Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.1 Published:05 January 2012

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  Research Progress of Ecosystem Services Value Evaluation of Natural Reserve 2012, 28 (1):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2943 Abstract + ( 1236 )   PDF ( 535624KB )   ( 1199 ) In order to estimate better the value of nature reserve, so as to solve the existing problems at present, the author summarized the research progress of evaluating ecosystem services of forest, wetland, grassland and agro-ecosystem in our country, and then analyzed the value evaluation of all kinds of natural reserve, based on the results of evaluation of ecosystem services at home and abroad for 40 years. In the last, the points of existent problems and future development were put forward. Analysis showed that there was not a unified method to evaluate the ecosystem services until now; the gap of method innovation between domestic and foreign research still existed; the velocity of evaluation was much less than that of nature reserve’s increasing speed. The research on value theories, methods and models should be strengthened in the future.

  The Study of Root Distribution and Biomass Characteristics of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis’ Saplings 2012, 28 (1):  6-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2818 Abstract + ( 1217 )   PDF ( 693032KB )   ( 930 ) In order to study the effect of fertilization on root system distribution and biomass, an orthogonal experimental design was implemented on Eucalyptus urophylla ×E. grandis saplings with treatments of nitrogenous fertilizer (1 g, 3 g, 6 g), potassium fertilizer (1 g, 3 g, 6 g), phosphorus fertilizer (2 g, 6 g, 12 g), and eucalypt special fertilizer (1 g, 3 g, 6 g). The fresh weight was measured immediately after the entire root system was extracted. The results indicated that: (1) phosphorus fertilizer had significant effects on root vertical penetration, while other 3 fertilizers had similar effects, and much less than that phosphorus. The vertical distribution of the all seedling roots ranged from 32 cm to 57 cm; (2) Compared to the other 3 fertilizers, eucalypt special fertilizer had a significant effect on root horizontal extension. The horizontal distribution of the roots ranged from 57 cm to 86 cm; (3) Nitrogenous fertilizer had significant influence on number of root tips, while other three fertilizers did not. The number of root tips ranged from 47 to 71; (4) Eucalypt special fertilizer, as a key factor, had a significant effect on the length of the primary lateral roots. The length of the primary lateral roots ranged from 15.2 cm to 30.5 cm; (5) Phosphorus fertilizer had a significant effect on the total biomass of roots ranged from 14.739 g to 29.336 g; (6) When root diameters were in the range of 0 to 2 mm, 2 to 5 mm, 5 to 10 mm and larger than 10 mm, the root biomass would gradually increased. All the treatments had positive effects on the growth of root biomass when root diameter larger than 10 mm.

  The Study on the Soil Seed Bank of Eucalyptus Plantation 2012, 28 (1):  12-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2728 Abstract + ( 1301 )   PDF ( 680203KB )   ( 1048 ) In order to investigate the species composition, density and vertical distribution characteristics of the soil seed bank of Eucalyptus plantation, the growth of 2-year-old Eucalyptus plantation was researched in comparison with the nearby miscellaneous wood. Through the method of the interior of seed germination and taking their forest soil, the distribution characteristics of Eucalyptus plantation soil seed bank were studied. The results showed that: (1) the rate of seed germination was about the same rule from 7 days begging to enter seed germination peak, 19 days to an end, then germination peak into the slow development to finally stop germination; (2) Eucalyptus plantation’s soil seed banks and seed density largely reserved for 9804 grain/m2 (control for 3614 grain/m2), a total of 15 species, belonging to 9 families, of which the Gramineae cyrtococcum as the dominant species with an seed density of 8849 grain/m2, accounting for 90.26% of total soil seed bank; (3) Seed bank vertical distribution pattern showed that more than 80% of the seeds stored in dead branches of leaves and 0-5 cm of soil. The density characteristics of the soil seed bank of Eucalyptus plantation were larger than the miscellaneous wood, which were mainly the herb and next to the shrub. The seed stored mostly in dead branches of leaves and the surface soils.

  Niche Characteristics of Dominant Populations in Taiwania flousiana Community in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou 2012, 28 (1):  17-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1943 Abstract + ( 1137 )   PDF ( 646649KB )   ( 809 ) In order to study the niche characteristics of dominant population in Taiwania flousiana community in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou, and preserve the rare and endanged plant effectively, the study aimed to analyze the niche characteristics of dominant populations in Taiwania flousiana community in Leigong Mountain by calculating niche breadth and niche overlape. The results showed that: (1) there was a large niche overlap between the populations with wide niche breadth and other populations and the populations with similar niche breadth ,whereas there was not necessarily a large niche overlap between other populations with the populations with wide niche breadth; (2) There was a large niche overlap between dominant populations because of resource competition, and this would cause the changes of community composition and structure, and thus, affect the development of the community; (3) The niche overlap between two same populations decreased from understory layer to stand canopy. All in all, the large niche overlap between Taiwania flousiana population and mesophilous dominant populations indicated that there was a promotion between them,and no competition existed due to the difference of their plant height. Therefore, it may be helpful for recovering and developing Taiwania flousiana population to rebuild the composition of Taiwania flousiana community and make the mesophilous populations become dominant ones.

  Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Nitraria L. to Drought Stress 2012, 28 (1):  24-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2016 Abstract + ( 1431 )   PDF ( 942537KB )   ( 978 ) The aim was to study the drought resistance mechanism of Nitraria L., and provide theoretical basis for agricultural production. In order to assess the ability of tolerating drought in Nitraria L., we tested the effects of drought stress on physiological and biochemical of Nitraria L. seedlings. In greenhouse experiment we study the changes of relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble protein, Chl content, rate of producing O2-, and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT. It was found: under drought stress, relative water content decreased white proline content showed an increasing trend; in mild and moderate drought stress the soluble protein and chlorophyll content increased, but in severe drought stress they all significantly decreased; as the drought stress, membrane permeability increased, MDA content and rate of producing O2- increases, too. Antioxidant system activity test showed that SOD, POD, CAT activity can synergies, reduce membrane lipid peroxidation and the damage caused by water stress.

  The Study on Water Control Trial of Light Medium Seedlings of Toxicodendron succedaneum 2012, 28 (1):  30-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2640 Abstract + ( 1115 )   PDF ( 618139KB )   ( 906 ) To systematically study the techniques of light medium seedlings of Toxicodendron succedaneum, taking the seed of Toxicodendron succedaneum in Jiangxi for the materials, seedlings were planted in the light matrix of water control test. Water control test set a total of three different treatment intervals of watering of 1 day, 3 and 5 days, respectively measurements growth indicators twice in the 15th day and 30th days to study about intervals of watering light matrix system of Toxicodendron succedaneum seeds breeding on seedlings height, diameter and length of compound leaves. The results showed that: the comparison of different treatment intervals in the water, the Toxicodendron succedaneum seed breeding on seedlings height, diameter and length of compound leaves had shown significant differences. Seedling height growth of seedlings under conditions of controlled in the water, the initial impact of water in a controlled manner would be affect to the seedlings in the latter part of the growth rate of height; wet and dry harmony was beneficial for the control growth path to ground water, but excessive control of the water in diameter growth was not obvious; nursery early, compound leaf length in the case of water control rapid growth, once a day of the watering treatment for the negative growth; nursery late, plenty of moisture was conducive to metabolism and more conducive to the growth of leaves. Early control of water, measures of moisture adequate later for the leaf growth was beneficial and appropriate control the water more conducive than the over-control water was to the growth of leaves. Therefore, an interval of 3 days of water treatment for seedling height, diameter, and length of growing compound leaf was the most favorable, which provided a guided theory for people in watering at the seedling stage and late planting.

  Effect of Continuous Drought Stress and Rewatering on Osmotic Regulation in Leaves of Hevea brasiliensis 2012, 28 (1):  35-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2171 Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 866023KB )   ( 883 ) Drought can greatly affect plant growth and development. The aim is to understand the capacity and mechanisms of drought resistance of Hevea brasiliensis. Through the pot experiment of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings in the greenhouse, the author studied the effect of natural drought stress and rewateting on osmotic regulation substances and membrane permeability. As a result, with time extension of drought stress, the relative electrical conductivity, free proline content, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content showed a rising trend; After water treatment, both the relative electric conductivity and soluble protein content could return to a control level; Free proline content of soluble sugar content presented a downward trend, but the levels of treatment were higher than that of control. Through synthetic assessment, the changes of the indexes indicated that Hevea brasiliensis had relatively strong drought resistance and restore ability.

  Soil CO2 Concentration under Castanea mollissima Region in Karst Areas at Dry and Rainy Seasons 2012, 28 (1):  39-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2486 Abstract + ( 1162 )   PDF ( 669470KB )   ( 845 ) The purpose of the study was to research the changes of soil CO2 concentration after planting Castanea mollissima in the Karst areas, taking two kinds of lands as the research object, which were under Castanea mollissima and grassland in Karst areas of Long’an County, Guangxi, tests the pH values and CO2 concentration of the soils in corresponding depths which included 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm at the dry and rainy seasons; then conducts a comparison study on the soil’s CO2 concentration between them, with aim to study the change of the soil’s CO2 concentration after planting Castanea mollissima in Typical Karst area. The results showed that under the same condition, the soil’s pH value of Castanea mollissima was lower than others. Relate to rainy season and dry season, the soil pH value of rainy season was lower than dry season. Relate to the soil CO2 concentration, under the same condition, the soil CO2 concentration of Castanea mollissima was higher than others, and soil CO2 concentration of rainy season was higher than dry season. Based on the analysis of soil pH values and soil CO2 concentration, the soil CO2 concentration had significant negative correlation with soil pH. The soil CO2 concentration had significant correlation with rainfall, temperature etc.

  Analysis of the Characteristics of Endogenous Hormones During Root Formation of Sabina davurica (Pall.) Ant. 2012, 28 (1):  44-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2394 Abstract + ( 1332 )   PDF ( 931589KB )   ( 815 ) In order to discuss the cottage rotting mechanism and lay the theoretical foundation for enhancing the cottage and rooting rate of Sabina davurica (Pall.) Ant, the changes of 5 endogenous hormones during the rooting process of cutting of Sabina davurica (Pall.) Ant. was detected by improved HPLC. The results showed that the cuttings had a senescence process and the contents of IAA, ABA, IAA/ABA and GA in the root inducing parts of cuttings decreased during the initial rooting stage, but the changes of the ZT were unclearly. The external indolebutyric acid (IBA) and nathphylacetic acid (NAA) could increase the contents of the contents of IAA, IAA/ABA in the root inducing parts of cuttings, but they decreased the contents of GA in the same parts. All the changes were good for rooting and they could increase the survival rate. All treatments could not change the contents of ABA, but they could promote the transportation of IAA from the top to bottom of cuttings. The higher IAA/ZT and the lower GA concentration were good for the formation of callus tissue and adventitious root primordia. The dynamic balances of endogenous hormone regulated inducing of adventitious root.

  The Study of Soil Salt Dynamics of the Populus Euphratica Forest During Growing Season in Minqin Oasis 2012, 28 (1):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2190 Abstract + ( 1322 )   PDF ( 1066346KB )   ( 865 ) In order to explore the soil salt characteristics of natural Populus euphratica in Minqin oasis and the changing of the soil salt characteristics with time, as arid the protection of the ecological environment to provide reliable basis. The author used traditional statistics and semivari-ance analysis of geostatistics for studying on temporal variability of soil salt and it’s regulation during the Populus euphratica growth season in Minqin oasis. The results showed that soil salt content under the natural populus euphratica forests was between 0.55%-3.42%. Soil salt content of the study area increased with depth in vertical direction and the most obvious soil layer was the 0-40 cm, while 80-120 cm soil layer was steady. Soil salt content of the surface soil and subsurface soil was higher. The average value of surface soil salt content in JHCD, SWCD, SCKD was respectively 1.54%, 2.80%, 1.11%. Soil salt content of the natural Populus euphratica forests in the growing season was different. It was found that soil salt content of the spring was the highest, which was followed by the summer and autumn. Soil salt content of the natural Populus euphratica in middle-aged stage was bigger than the mature stage, while soil salt content of the mature stage was bigger than the overripe stage. The difference value between different year-old Populus euphratica was bigger in the SWCD. The variation efficient of soil salt content in Minqin belonged to middling variability and it decreased gradually with the depth in vertical direction.

  Effect of Soil Salinity Degrees on Afforestation 2012, 28 (1):  56-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1861 Abstract + ( 1246 )   PDF ( 872238KB )   ( 888 ) In order to explore the effects of soil salinization on afforestation, and use saline-alkali soil resources effectively, the degrees of mild (0.8-1.6 g/kg), moderate (2.0-3.1 g/kg), and severe (4.7-6.9 g/kg) salinity land in the Yellow River Delta were selected for afforestation with Fraxinus velutina Torr. and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. The survival rate, growth of plant height and diameter, and damage symptoms were investigated and analyzed. The result showed that: F. velutina grew well in mild and moderate salinization land, the survival rate were 94.1% and 83.3%, respectively. P. orientalis grew well in mild salinization land, and the survival rate was 88.9%. The growth of two species were inhibited significantly in severe saline land, and the survival rates were 22.2% and 11.1%, respectively. The injured leaves were increased to 30%-50% in severe saline land. It was proposed that to achieve good results of plantation in the Yellow River Delta, key consideration should be soil salinization, F. velutina should be a major afforestation species in mild and moderate salinization land, but P. orientalis should be only used in mild salinity land. Severe salinization land must be improved to moderate before afforestation.

  Study on Three-dimensional Elastic Constants of Mytilaria laosensis 2012, 28 (1):  60-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1911 Abstract + ( 1276 )   PDF ( 1324814KB )   ( 1116 ) Getting the three-dimensional (longitudinal direction, radial direction and tangential direction) elastic constants and poisson’s ratios of Mytilaria laosensis by experimental research, so that the elastic deformation characteristics of Mytilaria laosensis were obtained for further study on mechanical properties and for the theory basis on design of wood structure. Strain gauge was acted as the deformation sensor. Strains were measured by resistance strain gauge with uniaxial compression test, then it could be obtained the elastic modulus (EL, ER, ET) and poisson’s ratios (μL, μR, μT). The elastic modulus of Mytilaria laosensis were EL=12196 MPa, ER=1415 MPa, ET=791 MPa. The poisson’s ratios of Mytilaria laosensis were μLT=0.634, μLR=0.467, μRT=0.762, μRL=0.045, μTL=0.035, μTR=0.435. The results showed that: longitudinal elastic modulus was maximum, then radial elastic modulus and tangential elastic modulus was minimum. Of all poisson’s ratios, μRT was maximum, μTL was minimum. That was to say, when loading in R direction, the variation of T direction was maximum, when loading in T direction, the variation of L direction was minimum.

  Law of Landscape Pattern Indices Responding to Composite Mountain Factors Spatial Heterogeneity 2012, 28 (1):  65-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2010-3794 Abstract + ( 1695 )   PDF ( 592360KB )   ( 861 ) In order to study law of landscape pattern indices responding to surface roughness length and surface relief mountain factors spatial heterogeneity in the Wuyishan natural heritage vegetation landscape. With ArcGIS 9.0 and landscape index software, landscape indices at different surface roughness length and surface relief mountain landscape were studied. The results showed that curves of landscape area index, patch number index, landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index increased and then decreased, furthermore increased with increasing surface roughness length, the highest value accrue at 7 degree, landscape fragmentation index, fractal index of area and perimeter ratio showed ‘U’ type curves with surface roughness length increasing; landscape area index, patch number index, landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index increased and then decreased with the increasing surface relief. Only fractal index of area and perimeter ratio showed the lowest value at 800 m

  Research on Species Diversity of Amphibian Species in Quanzhou city liu jinfu 2012, 28 (1):  69-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3371 Abstract + ( 1373 )   PDF ( 570565KB )   ( 801 ) A survey of amphibian species of Quanzhou city was conducted and the diversity of amphibian species was assessed by using the diversity indices and G-F index. Also the cluster analysis of amphibian species’ geographical distribution was studied in Quanzhou area. The results showed that there were thirty-two species amphibian in Quanzhou area, belonging to eleven genes, seven families and two orders. The species diversity of amphibian species in different area was significant. Amphibian species in Dehua was the most including 27 species, the second ones was Yongchun including 17 species and the area of Licheng and Shishi was the least including only 3 species because of the amphibian habitat was severely destroyed by the industry development. The G-F indices of amphibian species in Dehua was the highest value with F-index 3.54 and G-index2.43 among all the districts of Quanzhou area, while those of G-F indices was the lowest with F-index 0.69 and G-index 0.33 in Licheng and Shishi. The cluster analysis showed that the distribution of amphibian species in Quanzhou area was effected by the factors of geographical position, temperature and climates. The results could provide a scientific basis for amphibian species conservation and monitor in Quanzhou city.

  Study on Estimating Pigment Contents in Canopy of Chinese Fir Under Disease StressBased on Hyperspectral Data 2012, 28 (1):  73-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2135 Abstract + ( 1656 )   PDF ( 719609KB )   ( 874 ) This study analyzed the hyper-spectral characteristics of the canopy of Chinese fir under the anthracnose stress, and explored and built the hyper-spectral estimation models of the pigment content in canopy of Chinese fir under the disease stress, the results will promote the application of the hyper-spectral remote sensing-technology in the forest pest and disease monitoring. From April to June in 2011, the anthracnose of Chinese fir had been investigated at Youxian in Hunan Province, and the pigment content and the spectral reflectance of Chinese fir canopy which was under the different degrees of anthracnose stress had been measured. The correlation between the pigment contents, the first derivative data and the canopy hyper-spectral data of the relatively disease Chinese fir leaves were analyzed respectively. By regression analysis methods, a part of the samples were used for construction of the estimation model about pigment contents of disease Chinese fir, and the rest of the samples were used to test the model accuracy. The result showed that the visible light and near-infrared region were the sensitive region which were reflected and absorbed by the pigment in disease of Chinese fir; pigment content had the highest correlation with the first order differential spectra in red edge (695-754 nm), and the correlation coefficient of single band first order differential spectrum in 741 nm was the largest. And it also showed that the accuracy of Chla+b, Chla and Chlb contents was the highest estimated by power function model which used the difference vegetation index DVI[FD587,FD741] as the variable, the relative errors were less than 15%, the RMS error was in the range of 0.093 to 0.241. This study showed that significant difference of the spectral reflectance under the different degrees disease stress of Chinese fir anthracnose, and the hyper-spectral information could be used for estimating pigment contents in canopy of Chinese fir under the disease stress and the estimation precision was high.

  The Recognition and Parameter Inversion of Individual Trees Based on LiDAR 2012, 28 (1):  80-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2387 Abstract + ( 1500 )   PDF ( 1514351KB )   ( 1406 ) In order to improve the accuracy of identification of trees, based on the full waveform LiDAR data, firstly, the author focused on partitioning canopy height model by adopting the marker controlled watershed algorithm to identify the position of an individual tree. On the basis of the features of an individual tree, the next step was to carry out the point cloud segmentation in a three-dimensional space by utilizing the markov random fields. Lastly, by using the nine field plots data, the author validated the regression analysis of individual tree and plot parameters. The results showed that individual tree recognition rate was as high as 76%, position error mean and variance was 0.67 m and 0.19 m, respectively. In addition, RMSE of height, crown diameters and DBH (diameter at breast height) for individual tree was 1.03 m (4.57%), 0.56 m (10.48%) and 3.01 cm (11.01%) respectively and RMSE of basal area 2.42 m2/hm2 (8.11%), volume for sample plots 17.83 m3/hm2 (9.11%). This study can effectively improve the accuracy of the single tree point cloud, and meet the requirements of single tree and stands inversion parameters, improve the degree of automation forestry survey.

  The Bamboo Information Extraction Research in Taoyuan County Based on Medium Resolution Remote Sensing Images 2012, 28 (1):  85-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2663 Abstract + ( 1719 )   PDF ( 2791267KB )   ( 822 ) In order to improve the efficiency of bamboo resource investigation, and supply the reference for reasonably developing the resource and planning scientifically, the author took the Taoyuan County of Hunan Province as the research object with medium resolution Landsat TM remote sensing image and 2 class survey resources distribution maps of Taoyuan County for the data source. Using of ENVI 4.5 on Landsat TM by image preprocessing, using unsupervised classification, maximum likelihood classification, Mahalanobis distance classification, minimum distance classification 4 classification methods of bamboo information extraction, and its accuracy was evaluated. The results showed that: unsupervised classification, maximum likelihood classification, minimum distance, Mahalanobis distance overall classification accuracy were 60.47%, 92.15%, 71.70%, 82.81%, respectively, Kappa coefficients were 0.4263, 0.8890, 0.6085, 0.7595. Supervised classification accuracy was higher than the unsupervised classification, and the maximum likelihood classification overall accuracy as well as the user accuracy. Kappa coefficient was higher than other 3 kinds of classification accuracy, at the same time, other types of vegetation classification accuracy could be satisfied with the results, so the maximum likelihood classification was the ideal method of bamboo information extraction.

  The Study of the Stand Volume Model and Appropriate Management Density for Artificial Stand of Alnus cremastogyne in Xiangxi, Hunan 2012, 28 (1):  92-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2061 Abstract + ( 1392 )   PDF ( 1006835KB )   ( 1066 ) Density is an important criterion for stand structure. The best stand management density maybe change when the site condition or tree species or age of stands are different in different stands．In this study, using quantification theory typeⅠ and non-linear regression analysis theory, the data from 76 plots had been analyzed and simulated, which is collected in Xiangxi, Hunan in 2009 and 2010. Several conclusion had been gained: (1) stand mean height, tree number every hectare, soil thickness, age-group, slope orientation, slope situation, natural disaster, elevation, species composition, in these kinds of zoology factors, the factor of stand mean height, tree number every hectare, soil thickness and age-group could affect mean standard tree volume and stand volume every hectare significantly, the others almost had no influence to them. These results could not only be useful to field survey for saving cost, but also insure that the plot data was credible. (2) The stand volume and density model for artificial stand that were 8-10 years management of Alnus cremastogyne in Xiangxi, Hunan had been established, the model formula was . The precision of it was high. The precision was 96.8458%, the relative error mean was 1.1334%, the accuracy test showed that residual error values were equally distributed around the prediction values, and the relative error mean was -1.2156%. (3) The best appropriate density for artificial stand that were 8-10 years management for Alnus cremastogyne in Xiangxi, Hunan was from 800 to 1000 trees every hectare. It was very important to sustainable management for artificial stand management for Alnus cremastogyne in Xiangxi, Hunan.

  Anatomical Structure of Stem and Leaf of Parashorea chinensis and Its Environmental Adaptability 2012, 28 (1):  98-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1805 Abstract + ( 1263 )   PDF ( 2835006KB )   ( 939 ) In order to explore the response of the stem and leaf microstructure of Parashorea chinensis to enviornment conditions, using paraffin method, the stem and leaf microstructure of P. chinensis were observed by using optical microscope. The results showed that the surface of stem and leaf were densely covered with epidermal hairs, meanwhile the conducting tissue and mechanical tissue were well developed. The leaves of P. chinensis were typical bifacial leaf and composed of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular bundles. There were cuticle existed both on upper and lower epidermis. The stoma only scattered on the lower epidermis and stomatal apparatuses were paracytic type. There were particular structure in main vein that 3-5 amphivasal vascular bundles distributed in nearly closed collateral vascular bundle. The structure of stem was similar to other dicotyledon plants and composed of epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle, pith and pith ray. Periderm was formed in secondary structure. The secretory canals mainly located in the interval among the vascular bundles of leaf main vein and pith of stem, but the secretory cells were commonly exist in the parenchymatous cells. The anatomical characteristics of P. chinensis represented the adaptability with its taller sharpe and drought environment.

  Benefit Analysis on Young Tung-oil Trees with Different Intercropping Modes 2012, 28 (1):  103-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2530 Abstract + ( 1164 )   PDF ( 585768KB )   ( 1094 ) To make full use of the space and expand the benefit of young tung-oil trees, soil physical and chemical properties before and after intercropping and intercropping economic benefits of tung-peanut, tung-sesame and pure forest three intercropping mode were comparatively studied in the experiment. The results showed that: young tung-oil trees intercropping peanut could significantly reduce soil bulk density, increase hole degrees and moisture, enhance soil alkali-hydro N, available K, organic matter, total K capacity, and promote growth of young tung-oil trees. And tung-peanut intercropping could make full use of the forest space and fill the benefit blank before yield, so it is the modest through the three intercropping modes.

  Research of “Water Saturated and Soil Culture” Technology of Hippophae rhamnoides Hardwood Cutting 2012, 28 (1):  107-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1684 Abstract + ( 1097 )   PDF ( 676031KB )   ( 970 ) The experiment applied the innovative “there instant” and “water saturated and soil culture” technology to study the effect of application of growth regulators, nursery substrate on the sea buckthorn hardwood cutting survival rate, and the relationship of transplanting date and transplanting survival rate, and investigated the height and shoot length of transplanted seedlings. Purpose is to improve the cutting survival rate of sea buckthorn and provide a theoretical basis and technical support. The results showed that there was significant treatment effect which hardwood cuttings were immersed in 100 mg/L ABT rooting-powder for 4 hours, which made the cutting survival rate of ‘Shoudu’ reach to 89.67%, and ‘Mengeza 14’ reach to 93.67%; field soil +organic fertilizer (3:1) as the nursery substrate can significantly improve the survival rate of hardwood cuttings; the increasing rate was highest increased 50%; there was the highest cutting survival rate when transplanting cutting seedlings after rooting 20 d; and the growth trend of cutting seedlings show “fast-slow-fast”, after transplanting 75 d, the height of ‘Shoudu’ and ‘Mengeza 14’ were 23 cm and 19.5 cm respectively, the new shoot length of ‘Shoudu’ and ‘Mengeza 14’ were 21.2 cm and 18.1 cm respectively.

  Responses of the Spring Phenology of Woody Plants to Climate Change in Changchun 2012, 28 (1):  112-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2164 Abstract + ( 1355 )   PDF ( 695442KB )   ( 1019 ) According to the phenology material of Chinese phenophase observation network in Changchun and the climate material offered by national meteorological center, correlation and stepwise regression analysis and mathematical simulation method were applied to investigate the impact of temperature, precipitation and sunshine on spring phenology of the woody plants during 2003-2010. The author established the simulative models of the flowing dates of 4 kinds of woody plants. The results showed that temperature was the major influence factor in spring phenology, and that precipitation and sunshine influenced spring phenology inconspicuously .The influence of temperature on spring phenology mainly concentrated in the previous 2 months of the spring phenology. With the temperature increasing, the phenophase advanced.The sustained days of spring phenology period was related with January and February temperature, which had a positive correlation and negative correlation with budding and leaf stage, respectively. The numerical fitting of the predicted values and the observed values was better, which showed that people could use the models to forecast the flowing dates for several kinds of woody plants in Changchun.

  Studies on Threats from Birds and Bird Strike Prevention in Bailian Airport, Liuzhou 2012, 28 (1):  118-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1995 Abstract + ( 1066 )   PDF ( 693452KB )   ( 1055 ) In order to prevent and control bird strikes and guarantee the security of flights, a 12-month survey on the birds around Bailian airport of Liuzhou was conducted, with belt-transect method and sampling method. The results showed that the birds perching around the Bailian airport were 93 species of 32 families, which brought great threats in the conical section to the airport’s security. The dangerous species of birds were Egretta garzetta, Elanus caeruleus, Falco tinnunculus, Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Alauda gulgula, and so on. Based on the habits and habitats of these species, the author provided some efficient measures or patterns for ecological improvement and bird-driving.

  Advance of Research on Somatic Embryogenesis in Grapevine 2012, 28 (1):  125-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2304 Abstract + ( 1387 )   PDF ( 644223KB )   ( 1055 ) The research progress of grapevine embryogenic callus induction, initiation and maintenance of long term somatic embryogenesis, and somatic embryo germination and seedling establishment were reviewed. Their main influence factors were also described. In addition, somatic embryos applied to genetic transformation, the difficult induction of grapevine somatic embryo and low efficiency of plant germination and other issues were introduced. Prospects grapevine embryogenic suspension establishment and somatic embryogenesis used in genetic transformation and protoplast culture were also described here.

  The Progress of Citrus Huanglongbing on Pathogen Diversity and Epidemiology 2012, 28 (1):  133-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2307 Abstract + ( 1730 )   PDF ( 576084KB )   ( 1486 ) Huanglongbing (HLB) is a highly destructive disease to citrus industry. The pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter spp., is hardly cultured in vitro. This review focused on the latest research progress of pathogen characteristics and intraspecific differentiations, occurrence features in the field such as incubation period, spatial-temporal dynamics, and disease cycle. Then the epidemic factors mainly in terms of host plants, vector and survival condition were discussed.

  Discussion on Intensive Simplified and Labor Saving Seedling of Tobacco and Development Direction 2012, 28 (1):  138-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3237 Abstract + ( 1450 )   PDF ( 533174KB )   ( 1866 ) Although overall level is not high, tobacco seedling has basically realized intensive and standardization in China. The cost of seedling is expensive, the links of technology are complex, cutting leaves and disinfection need much time and labor, has limited the sustainable development of production of tobacco further. The existing intensive seedling ideas and technology system has been difficult to adapt to the new situation of development. For reducing the cost of seedling improving the quality of seedling, the paper has stated the concept of intensive simplified and labor saving seedling of tobacco, summarized the advantage and disadvantage of the tobacco seedling in current situation, formed simplified and labor saving seedling technology including the way of simplified and labor saving seedling, ecological seedling substance, mechanical and digital technology, and looked intensive simplified and labor saving seedling of tobacco into future.

  Effect of Fertilization with Rapeseed Meal on Rhizosphere Microorganism Quantity and Community of Flue-cured Tobacco 2012, 28 (1):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2330 Abstract + ( 1389 )   PDF ( 749274KB )   ( 863 ) Pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of rapeseed meal on community structure of rhizosphere microorganism of flue-cured tobacco, in order to understanding the mechanism of promoting quality of flue-cured tobacco when fertilizing with rapeseed meal. Results showed that treats with rapeseed meal (both rotted and unrotted) promoted the quantities of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. And the same treats impacted the quantities of azotobacter, phosphorus bacteria and potassium bacteria in different extent respectively, which does not consistent with the effect on the quantities of bacteria. Unrotted rapeseed meal exhibits selectivity to rihzobactera of flue-cured tobacco, in which the mainly two genera of bacteria isolated were Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Besides, the treat with rotted rapeseed meal improve the diversity characteristics of azotobacter and phosphorus bacteria, while unrotted rapeseed meal not.

  Identification F1 Hybrid of Lily by Isozyme Analysis 2012, 28 (1):  148-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1924 Abstract + ( 1253 )   PDF ( 1071364KB )   ( 971 ) In order to identify hybrids timely and accurately to increase select the efficiency of breeding, four isozymes (EST, SKD, MDH, 6-PGD) in forty progenies of eleven lily hybrid combinations were analyzed by polyacrylamide vertical plate gel electrophoresis. The results showed that: (1) With the 40 progenies, 30 samples were true hybrids while others could not be identified; (2) Among EST, SKD, MDH and 6-PGD bands, the combination number of male parent has feature bands compare with female parent were 8,2,0,0 respectively; (3) The combination 2 and 3 was reciprocal cross, it could not find specific genetic; (4) The EST bands were varied at different stages. Because of base and feature bands were stabled, the differences didn’t affect the result. In a word, isozyme could be considered as a mean to identify hybrids. In the isozyme analysis, EST and SKD play significant roles.

  Effects of PP333 on the Physiological Characteristics in Dahlia pinnata 2012, 28 (1):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2717 Abstract + ( 1373 )   PDF ( 634768KB )   ( 905 ) With ‘Longshangxiongying’ as experimental material, effects of different concentration of PP333 on the physiology characteristics in Dahlia pinnata leaves were studied. The Dahlia pinnata was treated with PP333 when the plant height was 30 cm and the physiology characteristics were tested. The results showed that PP333 increased the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, decreased the level of MDA, and improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Dahlia pinnata leaves. In addition, the effects were better with the increase of concentration. The treatment of 125 mg/L of PP333 had the significant positive effects. Compared with the CK, the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline were increased 0.75 mg/g, 17.90 mg/g, 22.13 μg/g and 29.92 μg/g, SOD, POD and CAT were improved 1.97, 1.75 and 1.80 times, MDA was decreased 30.70%. The result of study indicated that PP333 could significantly affect the physiological indexes of ‘Longshangxiongying’, improve the content of soluble solids and activity of antioxidant enzymes, promote the growth and development and enhance the resistance.

  eed Germination Response of Galinsoga parviflora and Oenothera rosea to Temperature and Humidity 2012, 28 (1):  158-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1800 Abstract + ( 1287 )   PDF ( 661708KB )   ( 955 ) The present study was carried out to explore the response of seed germination of Galinsoga parviflora and Oenothera rosea to temperature and humidity. Germination percentage, germination potential and germination index was examined in 6 different temperature and 5 kinds of humidity. It was showed that the optimum germination temperature of G. parviflora and O. rosea was 25℃ and 28℃ respectively. Optimum germination humidity of both weeds was 40%. The non-optimum temperature and humidity influence germination potential and index, which delay seed germination.

  Study on Roots Characteristics of Impatients hawkeri under Hydroponics and Soil Culture 2012, 28 (1):  162-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3136 Abstract + ( 1267 )   PDF ( 1500468KB )   ( 1293 ) The present test was undertaken with Impatients hawkeri ‘Java’ to find out the root adaptability of Impatients hawkeri under hydroponics culture, and the conclusions were drawn by roots structure dissection, and the survey of relative morphological indexes and activity of root system through hydroponics and soil culture. It was proved that the hydroponic roots grew faster and had 60% increase in weight, part of parenchyma decompounded and the ventilating lacuna increased, and the roots activity was enhanced 41% than that of soil culture. Therefore, Impatients hawkeri was adapted to hydroponics and which could be cultivated as an excellent commercial plant.

  Photosynthesis and Relationships with Environmental Factors of Ixeris chinensis 2012, 28 (1):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2396 Abstract + ( 1330 )   PDF ( 714081KB )   ( 967 ) To study the photosynthesis and its relationships with environmental factors of Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, photosynthetic characteristics of I. chinensis and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca), ambient temperature (Ta), leaf temperature (Tl) and relative humidity (RH) were measured by TPS-1. Result showed: diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of I. chinensis could be expressed as two-hump curves, reflecting an obvious middy depression at noon, and the maximum values that appeared at 10:00 and 14:00 were 9.26 and 4.17 μmol/(m2?s), respectively, the stomatal limitations were responsible for photosynthetic decline of I. chinensis in the midday; the diurnal variation of transpiration rate was single peak curve, and the maximum value that appeared at 10:00 was 3.52 mmol/(m2?s), the variations of stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were two-hump curves with the peaks appeared at 10:00 and 14:00; the direct effects of environmental factors to Pn were the order of TL>PAR>Ta>Ca>RH, there was a significantly and positively correlation between the Pn and PAR, RH (P<0.05), and negative correlation with Ta and TL. In the diurnal dynamics of gas exchange, effects of environmental factors on photosynthetic physiological parameters of I. chinensis were different. In a word, PAR, Ta and RH were main environmental factors to influence photosynthetic gas exchange of I. chinensis.

  The Study of Pansy’s Adaptability on the Fly Ash-Vinegar Residue Matrix 2012, 28 (1):  171-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2094 Abstract + ( 951 )   PDF ( 702904KB )   ( 791 ) In order to research the effect of nutrient on the growth of the plant in the fly ash vinegar residue matrix, the author studied the plant N, P and K demand in the seedling stage, which provided the theoretical bases for the nutrient allocation of matrix. This experiment took ornamental plants pansy (Viola tricolor L.) as test materials. Groups were treated with different proportions of N, P, K nutrient solution. By observing the growth status of plants in each group, a comprehensive analysis of fly ash-the physical and chemical properties of vinegar residue matrix, research of survival rate, leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, seedling index, water loss status data in the matrix and comparing with the German peat and ordinary soil, determined the nutrients demand of pansy in the matrix. The result showed that the most impact on the growth of pansy was the P nutrient, especially in seedling stage; At the same time the nutrient ratio had the obvious effect, N, P ratio was more important than the N, K ratio, and the nutrient supply depended on the water supply, adjust the water loss curve was the foundation of nutrient supply, therefore, configuration the matrix should be first repair the plant nutrient, then adjusted the matrix to improve the water supply condition. It could finish the process of phytoremediation smoothly.

  Gentetic Analysis of High Oleic Acid Mutation materials in Brassica napus 2012, 28 (1):  176-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2258 Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 880883KB )   ( 882 ) To search for the genetic model of high oleic acid mutations in Brassica napus for high oleic acid-breeding, this study used a low oleic acid content line ‘Yang6026’ (P1) and a high oleic acid content mutation line ‘HO05’ (P2) and their crossing Progenies (F1, RF1, B1, RB1, B2, RB2, F2 and RF2) to analyze the quantitative genetic patterns of high oleic acid. The content of oleic acid was measured by gas chromatograph using single seed method. The results show that, the oleic acid content of parents were stable; Inheritance of high oleic acid was controlled by 2 major genes and present additive-dominance genetic model, and additive-major gene effect was distinct. Two reciprocal cross (F1, RF1) of the two parents (P1, P2) revealed that high oleic acid was non-cytoplasmic . Inheritance Heritability in narrow sense (hN2)of high oleic acid was 63.16% which caused by genotype , and 36.84% was caused by environment.

  The Study on Root Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Cucumber Plug Seedlings in Different Seedling Stages 2012, 28 (1):  181-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-0768 Abstract + ( 1463 )   PDF ( 1464386KB )   ( 973 ) The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate transplanting time of the cucumber seedlings and provide scientific basis for practical use. ‘Jinyu 5’ was used as material to study the root physiological and biochemical characteristics in different growth stages, by the method of plug seedling culture. These characteristics included root morphology, the ratio of root/shoot, root vigor, activities of protective enzymes of root and root structure. The root system was classified into fine roots (<0.05 mm), middle roots (0.05-0.45 mm) and coarse roots (> 0.45 mm) according to root diameter. Compared to the seedlings with one and two leaves, the results showed that the root length and surface area with three leaves were longer and bigger for roots with different diameters. However, the ratio of fine roots with stronger absorbing capacity of seedlings with three leaves was lower than those of seedlings with one and two leaves while the ratio of middle roots was obviously higher than those of seedlings with one and two leaves. Additionally, compared with the other two treatments, for seedlings with three leaves, the fresh weight of seedlings increased, the ratio of root/shoot decreased, root activity reduced, while SOD and POD activities increased. The number of vessel tubes of seedlings with three leaves was increased but a single vessel diameter was decreased. In conclusion, the current study indicated that seedlings with one leaf had no significant difference from seedlings with two leaves, and both could be used for transplanting, while seedlings with three leaves were not suitable for transplanting due to over growth.

  Research on the Culture Condition of Schizophyllum commune 2012, 28 (1):  187-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1837 Abstract + ( 1201 )   PDF ( 654349KB )   ( 833 ) Schizophyllum commune, a kind of food and medicine of the most precious edible fungus resources. Liquid medium and culture condition of Schizophyllum commune were improved. The best liquid medium formulations include 6% soluble starch, 5.5% glucose, 4% corn meal, 3% wheat meal, 1% bean flour, 0.6% yeast extract, 0.6% peptone, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.001% VB1. The optimal growth temperature was 24℃. The optimal age of liquid strain was 120 h. The optimal cultural time was 120 h. The yield increased from 2.04 g/100 mL to 7.04 g/100 mL after improving of culture condition.

  Effect of Co-situs Application of Controlled Release Urea on the Growth of Tomato Seedlings 2012, 28 (1):  191-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2204 Abstract + ( 1219 )   PDF ( 649316KB )   ( 937 ) To improve the level of nutrient management and cultivate seedlings, this paper studied the influence of controlled-release urea on tomato seedling growth through the experiment of seedling nursery in plug tray. The results showed that the co-situs application of PCU50 inhibited growth of tomato seedlings. The plant height, stem diameter and chlorophyll content decreased by 27.9%, 11.1% and 10.6% respectively compared to those of conventional seedling, while plant dry weight, root dry weight and seedling index decreased by 47.2%, 35.6% and 35.8%. However, PCU130 application increased the stem diameter, chlorophyll content and seedling index of tomato seedlings by 3.7%, 10.0% and 35.0% respectively in comparison to conventional seedling. Moreover, PCU130 treatment significantly increased both total root absorption area and root active absorption area by 95.1% and 44.7%. In conclusion, the fertilizer of PCU130 was suitable for tomato seedling growth.

  Establishment of CAPS Molecular Marker for Ty-1 Gene Resistant to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease 2012, 28 (1):  195-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2147 Abstract + ( 1268 )   PDF ( 1683161KB )   ( 1182 ) The study was designed to develop and obtain molecular markers tightly linked to Ty-1 gene resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus, in order to affording technical supports for tomato disease resistance breeding. In this study, resistant heterozygotes (Ty-1/ty-1), resistant homozygotes (Ty-1/Ty-1) and susceptible homozygotes (ty-1/ty-1) were used as experimental materials. Based on the published RFLP markers tightly linked to Ty-1, four pairs of specific primers were designed for PCR amplification. PCR products were then digested with different restriction enzymes to develop CAPS molecular markers. As a result, two steady-going and available CAPS molecular markers were found, i.e. TG97 and Mi23. TG97 marker showed three restriction fragments (398 bp, 303 bp and 95 bp) with resistant heterozygous materials, two restriction fragments (303 bp and 95 bp) with resistant homozygous materials and only 398 bp fragment with susceptible homozygous materials. Mi23 marker showed two restriction fragments (402 bp and 354 bp) with resistant heterozygous materials, only 402 bp fragments with resistant homozygous materials and only 354 bp fragments with susceptible homozygous materials. These findings indicated that the TG97 and Mi23 were co-dominant CAPS markers, which could be used in tomato breeding for disease resistance.

  Research on the Changes of Temperature and Humidity and Phenophase of Pear between Plastic Tunnel and Open Field 2012, 28 (1):  201-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1267 Abstract + ( 1331 )   PDF ( 744509KB )   ( 967 ) In order to provide a theoretical basis of pear cultivation in plastic tunnel, the features of air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature and phonological phases of pear were surveyed and compared in plastic tunnel and open field for pear in 2010. The results indicated: (1) The air temperature and soil temperature were gradually rising, but the air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature and day-and-night temperature difference in the plastic tunnel were higher than those in the open field before June. Then the temperature in the plastic tunnel hasn't been significantly different from that in the open field. (2)The beginning of flowering stage of ‘Cuiguan’and ‘Huangguan’ pear cultivated in plastic tunnel was 18 days earlier than those cultivated in open field, and the flowering stage was 2 days longer. (3)Compared with cultivated in open field, the harvesting day of ‘Cuiguan’ pear cultivated in plastic tunnel was 13 days earlier and it's fruit ripening stage was 5 days longer, while the harvesting day of ‘Huangguan’pear cultivated in plastic tunnel was 14 days earlier and it's fruit ripening stage was 4 days longer. (4)Compared with cultivated pears in open field, ‘Cuiguan’ pear and ‘Huangguan’pear cultivated in plastic tunnel sprouted earlier and defoliated later, and the whole vegetative growth stage of ‘Cuiguan’ pear was 242 days and was 27 days longer, while ‘Cuiguan’ pear was 231 days and was 37 days longer. The study showed that because of higher temperature and higher humidity, the flowering stage and the fruit ripening stage of pear in plastic tunnel began earlier, so the pear can be cultivated in plastic tunnel in Nanjing.

  Inter-simple Sequence Repeat Analysis on Pyrus pyrifolia Cultivars Germplasm 2012, 28 (1):  207-211.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2594 Abstract + ( 1109 )   PDF ( 647790KB )   ( 766 ) In order to efficiently distinguish and use cultivars germplasm of Pyrus pyrifolia with a near genetic relationship, the polymorphism and cluster analysis based on genetic similarity matrices of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used on 16 cultivars. It showed that 16 pairs of ISSR primes produced 135 amplified fragments of which 70.4% were polymorphic. The average number of alleles per ISSR locus was range from 3 to 8. The genetic similarity coefficients among the 16 cultivars ranged from 0.6667 to 0.9630, and the genetic distance ranged from 0.0377 to 0.4055. The closest genetic similarity coefficients was Pyrus pyrifolia ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Soumi Tuniitaka’ (0.9630), the closest genetic distance was 0.0377. Pyrus pyrifolia ‘Soumi Tuniitaka’ were highly divergent from ‘Xuqing’, which indicated that the genetic similarity coefficients was 0.667 and the genetic distance was 0.667

  Comparative Study on Determination of Total Phenolics Content of Jujube Fruit with FC and UV-spectrophotometric Method 2012, 28 (1):  212-217.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2735 Abstract + ( 1443 )   PDF ( 860804KB )   ( 2583 ) In order to improve the extraction yield of fruit phenolics and evaluate the comparability of total phenolics content determination method, total phenolics content of jujube fruit was comparatively determined by using Folin Ciocalteu (FC) and UV-spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Meanwhile, the influence of different extraction systems on the testing results from the two methods was studied. Results from this study indicated that linear range of UV-spectrophotometric method was 1375-12500 mg/kg, linear range of FC method was 7500-15000 mg/kg. The detection limit and the quantifying limit of UV-spectrophotometric method were significantly lower than those of FC method. Precision and accuracy of the two methods were acceptable by detecting the recovery rate. The results also showed that appropriate solution for extracting total phenolics from jujube fruit was 60%-80% (v/v) methanol-water or ethanol-water system. Moreover, the extraction yield of the former was significantly (P<0.001) higher than the latter. Total phenolics content of jujube fruit determined by FC was significantly higher than that determined by UV-spectrophotometric method. The linear regression was: Y (FC) =1.538x+1221 (UV-spectrophotometric), r=0.956. The results would provide the theoretical guidance and reference methods for the research of total phenolics in fruits and vegetables.

  Study on Dynamic Growth of Fruit in Hylocereus polyrhizus 2012, 28 (1):  218-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1462 Abstract + ( 2422 )   PDF ( 735057KB )   ( 955 ) To survey dynamic growth of fruit in Hylocereus polyrhizus which were treated by hand pollination and natural pollination respectively, horizontal and vertical diameter of fruit were detected each five days from the fifth day after pollination to ripen. Horizontal and vertical diameter, volume and net growth weight were recorded. Comparing curves of dynamic growth of fruit in two treatments, we found that horizontal and vertical diameter increased rapidly in the 5-10 days after pollination in both treatments while the biggest net growth weight occurred at the same time, yet horizontal and vertical diameter in hand pollination group was higher than natural pollinations. Horizontal and vertical diameter increment curve in hand pollination treatment turned out to be double “S” shape while single “S” in natural pollinations. Volume increment kept fast during fruit coloration stage to harvesting stage. To insure bigger net fruit increment, we should enhance fertilizer and water management in initial stage (5-10 days) and late stage (20-25 days) after pollination, .Hand pollination in Hylocereus polyrhizus may raise yield as well as increasing the fruit quality. We explored the rule of dynamic growth of fruit in Hylocereus polyrhizus which may provide theoretical foundation for practical measures such as pollination, water and fertilization management and harvesting as well as provide reference for relevant research.

  Effect of Antagonistic Marine-born Strain TC-1 on Five Major Defensive Enzymes in Banana 2012, 28 (1):  223-227.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2362 Abstract + ( 1215 )   PDF ( 664123KB )   ( 921 ) In order to research the inducible resistance mechanism of marine biocontrol bacteria TC-1 against the banana vasicular wilt in the potted trial. The inducible resistance function of TC-1 was explored by comparing the differences of five defense enzymes activities of banana seedling, which were treated via four methods. No treatment was given in normal control group, inducing with fermentation broth of TC-1, inoculating with spore suspension of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC4), inducing after inoculating with spore suspension of FOC4. The results showed that there were no significant differences on the five kinds of defense enzymes activities in unvaccinated bananas between banana seedlings treated with marine bacteria TC-1 and seedlings with untreated (P>0.05). The five kinds of defense enzymes activities were significantly induced in the banana seedlings inoculated FOC4 after treated with TC-1. The activities of POD and PPO in leaf were respectively increased 248% and 12% at 6 day after treatment (DAT); the activities of PAL and SOD were respectively increased 16% and 10% at 9 DAT. The activity of CAT was respectively increased 363% at 12 DAT simultaneously,, compared to untreated plant. It was concluded that strain TC-1 could played an important role on induction disease resistance to FOC4 by increasing activities of CAT, POD PPO, PAL and SOD in banana plant.

  CHLH Gene Sequence and Variance Analysis of Intron Information in Different Fragria × ananassa 2012, 28 (1):  228-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2090 Abstract + ( 1332 )   PDF ( 1526569KB )   ( 721 ) Mg2+ chelatase H subunit (CHLH) is an ABA specific binding protein. To study the role in the resistance of abscisic acid binding protein further, use the cDNA sequence information (accession No. HQ829473) of Mg2 + chelatase H subunit CHLH of Fragria×ananassa in the GenBank databas, and get DNA sequence of CHLH with homology-based cloning method from three different species Fragria×ananassa leaves. The analysis of gene structure showed that, CHLH contained five exons and four introns, four introns vary from 109-486 bp; and Fragaria pentaphylla Lozinsk was different from others in the first and fourth introns. Intron involved in regulation of gene expression, it said that Fragaria pentaphylla Lozinsk may have different function in regulation of intron.

  Cloning and Identification of a DFR Gene Fragment from Pink Flower of Pomegranate 2012, 28 (1):  233-236.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2213 Abstract + ( 1266 )   PDF ( 822483KB )   ( 868 ) The aim was to study the role of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) in pomegranate flower colors formation. Degenerate PCR primers were designed based on the conserved domain of some dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes in GenBank. The aimed cDNA fragment was amplified from the total RNA isolated from pink flowers of pomegranate by RT-PCR. The sequencing results showed that the cDNA fragment was 446 bp encoding 148 amino acids. Sequence analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence shared 78%-81% homology to that of the corresponding region of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene of Dianthus qratianopolitanus, Polyqonum hydropiper, Faqopyrum tataricum, Faqopyrum esculentum, Prunus avium, Faqopyrum cymosum, Spinacia oleracea, Syzyqium malaccense, Vitis vinifera, Pelarqonium zonale and Cyclamen graecum. A substrate specificity motif (TVNVQPVQRPVHDETSWSDLDFVWAT) was observed in the deduced amino acid sequence. It confirmed that cDNA fragment cloned in this study was from DFR gene of pomegranate pink flower. The accession number of this gene in GenBank was JN381544.

  The Study on Different Application Modes of Biogas Fertilizer in the Garden Plants 2012, 28 (1):  237-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2100 Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 600127KB )   ( 1069 ) This study is done in order to apply biogas fertilizer cleanly and efficiently in planting garden flowers. It comprised three sub-tests, namely biogas slurry purification, optimal time of biogas slurry spraying and garden raw soil’s aging. And its material was chrysanthemum and fruit mulberry planted in pots. The results showed as follows: (1) the optimal deal way was walnut shells filter with 3 cm diameter and 50 cm thickness. (2) The optimal concentration of spraying foliar was 60% concentration, and the optimal time was 7 days to chrysanthemum and it was 11days to fruit mulberry. (3) The optimal quantity to garden raw soil’s aging was 66.7 L/t. The way was adding 66.7 L biogas fertilizer (biogas slurry + biogas residue) in 1 t garden raw soil before planting, spraying 33.3 L biogas slurry (concentration 60%) every 6 days after planting, the raw soil maturation can mature and fit for planting garden plants after 50 days.

  Effects of Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer and Organic Manure Supplement on Vegetables Yield and Quality 2012, 28 (1):  242-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2150 Abstract + ( 1355 )   PDF ( 737964KB )   ( 931 ) Effects of organic-inorganic fertilizer application on yields and qualities of continually cultivated vegetables were investigated in this study. Cucumis sativus, Momordica charantia and Brassica oleracea var. capitata were selected in this experiment. There were four treatments: 100% chemical fertilizer (the conventional fertilization and as control), 80% chemical fertilizer, 60% chemical fertilizer and 20% organic manure, 40% chemical fertilizer and 40% organic manure. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the yield of cucumber, balsam pear and cabbage among different treatments. Compared with conventional 100% chemical fertilizer application, there was no significant difference in the contents of soluble sugar, protein and reduced vitamin C for the treatment of reducing 20% chemical fertilizer, but the content of nitrate content was reduced. Treatments of combined chemical and organic fertilizer significantly improved vegetable quality through increasing the contents of soluble sugar, protein, reduced vitamin C and decreasing nitrate contents compared with chemical fertilizer application alone. Organic-inorganic fertilizer application could improve vegetable quality, and the treatment of 60% of reduction of chemical fertilizer combined with 40% of organic manure had the best effect.

  Effects of Different Applied Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield of High Grade Hybridized Rapeseed 2012, 28 (1):  248-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2242 Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 594810KB )   ( 781 ) In order to study on yield of high grade hybridized rapeseed and operation model of nitrogen fertilizer in Brassica napus L. Experiment material was ‘Youyan 599’ and ‘SanBei 98’, study on effects of different applied time of nitrogen fertilizer on yield of high grade hybridized rapeseed were carried out through quadratic regression orthogonal gyration combination design in Brassica napus L. The results showed that: factor combination when ‘Youyan 599’ obtained maximum yield target was living rape fertilizer 89.27 kg/hm2, opening fertilizer 120 kg/hm2, 12th lunar month fertilizer 101.12 kg/hm2, total applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 310.39 kg/hm2, the percent of living rape fertilizer, opening fertilizer, 12th lunar month fertilizer were 28.76%, 38.66%, 32.58%, respectively. Factor combination when ‘SanBei 98’ obtained maximum yield target was living rape fertilizer 120 kg/hm2, opening fertilizer 120 kg/hm2, 12th lunar month fertilizer 37.55 kg/hm2, total applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 277.55 kg/hm2, the percent of living rape fertilizer, opening fertilizer, 12th lunar month fertilizer were 43.24%, 43.24%, 13.53%, respectively. Factor combination after two varieties were merged were living rape fertilizer 120 kg/hm2, opening fertilizer 120 kg/hm2, 12th lunar month fertilizer 76.23 kg/hm2, total applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 316.23 kg/hm2, the percent of living rape fertilizer, opening fertilizer, 12th lunar month fertilizer were 37.95%, 37.95%, 24.11%, respectively.

  Application of Grey Situation Decision Method to the Gynoecious Line Breeding of Bitter Gourd 2012, 28 (1):  254-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2288 Abstract + ( 1141 )   PDF ( 1020163KB )   ( 724 ) In order to make the comprehensive assessment of multiple factors in gynoecious line breeding of bitter gourd, and select the excellence germplasm resources and combination, 9 bitter ground hybrids were developed by gynoecious line 43 as female line and 9 self lives as male lines. Their 13 main characteristics were made a synthetic judgment by using grey situation decision method. The results showed that the order of gray relational weight of each character was as follows: total yield＞weight per fruit＞number of fruits＞transverse diameter＞fruit length＞yield at early stage＞flesh thickness＞percentage of female flowers＞main stem diameter＞area of leaf＞node length＞abloom days of female flowers＞node of first female flower. The measure-value on comprehensive effects of 43×K1 was 0.9343. It was the most excellent combination in this test.

  Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Cucumber in Greenhouse Cultivation 2012, 28 (1):  259-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2452 Abstract + ( 1103 )   PDF ( 616601KB )   ( 971 ) This research was performed to study the effects of 3 different microbial fertilizers (Lianchawang, Hugenbao and Trichoderma microbial fertilizers) on the growth, yield and quality of cucumber in greenhouse cultivation. The results showed that the microbial fertilizers improved greenhouse cucumber total biomass, stem diameter, leaf area index, leaf number, root activity and photosynthetic characteristics compared to the control, and also decreased nitrate salt content in greenhouse cucumber fruit. According to the input-output analysis, the microbial fertilizers could increase the profits compared to the control, especially 200 kg/hm2 of Trichoderma and Lianchawang microbial fertilizers. In general, Trichoderma microbial fertilizer was better compared to the others.

  Study on Lablab purpureus High Density Cultivation Technique 2012, 28 (1):  264-268.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2685 Abstract + ( 1006 )   PDF ( 682816KB )   ( 765 ) The cultivar, which was named ‘Shanghai Jiaoda Red Lentil No.1’, was carried out to investigate the yield of Lablab purpurues under different planting densities. A appropriate planting pattern for increasing the Lablab purpurues production was found through evaluating and analyzing their yield under four different planting densities in 2 picking stages, which also provided a theoretical basis for its high density cultivation. The results indicated that the yield was increased with the planting density under 49995 plants/hm2, and began to decrease over this point. In the experiment, the best planting pattern was as follows: row distance and its plant distance was 2 m and 0.2 m respectively, and planting density was 49995 plants/hm2, which could increase 124.3% production compared with traditional cultivation pattern. The yield increase rate reached 80.48%-272.96% under high density cultivation at the first stage (April 15th to June 30th), and it was 0-9.8% at the second stage (July 1st to October 15th), which demonstrated that the effect on the first stage was greater than that of the second stage. The yield can be greatly improved through reasonable high density cultivation in the production of lentil.

  Effect of Fertilization and Irrigation on the Yield and Growth of Juglans regia 2012, 28 (1):  269-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2712 Abstract + ( 1149 )   PDF ( 577800KB )   ( 788 ) In order to improve the yield and quality of walnut in southern Hebei Taihang Mountains, the experiment of fertilization and irrigation on yield, dried weight, kernel rate and the trunk circumference growth of 7-year-old adult trees of Juglans regia ‘Liaoning 1’ cultivated in field was conducted by orthogonal design. Conclusions were as follows: (1) Irrigation frequency and the irrigation amount were the key factors to walnut yield and dried weight. With the increase of irrigation frequency and irrigation amount, the walnut yield and dried weight were significantly increased. (2) Irrigation amount and the amount of added potassium were the key factors of affected kernel walnut rate; Irrigation amount and added nitrogen fertilizer were critical factors on trunk circumference growth. (3) From a comprehensive appraisal of view, each irrigation at 750~975 m3/hm2 and 2 or 3 times irrigation in a year can be a combination of high walnut yield and dried weight. (4) The walnut kernel rate of different combinations was no significant difference. Therefore, Effects of irrigation on yield and dried weight were greater than that of fertilization. Irrigation was the prerequisites to ensure yield, quality and the tree growth.

  Effects of Nitrogen Treatments on the Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization of the Citrus Orchard Soil 2012, 28 (1):  273-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-1738 Abstract + ( 1228 )   PDF ( 805697KB )   ( 886 ) Soil organic carbon mineralization was the major pathway of carbon dioxide released from soil into atmosphere. The key point to estimate the carbon source or carbon sequestration of ecosystem was the difference between soil organic carbon mineralization and vegetation net primary productivity. By laboratory simulated experiment, the effects of nitrogen treatments on the soil organic carbon mineralization of the citrus orchard soil were investigated under 10℃, 20℃, 30℃. The results showed that the mineralization rate decreased quickly at the beginning of the experiment but remained stable at the late period under three temperature treatments. The amounts of CO2 ranged from 1328.25-2219.42 mg/kg under three temperature condition, the amount of soil organic carbon mineralization of 100 mg/kg (N4) treatment was the greatest and that of CK was the lowest, meanwhile, The high level nitrogen treatment (N4 and N3) were significant higher than the lower level nitrogen treatment (N2 and N1). The soil organic carbon mineralization rate increased with the temperature from 10℃ to 30℃. The dependence of soil carbon mineralization to temperature (Q10) was different under different nitrogen treatments. The Q10 value of N2 treatment was the lowest and that of the N4 treatment was the greatest.. The soil organic carbon mineralization in Citrus orange orchard soil was affected significantly by high level nitrogen treatment, but with no significance under lower nitrogen treatment. The dependence of soil carbon mineralization to temperature (Q10) increased with the increasing nitrogen input. Nitrogen combined with temperature may increase there lease of CO2 from Citrus orchard soil.

  Extraction and Insecticidal Activities of Limonin in Peel of Citrus maxima 2012, 28 (1):  284-288.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2439 Abstract + ( 1721 )   PDF ( 635015KB )   ( 941 ) In order to explore best extraction process and insecticidal activities of limonin from Citrus maxima peel, the extraction technology of limonin from Citrus maxima peel was optimized through orthogonal test, and studied insecticidal activities of the limonin to Aphis nerii, Lcerya purchasi and Eurydema gebleri. The results showed that: 0.9700 g, 1.5860 g and 1.6000 g limonin were obtained from 10 g through ultrasonic extraction, methylene chloride and acetone water bath extraction, extraction efficiency was 6.08% of limonin in Citrus maxima peel through methylene chloride water bath extraction. 10 mg/mL limonin would kill all the pests tested, 0.625 mg/mL limonin still had higher insecticidal activity. The dichloromethane was best extractant for extracting limonin from Citrus maxima peel and the optimal extracting technological conditions were as follow: the ratio of solid to liquid at 1:12, refluxed for 2 times and 2 h each time. There was strong insecticidal activity of limonin in Citrus maxima to 3 kinds of the insect pests tested.

  Fuzzy Comprehensive Judgments on Adaptability of Some Imported Blueberry Varieties 2012, 28 (1):  289-293.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2266 Abstract + ( 1356 )   PDF ( 1095984KB )   ( 956 ) This paper aimed for utilizing the local agroclimatic resource, then optimizing the industrial structure, thus promoting the ability of mitigation and matching site with trees. Ten blueberry varieties cultivated in Guantang base, Zhejiang A & F University were used to evaluate valuable characters including tree height, crown width, bottom branch number, rhizome diameter, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, number of flower bud and leaf bud, and initial bloom stage. According to the basic principles of fuzzy mathematics, all determined characters of ten varieties were judged comprehensively. It was concluded that ‘Garden Blue’ and ‘Powder Blue’ were promising varieties in Lin’an district. The next were ‘Sharp Blue’, ‘Choice’ and ‘Climax’. ‘Baldwin’, ‘Premier Misty’, ‘Bright Well’ and ‘O′Neal’ had poor adaptabilities and were not suitable for cultivation here.

  Optimization of Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism Amplification System for Chinese Bayberry 2012, 28 (1):  294-297.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2235 Abstract + ( 1172 )   PDF ( 860847KB )   ( 1014 ) The aim was to establish SRAP-PCR amplification system which was suitable for Chinese Bayberry genome DNA. The optimized SRAP-PCR amplification system for Chinese bayberry was established by the orthogonal design. The results suggested that the order of factors which affect on the result of SRAP-PCR were Mg2+, template DNA, dNTPs, primers and Taq DNA polymerase. A suitable SRAP-PCR system for Chinese bayberry was that total 25 μL reaction system containing 2.5 mmol/L Mg2+, 50 ng template DNA, 0.25 mmol/L dNTPs, 0.15 μmol/L primers and 1.5 U Taq DNA polymerase could be able to amplified the most rich polymorphism and clear bands. The optimized SRAP-PCR system was tested on twelve Chinese bayberry germplasms and shown to be steady and reliable for molecular genetics research.

  Community Structures and Seasonal Changes of Pest Insects with Sucking Mouthpart in Two Kinds of Jujube Yard 2012, 28 (1):  298-301.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2598 Abstract + ( 1380 )   PDF ( 685914KB )   ( 800 ) In order to improve the integrated prevention of pest insects in the jujube yard in Taigu County, pest insects with sucking mouthparts were investigated and analyzed. It was showed that the dominance and individuals of pest insects with sucking mouthparts in extensive management jujube yard (Ⅰ) were more than those in fine management jujube yard (Ⅱ), community composition and temporal dynamics of pest insects with sucking mouthparts in jujube yard were impacted directly by host plant, but variation of biological diversity of pest insects with sucking mouthparts in two kinds of jujube yards had steady seasonal change respectively. Management would not change the biodiversities of pest insects with sucking mouthparts in different season, especially in summer and autumn. So there was little effectiveness relying on biological controlling for pest insects with sucking mouthparts. An appropriate chemical controlling should be applied to pest insects with sucking mouthparts when they were rampant.

  Research on Measures of Rainwater Utilization in Agricultural Ecological Garden 2012, 28 (1):  302-306.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2750 Abstract + ( 1189 )   PDF ( 695247KB )   ( 871 ) In order to alleviate the water stress of social city, reduce the life water on the other sides of causing unnecessary waste, based on the analysis of the conception and characteristics of agricultural ecological garden, the author explored the ecological utilization methods of city rainwater in agricultural ecological garden, including rainwater utilization measures in landscape architecture, rainwater utilization measures in park green space, rainwater utilization measures in park road square, and the rainwater purification techniques in the park. Besides, the sustainable cycle of city water resources through the ecological utilization of rainwater was proposed in this paper, which held great strategic significance in improving the urban ecological environment.

  Preliminary Studies on the Application of Chinese Pennisetum as Ornamental Grass in Landscape 2012, 28 (1):  307-310.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2322 Abstract + ( 1307 )   PDF ( 611668KB )   ( 942 ) In order to study the practical values by searching a large number of papers. The problems of Chinese pennisetum as ornamental grass were submitted and the suggestions were given. Chinese pennisetum as ornamental grass has good prospects in the future.

  The Study on Drought Resistance of Roof Greening Woody Plants 2012, 28 (1):  311-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-2552 Abstract + ( 1178 )   PDF ( 743724KB )   ( 995 ) In order to select suitable water- saving and drought-resistant woody plant for roof greening, Based on the Shijiazhuang climatic conditions, the leaf area, relative water content, relative permeability of the plasma membrane and soluble sugar content of 16 species of roof greening woody plants were determined, and the drought resistance of 16 species woody plants were analyzed comprehensively in April to June 2010. The results showed that Salix matsudana, Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila, Periploca sepium had best drought resistance, and which were recommended for roof greening. Ligustrum ‘Vicaryi’, Morus alba, Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurpurea’, Kerria japonica, Swida alba, Sorbaria kirilowii, Lonicera maackii, Ailanthus altissima and Buxus megistophylla had normal drought resistance, and which can be used for roof greening with fine management. Ulmus pumila ‘Jinye’, Broussonetia papyrifera, Rhus typhina had worst drought resistance, and can be used with better irrigation.