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中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (6): 41-47.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0536

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

缓释肥一次性施用对滨海盐碱地油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响

孙乙健1(), 张翔1, 左博源1, 孟天瑶1,2, 陈英龙1, 戴其根1, 韦还和1()   

  1. 1 扬州大学农学院, 江苏扬州 225009
    2 扬州大学农业科技发展研究院, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19 修回日期:2025-12-24 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2026-03-30
  • 通讯作者:
    韦还和,男,1990年出生,江苏盐城人,副教授,博士,研究方向:作物丰产栽培与生理。通信地址:225009 江苏省扬州市扬州大学文汇路校区27号楼,Tel:0514-8797-0292,E-mail:
  • 作者简介:

    孙乙健,男,2004年出生,山东烟台人,本科,研究方向:主要从事作物丰产栽培技术的研究与推广。通信地址:225009 江苏省扬州市扬州大学文汇路校区27号楼,Tel:0514-8797-0292,E-mail:

  • 基金资助:
    江苏省重点研发计划(现代农业)(BE2023355)

Effect of One-time Application of Slow-Release Fertilizer on Rapeseed Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Coastal Saline-alkali Land

SUN Yijian1(), ZHANG Xiang1, ZUO Boyuan1, MENG Tianyao1,2, CHEN Yinglong1, DAI Qigen1, WEI Huanhe1()   

  1. 1 Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009
    2 Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009
  • Received:2025-06-19 Revised:2025-12-24 Published:2026-03-25 Online:2026-03-30

摘要:

本研究旨在为滨海盐碱地油菜轻简化丰产栽培提供缓释肥合理施用方案。于2022—2023年和2023—2024年在轻度(土壤含盐量0.1%~0.2%)和中度(土壤含盐量0.2%~0.4%)滨海盐碱地,以耐盐油菜品种‘盐油杂7号’为试验材料,设置油菜专用缓释肥不同施用量处理(720、840、960、1080 kg/hm2,分别简写为F720、F840、F960和F1080),并以不施肥处理为空白(F0)、常规施肥模式(FC)为对照,研究其对油菜产量、干物质积累、光合特征、氮素积累量与利用率的影响效应,探明滨海盐碱地油菜高产与氮素高效利用的缓释肥一次性施用量。结果表明:(1)随盐胁迫程度加重,各肥料处理下油菜产量、有效角果数和每角粒数均呈下降趋势。轻度盐碱地下各肥料处理的油菜产量以F960最高、中度盐碱地条件下各肥料处理的油菜产量则以F1080最高,这主要得益于其较高的有效角果数。(2)随盐胁迫程度加重,各肥料处理下油菜初花期群体干物重、成熟期群体干物重与各器官干物重均呈下降趋势,收获指数则呈增加趋势。轻度和中度盐碱地条件下,各肥料处理下油菜初花期和成熟期干物重均以F1080最高,收获指数则以F960最高。(3)随盐胁迫程度加重,油菜初花期叶片净光合速率、初花期叶面积指数和结实期角果皮面积指数均呈下降趋势。轻度盐碱地下,F960处理的初花期叶片净光合速率、初花期叶面积指数和结实期角果皮面积指数最高,中度盐碱地下则以F1080的初花期叶片净光合速率和初花期叶面积指数最高。(4)随盐胁迫程度加重,各肥料处理氮素积累量和氮素籽粒生产效率呈下降趋势,氮肥农学利用率则呈增加趋势。轻度盐碱地条件下,各肥料处理下油菜氮素积累量、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥农学利用率以F960最高;中度盐碱地条件下,油菜氮素积累量、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥农学利用率则以F1080较高。本研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制油菜产量形成和氮素吸收与利用。轻度和中度盐碱地条件下缓释肥一次性推荐用量分别为960 kg/hm2和1080 kg/hm2,可协同提高油菜产量与氮肥利用率。

关键词: 滨海盐碱地, 油菜, 缓释肥一次性施用, 产量, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

To provide support for the rational application of slow-release fertilizers in the simplified and high-yield cultivation of rapeseed in coastal saline-alkali land, this study was conducted in mild (soil salt content 0.1%-0.2%) and moderate (soil salt content 0.2%-0.4%) coastal saline-alkali land, with salt-tolerant rapeseed variety ‘Yanyouza 7’ as the experimental material, from 2022 to 2023 and 2023 to 2024. The experimental treatments included different application rates of special slow-release fertilizer (720, 840, 960 and 1080 kg/hm2, abbreviated as F720, F840, F960, and F1080, respectively), and no fertilization treatment was used as the blank (F0), and conventional fertilization mode was used as the control (FC). The effects of different fertilizer treatments on the yield, dry matter accumulation, dry matter and harvest index, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen accumulation and utilization rate of rape were studied to clarify the one-time application amount of slow-release fertilizer for high yield and efficient nitrogen utilization of rape in coastal saline-alkali land. The results showed that (1) the rapeseed yield, effective pod number, and seed number per pod of the fertilizer treatment showed a decreasing trend with the increased salinity level. F960 achieved the highest rapeseed yield under fertilizer treatments and mild saline-alkali soil conditions, while F1080 achieved the highest rapeseed yield under fertilizer treatments and moderate saline-alkali soil conditions, mainly due to its higher number of effective pods. (2) The dry matter weight of rapeseed at early flowering, and the total dry matter weight and the dry matter weight of each organ at maturity decreased, while the harvest index increased, with the increased salinity level. F1080 achieved the highest dry matter weight at early flowering and maturity of rapeseed under fertilizer treatments, and F960 had the highest harvest index under mild and moderate saline-alkali soil conditions. (3) The leaf net photosynthesis rate, leaf area index at early flowering, and peel area index at seed-filling decreased with the increased salinity level. F960 had the highest leaf net photosynthesis rate, leaf area index at early flowering, and peel area index at seed-filling under mild saline-alkali soil conditions, and F1080 had the highest leaf net photosynthesis rate and leaf area index at early flowering under moderate saline-alkali soil conditions. (4) The nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen seed production efficiency decreased, while the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency of rapeseed increased, with the increased salinity level. F960 had the highest nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen seed production efficiency, and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency of rapeseed under mild saline-alkali soil conditions, while F1080 had the relatively higher nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen seed production efficiency, and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency under moderate saline-alkali soil conditions. This study indicated that salinity stress greatly deteriorated the yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization of rapeseed. The recommended one-time rate of slow-release fertilizer is 960 kg/hm2 under mild saline-alkali soil and 1080 kg/hm2 under moderate saline-alkali soil, which can synergistically improve rapeseed yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Key words: coastal saline-alkali land, rapeseed, one-time application of slow-release fertilizer, yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency