Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.16 Published:17 June 2016

  Management Technology of Resin-tapping Plantations of Pinus massoniana in China Su Yonghua,Zhang Shuai and Chen Cuihu 2016, 32 (16):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110058 Abstract + ( 1087 )   PDF ( 561KB )   ( 634 ) At present, the domestic cost of resin-tapping is increasing, the price of rosin fluctuates frequently and is relatively low, which causes low economic benefit of resin-tapping. Especially for decentralized rosin farmers, since the benefits cannot offset the loss of the wood for tapping and the cost of resin-tapping, farmers’ willingness for resin-tapping is not high, and the resin industry is facing the problem of raw material shortage. But the price rise in the domestic market will weaken the position of Chinese rosin products in the international market and lead to a dramatic increase of international rosin products, which will induce the replacement of rosin products by petroleum resins. In this review, technologies of variety breeding, ecological influence, tree factor, tapping methods, plant density, soil factor and so on in China are summarized, in order to provide certain theoretical reference for developing new technology of Pinus massoniana tapping and improving business management system of high-yield Pinus massoniana plantations, give technical guidance for the resin-tapping farmers, and find a solution to the problem of high cost and raw material shortage in resin industry.

  Health Assessment of Pinus tabulaeformis’ Nutrition of Needle in Songshan Beijing Jiang Wanjie,Nie Lishui,Sun Bin,Wu Jigui,Zhu Jialei,Fan Yaqian and Gao Peixin 2016, 32 (16):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030203 Abstract + ( 924 )   PDF ( 951KB )   ( 651 ) In order to establish the health evaluation system of Pinus tabulaeformis, and to solve the problem of managing and protecting the natural Pinus tabulaeformis forest, a study was conducted in Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve Natural Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Yanqing County, Beijing, by randomly selecting 50 natural Pinus tabulaeformis samples from the experimental area. The authors evaluated the health standards of Pinus tabulaeformis respectively from the nutrition indexes, including the content of total N, total P, and total K of annual pine needle, the content of total N, total P, and total K of biennial pine needle. The results were as follows: regarding natural Pinus tabulaeformis of Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve Natural Pinus tabulaeformis as the research objects, the evaluation of the health of each index was carried out through the expert evaluation method, the Pinus tabulaeformis nutrition index health evaluation system was established, and the health condition of Pinus tabulaeformis was divided into 3 levels: healthy, sub-healthy and unhealthy. The evaluation result showed that healthy Pinus tabulaeformis accounted for 80%, sub-healthy Pinus tabulaefornmis accounted for 14%, and unhealthy Pinus tabulaefornmis accounted for 6%.

  Responses of Water Use Efficiency of 4 Drought Resistant Tree Species to Water and Light in Qinghai Bai Lingna,Wang Zhanlin,He Kangning,Fan Guanghui,Zhang Defang and Xie Shouzhong 2016, 32 (16):  12-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010149 Abstract + ( 897 )   PDF ( 2174KB )   ( 488 ) In order to study the relationship between water use efficiency and soil water and light of 4 local tree species in Qinghai, the authors used Li-6400 photosynthetic apparatus to measure the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, and calculated the water use efficiency. The results showed that: the 4 drought resistant tree species in Qinghai obtained the maximum water use efficiency when the soil moisture was from 16% to 18%, and the photosynthetic active radiation was between 1300 and 1600 μmol/(m2·s). Comparing the water use efficiency of Reaumuria sorgarica Maxim., Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn., Sabina vulgaris and Junipreus scopulorum under the same soil moisture condition, it showed that Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. had higher water use efficiency than the other 3 tree species, even in drought soil environment. The results indicated that although the 4 drought resistant tree species in Qinghai were able to adapt to drought environment, but Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. got stronger adaptability to the extremely arid area in plateau. Therefore, drought resistance tree species and fast-growing tree species could be used together in afforestation, to alleviate the lack of tree species in desert area and realize the re-green work in desertification land.

  Physiological and Biochemical Response Mechanism in Growth Process of Salix matsudana Cutting Seedlings Under Lead Stress Jia Shushan,Wang Ping,Zhu Jian,Sun Jikang and Zhou Tao 2016, 32 (16):  18-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120089 Abstract + ( 948 )   PDF ( 2054KB )   ( 414 ) The authors studied the tolerance of Salix matsudana to lead. Two-year-old Salix matsudana cutting seedlings were taken as the materials in a pot experiment, and treated under lead concentrations of 0, 200, 600, 1000 and 1200 mg/kg after growing for 6 months. Then the authors analyzed their physiological and biochemical response mechanism to lead stress. The results showed that along with the lead concentration increase, the plant growth and the SOD, POD, CAT activity, the soluble protein content in the root, stem and leaf and the content of chlorophyll in leaf increased first and then decreased, but the activity of MDA kept an increasing trend. The physiological and biochemical indexes of different organs was in an order as root＞ stem＞ leaf. The results indicated that the root system of Salix matsudana was the main accumulation organ, and only a little Pb was transferred to the aboveground parts. From the physiological and biochemical changing trend, it was proved that the seedlings of Salix matsudana had the best lead tolerance under 600 mg/kg lead concentration.

  Evaluation of 7 Walnut Cultivars’ Seedlings Under Cold Tolerance Ma Ting,Li Jing and Ning Delu 2016, 32 (16):  24-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100118 Abstract + ( 985 )   PDF ( 1678KB )   ( 933 ) Seedling leaves of 7 walnut cultivars in Yunnan Province were taken as the materials, and the relative conductivity, soluble sugar, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured under different cold stress treatments. The results showed that: with temperature decrease, the relative conductivity, soluble protein and MDA increased, and soluble sugar presented an increase-decrease-increase trend. The relative conductivity was fitted with the logistic equation to calculate the critical lethal temperature (LT50) of the 7 cultivars as: ‘Yangpao’(-3.6℃), ‘Tiehetao’ (-5.13℃), ‘Dashake’(-2.17℃), ‘Yunxin 306’(-4.56℃), ‘Yunxingaoyuan’(-5.91℃), ‘Wen 185’(-7.10℃) and ‘Xinxin 2’(-7.37℃). Comprehensive evaluation using the membership function indicated that the ranking of cold tolerance of the tested walnut cultivars was: ‘Xinxin 2’> ‘Wen 185’> ‘Yunxin 306’> ‘Yunxingaoyuan’> ‘Tiehetao’> ‘Dashake’> ‘Yangpao’.

  Effect of Water Control Before Transplanting and Rooting Powder Treatment on Tobacco Seedling Quality and Physiological Properties at Green Stage Chen Pingping,Song Huaiyuan,Zhou Yazhe,Yang Menghui,Pei Xiaodong,Yi Zhenxie and Tu Naimei 2016, 32 (16):  29-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100098 Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 1611KB )   ( 599 ) Cultivating strong seedlings is an important guarantee for the production of high-quality tobacco leaves, while there are many disadvantages in tobacco floating system that was commonly adopted in China. To improve the tobacco floating system, ‘Xiangyan No.3’ was used as material, the effects of water control before transplanting and rooting powder treatments on tobacco seedling quality and physiological properties at green stage were studied. The results showed that: (1) the effect of water control on tobacco seedling quality was little, while the effects of rooting powder treatment and water control rooting powder treatment were significant, mainly shown as plant height decreasing, stem thickening and dry matter accumulation increasing; (2) water control before transplanting and rooting powder treatment could improve leaf chlorophyll content and roots activity, and the effect of water control rooting powder treatment was the best, and that of rooting powder treatment was the next, and that of water control was the worst; (3) all treatments could increase activities of nitrate reductase and converting enzyme of tobacco seedlings, and decrease malondialdehyde content in tobacco seedlings, and the effect of water control rooting powder treatment was the best, and that of rooting powder treatment was the next, and that of water control was worst. Meanwhile, the effects of treatment 10 days before transplanting were better than those of treatment 5 days before transplanting. Comprehensively, the improvement effects of water control 10 days before transplanting rooting powder treatment on quality of tobacco seedling and physiological properties at green stage were the best.

  A Comparative Study on Three Techniques of Chinese Yam Seedling Propagation Wang Yaoqin,Liu Jianping,Nan Huailin,Gao Yufeng,Ren Haixin and Wang Xiaobing 2016, 32 (16):  34-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110019 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 733KB )   ( 826 ) In order to solve problems of variety degradation of yam seedling and slow propagation, a comparative study with jam variety ‘Jin yam No.1’ on tissue culture, yam section propagation and cutting propagation was conducted to investigate the training program, the survival rate of seedlings, the propagation characteristics and some other indicators. The results showed that for tissue culture, taking the stem tip as the explant was superior to the stem with segment and the stem without segment, and had lower contamination rate, higher propagation coefficient, and could be capable of seedling detoxification. But the propagation with the stem tip as explant had a complicated production process and higher demand for production site. On the contrary, the cutting propagation had a simple production process and a short productive cycle, but was only suitable for varieties with planting period of 1-2 years. The yam section propagation was for the late seedling emergence and consumed the finished yam section, which was the most inferior one in the three propagation methods. In conclusion, for seedling rapid propagation in production, the tissue culture of stem tip as explant is suitable for multi-year planting varieties, and the cutting propagation is suitable for the short planting period varieties.

  Effect of Plastic Film Mulching on Spring-Cultivated Spinach Wang Dianchun,Tian Haiyue,Sun Zhaofa and Qin Yuhong 2016, 32 (16):  40-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110038 Abstract + ( 1227 )   PDF ( 3279KB )   ( 343 ) Plastic film mulching is widely used in the production of many horticultural crops, but there is still no report on its application in spring spinach cultivation. In order to provide theoretical foundation for the popularization and application of plastic film mulching on spring-cultivated spinach, the authors studied the effect of plastic film mulching on germination, growth, yield and quality of hybrid round-leaf spinach and ‘Meimei’ spinach. The results showed that plastic film mulching significantly influenced the germinating time and the early growth of spinach, the germinating time decreased by more than 7 days, and all appearance indexes increased significantly. But all the indexes were not significantly different from that of CK in harvest time. Uncovering in time was the key measure to fulfill the effect of plastic film mulching. After filming, the protein and soluble sugar content of hybrid round-leaf spinach increased significantly, and other nutrient contents had no significant difference from that of CK. Plastic film mulching could promote the growth of spring-cultivated spinach and increase yield and quality.

  Combining Ability and Heritability of Polysaccharide ComponentAfter Griffing Complete Diallel Crossing of Tomato Parents TianYuan,Zhang Xichun and Gu Jiantian 2016, 32 (16):  46-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110084 Abstract + ( 731 )   PDF ( 566KB )   ( 617 ) This paper aims to study the combining ability and heritability of the polysaccharide component. 6 tomato parents with different characteristics (referred to as No.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and No. 6 in the text) were used to develop 30 hybrid combinations according to Griffing complete diallel cross (p2). The combining ability and heritability of carbohydrate composition (i.e. sucrose, glucose and fructose) among six tomato parents and 30 hybrid combinations were studied. Results indicated that only F value of parents among the combinations of sucrose quality characteristics reached extremely significant level, and hybrid combinations and genotypes were not significantly different, so the analysis of combining ability could not be conducted, indicating that the differences of sucrose in various combinations were not obvious. The F values of quality characteristic of glucose and fructose reached significant or extremely significant level among parents, combinations and genotypes, which indicated that they had significant differences. The quality characteristic of tomato could be analyzed according to Griffing I. The results showed that parent No. 3 and 4 were optimal ones in tomato breeding for sweetness, and 3×4 was also the best cross combination for high polysaccharide.

  Effect of Wood Vinegar on Seed Viability and Seedling Growth of Summer Squash Liang Fengchen,Zhang Lili,Li Yan,Zhao Lijing,Tang Xin,Fan Yuhong and Shao Changyong 2016, 32 (16):  51-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020035 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 854KB )   ( 661 ) On consulting academic documents, a series of experiments were carried to study the effect of wood vinegar on seed germination and seedling viability of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Different concentrations of wood vinegar were adopted to soak summer squash seeds with dilution of 100 times, 300 times and 500 times for 6 hours, and seeds soaked with the same volume of distilled water for the same duration were taken as the control. The test results showed that wood vinegar had effects on soaked summer squash seeds in terms of germinability, germination rate, the length of sprout, the length of seedling, fresh and dry weight of seedlings (100pc), and plant vigor index. According to the test results, different dilution ratios had different effects, M100 had the best positive effect, the vigor index was 9.01% higher than that of the control, the fresh weight, dry weight, root length increased by 13.47%, 9.81%, 15.79% respectively compared with that of the control, while the effect on sprout length and germination was unobvious. The study concludes that the wood vinegar can stimulate the root growth of seedling, raise fresh and dry weight and the vigor index, therefore, it can be the material for soaking summer squash seeds before sowing.

  Boron Stress on Some Physiological Indexes of Different Watermelon Genotypes Chen Sheng,Shi Mutian,Wu Yufen and Li Yongyu 2016, 32 (16):  56-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110049 Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 1773KB )   ( 606 ) In order to study the effect of boron stress on cytoderm, cell membrane and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of different watermelon genotypes, seed-used watermelon, ‘Heimeiren’ and wild watermelon were used in this test, cell membrane permeability, free proline content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and PAL, PPO activity were measured under four boron concentrations. The results showed that the PPO activity, cell membrane permeability and free proline content increased under boron stress, soluble sugar and soluble protein content decreased. PAL activity decreased when boron was deficient, while it increased under boron stress. Boron stress destroyed cytoderm structure of these three varieties, and the secondary production such as quinone could damage cytomembrane, which could increase cell membrane permeability and lead to dehydration, then the normal motion function was blocked, weakening the carbon and nitrogen metabolic system, and reducing the production of metabolites such as soluble sugar and soluble protein.

  Research Advances in Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Cultivation Dong Meichao,Yue Jianqiang,Ling Peng,Liu Pengfei,Li Jinxue and Gao Junyan 2016, 32 (16):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110090 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 586KB )   ( 1027 ) Avocado is a new variety of fruit full of high nutritive value and with noticeable health functions. With the improvement of life quality, people pay more and more attention to natural, healthy and organic fruit, and the market demand of avocado is increasingly growing. To explore the techniques for good-quality, high-yield and ecological avocado cultivation is the primary goal of China’s avocado industry development. Therefore, this paper introduces the biological characteristics of avocado and focuses on the cultivation technique in breeding, plantation selection, variety allocation and fertilization and pest control. Based on the production reality of avocado, the authors put forward some suggestions on the development of avocado industry.

  Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on Physiology of Delayed Culture Grape in Alpine Greenhouse Xie Zhenyu and Yang Jiangshan 2016, 32 (16):  66-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010239 Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 1949KB )   ( 610 ) In order to enhance the resistance of grape in bad environment, the authors conducted an experiment to study the grape leaves treated with MeJA in the veraison of delayed culture grape in greenhouses of alpine region. Four concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mmol/L MeJA were sprayed on the leaves of ‘Red Globe’ in early November, then, relative indicators were measured. The results showed that 0.001 mmol/L MeJA reduced the content of chlorophyll about 23.5% (chlorophyll a reduced 29%, chlorophyll b did not change significantly), the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate decreased by 14.9%, 22.4%, 12.5%, meanwhile the content of MDA was reduced; the activity of SOD, POD, CAT increased by 23%, 41%, 62% and the content of praline also increased. 0.01 mmol/L MeJA reduced the electrical conductivity of cell membrane by 25.5% and increased the activity of SOD by 58%. Exogenous MeJA can effectively protect the cell membrane from making peroxidation, inhibit the photosynthesis, heighten the activity of protective enzymes and improve the plant’s ability against injure.

  Improving Fruit Setting Rate by Artificial Shooting of Myrica rubra ‘Dongkui’ Yan Liju,Ma Zhifang,Lin Gongbiao,,,Zhu Xiaoting and Jiang Xin 2016, 32 (16):  72-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100113 Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 1023KB )   ( 411 ) To study the effect of artificial shooting on fruit setting rate of Myrica rubra ‘Dongkui’, the dynamic rules of fruit setting and flower and fruit dropping of different flower branches were investigated in different periods from 2013. Then the effects of artificial shooting on fruit retention were studied. The results showed that the highest rate of fruit setting of 8.8%-9.16% was obtained on spring shoots, followed by the spring-summer secondary shoot with an average fruit setting rate of 7.02%-8.37%, and summer shoots with an average fruit setting rate of 2.22%-6.67%, and the lowest was autumn shoots with a setting rate of only 0-2.06%. The flower and fruit drop peaked half month after the initiation of flower drop, with a drop rate of 80.6%-100%. Artificial shooting (top removal and shoot erasing) of Myrica rubra ‘Dongkui’ could greatly improve its fruit setting rate, among which pinching (preserving basal part with a length of 0.3 cm) had the highest fruit setting rate of 16.338%, followed by those with a total removal of young sprouts of the flower branch, which had a fruit setting rate of 12.25%, all were significantly higher than that of control (2.18%). The study revealed that the length of new shoot and fruit setting rate were negatively correlated, and top removal and shoot erasing showed significant effect on the fruit retention of Myrica rubra ‘Dongkui’ on early commissioning period, and the technique was suitable for production.

  Strawberry Plantlets Somaclonal Variation Hu Panpan,Zhao Xia,Li Gang,Li Liangjie,Qin Bao,Peng Zhuo and Zhou Houcheng 2016, 32 (16):  77-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100124 Abstract + ( 811 )   PDF ( 531KB )   ( 710 ) Variations are easily induced in tissue culture of plants. They significantly affect the genetic stability of plants, and limit the application of tissue culture technology in agriculture. Strawberry in vitro seedlings have been widely used in agricultural production. However, the variations often occur in tissue culture of plant, which seriously influence the agricultural production efficiency. Therefore, it is an urgent problem to effectively control the occurrence of the variations in vitro rapid propagation of strawberry and other plants. The main factors affecting the occurrence of the variations were analyzed. These factors included explant types, genotypes, the types and proportion of different hormones in the medium, the time and times of subculture. And the inherent genetic mechanism of the variations had chromosomal abnormalities, transposon activation, gene mutation and so on. In order to effectively control the variation occurrence in tissue culture of strawberry, it was suggested to select the young explants, optimize the culture medium formula, control the multiplication coefficient and the subculture times, and culture the tissues under proper light and temperature conditions. Meanwhile, using the methods of morphological observation, RAPD, SSR and so on to detect the variations in tissue culture seedlings could eliminate the variant seedlings and reduce the adverse effects of the variant plants to production. By summarizing the causes and the effective controlling ways of the variation of strawberry in vitro, it would provide valuable reference for the healthy development of plant virus-free tissue and rapid propagation of plants including strawberry. Moreover, the deep understanding of variation would provide a new way for the improvement and breeding of new varieties.

  Different Culture Methods of Bulblet in Vitro of Oriental Hybrid Lily Cai Xuanmei,Zhang Jie,Guo Wenjie,Ouyang Tongjiao and Fang Shaozhong 2016, 32 (16):  83-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110010 Abstract + ( 602 )   PDF ( 422KB )   ( 544 ) In order to advance the bulblet in Vitro bolt and shorten the time of the bulb formation, the bulblet quality and the bolting rate were studied through different cultivation methods of the bulblet in Vitro of oriental hybrid lily. Results showed that: there was no difference in the physiological change rule between cold treatment in substrate and that in bottles, indicating that the contents of starch and soluble protein both decreased during the cold treatment, while the contents of soluble sugar and reducing sugar increased continuously. The bolting rate in dark was better than that in light whether the cold treatment was in substrate or in bottles. The bolting rate with the cold treatment in substrate was better than that in bottles. Factory production of lily seedlings should adopt dark culture cultivation in combination with cold treatment in substrate for bulblet before planting.

  Influence Factors of Inducing Sleeping Buds on Stalk of Phalaenopsis Orchids with Large Red Flowers Tan Jing,Zhang Yingjie,Guo Wenjiao and Liu Xueqing 2016, 32 (16):  87-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110103 Abstract + ( 774 )   PDF ( 6168KB )   ( 519 ) The paper aims to study the influence of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on germination of sleeping buds on stalks of moth orchid (Phalaenopsis) varieties, and the influence of sleeping buds with different degrees of lignification on the success rate of the bud germination. In this experiment, three varieties of ‘Big Chili’, ‘Red Swan’ and ‘Alishan Guniang’ were cultured in vitro, to count up the success rate of germination and the growth situation of the stalk sleeping buds. The results indicated that: (1) when the buds were in half lignification, stalk had the hightest success rate of germination, which was up to 100%; (2) in all culture mediums, MS 6-BA 5.0 mg/L was the most suitable one for the buds germination of ‘Red Swan’ and ‘Alishan Guniang', and MS 6-BA 4.0 mg/L was the most suitable one for the buds germination of ‘Big Chili’. The experiment successfully obtained the most appropriate lignification degrees for the sleeping buds germination on stalks of the three varieties, and the most appropriate culture mediums of the sleeping buds germination, therefore, it could provide certain theoretical basis for establishing a production system of tissue culture and rapid reproduction of different varieties of moth orchid with large red flowers.

  NaCl Stress on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Syringa ‘Wedgewood Blue’ Wei Yongyang,Lin Yundi,Gong Suxia,Yang Zhiying and Qiu Yubin 2016, 32 (16):  93-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010153 Abstract + ( 691 )   PDF ( 2113KB )   ( 538 ) To study NaCl stress on Syringa ‘Wedgewood Blue’ photosynthesis, we took 1-year-old seedlings of ‘Wedgewood Blue’ as test materials to study their photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence under different concentrations of NaCl. The results showed that salt stress inhibited the photosynthesis. The chlorophyll content, qP, ΦPSⅡ and Fv/Fm reduced with the increase of salt concentration, NPQ increased at first and then exhibited a decline. The main reason for photosynthesis reduction was stomatal limitation. The salt tolerance range of ‘Wedgewood Blue’ was below 0.4%. When the salt concentration was below 0.4%, the plant could improve the NPQ to resist the damage. When the salt concentration was higher than 0.4%, its photosynthetic organization was severely damaged, which resulted in serious photoinhibition.

  Resource Investigation and Landscape Application of Wild Ornamental Groundcover in Zhangjiajie Xu Yufen,Yang Yuting,Li Songlan,Liang Yuxi,Liang Huimin and Yan Li 2016, 32 (16):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110114 Abstract + ( 753 )   PDF ( 555KB )   ( 659 ) A preliminary statistics is carried out to know the local wild ground cover vegetation in Zhangjiajie City based on literature research and field study. The results show that there exist 1153 species of plants, among which, 369 species are with development potential, respectively belonging to 99 families and 239 genera. According to the plant life-form, the ground cover vegetation is divided into 5 types, such as shrubs, perennial herbal plants, 1 to 2 years herbal plants, vines and ferns. The classification and application of wild ground cover and their landscape configuration are also introduced in this paper. Finally, the authors make an outlook on the application and popularization of the wild ornamental ground cover in landscaping.

  Investigation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Resources in Beijing Li Dandan,Jiang Wei,Qin Ling,Hu Jun and Tian Yelin 2016, 32 (16):  105-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100125 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 1346KB )   ( 654 ) The paper aims to get a comprehensive understanding of the medicinal plant resources in Beijing, and enhance their protection and utilization. The paper used ways of field investigation and literature review. The results showed that there were 473 species of medicinal plants belonging to 314 genera and 98 families in Beijing. The plant life type included tree, shrub, woody vine and herb. Herbal medicinal plant was the biggest type, accounting for 85% of all medicinal plants in Beijing. In the areal-types of genera of medicinal plants in Beijing, 23.57% of all medicinal plants belonged to the north temperate zone. According to parts that used for medicine, medicinal plants could be divided into root and rhizome, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, fruit or seed and whole plant type. The whole plant type accounted for 45% of all medicinal plants in Beijing. The application types of medicinal plants in Beijing were medicinal plants plants used for medicine and food, plants used for medicine and ornamental. According to different ecotypes, there were heliophile and shade-requiring medicinal plants in Beijing. In order to further protect and utilize the medicinal plant resources in Beijing, in combining with the investigation results and the requirement of the under-forestry economy development, some suggestions were put forward.

  Effect of Restoration Measures on Herbaceous Community Characteristics of Abandoned Land in Desert Steppe of Inner Mongolia Mu Lan,Zhang Pujin,Liu Yahong,Liu Xinchao,Ren Yongfeng,Wang Bo,Gao Yu,Zhang Jun,Lu Shuanzhu and Zhao Peiyi 2016, 32 (16):  110-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110129 Abstract + ( 540 )   PDF ( 586KB )   ( 530 ) This study took abandoned land of desert steppe located in Siziwangqi and Wuchuan County as study objects to study how herbaceous community was influenced by different restoration measures and periods. The results showed that planting Caragana intermedia in the abandoned land of Siziwangqi and Medicago sativa in that of Wuchuan County could promote restoration succession of the zonal vegetation and increase the coverage and aboveground biomass of herbaceous community. With the increase of abandoned time, the number of total species, perennial herb species and annual and biennial herb species, and Shannon-Wiener index and Margalef index of plant community in the abandoned land of the two areas tended to decrease, while the zonal dominant species dominated the community gradually. Additionally, the coverage and biomass of plant community showed a trend of first decrease and then increase with the increase of the abandoned time. Therefore, the reasonable artificial disturbance in desert steppe would be beneficial for vegetation restoration of the abandoned land. The vegetation recovery of the abandoned land is a long process, so the abandoned land should be used cautiously.

  Sustainability of Cultivated Land Resources in Henan Province: 2016, 32 (16):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120012 Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 561KB )   ( 755 ) In order to fully reflect the sustainable development situation of cultivated land resources in Henan Province, influencing factors of sustainable utilization of cultivated land resource were explored. Based on the Pressure-State-Response model, the data of cultivated land in Henan Province from 2004 to 2013 were selected and 16 indicators were extracted to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the sustainability of cultivated land resources in Henan Province using multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method. Then linear regression model was used to forecast the sustainability in the next few years. The results showed that the pressure index had the biggest change during the 10 years. The state index and the response index showed a rising trend during the 10 years. The comprehensive utilization score of cultivated land resources in Henan Province in the 10 years was 0.6-0.8, and it was mainly affected by the pressure index and the state index. The prediction results showed that the sustainability of cultivated land resources in Henan Province would have a rising trend up to 2020, and in 2020 the comprehensive score would increase by 0.14 in comparing with that of 2013 and reach a high level of sustainable utilization.

  Sensitivity of Different Morpha of Phytophthora capsici to Flumorph He Liegan,Ge Yanli,Ma Huigang,Chen Xuejun and Fang Rong 2016, 32 (16):  123-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080038 Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 1222KB )   ( 501 ) 108 single-sporangia isolates of Phytophthora capsici, which can cause capsicum blight, were collected from several areas in Jiangxi Province and purified, the bioactivity of flumorph against different stages of Phytophthora capsici was compared in vitro. The results showed that flumorph had significant inhibitory effect on the 3 different growth stages of the strain, mycelial growth of pathogen was affected by flumorph, with a mean EC50 as 0.18159 μg/mL, ranging from 0.07852 μg/mL to 0.38622 μg/mL. The producing of sporangia was more sensitive to flumorph, with a mean EC50 as 0.01588 μg/mL, ranging from 0.00251 μg/mL to 0.03943 μg/mL. The germination of zoospores of Phytophthora capsici was most sensitive to flumorph, and EC50 distributed from 0.00156 to 0.00965 μg/mL with a mean value of 0.00515 μg/mL. Normal distribution analysis showed that the sensitivity of these isolates to flumorph was fitted well with a normal distribution function, and there was no strain of capsicum blight pathogen that had resistance to the fungicide.

  Application of Molecular Marker Technologies in Sugarbeet Breeding 2016, 32 (16):  132-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020020 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 664 ) Molecular markers closely combined with conventional breeding techniques can significantly improve the breeding efficiency. In order to clarify the roles of molecular markers in sugarbeet breeding more clearly, the research status and the existing problems of molecular marker technologies and its application in sugar-beet breeding and genetic diversity analysis, genetic linkage map construction, quantitative trait locus (QTL), marker-assisted selection(MAS), heterosis and germplasm dentification was summarized. The research direction of molecular breeding in sugarbeet is the establishment of the corresponding efficient molecular marker-assisted selection system, and the creation sugarbeet germplasm or cultivars with high quality, high yield, and multi- resistance or broad-spectrum resistance. The key duty in current sugar-beet germplasm identification is developing new molecular markers applied the genetic analysis, fingerprinting and further constructing sugarbeet germplasm molecular identity. At the same time, fine mapping of important agronomic trait genes, fully exploring of QTL information and the building of more saturated molecular marker linkage map should be strengthened.

  Construction of Over-expression Vector NP24 Gene in Tomato Zhao Jingyi and Zhang Xichun 2016, 32 (16):  138-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110094 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 3337KB )   ( 482 ) According to the sequence of NP24 gene (GenBank registration number 543979) in NCBI, we designed primers and amplified cDNA encoding area. Then the cDNA was cloned to intermediate carrier pMD18-T. We built the over-expression vector PBI121-NP24 by inserting the gene NP24 into plant expression vector PBI121. The over-expression vector PBI121-NP24 was transferred into agrobacterium EHA105 by the CaCl2 freeze-thaw method. Enzyme identification showed that the gene had been correctly inserted into the PBI121 carrier and the over-expression vector was built successfully. Microbial PCR identification proved that the over-expression vector had been transferred into agrobacterium.

  Nuts Traits and Fatty Acid Components of Early-maturing Walnut Varieties Wang Yong,Shi Meijuan,Wu Yanxia,Li Hongyan,Hou Dongmei,Han Feng,Ru Huiling,,Qiao Yongsheng,Tian Xin,Yu Jing,Gao Peng and Li Yilu 2016, 32 (16):  144-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100056 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 584KB )   ( 923 ) To understand nuts traits of different early-maturing walnut varieties and the differences of fatty acid content in walnut kernel, taking 17 early-maturing walnut varieties in Shanxi Agriculture Science Institute of Pomology as materials, the nuts traits were researched. Besides, the components of fatty acid were tested with gas chromatography method. The results showed that ‘Jinboxiang 6’ and ‘Lipin 2’ were outstanding in nuts traits among the 17 varieties. There were 6 kinds of fatty acids in all varieties: oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (unsaturated fatty acid), fatty acids, palm acid, stearic acid (saturated fatty acid). Linoleic acid was the highest component among them, accounting for about 80% and oleic acid was the second highest one which accounted for nearly 80%. The ‘Liaoning 1’ had the highest oil content of 78.00% while ‘Bofeng’ had the lowest of only 59.40%. There were significant differences of oil content among these varieties. Among all the 17 varieties, the rate of oil yield of ‘Zha 343’ was 12.40% which was the highest, while that of ‘Jinboxiang 4’ was the lowest 3.50%. The palm acid of ‘Jinboxiang 1’ reached 7.30 g/100 g, which was the highest, while that of ‘Lipin 2’ was the lowest, which was 5.10 g/100 g. The material with high component of oleic acid and linoleic acid but low component of linolenic acid was the best in walnut variety breeding. Through comprehensive comparison, ‘Lipin 2’, ‘Jinboxiang 6’ and ‘Zha 343’ were the ideal varieties. This thesis could provide certain theoretical basis for walnut breeding and cultivating in Shanxi Province.

  Analysis and Evaluation of Polyphenols Quality of High Polyphenols Content Tea Varieties in Guizhou Zhao Huafu,Gao Xiubing,Liu Xiaoxia,Cao Yu,Zhou Shunzheng and Zhou Guolan 2016, 32 (16):  149-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110061 Abstract + ( 1347 )   PDF ( 560KB )   ( 488 ) In order to know the polyphenols quality of high content tea varieties in Guizhou Province, based on available data, high polyphenols content tea varieties were selected to analyze the main ingredients in tea, as well as their polyphenols reversed quality index, catechins quality index, catechins bitter taste index of polyphenol and catechins. The results showed that the annual average content of polyphenol in ‘Qianmei 419’, ‘Qianmei 502’and ‘Qianmei 701’ were 25.4%, 26.5% and 25.8% respectively, which were 6.8%, 8.2%, 7.2% higher than that of ‘Fudingdabaicha’, whose figure was 17.6%,. The polyphenols difference between high polyphenols content varieties and common tea variety ‘Fudingdabaicha’ was significant. Although EGCG and total catechins content were not significantly different between high polyphenols content varieties and ‘Fudingdabaicha’, the EGCG of high polyphenols content varieties was 24.7%, 12.5%, 17.8% higher than that of ‘Fudingdabaicha’, while the total catechins content was 33.7%, 24.3%, 23.1% higher than that of ‘Fudingdabaicha’. It indicated that these three high polyphenols content tea varieties had some advantages in quality. All polyphenols reversed threshold values of these three high polyphenols content varieties were between 40%-60% of water extract, suggesting the green tea production with good quality. Comprehensively considering the catechin quality index and the astringent index, which were 3.98, 4.49 6.06 and 9.41, 9.24, 10.51 of the tree high polyphenols content varieties respectively, the polyphenols quality of ‘Qianmei 502 ’ was better than that of the other two high polyphenols content tea varieties, ‘Qianmei 419’ and ‘Qianmei 701’.

  Suitability-for-Processing of Fresh Tea Leaves of Half-Baking Green Teain Songluo Tea Producing Regions Wang Yejun,,Su Youjian,Zhang Yongli and Liao Wanyou 2016, 32 (16):  155-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110026 Abstract + ( 774 )   PDF ( 554KB )   ( 525 ) The suitability-for-processing of Songluo tea of different colony cultivars in different regions of Xiuning County were analyzed according to the continuous processing technique. The results were as follows: the appearance of tight, uniform and strong curling, and the color of smoothly green were possessed by the colony cultivars in Liren, Langsi, Huangjian, Peiyuan and Songluo Mountain. However, there were different kinds of inherent qualities among these cultivars. In conclusion, the suitability-for-processing of Songluo tea of colony cultivars from different regions was in an order of Huangjian, Songluo Mountain, Liren, Langsi and Peiyuan. The quality of processed Songluo tea from Huangjian, Songluo Mountain, Liren and Langsi had very little difference, but that from Peiyuan was relatively low.

  Microwave Extraction Technique of Galanthamine in Lycoris Zhou Xiayu,Xiong Hairong,Zhang Maomei,Wang Jin and Xiong Yuanfu 2016, 32 (16):  161-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110096 Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 1104KB )   ( 529 ) Lycoris has abundant galanthamine which is an important medical constituent. To optimize the microwave extraction technique of galanthamine in Lycoris, influences of single factors including the microwave watt, solid-liquid ratio, temperature, extraction time and times were studied using Lycoris as material and ethanol as extractant. The optimal microwave extraction condition was identified with orthogonal test L9(34), and compared with the ultrasonic method. Results showed that the best extraction condition was as follows: the ratio of sample to solvent was 1:7 (g:mL), the extraction temperature was 45℃, the microwave watt was 350 W, the extraction time was 7 min. After sequential extraction for two times under the condition, the extraction ratio and yield of galanthamine were 95.8% and 0.0549%, respectively, and the concentration of galanthamine in the extract was about 15.15%. Compared with the ultrasonic method, the microwave method had the advantages of lower temperature, less extraction time and higher extraction ratio. The overall effect of microwave extraction was better than that of ultrasonic extraction.

  Pepper Grading Based on the Minimum Bounding Rectangle Yuan Kaifang,Tao Dongcai,Xu Hao and Xie Wei 2016, 32 (16):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120133 Abstract + ( 952 )   PDF ( 1365KB )   ( 659 ) In order to realize the pepper size grading by machine, according to pepper shape that is approximate to an arc, the authors designed a sorting system of pepper based on image processing. 100 peppers were selected for the research, the peppers were first photographed, then the images were processed for extracting the edge of the pepper and removing the pepper’s handle, at the end, four vertex coordinates were calculated by the minimum bounding rectangle diameter on the edge of the peppers with removed handles. A mid-point of the pepper was selected to calculate the arc length of the pepper. A comparison of the measured results and the detection results showed that the separation accuracy was 95%. The study could provide certain reference for automatic pepper grading according to the pepper size.

  ‘Internet ’ in Specialized Curing of Tobacco Leaves Jiang Duzhong,Xiao Chunsheng,Chen Honglang,Pei Xiaodong,Nie Xinbai,Li Yueping and Cheng Qingsong 2016, 32 (16):  171-177.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110153 Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 1946KB )   ( 793 ) To explore the tobacco specialized curing specifications and informatization management, and progressively realize the ‘Internet specialized curing’ baking mode, the authors carried out the experiment. The results showed that: the ‘Internet specialized curing’ was beneficial to improving the baking quality of tobacco leaves and reducing energy costs for baking. Through remote real-time monitoring, the new mode could reduce baking mistakes, alleviate labor intensity and workload in baking. The use of real-time data, images and other information could ensure all aspects of the professional baking process to be “clearly watched, well managed, properly controlled”, effectively improved the technical availability rate, work efficiency and enforcement, and guaranteed that the baking process could to be standardized, marked and traceable. The real-time statistical data analysis through the whole process of specialized curing could guide tobacco production and management.

  Research Tendency of Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc Based on Web of Sciences Li Mengsha,Wang Hua,Zhou Liping,Zhu Liangyu and Zhang Yue 2016, 32 (16):  178-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010133 Abstract + ( 752 )   PDF ( 708KB )   ( 532 ) Literatures on Myrica rubra from 2004 to 2014 based on the Web of Science database were analyzed. The general trend, top 20 countries, research institutes, core authors, key journals and major research disciplines were retrieved. The results indicated that a total of 163 literatures on Myrica rubra were identified. The literature number increased year by year in the world, and the number of 2013 was the highest. The top 5 prolific countries were China, Japan, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Chinese literatures on Myrica rubra were up to 108, which was higher than that of other countries. The top prolific institutes with high academic achievements were Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Kyoto University. The core authors with high academic achievements were mainly from China. Food Chemistry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Journal of Natural Products, Scientia Horticulturae, BMC Genomics were the most active journals in this field. The main disciplines of Myrica rubra research were food science technology, plant science, chemistry applied, chemistry medicinal and pharmacology pharmacy.

  Design and Experiment of Picking up and Delivering Seedlings Systemfor Rape Plug Seedling Transplanter Xu Yujuan,Wu Mingliang,Xiang Wei and He Yiming 2016, 32 (16):  185-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030081 Abstract + ( 865 )   PDF ( 3016KB )   ( 462 ) Semi-automatic transplanter is the main type of transplanting machinery in China, its process of picking seedling needs to rely on casting seedlings by hand while planting by mechanical parts, which leads to high labor intensity and low production efficiency. The authors designed a picking up and delivering seedlings system for rape plug seedling, aiming to provide reference for designing a whole automatic rape seedling transplanting machine. The test bench was manufactured and the experiment was carried out. The results showed that, the seedling frequency had little effect on the lateral seedling feeding precision, and when the seedling frequency was 70 /min, the lateral error was ±1 mm, and the longitudinal seedling error was ±2 mm，the success rate of seedling pick-up was over 95%. The design can meet the application requirements.

  Rotary Fertilizer Collecting and Discharging Device Zou Nan,Sun Songlin,Xiao Mingtao,He Shaoming,Cao Lin and Zhou Huigen 2016, 32 (16):  193-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030166 Abstract + ( 820 )   PDF ( 1477KB )   ( 790 ) Aims at meeting the fertilization requirement of 4-row rape transplanter, a collecting and discharging device was designed. The single factor and response surface experiments were conducted to study the groove width, outlet width and rotary speed, which influenced the variable coefficient of total displacement stability and consistency. The results of single factor test showed that the device achieved design requirement when groove width was 15-25 mm, outlet width was 15-25 mm and rotary speed was 40-50 r/min. The results of response surface test showed that the best combination was groove width of 19.61 mm, outlet width of 20.74 mm and rotary speed of 45.3 r/min, and the variable coefficient of total displacement stability and consistency was 3.89% and 8.17%, respectively. Experimental results showed that the performance of fertilizer collecting and discharging device could basically meet the national machinery industry standard requirements for multiple lines fertilizer discharging devices, and fertilizer collecting and discharging device had certain significance.

  Original Plants of Celery and Its Corresponding Plants Liu Haiming,Zhao Yan,Xia Xiaofei and Li Yameng 2016, 32 (16):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110022 Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 574KB )   ( 734 ) In order to study the original plants of ‘celery’ in Chinese traditional culture and make clear the classification of ‘celery’, the names of ‘celery’ related plants in ancient books and records were sorted out, ‘celery’ plants were studied in combining with the modern related monoid knowledge by the method of comparative morphology. The results showed that (1) there were 15 names related to ‘celery’ recorded in the historical literatures in all ages, 9 of them were given the scientific name; (2) the authors first put forward that the feature of root color was paid more attention when ancestors knew ‘celery’, indicating that the ancestors knowledge on ‘celery’ was deeply influenced by rare medical plant ‘ginseng’ in Umbellales in modern plant classification system; (3) volumes of ‘celery’ seeds were so small that they might be ignored by Chinese ancestors when they observed and described such plants.