Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.17 Published:20 June 2016

  CNCPS Optimizing the Diet of Dairy Buffalo During Lactation Peak 2016, 32 (17):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020004 Abstract + ( 1274 )   PDF ( 465KB )   ( 1419 ) The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is one of the most authoritative ruminant nutrition models that were internationally accepted. To verify the accuracy of CNCPS in predicting production performance of dairy buffaloes and reliability in improving production performance, 45 Mediterranean buffaloes with similar milk yield, age, parity and body condition were chosen to conduct the experiment. The average weight of the buffaloes was 600 kg and the lactation was 60 days after calving. They were randomly divided into three groups. The control group applied the TMR formula that was used by the farm, OG 1 and OG2 applied the optimized formula 1 and optimized formula 2 generated by CNCPS. The feed ingredients were analyzed according to CNCPS 6.5 and then the optimizing effect of CNCPS on diet was evaluated. The results showed that feed analysis according to CNCPS helped the optimization of buffalo diet. The practical milk production had no significant difference with the predicted milk production by metabolic protein or metabolic energy. OG 1 and OG2 had higher milk production than that of the control group (P<0.05), indicating that CNCPS system could be used to predict and increase milk production and optimize the diet.

  Mowing Time Affecting Reproductive Growth and Seed Quality of Medicago sativa L. 2016, 32 (17):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030202 Abstract + ( 1088 )   PDF ( 476KB )   ( 464 ) To study the effect of mowing time on the reproductive growth and provide basic data for improving seed yield of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.‘Xinmu No.4’was used as the experiment material. Alfalfa were mowed on the 30th, 37th, 44th, 51st, 58th and 65th day, namely on April 24, May 1, May 8, May 15, May 22 and May 29 in 2013, after resuming growth. Alfalfa in the control group was not mowed. The results showed that mowing time had important effect on reproductive pattern, seed yield and seed characteristics of alfalfa. Compared with the control group, 44 (May 8) and 51 (May 15) days after resuming growth, the thousand seed weight increased by 24.44% and 30%, seed yield increased by 26.85% and 45.86%, respectively. Whereas, seed germination rate reduced by 2.12% and 10.63%, respectively. Mowing could delay flowering period of alfalfa. Mowing once during flower bud formation period to early blooming period can improve the fertilization efficiency of flowers, decrease abortive reproductive rate and increase seed yield.

  Nitrogen and Phosphorus Affecting Activities of Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase in Coral 2016, 32 (17):  12-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010084 Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 602KB )   ( 1277 ) To study the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Goniopora stutchburyi, Goniopora duofasciata and Porites lutea, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate were used to conduct the experiments. And the concentrations of the above nutrients were set to be in low, medium and high level, respectively, and the cultivation of the corals lasted for 8 weeks. The results indicated that activities of CAT in G. stutchburyi exposed to medium concentration of nitrate and ammonium , activities of SOD exposed to high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate and to medium concentrations of ammonium reached the highest; Activities of CAT in G. duofasciata exposed to medium concentration of nitrate, ammonium and phosphate, activities of SOD exposed to medium concentrations of nitrate and ammonium and to high concentrations of phosphate reached the highest; Activities of CAT and SOD in P. Lutea with control group reached the highest,it showed poor tolerance to nutrients; CAT and SOD in Goniopora stutchburyi, Goniopora duofasciata and Porites lutea had peaks, and there were significant differences in enzymatic activity among different time points(P<0.05).It was the critical value from adaptation to toxic reaction under stress of nutrients, it illustrated that corals could be the indirectly indicator organism for evaluating the nutrient enrichment degree of marine environment.

  Construction of Isoplasm Allonuclear Near-isogenic Restore Line‘L-Rf6’in HL-CMS Rice 2016, 32 (17):  20-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020113 Abstract + ( 964 )   PDF ( 767KB )   ( 600 ) To study the interaction between two restorer genes and two CMS genes in Honglian (HL) rice, HL-CMS line‘YTA’was crossed with the restore line‘9311’. Then, F1 was backcrossed repeatedly as the female parent with the corresponding maintainer line‘YTB’as recurrent male parent, and isoplasm allonuclear near-isogenic restore line‘L-Rf6’with‘YTA’in HL-CMS rice was constructed. Based on the sequence of Rf5 and Rf6, we designed the specific primers and tested the restorer gene in‘L-Rf6’. The result indicated that the‘L-Rf6’was constructed successfully. By analyzing the expression level of HL-CMS gene orfh79 in‘L-Rf6’, we found that the expression level of orfh79 in‘L-Rf6’decreased distinctly compared with that in‘YTA’. The construction of the near- isogenic restore line could contribute to research the interaction between sterility genes and restorer genes in HL-rice.

  Optimization of Medium Composition for Acquiring the Max Growth Biomass of a Marine Bio-control Bacteria Serratia proteamaculans by Response Surface Methodology 2016, 32 (17):  25-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010057 Abstract + ( 1079 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 770 ) To acquire the max growth biomass and improve the biocontrol effect of Serratia proteamaculans NC-5, the culture medium composition was optimized and the interactions among the compositions were analyzed in the paper. At first, single factor experiments were conducted to acquire the best concentration of carbon, nitrogen, bivalent metallic cations, NaCl, KH2PO4 and yeast powder. Then maltose, tryptone and CaCl2·2H2O were found to significantly influence the growth of S. proteamaculans NC-5 by Plackeet-Burman Design. Steepest ascent experiment was designed by the effect proportion of the significant influencing factors. Finally, Box-Behnken Design was used to design the 3 factors and 3 levels response surface analysis. The results showed that the best concentration of maltose, tryptone and CaCl2·2H2O was 7.68 g/L, 32.88 g/L, and 4.672 mmol/L, respectively. The optimum medium was composed of 7.68 g/L maltose, 32.88 g/L tripton, 0.25% KH2PO4, 0.5% NaCl, 4.672 mmol/L CaCl2·2H2O, 2 mmol/L MgSO4·7H2O, 1 mmol/L MnSO4·1H2O and 1 g/L yeast powder after optimization of the composition of culture medium. After cultivating with the above culture medium, OD600 was 0.821 (dilution 4 times), which was closed to the prediction (0.81652), and was 2.432 times as much as that of basic medium (0.675, dilution 2 times), and cell count of fermentation broth increased by 184.444%. The results indicated that the mathematical model was fitted with the experimental data and the medium composition could be used for industrial production.

  A Modified Technique of Paraffin Section for Feijoa Flower Buds 2016, 32 (17):  35-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030145 Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 664KB )   ( 1147 ) In order to obtain the optimal condition for observing Feijoa flower bud formation and differentiation by paraffin section method, flower buds in three different developmental periods were chosen in this study. Based on the conventional paraffin section method, the ways of fixation, softening, dehydration, clearing, embedding and dyeing, etc. were improved to adapt to the characteristics of the Feijoa flower bud. The results showed that after the materials were softened in hydrochloric acid solution for 24 h, dehydration, transparent and other steps were conducted for section operation, and a continuous and complete wax tape could be obtained. The final sliced section was observed through the microscope, finding that the internal structure of the visible material was complete and the dyeing was clear. The optimized paraffin section technique could avoid the problems of incomplete embedding, hardened and brittle organization, discontinuous wax tape and incomplete internal structure, etc. This study provided a set of operation steps by using paraffin section method to observe Feijoa flower bud formation and differentiation, which could be a good reference for other trees with similar flower structure.

  Ultrastructure of tarsal sensilla of the asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 2016, 32 (17):  40-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120124 Abstract + ( 1138 )   PDF ( 1369KB )   ( 681 ) The shape, type and distribution of tarsal sensilla of the Asian longhorned beetle [Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)] (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were observed and described in order to understand their effects on feeding and mating behaviors. The ultrastructure of tarsal sensilla of both female and male adult A. glabripennis was observed with scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there were 3 types of sensilla in adult tarsi which were sensilla trichodea (2 subtypes), sensilla chaetica (3 subtypes), and sensilla basiconica. Though the sensilla’s type and sex distribution were similar, tarsi length and the amount of sensilla showed dimorphism as tarsi length of the female was longer than that of the male and the amount of sensilla on tarsi and claws of the female was much more than that of the male. Studying the type, shape and distribution of these sensilla and their functions with consideration to feeding behavior would be helpful to understand the chemical communication mechanism of the longhorned beetles.

  Application and Research Progress of Edible Fungi Cultivation with Sugarcane Bagasse 2016, 32 (17):  44-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110111 Abstract + ( 1004 )   PDF ( 535KB )   ( 1701 ) Because of the delicious taste, edible fungi have high quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins as well as low fat. Researches on edible fungi cultivation with sugarcane bagasse can not only solve the problems of raw materials shortage, high costs and environmental damage, but also achieve the comprehensive utilization of sugarcane bagasse. The authors reviewed the reports on edible fungi cultivation with sugarcane bagasse at home and abroad and analyzed the technology and its application. The research prospects were also outlined in order to provide reference for the development of edible fungi industry.

  Weed Community Change Trend in Paddy Field of Qiqihar City 2016, 32 (17):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120154 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 482KB )   ( 595 ) The aim was to clarify the weed species, community composition and damage status in paddy field of Qiqihar City, and provide a basis for effective prevention and treatment of weeds in paddy field. Using inversion "W" shape 9 sampling method, field survey and fixed point observation were carried out. The field survey included fixed point counting method and random visual observation method for the weed species, community composition and the status of damage. The results showed that the occurrence frequencies of Cyperus difformis L., Phragmites communis Trin, Echinochloa crus-galli P. Beauv., Eleocharis intersita Zinserl. etc. were decreasing, while that of Sagittaria sagittifolia L., Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack, Monochoria vaginalis, Alisma orientale Juzep, Leersia heraudra Swartz, Agrostis palustris were increasing in the 20 years. The extent of the damage of weeds varied with the frequency of their occurrence, and caused serious harm. Weed community in paddy field changed from“gramineous weed cyperaceous weed broad leaf weed” to“broad leaf weed gramineous weed cyperaceous weed”, of which, the occurrence of malignant weed species increased and caused more serious harm to rice.

  Control Effect of Four Kinds of Agents on Greenhouse Autumn Cowpea Anthracnose 2016, 32 (17):  56-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110154 Abstract + ( 1226 )   PDF ( 527KB )   ( 554 ) In order to reducing the occurrence and damage of cowpea anthracnose, decreasing the chemical pesticide consumption, residue and environmental pollution, the methods of forecasting, randomized block design and statistical analysis were used to the field efficacy trials, which conducted of the control effect of cowpea anthracnose by using bio-pesticide : Chitosan,biochemical compound preparation Prochloraz-Chitosan,chemical pesticides Difenoconazole and Thifluzamide. The results showed that after applying 2% Chitosan AS 2250g,46%Prochloraz-Chitosan EW 450g,10%Difenoconazole WG900g(Control agent)and 24%Thifluzamide SC360mL per hm2 per 5-8 days period, and continuous applied 3 times during serious morbidity autumn in greenhouse, the control effects were all over 83%, 78% and 73%, respectively, at 7 days, 14 days and 20 days after treatment.The control effects between 4 kinds of agents were no significant difference. These results indicated the 4 kinds of agents, especially that Chitosan and Prochloraz-Chitosan were ideal bio-pesticides, which could not only be used for controlling tomato virus diseases, but also realize modern, pollution-free, green and organic agricultural production.

  Embryonic Development of Quarantine Pest Callosobruchus maculatus 2016, 32 (17):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030176 Abstract + ( 1582 )   PDF ( 1083KB )   ( 963 ) In order to improve the research on embryonic development of Callosobruchus maculatus, provide a scientific theoretical basis for effective management and offer reliable and accurate experimental data on prevention and control of C. maculatus for China’s grain agency, embryonic development process of quarantine pest C. maculatus was studied at the temperature of 28℃ and relative humidity of 70% under microscopic observation. Then, the effect of temperature on embryonic development duration was analyzed. The results showed that the embryonic development duration of C. maculatus lasted 118 h. Embryonic development process mainly included five stages which were cleavage, formation of blastoderm and germ band, formation of germinal layer and membrane, segmentation of embryonic body and formation of appendages, dorsal enclosure and the mature of embryo; and the corresponding time was 0-11 h, 12-16 h, 17-21 h, 22-90 h and 91-118 h. Incubation period of C. maculatus egg decreased with the increase of temperature at the range of 20-37℃. This study provided a reference for the classification and phylogeny of C. maculatus, and laid a foundation for the further molecular biological study of C. maculatus.

  Species Diversity of Hymenoptera in Tongliao 2016, 32 (17):  67-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020021 Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 522KB )   ( 452 ) The aim of this paper was to test species composition and distribution of Hymenoptera in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia. Species in Hymenoptera were captured using net and studied systematically in 8 sites in Tongliao from 2010 to 2014. According to the specimens conserved in the inset laboratory of College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, the captured insects were identified and classified into 44 species in 18 families of Hymenoptera. There were 9 species in Ichneumonidae, which was the most, followed by Scoliidae (6 species). Horqin District and Zhalute Banner were rich of Hymenoptera species among the 8 sites, both had 17 species, followed by Kailu County (10 species). Naiman Banner and Holingol had the fewest species (6 species). The results provide basic information for the protection of biodiversity in Tongliao.

  Research Progress and Utilization Prospect of Soft Rock 2016, 32 (17):  72-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110158 Abstract + ( 924 )   PDF ( 569KB )   ( 1003 ) Soft rock is a kind of inadequately developed mudstone and siltstone. Soft rock region is the core energy base in the Yellow River basin, it is also the area with the most fragile ecological environment and the most serious soil erosion. Based on the requirement of ecological construction and the characteristics of soft rock, the authors reviewed the soil erosion characteristics and improvement measures in soft rock region. Taking into consideration the new idea of“resource utilization, changing harm to treasure”, the authors summarized new applications of soft rock as modified building materials, formula parent material and mine renovation material, and put forward exploring the potential of soft rock as non-mineral resource and tourism resource. The results could provide new ideas for ecological construction of soft rock region, which had great significance to realize the resource utilization of soft rock.

  Dynamic Change of Landscape Spatial Pattern in Karakul Lake Region in Xinjiang 2016, 32 (17):  78-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030082 Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 1628KB )   ( 510 ) In order to study the spatial distribution and spatio-temporal variation rules of different landscape types in Karakul Lake region, the Landsat TM/ETM images of research area in 1990, 1999, 2010 were taken as the research data. Using the decision tree method and combined with field research, landscapes were classified into 5 types which were oasis, glacier, desert, river and lake. Then the landscape changing pattern and spatial transformation characteristics of the landscape types from 1990 to 2010 were studied by using the theory and method of landscape ecology. The results showed that the appearance characteristics and spatial pattern of landscape in Karakul Lake region had significant changes from 1990 to 2010. The area of desert and river first decreased then increased, the area of lake kept a continuous increase, and the area of oasis and glacier first increased then decreased. The overall extension and fragmentation degree of landscape declined, the landscape dominance and heterogeneity increased. Landscape changes were greatly influenced by the natural environment.

  Application of Diatomite in Wastewater Treatment 2016, 32 (17):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030186 Abstract + ( 1396 )   PDF ( 523KB )   ( 1627 ) Water environmental pollution control is a hot issue in the field of environmental protection. Diatomite is widely used in the in the filed of wastewater treatment, because of its large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity. The abundant reserves and low price of diatomite make it to be broad application prospects in treating wastewater. Based on the introduction of the character and adsorption mechanisms of diatomite, this paper reviewed the research progress of diatomite application in treating Heavy metals wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater, paper waste, oily wastewater, municipal wastewater and so on. Finally, the deficiencies of the current research on diatomite application in wastewater treatment process were summarized, and the application prospect of diatomite in the field of wastewater treatment was discussed. The current review can offer some basic information and ideas for the related research.

  Constraining Characteristics of Coastal Dredger Fill in Different Dredged Years 王振宇,张振,刘祥宏 and 张清 2016, 32 (17):  91-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030083 Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 663KB )   ( 494 ) A comprehensive study on vegetation and soil quality of coastal dredger fill in different dredged years was conducted through a field investigation, to determine the constraining characteristics of the coastal dredger fill in different dredged years. The results showed that: biomass was positively correlated with the dredged time of the coastal dredger fill, the soil surface was basically bare and Suaeda salsa was little in the early time of the dredger fill; after the deposition of 3 to 5 years, the dredger fill was initially invaded by the plants of Kochiascoparia and Atriplex and the biomass of Suaeda salsa significantly increased; after 6 deposition years, the Suaeda salsa on the ground of the dredger fill increased to a large amount; the bulk density of the dredger fill in different dredged years was light and had large field capacity; soil organic matter content was low and nitrogen was lacking, while the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were rich in different dredged years; the average soil salt content whose determined ions were Na and Cl- was above 30 g/kg; the soil pH was between 8.4 and 8.8 and ESP was all more than 30%, which showed that the dredger fill was strong alkaline soil; the migrations and redistributions of soil salt ions were limited to be between the surface and the subsurface within the first 5 years; the soil at 1 m depth began to desalination 6 years later. Tight clay soil, high salt content, strong alkaline, poor organic matter and nitrogen were the constraining characteristics of the coastal dredger fill in different dredged years.

  Distribution Characteristics of Wheat Field Soil Nutrient in Xiaoyi, Shanxi 2016, 32 (17):  98-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010154 Abstract + ( 800 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 571 ) A total number of 2413 soil samples were collected by the method of grid sampling, which covered 5 subclasses in all 3 soil types. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium, slowly potassium, available phosphorus and available medium trace elements were measured and analyzed to clarify the distribution characteristics of soil nutrient and guide scientific and reasonable fertilization in Xiaoyi. The results showed that the mean content of soil organic matter in different subclasses was 8.86-23.26 g/kg, which was in the medium or lack level. The mean available nitrogen content was 76.79-89.47 mg/kg, which was in the medium level. The mean available phosphorus content was 9.46-15.79 mg/kg, which was in the rich or medium level. The mean available potassium content was 139.11-207.74 mg/kg, which was in the rich level. The nutrient contents in different subclasses were significantly different, in general, all these nutrients presented the highest values in salined flavo-aquic soil, and followed by calcareous cinnamon soil, and the contents in meadow cinnamon soil, cinnamon soil and typically red clay soil were relative low. The variable coefficients of organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were higher in different subclasses, and the variable coefficients of available nitrogen, available potassium and slowly available potassium were very low. And the available medium trace elements contents among different subclasses were not very consistent. In general, except that available boron was relatively low, available manganese, available iron, available copper and available zinc were in medium or high level, and the variable coefficients of these medium trace elements contents were very low. Such distribution characteristics of soil nutrients should be considered to take nutrient basic balance strategy to optimize fertilization on a basis of soil testing, so as to achieve the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture in Xiaoyi.

  Improvement Effect of Landscaping Waste Compost on Park Green Soil Quality 杨田 and 龚小强 2016, 32 (17):  106-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120064 Abstract + ( 1067 )   PDF ( 448KB )   ( 754 ) In order to promote the utilization of garden green waste and improve the soil quality of the park green land, the research adopts the green waste compost products to ameliorate the soil quality of Beihai park. The soil has been squeezed seriously and its physical and chemical properties are poor, which has seriously hindered the growth of plants. For this situation, there are three treatments, the green waste compost products were added respectively with 25kg/m3, 40kg/m3 and 55kg/m3. After a growing season, the physical and chemical properties of soil bulk density, porosity, pH, organic matter and available nutrient content of the modified soil were analyzed again. The results showed that the soil physical and chemical properties are improved and are suitable for plant growing. The adding amount of 40g/m3 treatment has the best effect, improved soil bulk density reached 1.34g/cm3, pH 8.09 to 8.11, organic matter content increased 2 ~ 3 times for 29.32 to 53.31g/kg and available nutrients from five levels and below to two levels and above of the grading standards for the second national soil nutrient survey.

  Ecological Stoichiometry Characteristics of Tobacco Planting Soil in Miyi, Panzhihua 2016, 32 (17):  111-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030193 Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 480KB )   ( 712 ) In order to clarify the effect of long- term tobacco cultivation on ecological stoichiometry characteristics of soil and provide scientific basis for ecological resistance measures in tobacco-planting area of Miyi, comparative analysis of soil ecological chemistry characteristics between the Second Soil Survey (1982s) and current situation (2013s) were conducted. The results showed that: (1) long-term cultivation of tobacco resulted in large quantities of organic carbon consumption, compared with the data of the Second Soil Survey, C/N, C/P and C/K decreased by 23.69%, 23.63% and 7.16%, respectively, which was caused by the enrichment of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different degrees, N/P decreased by 15.98% in comparing with that of the Second Soil Survey, due to the fact that phosphorus could be more easily stabilized in soil and had a relatively bigger increasing range; (2) soil organic carbon content was significantly positive correlated with N/P, N/K and P/K, indicating that soil organic carbon content was the major influence factor of soil ecological stoichiometry in tobacco-planting area in Miyi. The supplement of soil organic carbon should be highlighted.

  Light response characteristics of photosynthesis of Paspalum notatum and its simulation under soil water stress in dry-hot valleyZhao Li1, He Yuxiao2, Wei Yali3, Jin Jie4, Liu Gangcai5, 2016, 32 (17):  115-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030126 Abstract + ( 1060 )   PDF ( 695KB )   ( 1019 ) In order to find out the optimum light response model of photosynthesis, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different models, understand physiological ecology characteristics of photosynthesis of Paspalum notatum and reasonably use water resource to conduct vegetation recovery, three light response models were used to simulate light response. Light response process of photosynthesis was studied by Li-6400 photosynthesis system under different soil water stresses in rainy season in Yuanmou dry-hot valley, light response curve was simulated by rectangular hyperbola model, non-rectangular hyperbola model and modified rectangular hyperbola model, respectively. The difference of the three models was analyzed by determination coefficient (R2), simulated initial quantum efficiency (α), the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP) and dark respiration rate (Rd). The results showed that (1) Pnmax, LCP and Rd of Heteropogon contortus decreased with the increase of water stress, light suppression phenomenon happened under strong light situation, photosynthetic (Pn) increased and then decreased with the increase of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); (2) according to R2, the simulation results followed the order of modified rectangular hyperbola model ＞ non-rectangular hyperbola model ＞ rectangular hyperbola model; (3) the four parameters of Pnmax, LSP, LCP and Rd were close to the measured values in rectangular hyperbola model, while most of the parameters of other models had obvious differences from the measured values except individual parameters. Modified rectangular hyperbola model could get saturated light intensity and Pnmax directly, and well fit the light response process and characteristic parameters, the simulated values could meet the actual physiology condition and the measured values, thus this model could simulate the light response characteristics of photosynthesis of Paspalum notatum under water stress.

  Characteristic of temperature on fragrant pear trees covered by striped cloth in winter 2016, 32 (17):  122-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120163 Abstract + ( 1254 )   PDF ( 826KB )   ( 717 ) In order to reveal the temperature characteristics of pear tree in field covered by striped cloth, a microclimate observation experiment of the pear trees in and outside the striped cloth shed was conducted in Shanghu Town of Korla from January 7th to March 8th in 2015. The change rules of trunk temperature were analyzed. The results showed that the average temperature and hourly temperature inside the shed were higher than those outside, and the overall temperature trends inside and outside the shed were the same. Under different weather types, the change speed of the temperature in sunny days was the highest, followed by that in cloudy days, and that in overcast days was the lowest, and the change of temperature at night was stable for different weather types. The trunk temperature in the sunny side was higher than that in the shady side, the difference between the sunny side and the shady side ranged from 0.06℃ to 2.59℃ . The hourly trunk temperature of both the sunny side and the shady side were almost similar at night. The change range of the hourly trunk temperature in the sunny side against different weather types was greater than that in the shady side. The lowest trunk temperature in the sunny side outside the shed all appeared at 9:00 under different weather types, and that in the shady side appeared 1 h later, and the highest trunk temperature in the sunny side under sunny weather type appeared at 16:00, and 1 h later under cloudy and overcast weather type, and 2 h later in the shady side.

  Quality Control of GPS/MET Water Vapor Retrieval Data in Anhui Province 王 根, and 2016, 32 (17):  129-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120023 Abstract + ( 950 )   PDF ( 935KB )   ( 754 ) Aiming to improve the quality of GPS/MET water vapor retrieval data in Anhui Province, the quality control of GPS/MET water vapor retrieval data was carried out by using the comprehensive discrimination method. Firstly, the authors analyzed GPS/MET water vapor retrieval data from July 2011 to September 2014, formed the boundaries of the data value, as the first step of comprehensive discrimination analysis method. On the basis of the first step, the bias (GPS/MET water vapor actual observation value and global reanalysis GDAS calculated precipitation values deviation) threshold method to control the overall quality of the data was adopted as the second step, and the third step was to further conduct the quality control on large deviations in water vapor data by double weight method, and preliminarily obtained the sequence relationship of GPS/MET water vapor retrieval data and the precipitation, and ultimately formed the data sets of GPS/MET water vapor retrieval data quality control of Anhui Province. The development of data sets and the corresponding quality control method, which were based on the use of the GPS/MET observation system of water vapor data with characteristics of high precision and high spatial and temporal resolution, could lay a foundation for water vapor data assimilation fusion.

  Variation Trend of Extreme Precipitation in Tibet During Recent 50 Years Zhang Hezhen,Duojiciren and Zhuo Ga 2016, 32 (17):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010022 Abstract + ( 862 )   PDF ( 1219KB )   ( 527 ) The paper aims to reveal the variation trend and characteristics of extreme precipitation in Tibet and provide references for disaster prevention and mitigation. With daily precipitation observation data of 18 meteorological stations in Tibet during 1961-2010, the variation trends of 7 variables in Tibet Autonomous Region were investigated. The results showed that: The results showed that: the mean annual precipitation day indicated slightly increasing variation and the longest continuous precipitation day presented weak decreasing variation trend in recent 50 years while the total precipitation amount had no obvious variation. The maximum precipitation in one day and three days exhibited a slightly increasing trend. The annual precipitation, mean precipitation intensity and strong precipitation days presented a significantly increasing trend. The increase of the mean precipitation intensity and the strong precipitation days were the major reason for a remarkably increasing trend of the precipitation in Tibet. The precipitation showed a decreasing trend in western Tibet and the upper reaches of Yarlungzangbu River, where the days without rainfall increased and the dry season was much longer than before, and the desertification became more serious. The annual precipitation, the mean precipitation intensity and the strong precipitation days increased in most parts of Tibet, and the flood and waterlogging caused by the strong precipitation in short time might increase.

  The research of continuous rain disaster in Zhenjiang 朱海涛,吴琼,钱鹏,张旭晖 and 周勍 2016, 32 (17):  142-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120036 Abstract + ( 861 )   PDF ( 684KB )   ( 526 ) The paper aims to reduce the impact of continuous rain disasters on the growth and yield of the main food crops， Based on the farmland water balance principle，a continuous rain disasters index model was constructed on waterlogging duration，the level of drought-waterlogging and the degree of sunshine． It analyzes the occurrence law of Zhenjiang continuous rain disasters and the impact on the growth of the main food crops． The results showed that， the occurrence frequency of continuous rain disaster is 1 times every two years， the impact of 1~2 on wheat growth period，and the effect of 2~3 on Rice; it mainly occurred in wheat jointing stage，rice tillering and transplanting stage; Only 10% of the wheat and 8% of the rice in the years was not affected by the rain disaster; The relative meteorological yield fluctuation of 12~25% in wheat and 11~24% in rice was caused by continuous rain disaster． In order to scientifically prevent the influence of continuous rain disaster， a continuous rain disaster index model was built and the monitoring and early warning information was published to provide reference for prevention．

  A Regional Rainstorm Caused by MCC in Southwestern Guizhou 2016, 32 (17):  149-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030007 Abstract + ( 698 )   PDF ( 1893KB )   ( 378 ) In order to understand the effect of MCC on the rainstorm process in Guizhou mountain area, the rainstorm case on May 27,2008 is analysized with the observation data and reanalysis data. The Results show that the overlaying of warm moist air flow in the lower troposphere and dry cold air in the middle level strengthens the convective instability. The low-level warm shear makes the convective cloud cluster develop into a MCC, and the cold shear makes the MCC weaken and disappear. During the formation and development stage, the rain cluster presents NW-SE and less moves. The axis of the MCC is east-west along with the warm shear at 850 hPa, and the MCC spreads at the same time in both sides of the warm shear. When the MCC begins to weaken, the rain cluster moves southward, and spreads in the cold high pressure belt and then weakens. The heavy rain usually occurs near the axis of the MCC where the TBB is less than -92℃ but the TBB gradient area. Wangmo and Zhenfeng are located in the east and west sides of a valley in the southwestern of Guizhou Province. When the easterly wind is up to 6m/s, the obvious orographic ascending motion occurs, which has the significant topographic effect on the rainfall in Wangmo and Zhenfeng located on the both sides of the bell terrain.

  Cause Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Process in Warm Sector Ahead of Cold Front 2016, 32 (17):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030020 Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 2806KB )   ( 804 ) Based on conventional meteorological observation, automatic stations, regional rainfall stations, satellite, radar and reanalysis data, a heavy rain in warm sector before cold front occurred in August 2015 were analyzed. The results showed that: This heavy rainfall process happened in the background of westerly trough eastward and the subtropical high southeast retreat, and the strong convective precipitation led by thermal condition in warm sector before cold front was the main contribution of the heavy rainfall. The rainstorm appeared in the overlapping area of the significant divergence zone at the right rear of the upper-level jet, warm shear line at 700hPa, cold shear line at 850hPa, surface dry line and the region where Showalter Index was less than -2℃. The mesoscale cyclone vortex on 850hPa shear line together with the shear lines of extreme wind of automatic stations and mesoscale vortex directly triggered the rainstorm. Due to the deviation error of the model forecast in position of the 850hPa shear line, the mid-lower flow configuration was misled from a forward-tilting to be a backward-tilting structure, which directly affected the model accuracy in thermal condition forecast, and the result was that enhanced the Western dynamic condition and weakened the Eastern thermal condition, which ended up with a deviation error of heavy rainfall area forecast. The key of heavy rainfall in warm sector before cold front forecast was the conditions of triggering the release of unstable energy. For such rainstorm forecast, we should pay more attention to the wind field changes in boundary layer and strengthen the comprehensive analysis and application of the monitoring data.

  Squall Line Weather in Shanxi Province: Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Conceptual Models 刘宇庆 2016, 32 (17):  165-171.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010077 Abstract + ( 1220 )   PDF ( 1129KB )   ( 967 ) To reduce the damage of agriculture caused by the squall line weather, the information-baseSdata from 1979 to 2013 from Shanxi Meteorological Information Center and MICAPS data is used and statistical analysis of the squall line weather in Shanxi Province was done. The results show that: The spatial distribution characteristic presents that the days of squall line is more in the east than in the west of Shanxi Province. Squall line mainly occurred among April to September, the highest frequency of squall line appears in June to July. The appearance of squall line weather has obvious diurnalSvariationSfeatures and the largest incidence of squall line is during 16:00-17:00 o’clock. Days and stations of the squall line in Shanxi reduced with the rate of 3.6 days every 10 years nearly 35 years. There are four main types of conceptual models of squall line in Shanxi. They are respectively the model of low vortex with cold front, low vortex without cold front, westerly trough with cold front, and westerly trough without cold front. Four types of concept model are all combined with low-level cold or warm shear line. Which kind of severe convective weather will happen while the squall line transits depends on the humidity conditions of low layer. Short-time heavy rain will happen when the low level is matched with moist tongue, and gale and downbursts will happen when the low layer is controlled by dry tongue. When the depression of the dew point of low layer is greater than 6 ℃ and less than 11 ℃, it is often accompanied by thunderstorm and hail.

  Calculation Method for Injury Probability of Living Beings 2016, 32 (17):  172-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120038 Abstract + ( 1224 )   PDF ( 529KB )   ( 571 ) In order to improve the scientific and accuracy of calculation for risk of loss of a human life, and to give constructive guidance opinion to safety arrangement of manual grounding devices,by analysising on calculation method of touch and step voltages when leakage current by manual grounding devices,determined the quantitative calculation method of the probability of injury to living beings caused by electric shock due to touch and step voltages.In calculation,by the comparative analysis between the calculated value of touch and step voltages and threshold value of human discomfort tolerance to touch and step voltages to determination the minimum lightning current amplitude in order to reach the threshold value,and by the analysis on characteristic of thunderbolt activity at the location of the project to determination the lightning current amplitude exceeding to corresponding to threshold value,that is the proportion of the lightning current producing risk,and holds that the proportion is probability of injury to living beings caused by electric shock due to touch and step voltages. Calculation of ouch and step voltages to artificial ground substance with vertical grounding rod as exemple,and the influence of the different between impulse current and power current is considered.

  Intelligent Path Tracking and Control for Automatic Driving System of Crawler Tractor 2016, 32 (17):  176-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040042 Abstract + ( 1051 )   PDF ( 739KB )   ( 764 ) In order to realize the path tracking and control of crawler tractor in the field under the complex environment, an automatic driving system was designed and the tracking algorithms of this system were studied. The automatic driving system contained MCU, double laser positioning system, speed control system, ignition/extinction control system, and hydraulic steering system, etc. To track and control the route of crawler tractor, fuzzy algorithm was used to compensate the deviation of the traveling process. Matlab/Simulate simulation and field experiment were made for testing the algorithm and results show that it can control the NF502 crawler tractor effectively within 100m，and it proved that the algorithm can track and control the crawler tractor’s route.

  Research Progress of Popularization and Application of Agricultural Water-saving Irrigation Techniques 2016, 32 (17):  181-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120053 Abstract + ( 999 )   PDF ( 529KB )   ( 552 ) The aim of this research is to summary the water-saving irrigation techniques and to establish a theoretical basis for the development of high-efficiency water-saving agriculture in China. CNKI was used as the source of original literatures and the searching conditions were set with ‘title’=‘water-saving irrigation technique’, ‘and’=‘extension’ and ‘years’=2006-2015. The publication years and journals of the obtained 900 literatures were analyzed by using bibliometric method. The results showed that water-saving irrigation techniques were in the developing and exploring stage and the development of popularization and application was fast. Microirrigation, sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation under mulch had relative strong applicability and were widely applied in production practice. Finally the problems existed in the popularization and application of water-saving irrigation techniques were summaried and the corresponding measures were put forward.

  Causes and Policy Recommendations of China’s Grain Growth for 11 Consecutive Years 2016, 32 (17):  187-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100140 Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 620KB )   ( 633 ) With the purpose of finding effective ways and means to ensure a stable development of China’s grain production, based on the characteristics of grain production, this study analyzed the facilitating and constraining factors of China’s grain growth for 11 consecutive years. The results indicated that the continuous growth of food production for 11 years mainly came from the continuously increased financial support to the grain industry, the enhanced strength of agricultural science and technology, and high yield substitution pattern of planting structure. However, China’s food security still faced challenges such as intensified resource constraints, low comparative benefit, weaker international competence, and deteriorated ecology and environment. Finally, this paper suggested establishing a long-term mechanism for food stable development from the perspectives of financial, science and technology, environment, grain operating entities and pricing.

  Operating Mode of Family Farms of Multiple Cropping of Rice-rape ——A Survey of 990 Family Farms in Hunan Province 2016, 32 (17):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030088 Abstract + ( 900 )   PDF ( 548KB )   ( 675 ) In order to explore the operating mode and quantitative indicators for family farms of multiple cropping of rice- rape, a comprehensive analysis of costs and benefits of the rice- rape production was conducted based on the reported network data of 990 family farms from 22 counties in Hunan Province and the survey data of 135 family farms in Hunan Province. Using family members as the main labor resources, the operating modes for family farms of multiple cropping of rice-rape were put forward. The results showed that the optimum scales of family farm which owned agricultural machinery and family farms using outsourcing mechanical job were 9 and 11 hm2, respectively. The results provide a theoretical basis for the scale of family farms of multiple cropping of rice-rape in southern China.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Land Supply Side Performance in Fukang 2016, 32 (17):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120020 Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 609KB )   ( 533 ) To analyze the existing problems of land supply side structure in Fukang City, principal component analysis was conducted to construct the comprehensive performance evaluation system land supply side policy in Fukang from the aspect of the structural, economic and equitable benefit. The results showed that the performance of land supply side policy in Fukang fluctuated from 2009 to 2013, but the overall score was good, indicating that the overall implementation effect of land supply side policy was good. In the aspect of land supply structure adjustment, urban land supply structure in Fukang needed further adjustment as the proportion of industrial warehouse space was larger and the proportion of business services and residential land was smaller. In the aspect of economic benefit, the rate of land supply and land open transfer market maintained in a high level, but intensity of land investment was lower. In the aspect of equitable benefit, urban road area per capita, land area of public management and public services per capita and the proportion of affordable house had a certain degree of expansion, but was still in a low level. Finally, to adjust and optimize land structure of land supply side, the countermeasures including optimizing the structure of land supply, focusing on internal potential of stock land, changing the inefficient land use, taking the combination of national economic and social development planning, urban overall planning and urban and rural planning as the guide were proposed to achieve future sustainable development of urban land supply.