Fengdu County 2012, 28 (8):  240-247.  Abstract + ( 544 )   PDF ( 3746756KB )   ( 683 ) In order to provide theoretical guidance for ecological barrier construction of the Three Gorges reservoir, with remote sensing data, digital elevation model and various survey data, using the method of AHP and GIS, the author analyzed and evaluated the land eco-security situation of the Yangtze River region of Fengdu County based on grid unit. The results showed that the proportion of serious-warning, moderate-warning, light-warning, relatively safe and safe area were 0.15%, 5.36%, 41.85%, 46.07% and 6.57%，respectively. The state of land eco-security mainly was relatively safe and light-warning; but the state of land eco-security of the ecological barrier mainly was moderate-warning and serious-warning, this area was the most vulnerable area of the Yangtze River region of Fengdu County. Study proved that the state of land eco-security in the south of Yangtze River was good, but contrary in the north which ecological degradation was very seriously. Through the land eco-security evaluation, people were aware of the land eco-security pattern and formation reason, which provided a useful reference to the construction of land eco-security pattern.

  Study on Rural Distributed and Renewable Energy Selection by Multivariable Regression Analysis 2012, 28 (8):  248-253.  Abstract + ( 784 )   PDF ( 738420KB )   ( 868 ) In order to solve the energy crisis problem and the issues that China rural faced on its way of low-carbon development. This study has launched a research on the adoption of rural household biogas, which is a typical distributed renewable energy. The survey on rural energy adoption has taken place at Gaojiazhuang village of Hebei province. The team have had a face to face interview with 213 families, and summarized 152 valid questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires, the paper adopted a statistic analysis on the rural household basic information and the use of renewable energy (biogas, biogas residue and biogas slurry), various regression analysis approaches were used to study the rural distribute renewable energy choice behavior, the relationships between the renewable energy adoption with the household income, education level and energy expenditure were analyzed. Through the Logistic Analysis, the paper found that the household income and education level has significant impact on the adoption of rural household renewable energy. Then the paper made a forecast on the local household biogas adoption to 2020, which can provide some references on the promotion of various distributed and renewable energy in rural areas.

  Increasing Tea Garden Carbon Sink Capacity, Promoting the Development of Low Carbon Tea Production 2012, 28 (8):  254-260.  Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 585744KB )   ( 908 ) During the times that global climate change has caused extensive concerns of the countries all over the world, developing the low carbon economy and the low carbon agriculture basing on sustainable and low carbon agricultural technology is an effective way to resolve the contradiction between climate changing and economic development. This paper described the function of tea garden as sink of carbon containing the CO2 from the air fixed by the growing tea trees and the organic carbon sequestrated by tea soil carbon pool. It summarized the techniques on low carbon tea production based on the actual experience of tea production and scientific research. It should be adjusted measures to local conditions and should be rationally planned when reclaim new tea garden. Reclaiming land should be rational and forbid burning. It should be rational close planting and replenishing which lack in dire need. It should be balanced fertilization in order to promote the cycle of tea organic and inorganic carbon and using cultivation of three dimensions to increase the biodiversity, using zero and reduced tillage to decrease the carbon emission from soil, increasing organic manure to raise soil C/N ratio. It should improve the knowledge of low carbon, found low carbon demonstration tea garden, strengthen research on low carbon technology, devote major efforts to developing organic tea, and enhance the policy direction to support and promote low carbon tea production. Adopting low carbon technologies, exploiting the carbon sink potentialities of tea ecosystem, and increasing tea ecosystem carbon storage, all of which could give a significant contribution on reducing emissions.

  Discussion on Technology and Development Countermeasures of Tobacco Adjusting Environment Healthy Plant Cultivation and Easy-to-do Technique of Disease Control 2012, 28 (8):  261-266.  Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 640975KB )   ( 803 ) Tobacco cultivation and plant protection are inextricably linked. This article summarized the environmental conditions required for high-quality tobacco production and its reasonable growth vigor and feature, the development status of tobacco adjusting environment healthy plant cultivation and easy-to-do technique of disease control, analysis of the problems in tobacco plant protection, and the future research focus in this field was discussed. It was considered that future tobacco plant protection work should be based on optimize the environment of tobacco fields, enhance the resistance of tobacco plants, using simple and efficient control of light, to change the current lot of spraying chemical pesticides as the main means of control status, and promote the sustainable development of tobacco production.

  Assessment on Drought Disaster in Yunnan Province Based on the Principle of Projection Pursuit Method 2012, 28 (8):  267-270.  Abstract + ( 569 )   PDF ( 961951KB )   ( 825 ) The aims were to assess the complicated drought disaster system after the drought, reflect the drought disaster indicator of Yunnan province, and provide the theories which work on the stategy of drought-proof. Now the affected area and the loss of food stuff was used as the assess index from 1950 to 2009. The evaluation was got by projection pursuit, which showed that the happening of the drought in Yunnan province was so frequently and seriously. It appeared every 2 or 3 years one time. In 60 years, the happening frequency and the loss extent of the major disaster was getting higher and higher. There was a great influence on the economy society, especially the 10 years since 2000, there’s 9 disasters happened, one major and eight large.

  Risk Assessment on Agricultural Flood of Northeast China Based on Information Diffusion Theory 2012, 28 (8):  271-275.  Abstract + ( 546 )   PDF ( 806075KB )   ( 881 ) In order to solve the difficulty of using rare sample for risk assessment on agricultural flood, normal information diffusion method is adopted to assess the regional agricultural flood risk of northeast China by transferring the single value sample to set sample. It makes a series of agricultural flood risk map and shows the agricultural flood risk distribution in northeast China. It also makes out the spatial changing trend of the flood risk as the magnitude of flood disaster increasing. The research will provide some useful decision-making information for the disaster reduction and emergency management departments. Meanwhile, it is also meaningful for determining the agricultural disaster insurance rates for the insurance companies.

  Analysis on Benefits of Services and Functions of Wetland Ecosystem in Dongting Lake 2012, 28 (8):  276-281.  Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 667013KB )   ( 857 ) In order to raise the understanding of ecological services and functions in Dong Lake, in views of its current situation, the author analyzed and valued 7 kinds of services and functions of wetland system in Dongting Lake by using a series of environmental economic methods and mathematics ones. The results showed that it had huge ecological value and its annual value was ￥239.85×108, in which the largest one was the value of hydrological adjusting function, ￥107.44×108 per year, which was worth 44.79% of total value; while the minimum one was the value of biodiversity functions of which annual value was only ￥4.89×108. Therefore, it’s of great urgency to promote coordinated growth of the ecological area.

  Risk Assessment of Influence of Hail Disaster on Crops in Tianshui 2012, 28 (8):  282-286.  Abstract + ( 555 )   PDF ( 569305KB )   ( 828 ) In order to fend off the hail disaster effectively, the author set up a model to assess the disaster risk. The meteorological data in 7 weather stations which located in Tianshui City, crops area, agricultural population and GDP per head in every counties had been used in analyzing. The results showed that the hail occurred in April to October and concentrated in May to June. The hail occurred in northern more than the southern. The space distribution of degree of hail disaster risk was as same as hail frequency. The higher hail disaster risk was in May, July and September and lower one was in June and August. The differences of hail disaster occurrence among counties were large. It supposed that the measurement of defense hail disaster should accord the degree of hail disaster risk spatial and temporal distribution.

  Response Analysis of Hunan Agricultural Climate Resources to Global Climate Change 2012, 28 (8):  287-293.  Abstract + ( 567 )   PDF ( 3978568KB )   ( 755 ) In order to reveal the variation characteristics for Hunan agricultural climate resources on the background of global climate change, the meteorological data of 97 observation stations from 1960 to 2010 in Hunan Province which had been treated by homogeneity test and correction was used to analyze the temporal and spatial tendency, differences of agricultural climate resources. The results showed that warming was the main characteristics of climate change in Hunan which was consistent with the global, accordingly, heat resources of Hunan presented a significant upward trend, especially the active accumulated temperature. The linear trend of precipitation in Hunan was not significant, but presented seasonal and regional differences, in winter the significant upward trend of precipitation was presented in northern areas of the Hunan Province, and in summer it was presented in central region；in spring the significant downward trend of precipitation was presented in western areas, and in summer it was presented in central region. Sunshine hours presented a significant downward trend especially in summer, and the largest decrease magnitudes presented in the middle and lower reaches of Xiangjiang River. Climate change caused the change of agricultural climate resource, thereby affecting layout and structure of agricultural production and crop planting. Reasonable utilization of climate resources and improvement on the ability of agricultural adaptation to climate change will be needed in future.

  Restrictions to Environmental Water Evaluation Level from the Limit of Method 2012, 28 (8):  294-299.  Abstract + ( 519 )   PDF ( 696586KB )   ( 731 ) In order to display the results and evaluate parameters were significantly different, the same samples detected by different instruments and methods, the surface water and groundwater in all 3 samples in Xinxiang City of Henan Province were chosen, in which 6 kinds of metal elements concentration were detected by the methods of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and differences in detection were analyzed; the water quality grade was evaluated. The results showed that all the 36 groups detection data had obviously differences, in which 14 indexes of pollution level were different. Detection limit of apparatus and methods were higher, which resulted to the detection limit restricted, and they were not the true and accurate measurement results, but from half of the detection limit value, the truth and accuracy of the environmental quality evaluation results were affected, the formulation and implementation of the environmental management measures were also influenced. It was better to choose the methods and apparatus of which detection limits were below the highest evaluation level.

  The Review of the Relationship with Climate Change and Hulun Lake Wetland 2012, 28 (8):  300-305.  Abstract + ( 540 )   PDF ( 582095KB )   ( 877 ) The research on relationship with climate change and Hulun Lake wetland began in the 1990s, in recent years, by driven with global climate trend which was to dry and warm, the research on Hulun Lake wetland became a focus for concern at home and abroad. From the wetland ecosystems process and the current deterioration, the wetland hydrological scientific research and the internal mechanisms of relationship with climate change, the author set up systematically the research about Hulun Lake wetland ecosystems from 1990 to 2011, and on the basis of the predecessors, using the state natural fund the project ‘the research on interaction mechanisms of Hulun Lake wetland ecosystems and climate change’, further reviewed its research; furthermore, on the basis of existing experimental data and studies, the author summarized 3 aspects of the research aiming at continuing to carry out the relations between Hulun Lake wetland ecosystems and factors of meteorological and hydrographic, expected to provide accurate scientific basis and workable technical methods for wetland monitoring, forecasting, assessment of climate change and other meteorological operations etc, wetland protection restoration, reconstruction and development and utilization of wetlands.

  Analysis on Meteorological Conditions of Snowmelt Flood in Yakeshi in Last 30 Years 2012, 28 (8):  306-310.  Abstract + ( 566 )   PDF ( 779722KB )   ( 704 ) In order to find the method of predicting snowmelt flood and the active measure against it and provide the basis for decision-making services for disaster prevention and mitigation in Yakeshi. The author focused on disaster data of snowmelt flood, precipitation and temperature during from 1981 to 2010 in Yakeshi by the method of mathematical statistical analysis, discussed the laws of the disaster of snowmelt flood. The results showed that snowmelt flood and condition of winter precipitation and spring period temperature changes were closely related. From March to April, the temperature of variation process and winter precipitation were the major factors influenced the snowmelt flood, the duration of the disaster of snowmelt flood was proportional to winter precipitation, disaster risk was clear increasing trend. For Yakeshi, when winter precipitation of last year was greater than or equal to 58.4 mm and in March of the next year, daily average temperature more than -4.4℃, daily minimum temperature was greater than or equal to -15.4℃, people should pay attention to the prevention of snowmelt flood.

  Residues and Ecological Risk Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticides in Arable Land from Liaocheng 2012, 28 (8):  311-316.  Abstract + ( 538 )   PDF ( 773551KB )   ( 782 ) To determine the pollution characteristics and the ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in arable land of Liaocheng City, 136 soil samples were collected using lattice method. The samples were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and the detectable rates and residual amounts of 13 kinds of OCPs, including α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, hexachlorobenzene, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and heptachlor, were analyzed with GC-ECD. The features of the composition of BHCs and DDTs in 8 counties of Liaocheng were analyzed, and the ecological risk evaluation was conducted. The results showed that: the detectable rates and residual amounts of 13 OCPs were detected with different degree, the arable land had not been polluted by OCPs except that only a few samples were seriously polluted by DDTs. In 8 counties of Liaocheng, β-BHC and p,p′-DDE were the primary pollutants. The ecological risk of BHCs was light, while there was certain risk of DDTs to soil organism, birds and mammal.