Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.18 Published:25 June 2023

  Effect of Planting Density on Anti-lodging Mechanical Grain Harvesting of Maize in Sichuan Hilly Areas JIN Rong, LI Zhong, LI Shiwei, XIA Qingqing, YANG Yun, WANG Peng, YAO Ping, PU Quanbo, ZHENG Zuping 2023, 39 (18):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0541 Abstract + ( 179 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1389KB )   ( 89 ) In order to clarify the changes of stalk lodging resistance and mechanical grain harvesting quality of maize under different planting densities and the correlations between them, ‘Xianyu 1171’ and ‘Zhongyu 3’ were used as experimental materials, and six planting densities, including 3.0×104, 4.5×104, 6.0×104, 7.5×104, 9.0×104, and 10.5×104 plants/hm2, were set to carry out field experiments to study the effects of different planting densities on maize stalk morphology, mechanical strength, lodging rate and mechanical grain harvesting quality. The results showed that with the increase of planting density, the plant height and ear position of maize increased, the basal internodes became longer and thinner, the rind penetration strength and stalk breaking strength decreased, and the lodging risk increased greatly. Correlation analysis found that the stalk breaking strength could be used as a judgment index of anti-lodging mechanical grain harvesting. The lodging rate, grain moisture content, impurity rate, breakage rate and total yield loss rate of maize also increased with the increase of planting density, and the suitable range of grain moisture content for mechanical harvesting was 17.83%-25.76%. As the planting density increased, the maize yield first increased then decreased, and the relationship between planting density and maize yield was quadratic function. Under this experimental condition, the suitable planting density of ‘Xianyu 1171’ was 70800 plants/hm2, while the suitable planting density of ‘Zhongyu 3’ was 79900 plants/hm2. According to climatic conditions and cropping scheme, the harvest can be delayed properly to improve the mechanical grain harvesting quality of maize in hilly areas of Sichuan.

  Effect on the Quality of Foxtail Millet: Combined Application of Fertilizers, Herbicide and Selenium LUO Aiguo, FENG Yikai, PANG Qiong, ZHU Min, NIE Meng’en, YANG Yanjun 2023, 39 (18):  11-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0701 Abstract + ( 144 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1319KB )   ( 82 ) This study explored the effect of combined application of fertilizer, herbicide, and selenium (Se) on the grain quality of foxtail millet in order to optimize the foxtail millet cultivation techniques. ‘Jingu 21’ was used as material, a quadratic general rotation combination design with five factors and five levels was set to study the effects of combined application of nitrogen (N), tetraphosphorus decaoxide (P2O5), potassium oxide (K2O), tribenuron-methyl (TBM) herbicide, and Se on the quality of foxtail millet. Principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the eight quality indicators of foxtail millet, including protein, fat, folate, gel consistency, amylase, alkali digestion value, yellow pigment and selenium. The first principal component, which could explain 58.14% of the total variance of grain quality, was chosen as the comprehensive quality. N×K2O, N×MSF, and K2O×MSF interactions had significance influence on the comprehensive grain quality of ‘Jingu 21’. The recommended cultivation conditions of N, P2O5, K2O, Se and MSF were 109.88 kg/hm2, 99.20 kg/hm2, 110.91 kg/hm2, 87.58 g/hm2, and 419.35 g/hm2 respectively, and the highest predicted comprehensive quality was 57.68. This study provided support for the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, selenium and herbicide in an optimal combination for foxtail millet production, and provided a theoretical basis for the optimal cultivation management and targeted planting of high-quality foxtail millet.

  20 Sorghum Varieties Introduced in Hinggan League: The Evaluation by Membership Function Model FU Ying, ZHANG Liankui, LI Wurijimusi, GUO Longyu, WANG Jingyu, GAO Xinmei, WANG Wei, XU Xingjian, WANG Ying, ZHANG Mingwei, WURILIGE, WANG Yingjie 2023, 39 (18):  19-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0659 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1254KB )   ( 66 ) The key phenological period, important agronomic traits and resistance of 20 introduced sorghum varieties were investigated and recorded to provide scientific basis for selecting high-yield and high-quality sorghum varieties suitable for local cultivation and promotion. The membership function was used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that ‘Longza 20’ had a shortest growth period of 100 days while other varieties were about 103-143 days. The tallest plant variety was ‘Hongyingzi’ (293.6 cm), the shortest was ‘Longza 18’ (94.5 cm), and the remaining varieties were 103.9-234.2 cm. The panicle length of 20 varieties ranged from 23.1 cm to 35.3 cm. The number of leaves of ‘Longza 18’ and ‘Longza 20’ were 13.5 and 13.4 respectively, and other varieties ranged from 19.1 to 23.1. Panicle weight of each variety of sorghum ranged from 33.3 g to 128.7 g. The grain weight per panicle ranged from 23.7 to 118.8 g. The grain yields ranged from 5344.3 kg/hm2 to 9344.7 kg/hm2. ‘Jinnuoliang 5’, ‘Jiniang 3’, ‘Jiza 124’, ‘Liaoza 19’, ‘Fengza 4’ have good adaptability and comprehensive performance, which can be cultivated and promoted in Hinggan League.

  Different Quinoa Varieties: Analysis of Agronomic Characters, Yield and Quality ZHANG Qi, LU Jingying, XIE Guangming, WANG Yiyun, WANG Le, WANG Chuangyun, DENG Yan, ZHAO Li 2023, 39 (18):  26-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1051 Abstract + ( 189 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1229KB )   ( 432 ) In order to screen out the quinoa resources suitable for planting and developing functional food in Jingle County, Shanxi Province, eight quinoa varieties were selected as experimental materials, and the agronomic characters, 1000-grain weight, yield and grain nutrition components were determined by single factor random block design method. The results showed that the agronomic characters, nutritional components and yield of different varieties of quinoa were different, and the differences were obvious. The leaf width (7.56 cm) and stem diameter (1.20 cm) of ‘Qingbaili No.1’ were the largest, the protein (16.10%) and dietary fiber (14.60%) of ‘Hei 16-1’ were the highest, the fat (2.70%) and starch (54.10%) were the lowest, and the minerals (8 species) and amino acids (16 species) were the most complete. The yields of ‘Qingbaili No.1’ and ‘Longli No.4’ were the highest, which were 2940.25 kg/hm2 and 2805.48 kg/hm2 respectively. Overall, ‘Black 16-1’ was suitable to be used as raw material for functional food development, while ‘Qingbaili No.1’ and ‘Longli No.4’ were suitable for large-scale cultivation in Jingle County, Shanxi Province.

  Potassium Sulfate and Potassium Chloride: Effects on the Growth and Yield of Potato SU Riguga, WU Chunyu, LIU Rongyue, SONG Dan, MENG Meilian, CHEN Youjun 2023, 39 (18):  34-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0422 Abstract + ( 277 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1093KB )   ( 25 ) For clarifying the effect of K2SO4 and KCl on the growth and yield of potato (variety ‘Kexin 1’), five fertilization treatments were conducted in this study. The results are as followings. (1) The plant height and stem thickness get their highest levels at the application rate of 353.55 kg/hm2 K2SO4; while the highest plant and the thickest plant stem appear at 600.30 kg/hm2 KCl and 300.15 kg/hm2 KCl, respectively. But all potassium fertilizer treatments have lower plant height and stem thickness than no fertilizer treatment. (2) The application rate of K2SO4 has no significant effect on the numbers of main stems and creeping stems. The number of main stems under KCl application rate of 750.45 kg/hm2 is significantly higher than that of no fertilizer treatment; KCl is more beneficial to the growth of creeping stems at the rates of 600.30 and 750.45 kg/hm2. (3) Potassium fertilizer can inhibit leaf growth at the early growth stage, while promote leaf growth at the middle and late stages, and KCl has a greater effect than K2SO4. (4) Both the two potassium fertilizers can delay the appearance of the maximum dry matter weight of stems and leaves. (5) Compared with K2SO4, KCl could increase tubers per plant and tuber yield per plant, and has a better effect on tuber yield increase. Overall, KCl has greater effects on potato growth and yield than K2SO4.

  Suitable Nitrogen Application Rate of Three Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties in Xuanwei Tobacco Area CAO Jiayuan, CAI Xianjie, DENG Tao, WEI Qili, MA Aiguo, WU Shujun, SHEN Yinghuan, LI Xiancai, PAN Yihong, YAN Ding 2023, 39 (18):  43-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0529 Abstract + ( 338 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1195KB )   ( 22 ) In order to explore the appropriate nitrogen application rate of high-quality flue-cured tobacco varieties in Xuanwei tobacco area, ‘Yunyan 97’, ‘Yunyan 301’ and ‘Zhongchuan 208’ were used as test materials and the field trial comparison method was adopted to study the differences of economic traits, physical characteristics, appearance quality, chemical composition and sensory evaluation quality of the three varieties under different nitrogen application rates in 2020. The results showed that ‘Yunyan 97’ had the most harmonious chemical composition when the nitrogen application rate was 82.5 kg/hm2, and the appearance quality, physical characteristics and sensory evaluation quality of flue-cured tobacco were the highest when the nitrogen application rate was 97.5 kg/hm2. At the same time, the comprehensive quality was the best under both the two nitrogen application rates, and the economic benefit was the highest when the nitrogen application rate was 97.5 kg/hm2. ‘Yunyan 301’ had better performance when the nitrogen application rate was 67.5 kg/hm2, 97.5 kg/hm2 and 112.5 kg/hm2. Relatively low nitrogen application rate was beneficial to improving the appearance quality and physical characteristics of ‘Yunyan 301’, while, high nitrogen application rate was conducive to increasing the chemical composition coordination and economic benefits of tobacco leaves. When the nitrogen application rate of ‘Zhongchuan 208’ was 97.5 kg/hm2, the field growth performance of the variety was good, the economic benefit was high, and the output value was 72883.5 yuan/hm2. The comprehensive quality of tobacco leaves was superior, and the comprehensive score was 0.72. To sum up, in Xuanwei tobacco production area, the optimum nitrogen application rate for ‘Yunyan 97’ and ‘Zhongchuan 208’ is 97.5 kg/hm2, and the suitable nitrogen application rate for ‘Yunyan 301’ should be determined by soil conditions of the tobacco plot, which can be from 67.5 to 112.5 kg/hm2.

  Exogenous Phytohormones: Effects on Related Gene Expression to the Appearance and Intrinsic Quality of Wax Gourd XUE Shudan, WAN Xiaotong, ZHONG Yujuan, WU Yujuan, LU Sen, LIU Zhanshu, FU Manqin, XIE Dasen 2023, 39 (18):  52-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0510 Abstract + ( 141 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1642KB )   ( 26 ) The study aims to explore the effects of three phytohormones GA3, ABA and 6-BA on fruit quality of wax gourd and further explore their mechanism of action. Taking wax gourd (B481) as the test material, the changes of fruit appearance, flavor and nutritional quality, and the expression of related genes after treatments of the three phytohormones were measured. The fruit length and diameter of wax gourd treated with ABA were significantly decreased, and the expression of auxin-responsive gene BhSAUR related to fruit type was significantly down-regulated. The content of fructose and glucose increased significantly and the content of sucrose decreased significantly in wax gourd fruits under GA3 treatment. The expression of alkaline α-galactosidase BhAGA1 and BhAGA2, acid invertase BhSAI1 and sucrose synthase BhSUS2 in sugar metabolic pathway were significantly up-regulated, while the expression of sucrose synthase BhSUS4 and sucrose phosphate synthase BhSPS1 were significantly down-regulated. The content of AsA in wax gourd fruits treated with GA3, ABA and 6-BA decreased significantly, and the expression of dehydroascorbate reductase BhDHAR2 in ascorbic acid metabolism pathway was significantly up-regulated. In summary, phytohormones affect wax gourd fruit length, monosaccharide content, sucrose content and ascorbic acid content by regulating the expression of key genes. The study can provide a theoretical basis for using phytohormones to improve the fruit quality of wax gourd.

  Sedum plumbizincicola Straw Drying with Different De-Enzyme Methods LIU Shuhong, CHEN Jin, JIANG Huidan, HU Zhixin, HE Aiguo, DAI Yanjiao 2023, 39 (18):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0551 Abstract + ( 130 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1212KB )   ( 79 ) In order to screen efficient de-enzyme methods during dewatering process of Sedum plumbizincicola straw after harvesting, we investigated the dewatering of Sedum plumbizincicola straw with de-enzyme treatments of stir-fried, steam and microwave and directly dried in shadow. In this experiment, the differences of water-loss rate, water-loss ratio, moisture content and cadmium content of Sedum plumbizincicola straw with different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that the water-loss rate and water-loss ratio of the straw with de-enzyme process were higher than those of the straw directly dried in shadow, and the straw with de-enzyme process had lower moisture content at the end of treatment. At the beginning of drying in shadow after de-enzyme treatments, the water-loss rate, water-loss ratio and water-loss amount of the straw with stir-fried were significantly higher than those with steam and microwave de-enzyme treatments. During the drying process, it took the shortest time for the moisture content of the straw dropping below 70% with stir-fried de-enzyme treatment, which was only 120 h, while it took 180 h and 216 h for the moisture content of the straw dropping below 70% with steam and microwave de-enzyme respectively. At the end of drying in shadow, the straw with stir-fried and steam de-enzyme treatments had the most water-loss amount, 459.40 g and 459.80 g, respectively. And different de-enzyme treatments had no significant impact on the Cd content of straw. De-enzyme treatment can increase the drying rate of Sedum plumbizincicola straw after harvesting and will not have a significant impact on the Cd content of the straw. Stir-fried de-enzyme treatment can accelerate water dissipation and shorten the time for reducing the moisture content below 70%. The straw after stir-fried de-enzyme treatment is more in line with the requirements of transshipment, incineration or other disposal methods. This study provides a new idea and technical verification for the development of post-production disposal technology of hyperaccumulator engineering restoration application.

  Research Progress of Heavy Metal Pollution in Community Garden Soil at Home and Abroad CUI Shiyu, JIN Hexian 2023, 39 (18):  67-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0553 Abstract + ( 160 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1071KB )   ( 29 ) Community garden is an important part of urban public space, which is of great significance to the environmental quality, the linkage of urban patches and the maintenance of ecological security pattern. Affected by urbanization and industrialization, urban soil at home and abroad are facing different degrees of heavy metal pollution. Community gardens exist in urban spaces in the form of green spaces, and the soil pollution may affect the safety of community residents. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out ecological restoration research in community gardens and pay attention to the problem of heavy metals in community gardens, to protect the soil environment from being polluted or to reduce the degree of pollution. However, the study of soil pollution in community gardens is still in its infancy and lacks enough attention. Reviewing the related research on community gardens at home and abroad, and starting from the definition, land use, development status and sources of heavy metal pollution in community gardens, this paper systematically sorted out relevant achievements of domestic and foreign community garden soil heavy metal pollution research, and pointed out that in the future, the construction of community gardens should incorporate ecological restoration technology, and the interdisciplinary method should be used to improve the theoretical research framework from multiple perspectives and fields, so as to create a safe and healthy community garden environment.

  Analysis of Soil Fertility Improvement Path of Newly Reclaimed Cultivated Land: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province CHEN Huiying, WANG Feng, WANG Qiang, YU Qiaogang, YE Jing, LIN Hui, SUN Wanchun, YANG Yan, MA Junwei 2023, 39 (18):  75-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1038 Abstract + ( 182 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1087KB )   ( 2036 ) Cultivated land is the material basis for human survival, which plays an important role in ensuring food security, national economic development and social stability. With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the land area occupied by urban construction activities has gradually increased, resulting in the decrease of cultivated land area, and the contradiction between the shortage of land resources and the growth of land demand is increasing. Newly reclaimed land is the main way to guarantee the quantity of cultivated land, which helps to realize the balance between occupation and compensation of cultivated land. This paper introduced the main obstacle factors of newly cultivated land and the basic situation of fertility improvement. The comprehensive evaluation technology and method of soil fertility, and the present situation and problems of rapid improvement technology of soil organic matter in newly reclaimed land were emphatically summarized. In addition, specific countermeasures and suggestions were put forward from three aspects: (1) researches on fertility status, obstacle factors and evaluation system of newly reclaimed land soil; (2) research and development of new green fertilizer products that comprehensively improve the production and ecological function of newly reclaimed soil; (3) researches on the key technologies that collaboratively reduce the key obstacle factors and improve the fertility of newly reclaimed soil.

  Study on Evolution Characteristics and Mechanism of Soil Structure in the Coastal Area of Eastern Zhejiang Province TAO Juanhua, SHI Qiwei, WU Shaofu, ZHANG Mingkui 2023, 39 (18):  81-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0527 Abstract + ( 122 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1021KB )   ( 96 ) To understand the change characteristics of soil structure in the process of reclamation and utilization of coastal land, we took Yueqing Bay in southern Zhejiang and Hangzhou Bay in northern Zhejiang as the research objects, conducted physical and chemical analysis of the soils with different reclamation time and incubation experiments by adding salt and organic fertilizer and dry-wet alternation, to explore the evolution and formation mechanism of soil structure in the coastal land of Zhejiang Province. The results showed that from coastal saline soil to fluvo-aquic soil to paddy soil, with the increase of reclamation time and the change of land use, the soil structure changed from loose single grain to weak block structure, and finally evolved into stable block structure, the amount of > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates increased significantly, and the particle size of water stable aggregates also gradually increased. The results of both incubation experiments and soil analysis showed that the dry-wet alternation and soil desalination were the key factors for the rapid increase of water stable aggregates from intertidal beach saline soil to coastal saline soil, while the accumulation of organic matter and cultivation maturity were the main reasons for the gradual increase of water stable aggregates from coastal saline soil to fluvo-aquic soil to paddy soil.

  Isolation of Atrazine Degrading Bacteria and the Effect of Application Methods on Soil Remediation WANG Linlin, LI Xuefei, LI Feng, ZHOU Fangyuan, ZHANG Guangzhi, ZHANG Xinjian 2023, 39 (18):  86-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0563 Abstract + ( 158 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1492KB )   ( 24 ) The residue of atrazine in soil will cause injury to soybean and other sensitive crops, as well as harm to the human body and environment. To establish efficient remediation techniques for atrazine-contaminated soil, this study carried out the isolation and screening of atrazine-degrading bacteria strains, and compared the effects of different application methods on soil remediation. Using atrazine as substrate, the degrading bacteria were isolated from soil samples with long-term application of atrazine. The degrading bacteria were identified based on colony morphology, 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Through the germination test, the alleviating effect of degrading bacteria on the inhibition of soybean germination by atrazine was verified. Pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different application methods on alleviating atrazine harm, including flushing application before sowing (Pre), seed soaking (SS) and flushing application after sowing (Post). The results showed that a highly efficient atrazine degrading strain Zatd001 was screened and identified as Paenarthrobacter sp. The strain Zatd001 could effectively alleviate the inhibition of atrazine on soybean seed germination. All the three application methods could significantly reduce the toxicity of atrazine to soybean plants, and there was no significant difference in soybean growth indexes between treated and blank groups. The order of repair effect of the three application methods was: Pre > Post > SS, but the differences among the three methods were not significant. These results indicate that strain Zatd001 could effectively alleviate the harm caused by atrazine residue to soybean, and its application method is flexible and convenient. This study has important practical significance for the application of degrading bacteria in the remediation of atrazine contaminated soil.

  Adaptability of Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties to Different Meteorological Conditions in Zhaotong ZHANG Zhuanyong, SHEN Zhong, HUANG He, JI Zeshun, HU Jiatian, WANG Huayu, MA Wubiao, MA Xiang, WANG Luoping, YAN Hui, YU Fengtang 2023, 39 (18):  94-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0535 Abstract + ( 165 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1056KB )   ( 35 ) The aim of the study is to clarify the adaptability of main flue-cured tobacco varieties to different meteorological conditions in Zhaotong. According to the meteorological elements of temperature, sunshine and precipitation in the field period of tobacco (April to September) of 287 tobacco-planting administrative villages in Zhaotong, the tobacco growing area was divided into four ecological types. Field trials of flue-cured tobacco varieties were carried out under different meteorological conditions. The unit output value of flue-cured tobacco and the TOPSIS score of chemical components of tobacco leaves were used as the main evaluation indicators, and field agronomic traits, disease index and quality traits were used as auxiliary reference indicators for comprehensive evaluation. The research showed that the tobacco planting area in Zhaotong was divided into four kinds of meteorological environments: the first type of area was dry with low temperature and long sunshine, the second type of area was dry with high temperature and long sunshine, the third type of area was humid with moderate temperature and less sunshine, and the fourth type of area was humid with low temperature and less sunshine. In the first type of area, ‘Yunyan 116’ had better comprehensive performance in agronomic and economic traits, and had the highest TOPSIS evaluation score of chemical components. Black shank disease of ‘K326’ was significantly lower than that of the other four varieties. Climatic spot disease, TMV and CMV of ‘K326’ were significantly higher than that of the other three varieties. There was no significant difference in disease occurrence among other varieties. In the second type of area, ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 116’ had better comprehensive agronomic traits, ‘KRK26’ and ‘Yunyan 87’ had better comprehensive economic traits, and ‘Yunyan 87’ had the highest TOPSIS evaluation score of chemical components. In the third type of area, ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘K326’ had better agronomic and economic traits, and ‘K326’ had the highest TOPSIS evaluation score. In the fourth type of area, ‘Yunyan 87’ had good comprehensive performance of agronomic and economic traits, and ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 116’ had relatively high TOPSIS evaluation score. In general, ‘Yunyan 116’ had the best adaptability in the first type of area, ‘Yunyan 87’ had the best adaptability in the second type of area, ‘K326’ had the best adaptability in the third type of area, and ‘Yunyan 87’ had the best adaptability in the fourth type of area.

  Potassium Nutrient Stress in Plants: A Review YANG Xiaoyan, XIA Tiyuan, WU Tian 2023, 39 (18):  101-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0495 Abstract + ( 174 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1103KB )   ( 56 ) Potassium, a quality element, is one of the essential nutrient elements in the process of plant growth. Too high or too low content of potassium in the environment will affect the normal growth of plants, reduce the yield and quality of plants in a way, even may lead to the death of plants. In order to solve the problem of potassium deficiency in soil and potassium nutrient stress in plants, this paper summarizes the general situation of potassium nutrient stress, the morphological characteristics of potassium nutrient stress, the influence of potassium nutrient stress on plants, the physiological and biochemical changes of potassium nutrient stress as well as the study of potassium nutrient stress in molecular level. The general situation of potassium nutrient stress is summarized from potassium, potassium nutrient stress and symptoms of potassium nutrient stress. The effects of potassium nutrient stress on plants are analyzed from growth and morphological changes, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, osmotic adjustment and balance of reactive oxygen, yield and quality. It is concluded that the research on potassium nutrient stress in plants mainly focuses on the physiological and biochemical aspect as well as the mechanism of action, while the research on the molecular level is relatively little. The research progress of potassium nutrient stress on molecular level is emphasized, and the paper also clarifies that the research of potassium nutrient stress is important and significant. Three points of view are put forward, namely, future research should focus on the molecular physical and chemical properties of plants coping with plant potassium nutrient stress, suitable fertilizing methods and modes (according to local conditions and plant conditions), and research and development of fertilization tools.

  Two Varieties of Cucurbita ficifolia: Transcriptomic Studies in Response to Fusarium oxysporum Infection ZHANG Hao, LI Haiyu, SHI Songmei, ZHANG Zhongrun, TANG Rongzi, GONG Yuefang, DENG Wenxin, YANG Zhengan 2023, 39 (18):  107-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0088 Abstract + ( 141 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2465KB )   ( 42 ) To screen the differentially expressed genes for resistance to Fusarium wilt in two cultivated varieties of black-seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita ficifolia) named ‘White Peel’ and ‘Green Peel with White’, and explore metabolic pathway involved in resistance, two varieties seedling leaves infected by Fusarium oxysporum for 2 days and uninfected by Fusarium oxysporum were used as materials, and transcriptome sequencing was performed by using Illumina Hiseq 2500 sequencing technology. Compared to the uninfected seedlings, there were 2082 and 1116 differentially expressed genes in ‘White Peel’ and ‘Green Peel with White’, respectively. Among them, 141 genes showed differential expression, and 62 genes had the same expression trend. Go functional annotation to differentially expressed genes showed that they were mainly enriched in biological processes. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that 22 differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the plant hormone signaling pathway in the ‘White Peel’, while 30 differentially expressed genes were enriched in the phenylpropane biosynthesis pathway in ‘Green Peel with White’. In this study, differentially expressed genes for resistance to Fusarium wilt in Cucurbita ficifolia were identified and the resistance pathway was predicted, which laid a theoretical foundation for further research on the resistance mechanism of melons.

  Analysis and Identification of Avirulence Genes of Magnaporthe oryzae from Oryza rufipogon Griff. in Yuanjiang of Yunnan Province DONG Liying, LIU Pei, LIU Shufang, ZHANG Xianwen, YANG Qinzhong 2023, 39 (18):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0755 Abstract + ( 138 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1257KB )   ( 27 ) In order to clarify the composition of avirulent genes of Magnaporthe oryzae strains isolated from four populations of Oryza rufipogon in Yuanjiang of Yunnan, pathogenicity of 52 single spore strains from O. rufipogon of Yuanjiang were determined on rice blast 24 monogenic lines, and the avirulent genes of these strains were identified by spraying inoculation method at seedling stage. The results showed that among 52 strains of M. oryzae, the proportion of medium, weak and non-pathogenic strains was 34.69%, 65.39% and 1.92% respectively, and the weak-pathogenic strains were dominant. The 52 strains showed the strong or moderate pathogenicity to only five resistant monogenic lines carrying Pi19, Pii, Pi3, Pib and Pish, respectively, and weak or non-pathogenicity to the remaining 19 monogenic lines. On the basis of pathogenicity determination of M. oryzae strains on 24 monogenic lines, the composition of avirulent genes could be divided into 10 types. M. oryzae strains from O. rufipogon in Yuanjiang of Yunan generally showed weak pathogenicity to 24 monogenic lines, but they still appeared pathogenicity differentiations.

  Bacillus velezensis YFB3-1: Optimization of Liquid Fermentation Conditions for High Density LU Yaoxiong, LI Wei, ZHOU Hu, QU Yuguo, XIONG Youming, WANG Yunsheng 2023, 39 (18):  123-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0448 Abstract + ( 196 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1255KB )   ( 2233 ) The aim is to obtain high density Bacillus velezensis YFB3-1 biocontrol agent which can be used to prevent soil-borne diseases of crops. In this study, single factor and orthogonal experiments were used to optimize the liquid medium and culture conditions of strain YFB3-1. The results showed that strain YFB3-1 was cultured in liquid medium with yeast powder 8 g/L, compound amino acid 10 g/L, sodium chloride 1 g/L and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4·7H2O) 1 g/L, and when the fermentation conditions were initial pH of 7.0, inoculation amount of 2.5%, fermentation temperature of 30℃, rotation speed of 180 r/min and culture time of 48 h, the bacterial concentration was 2.89×1010 cfu/mL, and the optimal culture medium and culture conditions were obtained for the liquid fermentation of strain YFB3-1. Compared with beef extract peptone liquid medium (NB), in which the bacterial concentration was 4.77×109 cfu/mL, the bacterial concentration under the fermentation conditions of this experiment increased by 5.06 times, and the fermentation efficiency could be improved in the same time. The study provides a theoretical basis and technical parameters for the industrial expansion and application of B. velezensis YFB3-1.

  Investigation and Analysis of Honghu Lotus Root Diseases, Pests and Weeds and Drone Application HUANG Si, ZHANG Yongfang, SHI Zhiying, KUANG Jing, LI Feng, HUANG Guohua 2023, 39 (18):  131-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0554 Abstract + ( 225 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1120KB )   ( 36 ) Honghu lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is rich in nutrients, has health care and medicinal functions, and is popular with the public. With the continuous development of the lotus root industry, the frequency of lotus root diseases, insect pests and weeds has been gradually increasing. Extensive application of pesticides is neither scientific nor effective in preventing and controlling diseases, insect pests and weeds, and affects the quality of lotus root, posing a serious threat to the sustainable development of Honghu lotus root industry. Through field investigation, questionnaire survey, statistical analysis, etc., we investigated the occurrence of lotus root diseases, insect pests and weeds, the use of pesticide and the application of drone among 103 growers in 6 townships in Honghu City, Hubei Province. The problems existing in the use of pesticide and drone application in Honghu area were analyzed, and the prospect was put forward to provide some new ideas for the green and modern planting of the lotus root industry.

  Interaction Between Plant Growth Regulator and Fungicide to Control Cotton Fusarium wilt and the Synergy Mechanism ZHENG Deyou, ZUO Dongyun, WANG Qiaolian, LV Limin, CHENG Hailiang, GU Aixing, SONG Guoli 2023, 39 (18):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0576 Abstract + ( 149 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1236KB )   ( 27 ) We designed this study to explore the combination of plant growth regulator and fungicide, which could benefit the cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt. Moreover, the synergy mechanism of the combination was investigated, to provide insights into enhancing cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt. Through indoor toxicity test, two fungicides with the minimum EC50 were selected. The most suitable plant growth regulators were also identified by seed vigor testing and conidial germination statistic of Fusarium wilt. The combination of fungicide and plant growth regulator was applied during the plant growth in greenhouse to evaluate the synergy effect. To explore the mechanism underlying the combination of fungicide and plant growth regulator, we detected the expression levels of genes involving in jasmonic acid-related and salicylic acid-related pathways by qRT-PCR. The results of fungicide selection showed that carbendazim and carboxin had the minimum EC50 and the strongest virulence to Fusarium wilt, the EC50 was 13.894 mg/L and 29.566 mg/L, respectively. Plant growth regulator selection indicated that the optimal concentration 6-Benzylaminopurine and naphthylacetic acid was 5 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively. Finally, the most suitable combination was 6-Benzylaminopurine-carbendazim, which had the control effect of 80.95% and significant synergy effect. The results of qRT-PCR also showed that genes in jasmonic acid-related and salicylic acid-related pathways had significantly higher expression levels in the treated group than those in blank control group. In conclusion, the 6-Benzylaminopurine-carbendazim combination could enhance the cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt by activating transcription of genes in jasmonic acid-related and salicylic acid-related pathways.

  Machine Learning in Plant Factory: Current Status and Challenges SUN Bo, LI Jing, WANG Jing 2023, 39 (18):  142-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0581 Abstract + ( 186 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1255KB )   ( 43 ) To effectively relieve the pressure from population, environment and resources, it is very important to develop plant factory. Intelligent plant factory is an advanced stage in the development of facility agriculture. It is a new topic to study how to apply machine learning in plant factory to effectively improve the production efficiency and promote the intelligent development of plant factory. Combining machine learning with crop phenotype study, a crop growth model is established and applied to plant growth environment monitoring (diseases, insects, grass, drought and water logging, nutrition, etc.), accurate plant factory indoor environment regulation, and intelligent nutrient solution regulation etc., so as to solve the problem of high cost and low crop yield of plant factories in China. The study can help plant factories develop towards the one with information technology, automation, intelligence, precision and individuation.

  Effects of Polygonum cuspidatum on Liver Enzyme Activity of Red Tilapia Injected with Streptococcus agalactiae JING Xiaojun, KONG Xinru, HUA Haokun, LIU Tingyan, AN Shuwei, GU Lingling 2023, 39 (18):  151-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0163 Abstract + ( 135 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1169KB )   ( 20 ) In order to explore the effect of Polygonum cuspidatum crude extract and resveratrol on the liver enzyme activity of red tilapia injected with Streptococcus agalactiae, the red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus×O. niloticus) were randomly divided into 24 groups, 12 groups were fed normal diet (no drug addition group), and other 12 groups were fed diet supplemented with P. cuspidatum crude extract and resveratrol (drug addition group) in this study. Three groups of fish were selected from the drug addition group and the no drug addition group to inject S. agalactiae bacterial solution at three concentration gradients respectively. At the same time, the control group was set up without injection of bacterial solution, and all groups were continuously observed for 21 days, and the number of deaths was recorded. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) in the liver of red tilapia were tested after 21 days. The result showed that P. cuspidatum crude extract and resveratrol reduced the body damage of S. agalactiae by enhancing the antioxidant ability of red tilapia in the low concentration (7×103 CFU/mL) of S. agalactiae groups. When fish were exposed to high concentration (7×105 CFU/mL) of S. agalactiae, P. cuspidatum crude extract and resveratrol increased the resistance of fish by inducing the activity of phosphatase in the liver. At the same time, the crude extract of P. cuspidatum and resveratrol kept the mortality rate of red tilapia injected with S. agalactiae unchanged after 12 days. This experiment showed that P. cuspidatum crude extract and resveratrol could reduce the damage of S. agalactiae to fish and control the mortality under high and low concentrations of S. agalactiae stress.

  Visual Analysis of Soil Fauna Research Hotspots FU Xiaoyu, WEI Dan, WU Yining, GUO Yuan, ZHANG Rongtao 2023, 39 (18):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0592 Abstract + ( 155 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1941KB )   ( 23 ) Soil fauna are an indispensable part of the soil ecosystem and play an important role in the material cycle and energy flow in the soil ecosystem. To provide relevant information such as the current research status and hotspots in this field for the future related research on soil fauna, based on CNKI database from 1980 to 2021, we used the retrieve title of “Soil Fauna”, sorted out the annual number of published papers, institutions, journals, etc., predicted the research hotpots and conducted visual analysis by using the analytical tools of Ucinet and Netdraw. The results showed that the number of academic papers published in this field was gradually increasing in China; the top 2 institutions with most published papers were School of Geographical Sciences of Northeast Normal University and South China Karst Research Institute of Guizhou Normal University in China. The main journals in this research field were Acta Ecologica Sinica and Chinese Journal of Ecology. At present, the research mainly focused on community structure and diversity, community characteristics and litter deposition, and Yin Xiuqin was the scholar with the largest number of published papers. The research hotspots in this field were mostly concentrated in agricultural basic science, agronomy, and forestry; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China was the most funded project on relevant research. With the further in-depth work of domestic scholars, the research on soil fauna has achieved rapid development and high-quality results.