Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.2 Published:15 January 2012

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  Effect of Arginine and Glutamine Addition on the Proliferation of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell and Its Mechanism 2012, 28 (2):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1875 Abstract + ( 1703 )   PDF ( 547812KB )   ( 1255 ) Abstract: To study the effect of arginine and glutamine on the proliferation of porcine intestinal epithelial cell and investigate the transformation between arginine and glutamine, the test added different doses of arginine and glutamine in the cultures of porcine intestinal epithelial cell. Measured cell proliferation, and mRNA expression of P5CS, NAGS, NOS gene in cells, and the content of glutamine, arginine, spermine, nitric oxide in the supernatants. The results are as follows: glutamine supplementation increased the mRNA expression of NAGS gene, increased the content of arginine in cells, promoted the proliferation of cells. Arginine supplementation reduced the mRNA expression of P5CS and NAGS gene, inhibitted the transformation from arginine to glutamine, and high-dose arginine supplementation significantly reduced the content of glutamine in the supernatant of cells. The combined supplementation of arginine and glutamine than alone had better effect on proliferation of porcine intestinal epithelial cell. These results suggested that glutamine transferred to arginine and partial instead of arginine to play a role in porcine intestinal epithelial cell but arginine did not transfer to glutamine. Key words: piglet;intestinal epithelial cell; arginine; glutamine

  Genetic Polymorphisms of the CTSD and CTSL Gene and Their Association with Carcass Traits in Snow Dragon black Cattle 2012, 28 (2):  6-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3158 Abstract + ( 1464 )   PDF ( 562647KB )   ( 965 ) The objective of this study was to explore the genetic polymorphisms of Cathepsin D, L and their association with carcass traits. In this experiment, Genetic polymorphisms of the ctsd and ctsl Genes were studied by PCR-RFLE and analyzed their association with meat quality traits in Snow Dragon black cattle by SAS 9.2. The results showed that ctsd, c581t polymorphism had no associated with economic traits, ctsl, xma I polymorphism had significantly associated with sirloin triangle thickness (P<0.05), sirloin triangle thickness of AB genotype had significant difference with AA and BB genotype.

  Determination of Blood Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Minxinan Black Rabbits 2012, 28 (2):  10-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2557 Abstract + ( 1383 )   PDF ( 657495KB )   ( 951 ) To obtain the basic data of blood physiological and biochemical characteristics in Minxinan black rabbits. A number of blood physiological and biochemical indexes of 24 Minxinan black rabbits (male and femail in half) were determined by an automatic blood counting instrument and an automatic biochemical analyzer. The indexes were compared with Fujian yellow rabbits and New Zealand white rabbits. There were no significant on hematological parameters except the parameter SD between male and female. Biochemical indexes of Minxinan black rabbits except GLO, A/G, HDL, CHOL, LDL, TBA and GLU, had no significant difference between sexes. Most of measured physiological and biochemical indexes were similar with those in Fujian rabbits and New Zealand white rabbits. The result provided evidence to establish haemal physiological and biochemical parameters of Minxinan black rabbits, which may provide a reference in feeding management, prevention and treatment of disease, meat quality, breed protection and selection, and so on.

  Culture and Cryopreservation of Sika Deer Antler Dermis Layer Cells in Vitro 2012, 28 (2):  15-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1862 Abstract + ( 1201 )   PDF ( 568449KB )   ( 893 ) To study the biological characteristics of sika deer antler dermis layer cells, the dermis layer of growing tip in sika deer antler was collected and a culture and cryopreservation system in vitro for the dermis layer cells was established. The results showed that the antler dermis layer cells could be cultured well within a short term in DMEM medium with 10 % FBS in vitro. The cultured dermis layer cells were spindle or rhombic and the cultured cells merged each other after 5 days. The cells before the fourth generation appeared uniform. The edge of the cells was smooth and the cytoplasm was uniform and transparent. The cultured cells were closely arranged. The cultured cells changed into flat after the fifth generation and extended more apophysises. The edge of the cultured cells was not smooth and the cells were loosely arranged after merged. The suitable cryopreserved condition for the dermis layer cells was DMEM medium containing 5 %DMSO and 10 %FBS with gradient-cooling.

  Scanning Electron Microscope Observations about Feather of Strix leptogrammica 2012, 28 (2):  19-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2807 Abstract + ( 1235 )   PDF ( 3250306KB )   ( 877 )

  Effect of Mowing Treatments on the Yield and Quality of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey 2012, 28 (2):  23-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1769 Abstract + ( 1298 )   PDF ( 525135KB )   ( 764 ) In order to determine the best mowing way of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey, three mowing treatments with plant height in 30cm, 45cm and booting stage of were designed, and the effects of different mowing height on the yield and quality of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey were analyzed. The results showed that: there were significant relationships between mowing height and the fresh yield, dry matter yield and quality of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey. The yield of mowing way in booting stage was the highest, the fresh yield and dry matter yield was 12.29 kg/m2 and 1.68 kg/m2 respectively. They increased by 23.27% and 44.83%, compared with that of 30 cm mowing plant height in average. In mowing plant height in 45 cm, the fresh yield and dry matter yield was 9.97 kg/m2 and 1.32 kg/m2 respectively, which was 11.77% and 12.12% higher than that of 30 cm mowing plant height in average. The crude protein content of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey in three mowing way was between 13.73% and 17.46%. In mowing plant height in 30 cm, the crude protein content of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey was highest (17.46%), but mowing in booting stage could obtain the highest crude protein yield of Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ex Massey (0.2302 kg/m2).

  Correlation analysis between SPAD value and chlorophyll contentof leaf of Leymus chinensis 2012, 28 (2):  27-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1865 Abstract + ( 1688 )   PDF ( 613462KB )   ( 1141 ) In order to discuss accuracy of determining chlorophyll with SPAD chlorophyll meter in the eecological field experiments, SPAD value, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of Leymus chinensis on Hebei Guyuan and Neimeng Tumuji natural grassland were determined with SPAD chlorophyll meter and alcohol-acetone extraction method. The results showed that chlorophyll content and SPAD value of L. chinensis on different grasslands were changed in the certain range. The minimum value of SPAD value, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of L. chinensis were 21.850SPAD, 2.611 mg?g-1, 1.125 mg?g-1, 3.738 mg?g-1, respectively. The max value of SPAD value, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of L. chinensis were 46.150SPAD, 21.954 mg?g-1, 7.356 mg?g-1, 29.322 mg?g-1, respectively. Coefficient of variation was range from 20.457 to 36.921%. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of L. chinensis on Neimeng Tumuji natural grassland were higher than those on Hebei Guyuan natural grassland. On the contrary, SPAD value of L. chinensis on Neimeng Tumuji natural grassland was lower than those on Hebei Guyuan natural grassland. Regression Analysis showed that relationships between chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll content and SPAD value were significant linear, index and power function. Coefficient of determination was from 44.1% to 63.9. And the Coefficient of determination of linear function was highest than those of index and power function. SPAD502 chlorophyll meter can launch 660nm infrared light and 940nm near infrared light, which can reflect relative chlorophyll of plant. In result, chlorophyll content of L. chinensis Individual were different. Linear function could greatly reflect the relationships between chlorophyll content and SPAD value of L. chinensis. Chlorophyll content of L. chinensis can be accurately determined on field condition with SPAD chlorophyll meter. This method is Simple and fast on field experiment, providing theoretical basis for grass production.

  THE STUDY ON STANDARDIZED FARMING TECHNIQUES OF TIBETAN EWES GRAZING IN QINGHAI ALPIN GRASSLAND 2012, 28 (2):  31-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1457 Abstract + ( 1154 )   PDF ( 555806KB )   ( 826 ) This study was carried out on Tibetan ewes which are grazing in Qinghai alpine grassland, and we made a exploration on its Standardized farming techniques. Through the research of 4 different model of production, the result showed that: for the model Ⅰ and model Ⅱ, the lamb birth weight、two months’ weight and daily gain in the age of two months had a significant difference (P < 0.01); the lambing rate of ewes and the survival rate of lambs of the model Ⅰand Ⅱ were higher than the model Ⅲ and Ⅳ,there was a significant difference; the unit profit of ewe lambing of the model Ⅰand Ⅱ were obviously higher than the model Ⅲ and Ⅳ，achieving the purpose of increasing the famers’income、Reducing carrying capacity and protecting grassland ecosystem. Finally we got a “protecting grassland ecosystem and increasing farm’incom” win-win model of production in plateau Tibetan ewes.

  Effects of Fertilization on Aboveground Biomass in Maqu Alpine Desertification Meadow 2012, 28 (2):  35-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1215 Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 625444KB )   ( 863 ) In order to study the effects of fertilization on aboveground biomass, a field experiment was conducted including 8 fertilization treatments: CK (no fertilization), organic manure (O), nitrogen (N), phosphate fertilizer (P), nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer (NP), organic manure and nitrogen (ON), organic and phosphate fertilizer (OP), and the organic manure, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer (ONP). The coverage and aboveground biomass had been studied through quadrat sampling method in this paper. The results showed that the coverage of ONP treatment increased by 7% compared with CK and had maximum aboveground biomass in 2006 and 2007. The aboveground biomass of all fertilization treatments in 2007 was significantly higher than in 2006 in different growing seasons. The treatment of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizer (ONP) reached the most significant effect among all treatments in Maqu alpine desertification meadow.

  Blood lipid profiles and anti-oxidative stress for lactating cows fed rumen-protected choline 2012, 28 (2):  39-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1599 Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 538202KB )   ( 1031 ) (objective) This study was conducted to evaluate the blood lipid profiles and anti-oxidative stress for lactating cows fed rumen-protected choline (RPC). (Methods) Ten cows in early lactation were used as the experimental animal with self-pair design. Trial lasted for 3 durations of 12 days including control, trial 1, and trial 2, respectively. Each cow was supplemented with a daily dose of 40g RPC. Blood was collected to harvest plasma for measurements of blood lipid profiles and anti-oxidant stress. (Results) Feeding of RPC did not affect plasma glucose, creatinine, and triglyceride levels (P>0.05). However, plasma urea nitrogen was lower for trial 1 and 2 phases than control (P<0.05); and plasma cholesterol in trial 1 and 2 duration was higher relative to control (P<0.05). Compared with control, plasma concentrations of total anti-oxidative capacity, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase was not altered for RPC supplementation (P>0.05). (Conclusion) These results indicated that, under the present experimental condition, dietary inclusion of RPC is beneficial for protein utilization and blood lipid metabolism, but not for anti-oxidative stress for peak-lactating dairy cows.

  Study on Development of Serotype-specific RT-PCR Technology for Detection of AHSV 2012, 28 (2):  43-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2668 Abstract + ( 1296 )   PDF ( 591262KB )   ( 933 ) This study aimed to confirm the imported 9 serotypes of AHSV and have some explore and discovery on the differentiating method for AHSV. In the current study specific primers for differentiating each of the nine serotypes of AHSV were designed based on the L2 genome segment according to the reported references. RT-PCR method and sequencing were used. The RNA samples extracted from inactivated vaccine virus of the above 9 serotypes all could produce specific products amplified with the specific primers through RT-PCR method, and the amplification conditions were modified and optimized. The products amplified from the AHSV RNA had been sequenced and blasted through the internet. Conclusively, the developed RT-PCR method in this study is able to be employed as a technique for differentiating the 9 serotypes of AHSV, and we also confirmed the imported 9 serotypes of RNA.

  Establishment of a RT-PCR method for detection of Avian Influenza virus 2012, 28 (2):  48-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1758 Abstract + ( 1331 )   PDF ( 639283KB )   ( 971 ) In this study a RT-PCR ELISA method was established using the primer which was designed according to M gene sequence of AIV and labeled by biotin and DIG.. The optimal reaction conditions were determined including the streptavidin was 2?g/mL and anti-digoxigenin-POD dilution titer was 1:3000. This method had a strong specificity and high sensitivity. The sensitivity was more than 100 times compared to RT-PCR, so that it could overcome the difficulty for the little AIV in the samples．It provides a new way for the molecular epidemiologic investigation and early diagnosis of AIV

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Avian Influenza Virus H9 Subtype HN31 strain NS Gene 2012, 28 (2):  53-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2470 Abstract + ( 1637 )   PDF ( 643338KB )   ( 1040 ) In order to study the molecular characteristics of the avian influenza virus (H9 subtypes) HN31 strain’s NS gene, its nucleotides were cloned into pMD19-T Vector by RT-PCR. The ligation product was transformed into the competent E.coli DH5α. The white colony was selected, and identified by PCR and EcoRⅠrestriction enzyme digestion. The positive plasmid was sequenced. The results show that the RT-PCR product is 919bp, HN31 strain’s NS gene length is 890bp. Through the phylogenetic analysis, the kinship with H6, H9 subtype is closer than with H5, H7, H3, H1 subtype of influenza virus.

  The effect of compound Chinese herbal“nuoweikang”on chicken immune organs and amount of T lymphocytes 2012, 28 (2):  57-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2085 Abstract + ( 1222 )   PDF ( 520025KB )   ( 778 ) To further understand Chinese medicine immune strength agent to animal body immune adjustment function, tests on chickens in drinking water add 0.1% proprietary Chinese medicine”nuowekang” respectively, and testing the immune organs index, and the number of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of each chicken in experimental and control group. The results show that the immune organs index and the number of T lymphocytes of peripheral blood in group of “nuoweikang” were obviously higher than that of he control group (P < 0.05); So the Chinese traditional medicine immune strength agent can actually improve the body immunity, the animal a result for goods Chicken farms has certain veterinary significance.

  Mathematical Analysis of Effects of Morphometric Attributes on Body Weight for Anguilla reinhardtii 2012, 28 (2):  60-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2133 Abstract + ( 1415 )   PDF ( 579201KB )   ( 979 ) 50 one-year-old Anguilla reinhardtii were random-sampled for measuring the morphometric attributes, including the total length, body length, dorsal fin length, anal fin length, body depth, head length, long kiss, diameter of eye, eye distance, mouth width and body weight. The correlation coefficients among the attributes were calculated, and then path analysis was conducted by taking the body weight as a dependent, and other ten morphometric attributes as independent variables. In addition to diameter of eye and head length outside each other morphological traits between body weight had reached very significant (P<0.01) level. The three morphometric attributes (the total length, body depth, mouth width) were retained, and the path coefficient of the total length weighted the most (P1=0.398) to the body weight. Judged from the results of correlation index (R2=0.965), the main variables had been selected. We had obtained the multiple regression equation to estimate the body weight as Y=-1412.565+1.923X1+13.000X5+15.767X10, which provided a theoretical basis for Anguilla reinhardtii breeding.

  Study on the Fatty Acid of the Wild Male and Female Mastacembelus Armatus during Breeding Season 2012, 28 (2):  65-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2389 Abstract + ( 1356 )   PDF ( 595522KB )   ( 931 ) This investigation means to develop the artificial propagation of Mastacembelus armatus. We used gas chromatography to determine the composition and content of fatty acid in sex gland, hepatopancreas and muscle of the wild male and female during breeding season. The result showed that the highest of SFA and MUFA in various tissues of male and female Marmatus were C16:0 and C18:1n-9; The maximum PUFA in various tissues of female and the hepatopancreas muscle of male was DHA, which appeared C22:4n-6 in the testis. The hightest content of fatty acid in the ovary, hepatopancreas and muscle of female accounted C18:1n-9(32.65%), DHA(18.54%), C18:1n-9(34.99%), respectively. The maximum fatty acid in the testis, hepatopancreas and muscle of male were separately C22:4n-6（33.52%）, DHA（45.68%）, C18:1n-9(23.24%). Therefore, we can cultivate the M. armatus by putting them in 2 different pools: one for female, and the other for male; if the C18:1n-9, DHA, ARA are to be added into the female fodder, we can promote the development of ovary and improve the quality of ovum; while adding the DHA, C18:1n-9, ARA and C22:4n-6 to the male fodder, we can improve the quality of sperm.

  Genetic Variation of cultured population Structure in Sinonovacula constricta Using Microsatellites 2012, 28 (2):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2395 Abstract + ( 1292 )   PDF ( 621384KB )   ( 1070 ) In order to screen EST-SSR polymorphic loci and investigate the genetic diversity of cultured population of Sinonovacula constricta in Yueqing Gulf of Zhejiang Province, genomic DNA of S. constricta were scanned by using 40 pairs of EST-SSR. The result showed that 29 pairs of primers produced stable and specific bands (72.5%), of which 14 were polymorphic (35%). The number of observed, expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.025 to 0.868, 0.258 to 0.850 and 0.242 to 0.834, respectively. Six loci (YC-1, YC-11, YC-1２,YC-16, YC-27, YC-35) significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.05).The results indicated that the expressed sequence tags of S.constricta were rich of SSR; the genetic diversity of S. constricta in Yueqing Gulf was abundant, but it has beening decreasing, the resource need protect.

  A comparative research on products quality of Penaeus vannamei cultured in organic and traditional 2012, 28 (2):  74-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1959 Abstract + ( 1580 )   PDF ( 533501KB )   ( 1069 ) To compare the nutritive components and nutritional quality in the muscle of Penaeus vannamei cultured in organic and traditional. Penaeus vannamei cultured in organic had a higher content of Ca and P, lower crude fat compared to Penaeus vannamei cultured in traditional, whereas no significant differences were found in crude protein and ash. Besides, from the Penaeus vannamei cultured in traditional furazolidone was detected, the heavy metal and pesticide residue contents in the shrimp body were up to the national standard(NY 5158-2005), but the Penaeus vannamei cultured in organic was much lower than cultured in traditional in heavy metal and pesticide residue contents.

  Analysis and Evaluation on Nutritional Components of Three Freshwater Mussels from Zhejiang Province 2012, 28 (2):  78-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2132 Abstract + ( 1471 )   PDF ( 649493KB )   ( 950 ) Abstract: (Method) The national standard methods was used to analyzing The national standard methods was used to analyzing and evaluating the nutrition components in the muscles of Corbicula fluminea, Bellamya aeruginosa, Cipangopaludina cathayensis in Zhejiang Province, which in order to supply theoretic basis for the nutrient research of mussels, production of feed and development of novel food. The results showed that water content, ash, crude protein, crude fat and in Bellamya aeruginosai and Cipangopaludina cathayensis were similar, but the content of carbohydrates were different. However, significant differences in ash, crude fat and carbohydrates between Corbicula fluminea and Bellamya aeruginosa, Cipangopaludina cathayensis were observed. There were 18 common amino acids in three freshwater mussels, of which 8 were essential amino acids, and the first limiting amino acid was Val and the second limiting amino acid was Ile. Moreover, the content of Glu was the highest among 18 amino acids in three freshwater mussels. The content of flavor amino acids was very close in Bellamya aeruginosa and Cipangopaludina cathayensis, which was up to 40 %. The ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids was approximately 35 % and close to the value recommended by WHO/FAO (35.38 %). There were wealth of crude protein, crude fat and the kind and content of amino acids in the soft part of three freshwater mussels, which had a great prospect of the industrial process.

  Degradation of Malachite Green Standard Addition Samples Under Different Storage Conditions 2012, 28 (2):  83-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2319 Abstract + ( 1562 )   PDF ( 638436KB )   ( 913 ) Quality control technology of malachite green residues in aquatic products were carried out to filter out the appropriate storage and transportation conditions for drug verification, with an aim to minimize the impacts of external factors on the tests results and to ensure the fairness of the outcome. Cod and carp were used as substrates to analyze the degradation of malachite green over time in 3 different concentrations(1.5, 5, 50 μg/kg）and 3 different storage conditions (normal room temperature 25℃, cold storage4℃ and freezing-18℃). The results showed that under different storage conditions, the degradation of malachite green with different substrates in varying concentrations varied and the degradation rate also varied. When cod was taken as the substrate, the degradation under three concentrations showed similar results: degradation under high concentration>degradation under medium concentration>degradation under low concentration. When common carp was taken as the substrate in normal room temperature, it was found that: degradation under high concentration>degradation under medium concentration>degradation under low concentration. However, under cold storage and freezing conditions, the result was different with degradation under medium concentration>degradation under high concentration>degradation under low concentration. It was concluded that different storage conditions had different effects on the malachite green standard addition samples. By the impact of enzyme, short-term preservation of malachite green standard addition samples could be kept at normal room temperature, which was also easy to conduct detection soon. If the samples couldn’t be arranged to be detected within 48 hours, the samples should be preserved by freezing methods, which was a good preservation of its original properties and also a good way to avoid impacts of this test results.

  Study on Pakistan Agriculture Development Status and Cooperation Between China and Pakistan in Agriculture Sector 2012, 28 (2):  90-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2343 Abstract + ( 1384 )   PDF ( 621707KB )   ( 1377 ) In order to have depth study on Pakistan’s agriculture and explore new field of agricultural cooperation between China and Pakistan, this paper will give a more detailed introduction of agricultural resources, agricultural industry structure, and agricultural management arrangements in Pakistan. The author considers that problems such as lack of planed guidance, duplicate in cooperation ways, and confined investment areas are still exist in bilateral agricultural cooperation. And then the paper proposes to strengthen bilateral high level visits on agriculture, formulate long term agricultural cooperation framework, broaden cooperation fields, in order to strengthen bilateral agricultural cooperation.

  The Development of CSA in Japan and the United States and Its Enlightenment to China 2012, 28 (2):  97-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2463 Abstract + ( 1548 )   PDF ( 600280KB )   ( 1470 ) Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) as a sustainable way of farming is now invoking more and more interests in China. To learn the lessons of CSA in the Japan and America, so as to encourage CSA and coordinating urban-rural development in China, the history, recent trends and social context were briefly introduced, and the potential demands in China were discussed. The studies indicated that The Teikei which is the Japanese version of CSA is facing stagnation and decline for a reduction in the number of former organic farmers and the changes in society. In comparison, it has undergone rapid growth in the United States during the three decades for it pandered to public taste. The average farm size has decreased and flexible and diversified forms have emerged. CSA is closely related to its background of forming and developing. Many CSAs are formed by groups of people who interested in getting organic produce from farms. CSA possesses multi-functions as well. They are principles of mutual assistance, democratic management and maintaining the appropriate group scale and so on. To accept no outside help may enhance the vitality and dynamics for CSA development. All of these have good reference significance to China. This paper from the interests of Chinese farmers, the needs of citizen and the coordinating of urban-rural relationship perspective, consider that CSA as a green channel for reaching the objectives of sustainable agriculture and coordinated development of urban and rural areas.

  Multifunction Coupling of Agriculture and Structure Optimization of Agriculture Characterized by City 2012, 28 (2):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1894 Abstract + ( 1314 )   PDF ( 931625KB )   ( 891 ) Multifunction is fundamental requirement for agriculture characterized by city. The objective of optimizing production structure of agriculture characterized by city is to realize optimal coupling multifunction. Based on taking resources as constraint, function as output, function value as utility, we constructed a optimal coupling model of multifunction of agriculture through using production possibility curve and indifference curves. On this basis, according to special properties of agriculture characterized by city, we constructed a optimal coupling model of multifunction of agriculture characterized by city, and summarized analysis process of optimizing production structure of agriculture characterized by city.

  Research on the Spatial Distribution of Village Land Use Planning Based on the Urban and Rural Harmonious Development——A Case Study of 4 Towns of Beibei District in Chongqing 2012, 28 (2):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1927 Abstract + ( 1452 )   PDF ( 2594668KB )   ( 821 ) In order to explore the spatial distribution of land use planning on village-level under the background of urban and rural harmonious development, trend analysis and empirical analysis were used to analyze how economic and social developing trend and agricultural structural adjustment could affect the change of land-use. That is to say, the spatial distribution of rural land-use was optimized by the development of industrial structure. The results showed that spatial distribution of industrial structure was beneficial for structural adjustment and spatial distribution of land-use. It derived regional economic development and achieved intensive and rational land-use. Ultimately, reform thoughts should be put into the process of land-use planning. And the strategic position of spatial distribution of land-use guided by spatial industrial structure should be highlighted, too.

  The Estimates of Contribution of Food Science and Technology Based on Micro-perspective 2012, 28 (2):  114-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2497 Abstract + ( 1347 )   PDF ( 519099KB )   ( 975 ) In order to accurately measure contribution of food science and technology of food production project area, we use the micro-survey data on food production to measurement the contribution rate of technical progress of grain in different regions. The results show that the contribution rate of technical progress in harvest area are higher than non-harvest area, Grain harvest project achieve the desired results on scientific and technological progress of food production.

  udy on the Earthquake Disaster Cognition and Response of Rural Residents in Western Guanzhong 2012, 28 (2):  118-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2856 Abstract + ( 1166 )   PDF ( 733481KB )   ( 886 ) In order to provide a demonstration basis for making up corresponding policies for the earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation in rural regions. Adopting questionnaire investigation and comparative analysis methods, the earthquake disaster cognition and response of rural residents in Chencang District of Baoji City has been researched. The results showed that: (1) The accuracy and depth of the residents’ earthquake disaster knowledge are inadequate, as well as earthquake disaster coping skills;(2) The residents’ self and mutual rescue is poorly organized, and their ability of discriminate and resist earthquake rumors is poor;(3) The overall level of the residents’ earthquake disaster cognition and response is not ideal, with the worst of disaster coping skills, and the best of self and mutual rescue. Popularization of earthquake disaster knowledge, training of earthquake disaster coping skills and discriminating of earthquake information are effective ways to enhance the rural regions’ comprehensive ability of earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation.

  Study on Realistic Potential of Land Consolidation in Rural Residential Areas Based on the Linked Change of Rural-urban Construction Land 2012, 28 (2):  125-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1551 Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 605385KB )   ( 905 ) Study on realistic potential of land consolidation in rural residential areas is an important part of early specific investigation. The author took Sunfang Town in Chongren County, Jiangxi Province as a case in this paper. Based on the analysis of the source of realistic potential, a comprehensive evaluation index system was established by 8 indexes, such as patch area, building conditions, surrounding conditions by cultivated land relating to village conditions, suitability for cultivated land and social and economic conditions. The realistic potential was classified with the index system by comprehensive evaluation method. The results showed that realistic potential of land consolidation in rural residential areas was derived from the movable patches, which could be classified to 4 forms, easy-release, comparatively easy-release, comparatively difficult-release and difficult-release. The study showed that the release of realistic potential should adhere to the principle of from easy to difficult, and be properly planned in time and space based on the potential forms.

  Research on Constructive Land Standard of Rural Settlement in Underdeveloped Area: A Case Study of Shulan County, Jilin Province 2012, 28 (2):  129-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2086 Abstract + ( 1183 )   PDF ( 579294KB )   ( 828 ) In order to improve the probability of land potential exploration and further economical and intensive use of rural settlement, the author discussed the rational constructive land standard of rural settlement in underdeveloped area. The land standard of rural settlement was established through analyzing the feasibility of potential exploration for rural housing land, the data of which were acquired by household survey. This paper could be concluded as: 1) rural housing land could be divided into two land use types, i.e., production land, mainly be composed of planting land, farming land and storage land for agricultural implements, and living land, including land for living room and central room, storage land for grain, etc.; 2) on the basis of ensuring needful production and living land, the rational standard of rural housing land was about 164.46 m2 per farmer in Shulan County; 3) the rational land standard of rural settlement in Shulan should be ranged from 232 m2 to 295 m2. The standard of per-capita 150 m2 commonly used was lack of feasibility in potential exploration in land consolidation of rural settlement. The land standard of rural settlement should be established according to the principle of meeting farmers’ needs of daily production and living.

  System Construction of Urban-rural Unified Real Estate Relocation and Acquisition 2012, 28 (2):  134-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2528 Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 496284KB )   ( 1166 ) In order to solve the problems caused by the institutional and political differences between the city’s housing relocation and the country’s land acquisition in the course of real estate relocation and acquisition, this paper, using the systematic analysis method based on ethnics and nomology, explored the laws of real estate relocation and acquisition management between the city and the country in China respectively. The results indicate that (1)the major questions in Chinese real estate relocation and acquisition legal system are the weakening of the subject of collective land ownership, inconsistent compensation between urban and rural real estate relocation and acquisition, inadequate foundation of the acquisition of public purpose, the lack of theoretical foundation of compensation standard and the lack of legal redressing in the course of acquisition and compensation and so on; (2)Chinese property legal systems provide a solid legal basis, an identical compensation standard and a practical basis for a uniform construction of real estate relocation and acquisition between city and countryside; (3) through the improvement of the structure and nature of properties power, the reform of regulation and laws of the procedure of real estate relocation and acquisition, a unified system of real estate relocation and acquisition could be set up to guarantee the key benefit of the person whose property is expropriated, and systematically help dissolve the conflict and problems in expropriation.

  Analysis on the Interest Conflicts from the Stakeholders of Eco-museums: Taking the Sanjiang Dong Eco-museum as An Example 2012, 28 (2):  139-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2308 Abstract + ( 1191 )   PDF ( 667966KB )   ( 972 ) In order to reconcile the interest conflicts of the concerned parties in eco-museum, construct a harmonious interest relation, the author took Sanjiang Dong nationality eco-museum as an example, adopted a mutual corresponding analysis method in combination of constructing the analysis of interest conflict and drawing a picture of interest conflict relation, aiming to analyze the interest conflicts hided in the various interest parties concerned. Through the study, the author found that the interest conflict in stakeholders in Sanjang Dong nationality eco-museum mainly existed travelers, tourism enterprises, government departments, museum domain community and museum domain original environment and so on. The radical reason for their interest conflicts was that interest relations were very complicated and it was very hard to coordinate the interest needs. In addition, through the study, the author wanted to provide the theoretic evidence for the construction of a scientific and reasonable mechanism to coordinate the interest conflicts.

  Study on the Ownership of the Plant Genetic Resources on Farmers’ Land 2012, 28 (2):  146-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1645 Abstract + ( 1293 )   PDF ( 480142KB )   ( 942 ) In order to protect farmers’ rights on benefit-sharing and make legislative preparation for acceding to the International Treaty on the Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the sovereign and ownership of plant genetic resources and the difference between natural resources and plant genetic resources on farmers’ land are analyzed. The regulations on the ownership of the plant genetic resources on farmers’ land are studied, too. It is stated that the sovereign of plant genetic resources shall not substitute the ownership of them, plant genetic resources on farmers’ land shall be owned by farmers or their community, the farmers’ or their community’s rights to the plant genetic resources on their land shall be confirmed by the nation.

  Analysis on the Variation of Rural Families Educational Expenditure: A Case of Guangdong Province 2012, 28 (2):  150-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1740 Abstract + ( 1537 )   PDF ( 706866KB )   ( 953 ) Family educational expenditure shares a relatively large portion in residents daily expenditures. In recent years, rural family educational expenditure in Guangdong Province increased slowly and the proportion of educational expenditure in total spending was falling due to the influence of family per-capita net income, housing expenses, inflation and government spending on education. This phenomenon is worth thinking and vigilant by all circles of society. The causes of variation in family educational expenditure had been studied in this paper: when the family per-capita net income reached a fixed value, the growth rate of educational expenditure was lower than that of income, and educational expenditure decreased with the increase of income. Meanwhile, with the rise of inflation, there was an obvious squeezing which affect family on educational expenditure from housing expenses, the income effect of government spending on education to family educational expenditure had become weaker relatively, finally leading to a decrease in the proportion of educational expenditure in total spending. Therefore, the peasant’s consumption concept should be properly guided, the consumption expenditure structure in rural families should be optimized, government expenditure on educational in rural areas still needs to be improved, and the inflation should be controlled appropriately, thus achieving the purpose of increasing peasant’s expenditure in culture and education.

  The Obstacle and Security of Organization on the Following Enter-to-School Problem of Migrant Workers’ Children 2012, 28 (2):  157-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1731 Abstract + ( 1524 )   PDF ( 556594KB )   ( 1001 ) During the process of China’s accelerating urbanization, the following enter-to-school problem of migrant workers’ children is becoming the most important issue which our party and government paid highly attention to. The auhtor made the research of the cities in Henan Province which have the better condition, and surveyed and analyzed the following enter-to-school situation of migrant workers’ children through the random interview and questionnaire survey. The author thought that the out-dated regulation of nowadays household registration system, financial investment, insurance system and compulsory school organization were the obstacle of the following enter-to-school problem of migrant workers’ children. At the moment, people must accelerate the reform of the city and country household registration system, innovate the compulsory school’s financial investment, complete the compulsory school’s management and service mechanism, and provide a systemic and scientific security to the enter-to-school problem of migrant peasant workers’ children.

  The Research on Rural Financial Melts Quantity Problem in Hebei Province Based on the ARMA Model 2012, 28 (2):  161-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1881 Abstract + ( 1180 )   PDF ( 651443KB )   ( 1012 ) In order to improve the financial environment of rural economic development and promote the further development of the rural economy in Hebei Province, the study had further researched rural financial melts quantity of Hebei Province. First of all, the author estimated the theoretical and actual capital capacity of rural financial in Hebei Province, the results showed that there was a huge financial gap in the countryside in Hebei Province; Next, and forecasted the changing trends of the financial gap by using the ARMA model of econometric methods, the conclusion was that rural financial gap existed constantly expansion trend. Based on this, the author further analyzed the economic and institutional causes of the rural financial gap in Hebei Province, and then, put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve rural financial supply mechanism, and eliminate the financial gap, perfect rural financial environment in Hebei Province.

  The Intellection of Consumption Trend of Creative Agriculture 2012, 28 (2):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2447 Abstract + ( 1205 )   PDF ( 569870KB )   ( 1015 ) In order to find the way of development, creative agriculture is originated on the market.The article define the creative agriculture from the perspective of the market economy, the focus on analysis personalized, service-oriented, symbolic, participatory and seasonal and other major consume features. Make the comprehensive classification of creative agriculture consumer groups, expound the consumer preference, give a comprehensive classification of consumer group of creative agriculture, and clarifies the propensity to consume. Besides, it proposes the countermeasure of creative agriculture of China.

  The Agricultural Technology Takes Effect in Village Community Changes-Based on Empirical Research of Yang Village Community in Shaanxi 2012, 28 (2):  171-177.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1938 Abstract + ( 1188 )   PDF ( 640292KB )   ( 1022 ) Under the background of the process of agricultural modernization, the research makes a field survey of Yang Village community with qualitative research method from the perspective of agricultural technology. At the idea of individual-family-village community, the research expatiates what a role the agricultural technology plays in village community changes from microcosmic to macroscopic level. The results showed that: the greenhouse technology had made a great impact on the villagers' status, the idea, the family relationships, the village community economy and the social interaction. But the village community politics and convention were not change a lot. The agricultural technology was the primary impetus in village community changes, whereas the government and the market are also important influence factors.

  The Study of Modern Agricultural Sci-tech Development Strategyof Chengdu in the“Twelfth Five-Years”Ⅰ 2012, 28 (2):  178-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2348 Abstract + ( 1421 )   PDF ( 621235KB )   ( 850 ) Depending on scientific and technological support is the key to promote the leap-forward development of modern agriculture in Chengdu. Comprehensive planning is its priority work. On the basis of the in-depth investigation and repeat argument, the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out to elaborate on the roadmap of modern agriculture in Chengdu. Chengdu has the basis and conditions of accelerating transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. But there are still some problems in the technology chains, industry chains and sci-tech chains. Thus the paper put forword development thoughts, general goals, key tasks and safeguard measures of Chengdu "Twelfth 5-Year" modern agricultural development. It is intended to provide reference and consultation to promote the modernization of agriculture for other provinces from the practical perspective.

  A Quantitative Research of Values on Rural Household Biogas Digesters in Gansu Province——A Case Study of Xiyang Township 2012, 28 (2):  184-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1582 Abstract + ( 1218 )   PDF ( 619232KB )   ( 954 ) Abstract In order to clarify ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits of rural household biogas digesters and the calculation methods, the authors analyzed the economic, social and ecological values of rural household biogas digesters in Xiyang township, Kongtong district, Pingliang city by using shadow price methods, cost analysis, and opportunity cost based on field survey data and information. The results showed that a biogas digester could not only generate annual economic value, social benefit and ecological benefit RMB 733.62 RMB 273.2 and RMB 130.20 per household per year, respectively; but also significantly reduced women’s opportunity cost of collecting traditional biomass energy. It was concluded that majority of farm households only used the biogas for cooking and heating water, not for multiple purposes. Therefore, it was recommended that the biogas should be used not only for cooking, but also for integrated purposes, such as use of slurry and dregs so as to make full use of biogas and its byproducts.

  Study on the Developing Trend and Emergy Succession Pattern of Shanxi Agro-ecological System 2012, 28 (2):  189-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1274 Abstract + ( 1282 )   PDF ( 626131KB )   ( 871 ) In order to adjust and manage Shanxi Agro-ecological system more effectively, based on emergy methods, the developing regular and trend were explored in Shanxi Agro-ecological system from 1980 to 2008. Following is the conclusion: (1) Production efficiency has been improved largely. (2) The system lies in inferior position in getting economic emergy. (3) Environment loading ratio will still be high in the future. (4) Developing of Shanxi agro-ecological system depend on input of industry emergy more and more. The way to improve production efficiency of the system should be adjusting emergy input structure and improving agro-modernization equipment and technology, and transferring unnecessary labour from agriculture to other industry.

  Preliminary Exploration of Ecosystem Health Assessment for Wuli Lake 2012, 28 (2):  195-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1764 Abstract + ( 1443 )   PDF ( 714100KB )   ( 780 ) In order to know the status of Wuli Lake after several ecological projects being carried out, studies as follows were performed. The method of trophic state-comprehensive index was used to assess the ecosystem health of Wuli Lake in 2010. On this study, 15 sampling sites were determined, and the work of sampling was done once a month. After that, 4 indices including Chla, SD, TP and TN were chosen to calculate the trophic status index (TSI), and nondimensionalizated indicators such as physical indicators, chemical indicators and biological indicators were used to calculate comprehensive index to estimate the ecosystem health state. The results showed that the ecosystem health of Wuli Lake was the best on July and the worst on August in 2010, which was abnormal. Maybe it had something to do with the digging of cyanobacteria and the rainy weather at that time. And the deviation between TSI and CI was also detected, when TSI increased or decreased rapidly and passed through the threshold of grading standards of eutrophication.

  The Preliminary Research about the Influence of Rice-Straw Returning on the Rice Ecosystem 2012, 28 (2):  200-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1755 Abstract + ( 1259 )   PDF ( 1073922KB )   ( 783 ) To study the better rice-straw returning, this experiment used different treatment on early and late rice respectively by using coverage returning, stubble breaking land-returning and compost counters-field these three different rice-straw returning. After rice-straw returning, to study the early rice growth, yield quality and influence the status of soil fertility, in order to get the better rice-straw returning. In the late rice processing, in the meanwhile, through the rice-straw returning with different types and quantity the chemical fertilizer and degradation bacterium to study the late rice soil biological activity changes (micro-flora change, soil enzymes activity change). The results showed that, for early rice yield and soil nutrient status, compared 3000 kg/hm2 stubble breaking land-returning both other treatment had good effect. For late rice on trend of microbe and enzyme, rice-straw returning with the chemical fertilizer can effectively increase the number of bacteria in the soil, including stubble breaking land-returning 3000 kg/hm2 plus 225 kg/hm2 compound fertilizer with the highest number of bacteria. The rice-straw returning with the chemical fertilizer and degradation bacterium can increase catalase and urease activity, but not affected obviously in soil invertase.

  The Driving Factors and Ecological Countermeasures of Soil Salinization in the Seawater Intrusion Areas in the South of Laizhou Bay LIU Yan-Jun 2012, 28 (2):  209-213.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1565 Abstract + ( 1126 )   PDF ( 757290KB )   ( 928 ) Coastal soil salinization problem is one of the typical disasters in coastal regions, where seawater intrusion has exacerbated disasters in the past 30 years of development. In order to study the effects of seawater invasion on soil salinization process and extent, the northern coastal region of Changyi City had been chosen to be studied on the soil salinization as the typical seawater intrusion area in Laizhou Bay. Firstly, groundwater and soil samples had been collected and analyzed. Then, the influence processing of micro relief, seawater intrusion and land use to the soil salinization had been studied. The results showed that correlation coefficient between TDS and soil salt content was 0.87, seawater intrusion and soil salinization had the typical relationship. Seawater intrusion was the main factor that influenced the soil salinization in coastal region. At last, three ecological restoration measures had been proposed to control soil salinization.

  The TUPU Analysis of Land-use Pattern in Suihua 2012, 28 (2):  214-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1344 Abstract + ( 1284 )   PDF ( 8904866KB )   ( 534 ) In order to quantitatively examine the patterns of land use changes and the strength and intensity of changes, this research developed a geographic information TUPU analytic method and a Markov model of space probability. With the support of ERDAS8.5 and ARC/INFO9.2 software, combined with a land use dynamic degree model and an integrated land use dynamic degree model, the author explored a series of varying TUPU of the land-use patterns utilizing the spatial data covering Suihua for 4 periods (1980, 1995, 2000 and 2010), and examined the changes of land-use pattern in Suihua through the TUPU. The farmland had a net increase of 346.4 km2 (exceeding 13% of the total study area), and most of farmland was converted from saline land, swamp land, forest land and grass land; unused land had a sharp reduction of 440.9 km2 and the swamp land had disappeared at the end of study period. The area of grass land had increased 12.1 km2. There had been a slight decrease in forest land, and the area of decrement was 11.4 km2. There had been a slight increase in construction land, and the area of increment was 29.7 km2. The results also indicated that significant changes had taken place on the land-use pattern in the study area during the past 31 years. The simplification of land use type became significant, the swamp land changed significantly in the centre section of study area. Urbanization and the integrated land use dynamic degree accelerated during the study period.

  Analysis on the Change of Land Use Structure in Zhuolu County 2012, 28 (2):  223-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1592 Abstract + ( 1162 )   PDF ( 645294KB )   ( 1083 ) The change of land use structure is an important part of regional variation, also is a significant manifestation of transformation of human activities on the natural environment in the short-term. With socio-economic development and continued population growth, the land use structure of Zhuolu County changes more significant. On the basis of land statistics of Zhuolu County during the 2000-2008, the process of land use change were fully analyzed from land use quantity, land quality, degree change of land use, etc. The results showed that: the land use structure changed significantly; land use changed slowly; the degree of land use was low, land use was in the development period; human activities on land use patterns had a more pronounced effect.

  Study on Establishment of Evaluation System for Comprehensive Land Use Planning Implementation 2012, 28 (2):  229-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1615 Abstract + ( 991 )   PDF ( 535130KB )   ( 918 ) Methods of documentation and system engineering were employed in this paper to build up an index system for comprehensive land use planning implementation. By assessing the implementation situation, the implementation benefits and the land use intensive extent of comprehensive land use planning, the implementation situation and efficiency was roundly analyzed and controlled using the system. Establishing the system aims at ensuring a reasonable, scientific and authoritative comprehensive land use planning, in order to promote all-around, balanced and sustainable development of the economy and society.

  The Present Land-use Evaluation of Qianjiang City Based on Weighted Lease Square Method 2012, 28 (2):  234-239.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2000 Abstract + ( 1075 )   PDF ( 666151KB )   ( 785 ) The status of land use evaluation is the base and starting point of general land use planning, in order to correct understanding current situation of land utilization, to prepare the general land use planning, this paper takes Qianjiang District, Chongqing City as an example, applying weighted least-square method to establish the land utilization status evaluation standards and system. This system evaluates quantitatively three aspects of land utilization status: land exploration and utilization degree, land intense use level and comprehensive benefit of land use. Results show that the Qianjiang land use comprehensive evaluation scored 70.58, indicating the area is in a basically reasonable use phase. The advice of improving the land comprehensive utilization efficiency and achieving the sustainable utilization of land resources in socialist market economy construction as an orientation is given. A connotative intensive utilization of land resources in land use in future is also proposed. At the same time, this paper provides a new method for land use status evaluation, bearing a practical significance.

  Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Driving Forces of Cultivated Land in Changsha City 2012, 28 (2):  240-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1786 Abstract + ( 1283 )   PDF ( 590930KB )   ( 858 ) In order to better use and protect the limited cultivated land resources and realize the sustainable development of regional economic and ecological environment, based on the data of cultivated land and economic development from 1998 to 2009, the temporal and spatial change characteristics of cultivated land in Changsha City was analyzed. The driving forces which caused the variation were also studied through the method of principal component. The three important driving forces included economic development, population growth, and the agricultural technology improvement and the economic factor was the most important one. It was found that the total area and the per capita area of cultivated land significantly reduced in the last 12 years in Changsha City, contradiction between people and land became increasingly outstanding, and regional difference between regions was obvious.

  Research on the Spatio-temporal Difference of Carbon Source/Sink of Arable Land Resource Use in Shaanxi Province 2012, 28 (2):  245-249.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1419 Abstract + ( 1215 )   PDF ( 615948KB )   ( 810 ) In order to quantitatively measure the carbon source/sink ability of arable land resource use in Shaanxi Province, so as to provide references for the work to reduce carbon emissions in land utilization, the authors utilized data of Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2007 to calculate the quantity of carbon absorption and emission of arable land resource use from temporal and spatial perspectives, the authors also calculated the Gini coefficient of carbon sink of arable land. The results showed that: (1)overall from 2000 to 2007 the arable land resource in Shaanxi Province acts as carbon sink and the average annual carbon sink amount was 8.16 million tons; (2)during the study period, the carbon sink of arable land showed the highest level in Guanzhong region, and a relatively high level in Shannan region, Shanbei region showed the lowest level; (3)the components of the Gini coefficient of carbon sink of arable land in different regions showed that the carbon absorbing ability of the arable land increases in both Shaanxi Province and its three regions, with the carbon sink of arable land resource use there was some advantage in Shaanxi Province, but compared with coastal areas, it still had a large gap.

  The Evaluation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Based on the BP Neural Network: Taking Soil Environmental Quality Assessment in Baotou as An Example 2012, 28 (2):  250-256.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1368 Abstract + ( 1362 )   PDF ( 1327511KB )   ( 905 ) In order to apply the new method in the evaluation of soil environmental quality, which can overcome the disadvantages of the national environmental quality standards (GB 15618-1995, China) and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index. The method is based on the BP neural network model combined GIS technology. The author analyzed the spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution in Baotou City of China. The concentrations of 8 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured in 221 plough layer (0-20 cm) soil sampling in Baotou. The field investigation of 221 topsoil samples were statistically analyzed to show that the study areas were mainly Pb, Zn pollution. It was important to consider the study area geographical features. So the author made the learning samples of BP neural network based on the statistical results and data specificity in study areas. The BP soil environmental quality evaluation model was designed by using the pollution value. According to the evaluation results obtained by the Kriging interpolation method, the author drew Baotou soil environmental quality thematic charts, also the spatial characteristics of Baotou soil environment analysis was included. It was found that the enrichment of heavy metals in topsoil was very obvious in industrial areas and regions near both sides of the Kundulun River. The results indicated that, according to sampling statistics information, the method using BP neural network model could effectively establish special research area soil through non-linear mapping relation between heavy metal contaminate and environmental quality.

  Heavy Metal Pollution Evaluation in the Agricultural Soil in Southeast Area of Zunyi Based on Standardized Method 2012, 28 (2):  257-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1583 Abstract + ( 1170 )   PDF ( 607680KB )   ( 833 ) In order to evaluate heavy metals pollutions in the agricultural soil in southeast area of Zunyi, by using Sc as standardized factor, environment baselines models of heavy metals including Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, As were obtained. At the same time, heavy metals pollutions in the agricultural soil in southeast area of Zunyi were evaluated by enrichment factor method. The results showed that 40% of soils were moderate polluted by Cd, Hg, As, 53% of soils were moderate polluted by Pb, 60% soils were moderate polluted by Cr. The rank of pollution was 1 level, and soils had been slight polluted by heavy metal pollutions in this area.

  Heavy Metals Pollution and Its Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Xianhe Lake 2012, 28 (2):  261-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2115 Abstract + ( 1296 )   PDF ( 803787KB )   ( 906 ) Heavy metals are mainly carried in sediment of water body, their contents play important role on the environmental quality of the water body. The aim of this study is to control heavy metal pollution in Xianhe Lake and provide the basic information of ecosystem recovery of the water. The content and characteristics of 12 heavy metals（Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, V, Zn, Ni, As, Se, Mo, Ba, Sb）of surface sediments from the water of Xianhe Lake were analyzed. Ecological risk index presented by Hakanson to assess the potential ecological risk of Xianhe Lake was utilized. The results showed that the water of Xianhe Lake was polluted mainly by Pb, Cd, As, Fe, Mn, Mo, V and Ba compared with the ‘environmental quality standard for soils’, and the lake perimeter of heavy metal pollution of Xianhe Lake was stronger than that of neihu. According to the correlation analysis of various heavy metals, there was a remarkable correlation between Ni-As, As-Mo, which suggested their origins were the same. There was unremarkable correlation between V-Ba, which suggested their origins were different. While the correlation between Fe, Mn and other heavy metals was weak, which indicated that Pb, Cd, V, Zn, Ni, As, Se, Mo, Ba and Sb deposited or adsorbed by Fe/Mn oxides or hydroxides was less in the investigated water body. Based on the potential ecological risk assessment results, the water of Xianhe Lake had reached a high ecological risk level, and the order of ecological risk of heavy metals in water of Xianhe Lake in the decline order was Cd>As>Pb>V>Mn>Ni>Zn.

  The Correlation of Heavy Metal with pH Value in Soils from Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration 2012, 28 (2):  267-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2309 Abstract + ( 1766 )   PDF ( 1074412KB )   ( 963 ) In order to investigate the correlations of heavy metal with pH value in soils, the pH value, organic matter contents and heavy metal concentration of 60 soil samples collected from Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration were analyzed. The results showed that the pH of 13.3% samples were lower than 5.0, 35% of samples were 5.0-6.5, 41.7% of samples were 6.5-7.5 and 10% of samples were 7.5-8.5. In conclusion, different mean heavy metal concentrations in soil samples were achieved during various pH ranges. The heavy metals contents increased significantly with the pH of soils increased from strong acidic, acidic soils to neutral soils. However, the heavy metal contents decreased in alkaline soil samples when the pH value over 7.5.

  Effect of Different Amendments Substances on Soil Restoration of Cadmium, Lead Pollution in Ramie 2012, 28 (2):  273-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2915 Abstract + ( 1257 )   PDF ( 602456KB )   ( 662 ) In order to investigate the restoration effect of ramie on heavy metals contaminated soils under different repair measures, a pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of three amendment substances (organic compound fertilizer, lime and sepiolite) on biomass, chlorophyll and heavy metals cadmium and lead accumulation characteristics of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) in soils contaminated with cadmium and lead. The results showed that different amendment substances and their combination treatment could increase the chlorophyll content and a/b ratio, improve the photosynthesis, and result in a significant increase in biomass. The combination treatment of three amendments accumulated the maximum biomass, organic fertilizer and its combination with sepiolite slightly times. The accumulation levels of cadmium, lead in roots and shoots in ramie significantly reduced under different applications. Single application of lime and sepiolite processing reduced largely, both combination treatments lesser decreased, declined in at least of single organic fertilizer processing. Different modifiers could promote the raise of ramie transfer coefficient, but the increase in amplitude was not obvious. In general, single application of organic fertilizer and its combination with lime and sepiolite had better results, which could effectively reduce the content of cadmium and lead in contaminated soil, improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the growth of ramie, and have an ideal effect of plant restoration.

  Study of Citric Acid on Extraction and Washing from Different Soil Polluted by Cr 2012, 28 (2):  278-281.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1704 Abstract + ( 1461 )   PDF ( 786487KB )   ( 998 ) In order to explore extraction conditions and soil column washing about the citric acid to extract chromium (Cr) from different textures soils, the author took different concentrations, the liquid-solid ratios and the times and washing tests. The results showed that the analytical ability of the citric acid on 3 soils were sand soil>loam>clay. Sandy soil and loam needed big extraction conditions, clay needed smaller extraction conditions. Different concentrations effected extraction, when the concentration of citric acid was 0.05 mol/L, it was good to all the soils. The best liquid-solid ratio and time to soils were clay 1/14, 32 h; sandy soil 1/6, 16 h; loam 1/10, 28 h. The heavy metals contents of clay between 10 and 20 cm layer were bigger than other soil layers. The heavy metals contents of sand soil and loam between 30 and 40 cm layer were bigger than other soil layers. This research provided the technical support for removing chrome from soil.

  Research Advance of Phenol Adsorption of Modified Bentonite 2012, 28 (2):  282-285.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1662 Abstract + ( 1361 )   PDF ( 482381KB )   ( 976 ) The research situation of adsorption of phenol on modified bentonite in China was introduced simply. The influencing factors of adsorption including pH, temperature, time, solution concentration, coexistence substance and modification were discussed. Potential prospects and development trend of adsorption of phenol on modified bentonite were also provided.

  Degradation Characteristics of Cypermethrin Degradation Microbial Community CD-1 2012, 28 (2):  286-289.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1935 Abstract + ( 1102 )   PDF ( 683657KB )   ( 917 ) In order to provide the theoretic basis in bioremediation, the cypermethrin degradation microbial community CD-1 was obtained from cypermethrin contaminated oil. The degradation characteristics and the optimal degraing conditions were studied. The result shows that CD-1 has wide range adaptability to environmental. When the initial concentration of cypermethrin was lower than 250 mg/L, the degrading efficiency could reach more than 90% after 72 hours at pH 7.5 and 30℃. Under natural conditions, the degrading efficency of CD-1 was up to 80% after 5 days.

  Study on the Influence of Water and Temperature on Soil CO2 Emission 2012, 28 (2):  290-295.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2390 Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 760642KB )   ( 1134 ) The potato field experiment was conducted at Shiyang river Experimental Station for Water-saving in Agriculture and Ecology of China Agricultural University located in Wuwei City, Gansu Province in 2010. In this experiment, the static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method was used to simultaneously measure CO2 fluxes and concentration in the depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 cm in soil to study the effects of water and temperture on CO2 emission under different irrigation or mulch The results are as follows: After irrigation, CO2 emission flux and concentration was significantly increased; In 24 hours, because of the influence of temperature, CO2 emission flux and concentration from different depths of soil present a high trend in the day and low in the night; In the irrigation period, water was the most important influencing factor of CO2 production and emission, CO2 emission flux and concentration from different depths of soil decreased with water content.

  Study on Characteristics of N2O Accumulative Emission and Its Influencing Factors in the Composting of Water Hyacinth 2012, 28 (2):  296-302.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1967 Abstract + ( 1316 )   PDF ( 889314KB )   ( 811 ) In order to clarify the characteristics of N2O accumulative emission and its influencing factors, and it will provide the techniques for reducing N2O accumulative emission in the composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Composting is the common method in handling and using the harvested water hyacinth. However, few studies have been focused on greenhouse gas released from the composting. The objectives of this paper were to study the dynamics of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and the effects of different influencing factors such as composting temperature, carbon and nitrogen ratio(C/N), nitrogen forms, ammonia-fixing synergist, and pile-turning frequency on N2O accumulative emission in the composting of hyacinth by using the static chamber-GC theory with manual method. The results showed that N2O daily mean emission reached a maximum during the fifth to tenth days, the N2O accumulative emission can be fitted into regression model; N2O daily mean emission were both significantly positive linear correlation to composting temperature and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content, lowering the pile temperature and increasing the C/N could decrease the N2O accumulative emission in the composting of hyacinth. Adding ammonia-fixing synergist could decrease the N2O emission during the first 8 days of composting, while the whole N2O accumulative emission treated with ammonia-fixing synergist was more than the control group. Reducing the pile-turning frequency can decrease the N2O emission.

  Research Progress of Impact of Climate Change on Crop System in China 2012, 28 (2):  308-311.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2333 Abstract + ( 1193 )   PDF ( 504352KB )   ( 1115 ) In order to study the impact of climate change on crop system in China, the research results of different researcher on the impact of climate change on crop system were reviewed. The results showed that the area of three crops in one year increased, the area of one crops in one year declined greatly and the area of two crops in one year changed little with the climate change in the future. The results also showed that the multi-cropping index increased all over the country, but the increase degree was different in different region. There was also some imperfectness in the researches, because the accuracy of climate model wasn’t enough and the impacts of other facts like technology development were not included in the research. In order to improve the precision of prediction, the accuracy of climate model should be improved and other factors which impacted the crop system also should be included in the study in the future.

  The Trend and the Temporal-spatial Distribution Features of Precipitation in Xilingol Area 2012, 28 (2):  312-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2351 Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 783588KB )   ( 851 ) The characteristics of precipitation in Xilingol were studied to provide theories for the water exploit, flood prevention and drainage area management. According to the meteorological observation of 15 stations during the period of 1960-2009 in Xilingol, using statistical methods such as unitary linear regression (ULR), linear trend analysis and correlation analysis, the trend and temporal-spatial distribution of precipitation in the past 50 years were analyzed. The results showed that precipitation was unevenly distributed and widely varied among different areas, and exhibited a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest spatially. The yearly precipitation also showed an insignificant decreasing trend with a rate of -3.5 mm/10 a. The number of days with precipitation had a decreasing trend. Spring and winter precipitation showed an increasing trend, with a rate of 1.1 mm/10 a, and 0.1 mm/10 a, respectively. In summer and autumn, however, precipitation showed a decreasing trend, with a rate of -4.1 mm/10 a, and -0.7 mm/10 a, respectively. The decreasing trend in summer was the most significant.