Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.10 Published:05 April 2022

  Characteristics of Yield and Quality of Long-Seedling-Age Machine-transplanted Japonica Rice with Good Taste Quality Under Straw Returning in Huaibei Area ZHANG Jun, FANG Shuliang, ZHOU Dongdong, ZHOU Nianbing, LIU Zhonghong, GE Mengjie 2022, 38 (10):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0523 Abstract + ( 194 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1292KB )   ( 29 ) To fully explore the yield and quality potential of japonica rice with good taste quality by machine transplanting under straw returning in Huaibei area, medium-maturing medium japonica rice ‘Nanjing 2728’and late-maturing medium japonica rice ‘Nanjing 9108’ were used as the test materials. Two treatments were set, which were machine-transplanted rice with long-seedling-age of 30 days and conventional seedling-age of 20 days (CK) in high yield cultivation condition. The yield formation and quality characteristics of good taste quality japonica rice with two different seedling ages were systematically compared. The results showed that, compared with that of CK, the grain yield of late-maturing medium japonica rice of long-seedling-age increased by 3.24%-5.01%, the difference was significant, while the grain yield of medium-maturing one increased by 1.79%-1.85%, and the difference was not significant. Getting enough spikes and more numbers of grains per panicle, and maintaining high seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight were the main causes of high yield of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice. Compared with CK, the long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice could prolong the seedling age by about 10 days and the whole growth period was prolonged by 5-7 days. Although the basic seedlings at transplanting period was not as good as that of CK and the number of tillers was smaller in the whole growth period, the individual superiority of the long-seedling-age rice was more prominent, and the photosynthetic system was better in the middle and late period of the population, the dry matter accumulation and harvest index were high, and the final yield was good. Compared with CK, the long-seedling-age machine-transplanted japonica rice had higher head milled rice rate, good appearance quality and cooking and eating quality; its peak viscosity, hot pulp viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown value were all higher than those of CK, and the difference was significant; while the setback value showed the opposite trend, which was significantly lower than that of CK. The quality of japonica rice with good taste quality was improved by long-seedling-age machine-transplanting technique. According to the demand of rice production in Huaibei area, we can further study the supporting cultivation technology of long-seedling-age machine-transplanted rice, and promote the demonstration and application of the technology.

  The Difference of Yield and Nutrient Absorption of Soybean Varieties JIANG Longgang, REN Yanli, SHI Jianshuo, GUO Li, WANG Liying, LI Ruonan, WANG Ping 2022, 38 (10):  9-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0480 Abstract + ( 294 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1266KB )   ( 51 ) At present, there are many soybean varieties, and different varieties have different suitable environment for growth. The selection of high-yield and high-quality summer soybean varieties is of significance to the development of soybean industry and the efficient utilization of soybean nutrients in Huang-Huai-Hai region. Field experiments were conducted by selecting 25 soybean varieties to analyze the difference of soybean yield and nutrient absorption in the main soybean producing area of Gaocheng in Hebei Province. The results showed that the yield of different soybean varieties varied greatly, ranging from 881-4169 kg/hm2, and the maximum yield difference was 3288 kg/hm2. There were great differences in nutrient uptake and utilization among different soybean varieties. Compared with medium-yielding and low-yielding varieties, the average grain uptake amount of N, P, K of high-yielding varieties increased by 43.9%, 39.4%, 41.2% and 126.0%, 124.9%, 120.8%, respectively. The average nutrient requirements of N, P and K per 100 kg grain of high-yielding and medium-yielding varieties were significantly reduced by 9.8%, 17.0%, 28.9% and 12.3%, 16.0%, 21.8% compared with low-yielding varieties, respectively. There were significant differences of yield and nutrient uptake and utilization among different soybean varieties, and the high-yielding soybean varieties had relatively strong ability of nutrient uptake and utilization. The selection of varieties suitable for local environment can increase soybean grain yield and improve nutrient uptake and utilization, and achieve the purpose of reducing fertilizer input and improving utilization efficiency.

  Effects of Exogenous Hormone and Substrate on Seed Germination of Keteleeria evelyniana WANG Shuqian, LI Lianfang, LIU Chang, JIANG Ruochao, HUANG Xiaojie, HE Jinxin, LI Yuxin 2022, 38 (10):  15-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0622 Abstract + ( 147 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1419KB )   ( 32 ) To understand the effects of hormone types and concentrations and substrate on seed germination of Keteleeria evelyniana, and enrich relevant information of seed germination of this species, L9(34) orthogonal design was employed to conduct the experiment of hormone types and concentrations and substrate at different levels and treatment combinations (TCs). The results show that in the process of seed germination, the germ and cotyledon do not separate from the seed coat, but the young stem sprouts and the new buds grow and develop into the aboveground organs, so the seedlings cultivated by the seeds of K. evelyniana are vegetative propagation seedlings by sprouting buds. The seeds of K. evelyniana begin to germinate 18 days after sowing and the germination ends after 19 days, so the seeds belong to the category of easily germinated seeds in indoor condition. The germination rates (GRs), germination potentials (GPs), mean germination times (MGTs) and germination indexes (GIs) of the TCs are 18.7%-56.0%, 8.3%-27.0%, 3.3-6.7 d and 7.0-18.1 seed/day, respectively, while those of the control (soaking seeds in clear water and sowing on loam) are 13.3%, 11.0%, 9.0 d and 2.7 seed/day, respectively. Except the GP, the germination parameters of the TCs are significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.01). The substrate is the dominant factor affecting seed germination, the loam is beneficial to seed germination; the GRs of the IBA and IAA solution soaking seeds are significantly higher than that of the GA3 (P<0.01). The results show that 0.45 g/L IBA or 0.30 g/L IAA can improve the GR and GP of the seeds and shorten the germination time.

  Comparative Analysis of Afforestation Effect of Camellia oleifera Under Different Management Measures HU Ping 2022, 38 (10):  22-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0462 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1317KB )   ( 40 ) To provide reference for the development of Camellia oleifera industry, the afforestation effect gaps under three different management measures were analyzed. Using the random sampling survey method and taking the 2016 afforestation small classes of Susong County as the objects, the author divided the business entities into three categories of the rural collective economic organizations, self-employed households and enterprises, then selected 3 small classes from each category and obtained a total of 9 small classes. The main site factors of small classes, including afforestation preservation rate, plant height, crown width and single plant yield, were investigated. The results showed that the survival rate of seedlings under the management by enterprises was the highest, with an average survival rate of 94% and an average yield of 1550 g per plant. Under the management measure of rural collective economic organizations, the afforestation preservation rate was only 59%, and the yield and quality were not good, even had no-fruit bearing. The average single plant yield was less than 1/9 of that under the management measure of enterprises, and the plant growth was also obviously inferior to that under the management by enterprises. To develop the Camellia oleifera industry, it is suggested that the local government should guide and encourage private capital to invest in large-scale cultivation of Camellia oleifera, adopt the enterprise management mode, strengthen later management and protection, and enhance the scientific and technological support.

  Study on Softwood Cutting Propagation Technology of Sambucus williamsii WANG Yinhua, REN Fei, LI Qinghua, ZHAI Guofeng, ZANG Zhenrong, WU Dejun, YAN Liping, YAO Junxiu 2022, 38 (10):  26-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0299 Abstract + ( 211 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1312KB )   ( 22 ) It is of great significance to explore the softwood cutting propagation technology of Sambucus williamsii for its development and utilization. Taking 2 to 3-year-old semi-lignified branches of S. williamsii as the cutting materials, the effects of different concentrations and treatment time of 3 growth regulators GGR6, NAA and IBA on softwood cutting of S. williamsii were studied by using three-factor and three-level orthogonal design. The results showed that IBA was the best growth regulator with the average rooting rate of 86.67%, which was significantly different from that of GGR and NAA, but the effect difference of GGR6 and NAA was not significant. As to the treatment time, 0.25 h was the best with the average rooting rate of 85.00%, followed by the 1 h treatment with a rooting rate of 82.22%, there was no significant difference between these two treatments, and the average rooting rate under 0.5 h treatment was the lowest, which was 71.67%. The differences of the number of leaves of new branches, the length of branches and the number of roots were extremely significant under different treatments (P<0.01) and the differences of root length were significant (P<0.05). The rooting rate, the number of new branches and leaves, the length of branches, the length of roots and the number of roots of S. williamsii were comprehensively evaluated by using the membership function method, and the result showed that 100 mg/L IBA treatment for 1 h ranked the third in the comprehensive evaluation, but its rooting rate was significantly higher than that of comprehensive evaluation index and ranked in joint first place. Therefore, 100 mg/L IBA treatment for 1 h is more suitable for popularization and application in production.

  Effects of Low Temperature Stress on Growth and Yield of Tomato Varieties of Early Spring YANG Yiwei, WANG Jiazhe, REN Ping, LIU Chen, LI Mingming, LI Yingmei 2022, 38 (10):  32-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0530 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1261KB )   ( 145 ) Tomato varieties, including ‘Dongmei F1’, ‘Jinshan 511’, ‘Meifen 869’and ‘Guanfen 8’, were used as materials to explore the effects of low temperature stress on seedling growth and yield of tomato and evaluate the difference of cold tolerance of the varieties. The experiment set the treatments at 20℃/4℃, 20℃/6℃, 20℃/8℃, 20℃/15℃, and the natural environment of solar greenhouse at 25℃/18℃ was taken as the control. All treatments were conducted for 6 days at the same time. Investigation and sampling were carried out before low temperature stress, 6 days after stress and 10 days after transplanting, respectively. The cold tolerance index and strong seedling index of tomato were measured, and the yield and the number of malformed fruits were recorded. The results showed that excessive low temperature stress (4, 6℃) could cause cold injury to tomato, and decrease the growth index of tomato to certain extent. Appropriate low temperature stress (8, 15℃) could improve the strong seedling index of tomato and increase the dry matter accumulation, and there were differences among different tomato varieties. The yield and the single fruit weight were not significantly affected by low temperature stress at seedling stage, but low temperature stress could affect flower bud differentiation and increase the number of malformed fruits. The order of cold tolerance of the four varieties was ‘Dongmei F1’> ‘Jinshan 511’> ‘Meifen 869’> ‘Guanfen 8’. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for planting early spring tomato varieties in Guanzhong area.

  Ratios and Tissue Locations of Fruit Color Pigments of Capsicum annuum ‘Wenzijiao No.1’ at Different Development Stages QU Yonghan, YUAN Enping, ZHANG Xueting, WANG Shaoxiang, WANG Can, ZHAO Shuiling, LI Gang, GU Fan, ZHANG Hongling, ZHAO Changling, LI Guiqiong, CHEN Qilin 2022, 38 (10):  38-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0493 Abstract + ( 172 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1755KB )   ( 23 ) This research aims to elucidate the ratios and tissue locations of the pigments of Capsicum annuum ‘Wenzijiao No.1’ fruits at different development stages, and provide reference for the application of Qiubei chili in ornamental horticulture and the breeding of new ornamental chili cultivars with novel fruit pigmentation. The fruits of the C. annuum ‘Wenzijiao No.1’ planted in Yanshan County of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province were used as the test materials, and the fruits were divided into five development stages, the chlorophyll content ([Chl]), carotenoid content ([Car]), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and capsanthin content ([Cap]) of the fruits were determined by using spectrophotometry, and their ratios and correlations were analyzed. Simultaneously, the tissue locations of the pigments were determined by using freehand slicing. The results indicated that, during the development process, the maximum value of [Chla]/[Chlb] of C. annuum ‘Wenzijiao No.1’ fruits appeared at the third development stage (Stage 3), the maximum values of [Chl(a+b)]/[Car], [Chl(a+b)]/TFC and [Chl(a+b)]/TAC all at Stage 2, whereas that of [Chl(a+b)]/[Cap], TFC/TAC, TFC/[Cap] and TAC/[Cap] all at Stage 1. The correlations among [Chla], [Chlb], [Chl(a+b)], [Car], TFC, TAC and [Cap] were not consistent, and among them, TAC was positively correlated with [Chl(a+b)] and TFC both at non-significant levels, but negatively correlated with [Car] at a non-significant level, whereas there was a significantly negative correlation between [Cap] and [Chl(a+b)], an extremely and significantly positive one between [Cap] and [Car], a non-significantly positive one between [Cap] and TFC, and a non-significantly negative one between [Cap] and TAC. Simultaneously, the fruit pigments were mainly located in the mesocarp cells, and the changing trend of the hue and chroma of the cells was highly consistent with that of the fruit color. So, the pigmentation of C. annuum ‘Wenzijiao No.1’ fruits results from the differentiated ratios of chlorophyll, carotenoid (including capsanthin) and flavonid (including anthocyanin) pigments in the pericarp cells at different development stages.

  Pleurotus pulmonarius: Agronomic Traits’ Evaluation and Genetic Diversity Analysis WANG Qiao, WANG Xiangfeng, GUO Yufeng, WANG Li 2022, 38 (10):  46-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0514 Abstract + ( 211 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 3653KB )   ( 23 ) To provide theoretical reference for classification and identification of Pleurotus pulmonarius germplasm resources and genetic breeding, the genetic diversity and agronomic traits of P. pulmonarius strains were analyzed. Antagonistic reaction, ISSR molecular marker technology and agronomic trait evaluation were used to investigate the genetic diversity of 10 P. pulmonarius strains with high yields. The results showed that the genetic similarity level of the 10 tested P. pulmonarius strains ranged from 0.63 to 0.92. Among them, the genetic similarity coefficients of PL7 and PL8 were the highest, indicating that the relationship between the two was the closest; the genetic similarity coefficients among the remaining strains were low, and the genetic similarity was relatively low. When the similarity coefficient was 0.69, the 10 P. pulmonarius strains were divided into three major groups; the yield of the tested strains on the substrate of apple sawdust and corncob was relatively high, and the biological conversion rate was 75.64%-88.21%. There were big differences in terms of the agronomic traits, the cap color included six types: yellow-white, gray, white and brown, light yellow, brown, and dark gray; and the stalks were divided into three types: slender, medium thick, and thick and long. Antagonistic reaction, ISSR molecular marker technology and agronomic trait evaluation can accurately identify the genetic differences of the tested P. pulmonarius strains, and the results show that the 10 tested strains have rich genetic differences and genetic diversities.

  Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth of Curcuma alismafotia HE Xuejiao, SHI Guoqiang, ZHANG Tianxiang, XIE Nansong, LIN Jinshui 2022, 38 (10):  53-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1079 Abstract + ( 247 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1356KB )   ( 28 ) The paper aims to provide certain reference for the standardized cultivation and production of Curcuma alismafotia. The potted C. alismafotia was used as the experimental material, and the effects of different temperatures and different photoperiods were studied. The results showed that 25℃ was the appropriate temperature for the growth of C. alismafotia. High temperature had a certain promoting effect on its germination, but too high or too low temperature would lead to non-flowering. The germination rate, tiller number and flowering number of C. alismafotia under different temperatures had certain correlations, and the temperature had little influence on the pH and EC. When the light duration was extended to 14-16 h, the dormancy of C. alismafotia could be broken and annual production could be realized. The tiller number increased significantly with the increase of light duration, but had no significant effect on flowering time and flowering number; there was no significant correlation among the indexes, and the light duration had a certain influence on EC and pH.

  The Investigation and Analysis of Hemerocallis Application Around Datong Ancient City Wall LIU Changsheng, WANG Jinyao, LI Sen, XING Guoming 2022, 38 (10):  61-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1008 Abstract + ( 198 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1399KB )   ( 30 ) The paper investigated the application and planting design of Hemerocallis in the linear green space around Datong ancient city wall, recorded the species, planting area, patch shape, planting pattern and application form, and carried out the analysis from the aspects of planting design species, application frequency, ornamental characteristics, planting methods and community structure. There were 68 patch plots for Hemerocallis application, covering 19808 m2, and the Hemerocallis planting area was 16883 m2, wherein, ‘Datong’ daylily had the largest planting area, and H. lilioasphodelus, H. middendorffi, H. fulva ‘Golden Doll’ and H. ‘Batimore orioie’ had relatively small planting area. Flower border was the main form in Hemerocallis application, and its planting patterns were mainly the bunch planting and group planting. There were 58 kinds of landscape trees, hedgerow plants and herbaceous ground cover plants in the planting design with Hemerocallis, and the top ten plants with high application frequency were Pinus tabulaeformis, Sabina procumbens, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus davidiana, Crataegus pinnatifida, Syringa chinensis, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Euonymus bungeanus, Hylotelephium erythrostictum and Sedum aizoon. As to the ornamental features of plants, the ornamental seasons were spring, summer and autumn, and the ornamental parts were flower> leaf> fruit> trunk; for the main color system, it was mainly red, green and yellow in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. There were 2-layer, 3-layer and 4-layer vertical structure of Hemerocallis applied plant community, and the most common two were the 3-layer ‘tree- shrub- herb’ and the 4-layer ‘tree- shrub- dwarf shrub- herb’, the plant community was natural and rich. The diversity analysis of green patch plants of Hemerocallis indicated that the sequence of species richness, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index were shrub layer> tree layer> herbaceous layer, and the Pielou index was tree layer> shrub layer> herbaceous layer. It is suggested to increase the species and applied quantity of Hemerocallis and evergreen plants in the planting design, and to enhance the cultural brand effect of Datong daylily.

  Evaluation and Application of Aromatic Plants in Community Health Plant Landscape XU Dandan, WU Xincheng, ZHENG Huixian, ZHOU Wei 2022, 38 (10):  70-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1094 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1612KB )   ( 39 ) Based on aromatherapy and landscape evaluation, the evaluation indexes of community landscape were screened and weighted based on grey statistics method (GST) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to obtain the comprehensive evaluation results of Shanghai Community in Changsha City. In this study, 32 indicators from 5 criteria layers were selected to form a set of primary indexes for community plant health evaluation, and 26 scientific and accurate indicators passed the gray screening. The weights ranking of the criterion layer was as follows: health B5(0.3236)> volatile B1(0.2817)> aesthetic B2(0.1674)> ecology B3(0.1170)> participation B4(0.1104). The highest and lowest importance evaluation indicators of each indicator layer were: B1: VOCs terpene content (0.3618), fragrance duration (0.0775); B2: plant color and seasonal variation (0.2737), species richness (0.1262); B3: air negative oxygen ion (0.3605), carbon fixation and oxygen release (0.0860); B4: horticultural activity experience (0.3407), culture and sense of belonging (0.1703); B5: regulating mood (0.3474), improving immunity (0.0650). Shanghai Community of Changsha City had a comprehensive score of 3.1705 and was rated ‘good’. The constructed multilevel evaluation model can effectively evaluate the community landscape health, among which, regulating mood, VOCs content of terpenes and alleviating fatigue can be used as the primary indicators of landscape health.

  Effects of Water-retaining Agent on Soil Physical Properties and Enzyme Activities, and Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Under Different Mulching Measures LIU Jiuyu, WANG Zheng, WANG Zhushi, LI Faping, KAN Hongwei, LI Zhi, DENG Yong, XU Maohua 2022, 38 (10):  78-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0446 Abstract + ( 180 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1242KB )   ( 51 ) To determine the effect of water-retaining agent on the drought resistance of flue-cured tobacco under different mulching measures, we used the flue-cured tobacco ‘Honghua dajinyuan’ as material, to study the effects of straw mulching (T1), plastic film mulching + water-retaining agent (T2), straw mulching + water-retaining agent (T3), double mulching with straw and plastic film + water-retaining agent (T4) and plastic film mulching (CK) on soil physical properties and enzyme activity, and growth and development, economic characters and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that compared with CK, by applying water-retaining agent (T2, T3, T4) under different mulching measures, the water content of soil was increased and the bulk density of tobacco planting soil was reduced, the proportion of > 0.25 mm large aggregate structure in soil, especially the proportion of 2-5 mm and 0.5-1 mm water stable aggregate, was increased, the activities of soil sucrose and urease were improved, the agronomic properties of flue-cured tobacco were relatively good, the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco was relatively high, and tobacco quality was slightly improved. The effect of water-retaining agent on the drought resistance of flue-cured tobacco under different mulching measures were different, the overall performance of T2 and T4 were better than that of T3, and T4 had the best economic characters, while T2 had better sensory quality.

  Development Characteristics of Typical Soil Profile of Fragrant Taro Region in Northern Guangdong GAO Lin, LU Wenting, LIN Changhua, CHEN Xiaoyuan, FENG Huimin 2022, 38 (10):  85-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0457 Abstract + ( 200 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1361KB )   ( 30 ) To further clarify the characteristics of soil geological background of the special cash crop fragrant taro in northern Guangdong, this paper used SPSS and Origin software to study the environmental conditions, soil profile characteristics and soil nutrients’ content in the planting area of fragrant taro by digging the soil profile, collecting soil samples and indoor analysis. The results show that: (1) the soil types at the six profile points in the planting area are all waterloggogenic paddy soil subtype, and the soil profile pattern is mainly composed of plough layer Ap1, plow pan layer Ap2, redox deposition layer (Br1, Br2)/gley layer (Bs1, Bs2) and parent material layer C; (2) the soil texture is mainly clay loam, silty loam and loam, the surface layer is mostly medium-developed crumb structure, and the core layer is mostly strongly developed block structure, showing different degrees of Fe/Mn regeneration body; (3) in the classification standard of soil nutrients, the content of organic matter (OM) and alkaline nitrogen (AN) are at above medium level, available phosphorus (AP) is very rich, while the nutrient content of available potassium (AK) is deficient; the contents of soil N, P, K and OM decrease with the increase of soil depth. In this paper, the soil profile morphology, texture structure and nutrient characteristics of the planting area of fragrant taro are obtained, which could provide a basis for the scientific planning, rational planting and efficient fertilizer utilization in subsequent fragrant taro cultivation.

  Analysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Water and Sediment of Black and Odorous Water Bodies in Rural Area of Chongqing MA Jie, JIANG Yue, ZHANG Xiu, WANG Jian 2022, 38 (10):  92-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0444 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1234KB )   ( 24 ) This study analyzed the data of water quality and nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment from 84 black and odorous water bodies in rural area of Chongqing, and evaluated the current situation of pollution in water and sediment by comprehensive pollution index method and organic index method. The results show that 87% of black and odorous water bodies have nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, and 50% have excessive nitrogen and phosphorus at the same time, the nitrogen pollution is more serious in brooks and ditches than that in pond. The sediments are 100% polluted by TN, ON and TP, and 70.2% polluted by organic pollutants. There is a significantly positive correlation among the indicators of TN, TP and NH3-N. OM, TN and TP in the sediment show no significant correlation between each other. In general, the black and odorous water bodies in rural area of Chongqing are mainly polluted by exogenous sources.

  The Characteristics of Climate Change in Main Growing Stages of Blueberry from 1968 to 2018 in Qingpu, Shanghai ZHENG Zehua, YU Yanlue, MA Zhongfen, ZHU Huaiwei 2022, 38 (10):  97-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0409 Abstract + ( 149 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1715KB )   ( 45 ) By using the meteorological data of Qingpu national meteorological station from 1968 to 2018, we selected the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) to analyze the evolution characteristics and the frequency of drought and flood in flowering stage, fruiting stage and maturity stage of blueberry in Qingpu. The results showed that: (1) the average temperature was 16.2℃ and increased significantly, the precipitation had obvious fluctuation, the temperature in different growth stages of blueberry had an upward trend, the precipitation showed an increasing trend in flowering and maturation stage, and a decreasing trend in fruiting stage; (2) an obvious interannual variation of drought and flood was observed in Qingpu, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2010s, the climate was wet, however, the climate in the 1970s and 2000s was relative dry; meanwhile, the evolution characteristics of drought and flood were different during different seasons, the alternation of drought and humidity was observed in the 1970s; in the 1980s, alternation of drought and humidity was found in spring and winter, while summer and autumn were generally humid; from 1990s to 2000s, the change from humidity to drought was observed in spring, summer and autumn, while the change from drought to humidity was found in winter; in the 2010s, summer, autumn and winter were wet, while spring had the alternation of drought and humidity; (3) the frequency of drought was 27.5%, 25.5% and 21.6% in flowering stage, fruiting stage and maturity stage of blueberry, and the frequency of humidity was 29.4%, 27.5% and 27.5%, respectively. The study suggests that in Qingpu, there is a tendency towards drought in flowering stage and fruiting stage of blueberry, while a tendency towards humidity in maturity stage, the frequency of humidity is more than that of drought on the whole.

  Characteristics and Causes of Agricultural Drought Disasters in China NI Shenhai, WANG Hengli, LIU Jingnan, GU Ying 2022, 38 (10):  106-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0411 Abstract + ( 215 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1870KB )   ( 63 ) This paper analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and the evolution of agricultural drought in China from 1949 to 2019 based on three indicators, namely the rate of drought area, disaster and grain loss. The results showed that rate of drought area, disaster and grain loss from 1949 to 2000 increased by 1.72%/10 a, 1.26%/10 a and 0.61%/10 a, respectively. The agricultural drought disaster decreased gradually from 2001 to 2019. From the perspective of decadal changes, the average rate of drought area, disaster and grain loss was 7.4%, 2.4% and 2.3%, respectively in 1950s, which increased to 16.1%, 9.3% and 6.8%, respectively in the early twenty-first century. In terms of spatial distribution, the agricultural drought disaster was more severe in the northeast, northwest and Huang-Huai-Hai region in China, where the rate of drought area and disaster was more than 15% and 10%, respectively. While the drought disaster rate was relatively slow in south China, southwest and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, where the rate of drought area and disaster was lower than 10% and 5%, respectively. Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Gansu and Ningxia were the provinces with more severe agricultural drought disaster. According to agricultural comprehensive drought index, from 1949 to 2019, there were 26 years of severe drought and 13 years of extreme drought in China, indicating that China is a country with frequent agricultural drought disasters. This study also concluded that climate warming, the mismatch between water and soil resources, and human activities were the main drivers of the aggravation of agricultural drought in China.

  The Passivation Effect of Yiduling on TMV in Tobacco Seedling Stage FENG Yongxin, TAN Hongxiang, GUAN Hui, JIN Yanfeng, XU Wei, WANG Jie 2022, 38 (10):  112-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0478 Abstract + ( 204 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2132KB )   ( 31 ) Skimmed milk and trisodium phosphate, which have a significant passivation effect on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), were selected as the research objects. The passivation effect of the combination of skimmed milk and trisodium phosphate (called Yiduling) on TMV-contaminated substrate and leaf-cutting device during floating seedling cultivation was determined by the dead spot method. The effects of Yiduling on viral granules were observed by transmission electron microscopy. At the same time, real-time qPCR was used to quantitatively detect the content of TMV and the relative expression of host defense protein. The results showed that the passivation effect of Yiduling diluent on TMV was time and concentration dependent, and the inhibition rate was significantly different between different treatments. Yiduling mixed with TMV inoculum for 3 minutes completely inhibited the infection of TMV on leaves. The best inhibitory effect was obtained when 500 times Yiduling was used for disinfection for more than 1 min. The passivation effect on TMV was up to 100% when the leaf-cutting device was soaked with Yiduling diluted 500 times for no less than 5 minutes. Different concentrations of Yiduling diluent significantly inactivated the TMV in the substrate and inhibited the infection and morbidity of tobacco seedlings by TMV, and the content of TMV in the substrate decreased by 74.09%-90.26% and the relative control effect reached 54.83%-85.45%. In addition, the tobacco seedling leaves in all treatments with Yiduling were normal and no phytotoxicity occurred. The study of the mechanism of inactivating virus found that the virions after co-incubation with Yiduling diluent were broken into tiny fragments, the coat protein was severely damaged, and the helical structure and columnar shape were basically lost. At the same time, Yiduling increased the enzyme activity of defense enzymes PPO and PAL, and significantly induced the expression of defense genes NPR1, PAL, PR1b and PR1a. In summary, Yiduling can have antiviral effects by directly acting on virion and inducing host resistance.

  The Ecological Niche Characteristics of Tobacco Virus Disease in Longyan HAN Meng, DU Yaxin, LAI Rongquan, YANG Chen, MI Yue’e 2022, 38 (10):  121-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0521 Abstract + ( 163 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1708KB )   ( 27 ) Tobacco virus disease (tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus Y, etc.) is one of the most common tobacco diseases in the world, which often causes great loss in tobacco production. In order to understand the spatial distribution of tobacco virus disease in field, this paper analyzed the ecological niche characteristics of virus disease pathogens through field systematic investigation. The results show that the host ecological niche breadth of tobacco virus disease is large in Longyan tobacco planting area. With the growth of tobacco, the ecological niche breadth of tobacco virus disease gradually increases, and the value in the later growth stage is close to 0.9, indicating that the virus disease could infect most of the tobacco in the area. At the same time, the ecological niche breadth of the incidence of cucumber mosaic virus disease is 0.94, and that of common mosaic virus disease is 0.8256, indicating that the spread rate of cucumber mosaic disease is faster than that of common mosaic disease. The research on the ecological niche of infectious diseases could provide a basis for the effective ecological regulation of diseases.

  Comparative Analysis of Aroma Components of Huize and Shizong Air-cured Tobacco Leaves by HS-SPME-GC/MS Based on Sensory Differences JIANG Kunming, LI Zhenjie, XIANG Nengjun, LIU Ze, WEI Keyi, ZHAO Yingliang, BI Yubo, LI Xiangzhen, WANG Tao, ZOU Congming, LIU Zhihua 2022, 38 (10):  126-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0461 Abstract + ( 370 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1372KB )   ( 78 ) The sensory quality evaluation results show that the cigarettes with Huize air-cured tobacco leaves have a softer taste than that with Shizong air-cured tobacco leaves, and the score of Huize air-cured tobacco leaves is slightly higher. To analyze the difference of volatile aroma components in Huize and Shizong air-cured tobacco leaves, the optimal conditions were determined through the selection of extraction head material, extraction time, sample amount, extraction temperature and other conditions, then, headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was used to analyze the samples. The results show that: (1) through screening, the optimal condition is taking 0.2 g tobacco leaf samples, using pink extraction head of PDMS/DVB coating material, extracting them at 80℃ for 20 min, and then conducting HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis; (2) there are 66 volatile components in Huize air-cured tobacco leaves, and 62 volatile components in Shizong air-cured tobacco leaves; (3) among the 2 kinds of tobacco leaf samples, nicotine and neophyte-diene have the highest mass fraction of volatile components; in addition to these two substances, alkali and ketone substances have higher content in the volatile substances; (4) the contents of alcohol and acid volatile components in Huize air-cured tobacco leaves are higher than that of Shizong air-cured tobacco leaves, and the aroma components are more balanced in Huize than that in Shizong air-cured tobacco leaves. In short, the results of solid-phase microextraction are basically consistent with the conclusions of the sensory evaluation of air-cured tobacco leaves, and the study could provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the quality and style characteristics of air-cured tobacco leaves.

  Effects of BTH Treatment on Postharvest Disease Resistance and Storage Quality of Pitaya BAO Yuanfang, ZHANG Lvping, ZHENG Wei, WANG Bin 2022, 38 (10):  134-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0688 Abstract + ( 209 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1490KB )   ( 21 ) The aim of this study is to explore the effects of postharvest benzothiadiazole (BTH) soaking on pitaya resistance to Gilbertella persicaria, storage quality and the activities of disease resistance related enzymes, so as to provide a theoretical and practical basis for the postharvest storage of pitaya fruits. The fruits of pitaya variety ‘Ruanzhi Dahong’ were used as materials for soaking with BTH at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L. And by observing the changes of the lesion area and disease index of the fruits inoculated with G. persicaria, and postharvest decay time and decay rate, the best BTH concentration was comprehensively screened out. Then the fruit quality and related enzyme activities of the control and under the optimal treatment concentration were further determined during storage. Compared with the control group, 100 mg/L BTH postharvest soaking treatment could significantly reduce the disease index of pitaya fruit inoculated with G. persicaria (P<0.05), significantly increase the total sugar content, reduce the titratable acid content, and enhance the activities of CAT, SOD, POD, CHI, GLU, and PAL. In summary, 100 mg/L BTH postharvest soaking treatment had the best effect on the resistance of pitaya fruits to G. persicaria, it could boost the activities of disease resistance related enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, improve the storage quality, and prolong the storage time of pitaya fruits.

  The Quality Characteristics of Camellia sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’ SHANG Hu, ZHU Chensong, YE Tingting, GAN Shuang, LUO Yuqin, SUN Weijiang 2022, 38 (10):  141-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0470 Abstract + ( 346 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2379KB )   ( 25 ) The purpose of this study is to reveal the key aroma components and biochemical components which determine the ‘Cong flavor’ of Camellia sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’. The volatiles and biochemical compounds in different fragrance types of C. sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’ were detected using GC-IMS and HPLC, respectively. A total of 38 volatile compounds were identified. Pentanal and hexanal are the characteristic aroma components of C. sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’ with woodiness scent; 3-hexen-1-ol and linalool are the characteristic aroma components of C. sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’ with moss flavor; and 2-pentyl furan and benzaldehyde are the characteristic aroma components of C. sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’ with reed leaf flavor. In addition, the increase of water extract and caffeine content could have a significantly positive effect on the improvement of ‘Cong flavor’ quality, whereas the increase of ester catechin content could reduce the taste quality of C. sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’. Particularly, the reduction of catechin index has a positive impact on the quality improvement of ‘Cong flavor’. Overall, this study provides a technique of rapid quality discrimination of C. sinensis ‘Fujian Shuixian’ and a scientific basis for establishing the enterprise standard.

  Effect of Harvest Time on Radix Astragali Quality in the Cold Area of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia MA Yan, LI Xinguo, MAO Fuying, YU Jianqiang, ZHAO Yunsheng, ZHAO Jianjun 2022, 38 (10):  149-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0524 Abstract + ( 219 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2024KB )   ( 24 ) To study the effect of harvesting time on the quality of Radix Astragali in the cold area of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia, we established the HPLC fingerprint and determined the content of 5 components of Radix Astragali. The HPLC fingerprint was established by gradient elution with acetonitrile-methanol and acetic acid buffer salt in 260 nm, and the contents of calycosin-7-glucoside, formononetin, ononin and calycosin were determined with DAD detector; the content of astragaloside Ⅳ was determined with acetonitrile and water isocratic elution and ELSD detector. The fingerprint of 14 batches of Radix Astragali from different harvesting time had 15 common peaks. The contents of calycosin-7-glucoside and ononin were higher in May, and the contents of calycosin-7-glucoside and astragaloside Ⅳ were higher in October, and the total peak area of the shared fingerprint peaks was relatively high in May and October. In the cold area of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia, Radix Astragali is preferably harvested in May or October, and HPLC fingerprint combined with content determination can objectively and effectively evaluate the quality of Radix Astragali at different harvesting periods.

  Research on Forest Soil Microbial Diversity Based on Web of Science WENG Xiaohong, SUI Xin 2022, 38 (10):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0481 Abstract + ( 206 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1670KB )   ( 29 ) The study aims to objectively analyze the research status of forest soil microbial diversity at home and abroad, and summarize the key points and weaknesses of the current research, in order to provide data reference for scientific researchers and decision makers engaged in forest soil microbe. The retrieving term was “forest and (soil microbial diversity or soil bacterial diversity or soil fungal diversity)” based on the Web of Science database, and the retrieving period was 2007-2020. VOSviewer software was used for visual analysis. A total of 4266 documents were retrieved from the Web of Science database, and publications increased from 2007 to 2020. China had the top 3 research institutions in this field, and the articles published by Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most (477), accounting for 11.18% of the total. The paper entitled The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems published by van der Heijden from the Netherlands was the most cited article and had great influence. Environmental science and ecology, agronomy and microbiology were the main research directions in this field. From the high-frequency keywords, it can be seen that the current research hotspots mainly focus on the interaction between environmental factors (e.g. carbon, nitrogen, organic matter) and microbial diversity.