Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.33 Published:25 November 2012

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  Recent Progress in Oil Content of Arachis hypogaea L. 2012, 28 (33):  1-6.  Abstract + ( 1018 )   PDF ( 546539KB )   ( 1017 ) Oil content is one of the important quality traits and the main object of the breeders to improve quality traits in peanut. In this paper, the composition and proportion of the peanut oil content were briefly described, the impact of external factors on peanut oil content in the three aspects of the environmental factors, nutrients and other related traits was reviewed. The genetic research progress of the peanut oil content in classic and molecular quantitative genetics was summarized. In addition, the method of improving the peanut oil content was made in the four aspects, that applying practicable agronomic control measures, coordinating the relationship among closely related traits, using modern breeding techniques to assisted selection and clarifying the genetic mechanism of the oil content on the molecular level.

  Research Progress on Transformation of Soybean and Safety of Transgenic Soybean 2012, 28 (33):  7-11.  Abstract + ( 919 )   PDF ( 617484KB )   ( 908 ) Although commercialization of genetically modified soybean was the earliest in the world, soybean genetic transformation was still a difficult spot in the area of plant genetic engineering. The main emphasis of transgenic technology in soybean had shifted to the establishment of efficient and stable transformation system. Genetically modified soybean had been in Chinese tables, the safety was still being questioned. In the paper, main methods of genetic transformation of soybean were introduced, alien genes transformed into soybean were analyzed, environmental safety and food security of transgenic soybean were discussed.

  Study on Rice Mutation induced by Centrifugal Force 2012, 28 (33):  12-17.  Abstract + ( 792 )   PDF ( 1793369KB )   ( 752 ) The germinating seeds of the rice cultivar Aixiuzhan were treated with 9 different combinations of centrifugal forces and treatment times and cultivated for generations in order to see if the centrifugal force had induction to rice. The results showed that, their germination percentage was decreased, and the rate of induced mutation increased in their M2 generation while the centrifugal force increased, and the treatment duration extended. The highest rate of the induced mutation was presented under the combination of 12000×g centrifugal force and 60 minutes of treatment time. There was no visible mutation founded in M1 generation, but there were varied inheritable mutations founded in M2 generation, and that were hereditary stably. The variations mainly happened on the stem, leaf, growth duration, panicle, grain, appearance and amylose content. It indicated that, the centrifugal force could inhibit the germination of rice seeds in M1, and did also induce inheritable mutations in rice seeds which could be used as a new induced mutation technique for rice breeding.

  Research of Agronomic Trait for Winter Wheats 2012, 28 (33):  18-24.  Abstract + ( 835 )   PDF ( 537022KB )   ( 828 ) Wheat germ plasm resources are very important for breeding program. Genetic diversity study on wheat is beneficial to the collection, management and utilization of wheat genetic resources, and the establishment of core collection. In order to make efficient use of wheat germplasm resources and reduce blindness in combination selection of crosses, this study selected 73 cultivars in China to investigate the traits plant height, the grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, the number of productive ear and grain yield, and all accessions were made clustering analysis based on these agricultural traits. The results showed that: the coefficient of variation among traits size under rain-fed cultivation: yield > spikes > grains per spike > 1000-grain weight > plant height; Yield components and yield related degree: spikes> grains per spike > 1000-grain weight. The cultivars could be divided into six groups. The character and application in breeding of per group were appreciated. Comprehensive trait of 18th FAWWON-IR-023 and 18th FAWWON-IR-111 and 18th FAWWON-IR-027 and 18th FAWWON-IR-169 are good in fourth group, its may be provide fine gene for breeding wheat variety with resistance drought and high quality and high yield.

  A Preliminary Report on Seeding Rate Test of Winter Wheat Full-film Casing Bunch Planting 2012, 28 (33):  25-29.  Abstract + ( 917 )   PDF ( 595097KB )   ( 733 ) The film covering seeding cultivation techniques of no-tillage much stubble is the dry farming of Gansu Province area planting crop a new cultivation technology, only some experience summary, the increase production, synergism and preservation of soil moisture, ecological and physiological aspects of theory research is almost blank. In view of this, according to the province farming ability station arrangement, we expect through the film covering seeding winter wheat sowing quantity research trials, to film covering seeding winter wheat under the condition of suitable seeding quantity and yield components, grain yield, water use efficiency and other aspects of the correlations were explored. The results showed that: when the seeding quantity of 4414500 grains/hm2, water utilization rate was the highest, amounted to 10.96 kg/(mm?hm2); with the seeding quantity increased, grain yield, water use rate declined. District film covering seeding winter wheat optimum sowing quantity was 4414500-5395500/hm2, 9-11 particle/point, theoretical maximum yield reached 6463.73 kg/hm2.

  The Study of Huang-Huai Winter Wheat Area in Different Years of Dry-land Wheat Germination Period of Drought and Root Activity 2012, 28 (33):  30-34.  Abstract + ( 835 )   PDF ( 645033KB )   ( 689 ) To investigate the variation of the drought tolerance and the root vigor of the wheat during the germination, which were breed in different ages in Huang-Huai area, 12 wheat were chosen to test the drought tolerance and the root vigor and based on the GB/T 21127-2007 wheat drought evaluation technical specification. Results showed that, the trend of the drought- tolerance like a saddle. The root vigor of the materials treated with PEG-6000, from 1950s to today, showed up trend, however root vigor of these untreated with PEG-6000 were no divergence distinctly. It suggested that, there was a positive relation between the drought tolerance and the root vigor.

  Suitability and Evaluation Difference of Models for Corn Regional Trials 2012, 28 (33):  35-39.  Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 567511KB )   ( 1142 ) Stability can comprehensively reflect quality and yields in corn. Our objective was to evaluate results of corn regional trials. Five data sets from various maize regional trials were fitted and analyzed by use of 4 typical models, including Shukla model, Finlay-Wilkinson regression model, Eberhart-Russell regression model and AMMI model. The results showed that, no one of the used models was the best in fitting the data for all trials, the Finlay-Wilkinson model was bad for all of 5 trials and the AMMI model was best for 3 trials; Shukla model and Eberhart-Russell model were best separately only for one trial. There was also obvious difference in stability ranking and statistical test about maize yield between the used models. Therefore, the AMMI model or the model selected based on information criterion in data fit was suggested for analysis of maize regional trials, in order to enhance the accurate in test of yield difference and assess of stability of maize variety.

  The Study on the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Maize Development Traits 2012, 28 (33):  40-43.  Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 603175KB )   ( 1158 ) Studying the effect of different plant growth regulators on maize development and yield, it is useful to select regulators in large area of production. Our research selected Chongqing leading variety the ‘Yudang 30’ and five plant growth regulator as material, employed randomized block experiment and leaf spray method. The results showed that, five regulators reduced plant height and ear position height, increased stem wide and resistance, and enhanced yield and profit in different degrees. The yield of material treated with cycocel soluble powder (AZ) was the highest among all the treatments, reached 7526.67 kg/hm2, which increased 828.34 kg/hm2 than the control, and significantly increased 12.37%; the yield of materials treated with other plant growth regulators increased from 123.34 kg/hm2 to 613.34 kg/hm2 than the control, increased 1.84%-9.16%.

  Studies on Photosynthetic Characters of Hybrid and Parent Waxy Maize Varieties Under Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels 2012, 28 (33):  44-48.  Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 715258KB )   ( 634 ) In order to investigate whether the current nitrogen application in Tianjin area was reasonable, the parent waxy maize varieties (‘Hei 943’ and ‘Jin 872’) and their hybrid variety (‘Jinheinuo 6’) were used as materials and then treated with three nitrogen fertilizer levels (low N, middle N, and high N rates) to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on photosynthetic characters and yield traits in this paper. The results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer levels did not significantly affect diurnal changes of net photosynthesis rate or transpiration rate of waxy maize (P>0.05) but low nitrogen application could increase net photosynthesis rate (41.8 μmol/(m2?s)) of hybrid variety from jointing stage to trumpet shaped stage (August 6). Nitrogen rates had no significant effects on yield traits while varieties were the dominant factors determining crop yield (P<0.05). Our study suggested that, properly decreasing nitrogen application would not influence photosynthetic characters or yield traits of waxy maize but also reduced agricultural production input and effectively alleviated environmental pressure due to excessive fertilizer application.

  Study on Growth Dynamic of Waxy Corn Ear Based on Logistic Model 2012, 28 (33):  49-52.  Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 577678KB )   ( 746 ) In order to increase the technology of cultivation and the efficiency of breeding of waxy corn, this paper deals with fitting Logistic curve of the growth dynamic of single ear of waxy corn varieties ‘Kennian1’, ‘Jnuo3’, ‘Jingkenuo2000’ with Origin software. The results showed that, the regression between single ear mass of the test varieties and development days could be simulated by Logistic equation. All the correlation coefficients of the Logistic equation were higher than 0.99 significant levels of correlation were showed. The residual errors between measure values and values of fitting curve were relative small and had periodicity. The developmental process could be explained better through the key points and key time intervals were figured out by parameter of fitting curve. The Logistic curve reflected the growth dynamic of waxy corn single ear mass relative correctly were showed by this experiment.

  Studies on the Effects of Various Dosages of 60Co on the Main Agronomic Character of Cassava LUO Xing-LU 2012, 28 (33):  53-59.  Abstract + ( 721 )   PDF ( 1013022KB )   ( 670 ) In order to explore the effect of 60Co radiation, and to provide the basis for the cassava radiation mutation breeding, the effect of 60Co different doses of radiation on the cassava main agronomic traits were studied in this experiment, in which cassava variety ‘Xinxuan048’ was used as test materials and the cassava stems were treated with eight different levels of 60Co radiation of 2000 γ, 3000 γ, 4000 γ, 5000 γ, 6000 γ, 7000 γ, 8000 γ, 9000 γ of 60Co radiation. The results showed that, the effects of 60Co different doses of radiation, the cassava plant height, stem diameter, tuber number per plant, tuber starch content. 8000 γ radiation than the 5000 γ radiation average height increase 40.26 cm, stem diameter increase 0.53 cm tuber long increase 4.66 cm tuber crude increase 0.37 cm. 4000 γ radiation than the 9000 γ radiation tuber starch content increased by 4.53 percentage points. It was visible that cassava using different doses of 60Co radiation is an effective way to obtain mutants.

  Physiological and Biochemical Changes of Leaves in Different Cassava Varieties Under Water Stress 2012, 28 (33):  60-64.  Abstract + ( 679 )   PDF ( 822011KB )   ( 688 ) Cassava is valued as an important subtropical food/energy crops. In order to select the best methods of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to evaluate drought system, we use analysis techniques of correlation and discrimination to study the relationship between physio-biochemical and drought resistance of the cassava leaves. Results showed that, PS Ⅱ photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) declined and the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) increased to different degree depending on the genotypes. Based on several physiological indexes, the drought tolerance of 3 tested cassava varieties was preliminarily evaluated that SC5 had the highest tolerant and SC124 had the most sensitive.

  Effects of Different Storage Methods on Germination and Physiological Indexes of Seed-stem of Cassava LUO Xing-LU 2012, 28 (33):  65-70.  Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 843948KB )   ( 675 ) This study investigated the effects of different storage methods on germination and physiological indexes of seed-stem of cassava. The cassava cultivar ‘Xinxuan 048’ and ‘Guire 3’ was used as materials, and the outdoor stockpiling and indoor stockpiling were compared in the studies. The germination, the physiological and biochemical characteristics, the growth of stem and leaf were analyzed during the experiment. The results showed that, not only the seed-stem germination of outdoor stockpiling storage was earlier, but also the germination rate was higher. Among them were ‘Xinxuan 048’ of the germination rate and the germination energy were the highest in outdoor stockpiling storage, they were 100% and 98.89%, and ‘Guire 3’ which the germination rate and the germinationenergy were the lowest in indoor stockpiling storage, they were 94.44% and 77.78%. ‘Xinxuan 048’ and ‘Guire 3’ which malondialdehyde content were outdoor stockpiling storage than indoor reduced respectively 42.41% and 48.90%, the content of free proline increased by 10.44% and 14.41%, soluble sugar increased by 7.91% and 9.14%, and soluble protein increased by 4.88% and 5.36%. The seedling height increased by 5.78% and 8.30%. Stem diameter increased by 10.87% and 11.60%. Also, the ‘Xinxuan 048’ seed-stem germination was earlier, the germination rate was higher, the resistance was stronger than ‘Guire 3’.

  Callus Formation from Fused Protoplasts between Peanut and Its Related Species 2012, 28 (33):  71-74.  Abstract + ( 835 )   PDF ( 958236KB )   ( 715 ) The aim was to lay the foundation for the application of somatic hybridization in peanut breeding. The protoplasts isolated from leaves of Krapts and A. stenosperma were fused by PEG method, and then cultured in the modified liquid MSB5 medium (Murashige and Skoog salts plus B5 vitamins) with 2 mg/L picloram (Pic), 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ), 2% coconut cream, 5 g/L polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and 0.1% 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES). After 5 weeks culture, the formed small calli were transferred to the solid MSB5 medium supplemented with 3 mg/L zeatin, 0.2 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA for callus proliferation. First cell division was observed within 4 days after culture in the liquid medium. And the formed colonies grew up to 300 μm in diameter after 2 weeks culture and up to 2-3 mm after 5 weeks culture. When the small calli were transferred to the solid MSB5 medium, they grew rapidly. Genomic DNA of calli was extracted and detected by PCR, some of the bands from both parents and the new bands were amplified in some calli. The results indicated those calli were derived from fused cells.

  The Grey Relation Analysis of Agronomic Traits with Per Plant Yield of Soybean 2012, 28 (33):  75-77.  Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 648534KB )   ( 880 ) To explore the effects of major agronomic traits on the per plant yield of soybean, the grey relation analysis was used to analyze the relationship of the agronomic traits with per plant yield of 6 soybeans in the second Jiwendai of Heilongjiang area. The results showed that, the agronomic traits of high grey relation degree with per plant yield ordinarily were the seed number per plant > effective branch number > effective grain number per plant > 100-seed weight > pod height at bottom > plant height > growth period > stem internodes number, the seed number per plant had the largest influence to per plant yield, the correlation of per plant yield was 0.42, the effective branch number had a second influence to per plant yield, the correlation of per plant yield was 0.39, the number of internodes influence was relatively minor. When breeding variety was prior to choose single plant, the seed number per plant and the effective branch number were higher.

  Influence of Lead Stress on Physiological Characteristics of Pisu sativum L., Glycinemax (L.) merr. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. 2012, 28 (33):  78-83.  Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 831519KB )   ( 748 ) In this study, a pot experiment was carried out using three kinds of legume species (Pisu sativum L., Glycinemax (L.) merr. and Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as test objects and six different Pb concentrations (0, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 mg/kg) were added to the soil, which were conducted to study the differences of physiological indices of three crops. The results showed that, there was a promotion effect on the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a in three species under low concentration of Pb (below 100 mg/kg). The high-concentration (2000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg) presented the inhibitory effect on both the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a in Glycinemax (L.) merr. and the content of chlorophyll a in Pisu sativum L., while presented no significant effect on both the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and the content of total chlorophyll in Pisu sativum L.. There was a promotion effect on the content of chlorophyll b in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under the concentration of Pb (100-3000 mg/kg). A certain concentrations of Pb (1000 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) had a promotion effect on the content of chlorophyll b in Pisu sativum L. and Glycinemax (L.) merr.. When lead content was 100-3000 mg/kg in soil, there was no significant change in the value of chlorophyll a/b of Glycinemax (L.) merr.. There was significantly positive association between the content of proline in three species and lead content in soil at 0.001 levels. The accumulation of proline was the highest in Glycinemax (L.) merr. and the lowest in Phaseolus vulgaris L. with the increase of Pb concentrations. The contents of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b showed significant differences (P<0.05) among three species under six Pb treatments.

  Effects of Destooling on Lodging of Sweet Sorghum 2012, 28 (33):  84-87.  Abstract + ( 1107 )   PDF ( 542293KB )   ( 735 ) Sweat sorghum has stooling and sweat sorghum was detillered ordinarily in cultivation. Lodging was an important limiting factor of sweet sorghum production and extension. The effects of detiller on lodging were determined by surveying agronomic traits related lodging of 3 sweet sorghum varieties in normal or detilling. The results showed that stool ratio was 28.8%-52.0% in normal. Lodging ratio, the number of total plants, plant height, gravity center height, knob length and lodging coefficient decreased, and stalk diameter, break-off force and main stem fresh weight increased in detiller. Difference of plant height, main stem fresh weight and lodging coefficient of 5-7 knob were small, and difference of other traits were significant at 0.05 or 0.01 level. Correlation between lodging ratio and plant height, stalk diameter, gravity center height, main stem fresh weight and length of 1-4 knob were significant at 0.01 level, and correlation between lodging ratio and lodging coefficient of 5-7 knob was significant at 0.05 level. The number of total plants, competition among plants plant height and gravity center height were decreased, break-off force was increased, stalk diameter and main stem fresh weight were significantly increased, knob length was shortened by detilling. As a result, lodging resistance was significantly improved and lodging ratio was significantly decreased.

  Castor Hybrids Salinity Capacity Evaluation Preliminary Report 2012, 28 (33):  88-92.  Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 549696KB )   ( 897 ) In order to define the effects of mixed salinity stress on the castor yield and other agronomic characters, the ability of resistance salt and alkali among different castor hybrids providing a basis for the saline-alkali castor cultivation. The adaptive identification on ‘Zibo Castor No.7’, ZB-6 and ‘Zibo Castor No.8’ used different concentrations of artificial mixing saline soils. The results showed that: the three hybrids of castor were normal growth in the soil with 0.2%-0.6% mixed salinity, but high levels of mixed soil significantly inhibited the growth of the castor. The plant appearance of the performance for grow shorter, stalk thinner, smaller leaves, capsule number fewer and lower yield per plant caused by saline-alkali stress on castor. Analysis results of variance showed that, the different soil salinity to the influence of castor yield was very obvious. The average yield of ‘Zibo Castor No.7’, ‘Zibo Castor No.8’ and ZB-6 were 4276.95, 4146.45, 3613.80, 2678.85 kg/hm2, planted in 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% salinity treatment area respectively. LSD method for multiple comparisons showed that, the yield differences among treatments were a highly significant level.

  Comparative Experimental Studies on Sugarcane Varieties (Strains) of Drought-resistance on Sloping Dryland of Eshan County, Yunnan 2012, 28 (33):  93-97.  Abstract + ( 887 )   PDF ( 601561KB )   ( 685 ) In order to provide the reference for selecting and extending the fine montane sugarcane varieties of drought-resistance, and further solve the problems (low sugarcane yield and sucrose content, etc.) of development of the montane sugarcane, comparative test of 6 drought-resistant sugarcane varieties (strains) were conducted on sloping dryland of Eshan County, and the author analyzed the drought resistance differences among sugarcane varieties. The results showed that the superior drought resistance (characterized by the high yield and high sucrose) for sugarcane were occurred in Dezhe03/83, Gaohaiba1 and Yunzhe03/103, which respectively presented the cane yield of 97.80 t/hm2, 83.05 t/hm2, 72.40 t/hm2, accounting for 110.93%, 94.20%, 82.11% of the comparison variety (ROC22, 88.16 t/hm2), and the respective sugar yield of 11.01 t/hm2 ,11.30 t/hm2, 10.58 t/hm2, increasing by 10.65%, 13.57%, 6.33% than the comparison variety (9.95 t/hm2). Therefore, Dezhe03/83, Gaohaiba1 and Yunzhe03/103 could be preliminarily considered as the fine montane sugarcane varieties of drought-resistance, and their ratoon need to be further experimental observation.

  Genetic Analysis of New Genetic Male-sterile Cotton Line Yu 98-8A 2012, 28 (33):  98-102.  Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 600330KB )   ( 623 ) In order to clarify the genetic law of cotton genetic male sterile line discovered from the offspring population of a genetically modified cotton population in 1998, phenotype observation, classical self hybridyzation and sib-cross means were applied to analyze the flower phenotypic characteristics, genetic model, and the allelism for Yu 98-8A line. Floral morphology investigation showed that, the length of style and exposed style of sterile plants were significantly higher than the normal of fertile plants, while the diameter of ovary and the number of anthers of each flower had no significant difference. Pollen fertility examination results showed that, there was no pollen within the anther of sterile plants. Genetic analysis of hybrid offspring population of sterile and heterozygous fertile plants and the self-fertile of fertile heterozygous plants showed that, the male sterility was controlled by a single recessive gene. The progenies of F1 from Yu98-8A crossed with Lang A (msc1) and Dong A (msc3) were complete fertile. Several of the F2 populations derived from the F1 plants of Yu98-8A crossed with Lang A or Dong A showed fertility segregating with the ratio of sterile plants to fertile plants of 1:3, and the rest F2 populations showed 7:9. Those results suggested that, Yu98-8A male sterile gene was different from that of Lang A and Dong A.

  Identification and Antagonistic Activity of Bacillus subtilis E-1 2012, 28 (33):  103-106.  Abstract + ( 800 )   PDF ( 612189KB )   ( 823 ) Antagonistic strain E-1of rhizobacteria against the fungi and bacterial pathogen were selected on NA and potato dextrose agar with many rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Ageratina adenophora Sprengel from Kunming suburbs in Yunnan, respectively. Identification on basis of phenotypic and physiological and biochemical properties from biolog data indicating that strain E-1 homologized with which descripted for genus Bacillus. 16s rDNA determination and analysis was used for further identification, which showed that 16s rDNA sequence of strain E-1 shared 100% homologies with published sequence of Bacillus subtilis GZB from Genbank, and belonged to the same branch in phylogenetic tree. In vitro antagonistic assay showed strain E-1 could suppress the growth of five plant bacterial and five plant fungal pathogens. The results showed that strain E-1 had different level antagonistic activity to the fungi and bacterial pathogen. And maybe potential used for biological control of plant diseases.

  Isolation and Identification of an Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and study of its antibacterial activity 2012, 28 (33):  107-111.  Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 916809KB )   ( 698 ) With the improvement of people’s requirements of the agricultural product quality and safety, efficient screening of biological control of resources becomes particularly important. A Bacillus, numbered YW26, inhibiting a variety of plant pathogenic fungi was isolated and identified by plate confrontation experiments, molecular identification, Congo red staining, cloning of glucanase gene and its sequence analysis in this study. 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that it was a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The strain had a strong cellulase production capacity by Congo red staining analysis. Primers were designed according to Bacillus endoglucanase gene (CP000560) in the GenBank database, a 1527 bp fragment was cloned, and the fragment had 99% homology with endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 by sequencing and BLAST analysis. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain had significant effect of inhibiting pathogens as well as strong cellulase production capacity. Therefore, the strain can be used as biological control resources to develop new biological control agents.

  Effects of High Temperature Stress on Plasma Membrane Permeability and Chloroplast Structure of Huperzia serrata 2012, 28 (33):  112-117.  Abstract + ( 1033 )   PDF ( 3087503KB )   ( 675 ) The aims were to explore the cutting rooting method and rooting mechanism of Magnolia officinalis subsp. biloba (Rehd,et Wils.) Law., and promote rapid cultivation of its superior clones. Based on the results of single-factor test, the authour designed L9(34) orthogonal experiments to optimize rooting formula with semi-wood cuttings; collected the lower parts of cuttings regularly to measuring the nutrients contents and the changes of oxidase activity in the phloem; produced the cuttings paraffin sections to observe the rooting location and process. The best rooting formula of M. officinalis subsp. Biloba was as follows: matrix of peat soil:perlite:sand (1:1:1) processed with KIBA 1000 mg/L for 30 min, the rooting rate was up to 94.4%; compared the cuttings immersed with KIBA with the control, the variation regularity of nutrient contents and the activity of PPO and POD were the same in rooting process, but the peak of test groups arrived 10d earlier than the control, the same as the rooting time; the time of POD and PPO activity maximum value matched the rooting time; there were two types of adventitious root occurring in M. officinalis subsp. biloba: latent root primordium and inducible root primordium. The former exists in the outside of young stem cortex, the latter exists in the outsides of leaves gaps of cortex, and the adventitious roots occurring is mainly dominated by inducible root primordium.

  Discrimination of Varieties of Paddy Based on Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics 2012, 28 (33):  118-123.  Abstract + ( 866 )   PDF ( 792657KB )   ( 724 ) Rice is one of the most important food crops. Identification of rice seed variety is currently in agricultural production, crop breeding and seed testing of important issues. As species identification difficult, each of the species made a mistake and poor purity causing huge economic losses. This paper presents an application of photoluminescence spectroscopy combined with chemometrics rapid, non-destructive identification of a new method of rice varieties. In order to achieve the rapid discrimination of the varieties of rice seed, University of Agriculture collected from the Yangtze to 5 different varieties of rice were 125 samples of 650-1000 nm band photoluminescence spectra collected, for each species All 25 samples of rice data by Beijing Optical Instrument Co. Ltd. production Zhuoli Han photoluminescence spectrometer. The spectral data compressed by principal component analysis a smaller number of new variables (principal component), of which the first seven principal components could explain 99.892% of the original spectral information. Therefore the first 7 principal components as BP neural network input, the value of different rice varieties as the output of BP neural networks, pattern recognition model for the establishment of rice varieties. Samples were randomly divided into model contains the set of 100 samples and 25 samples of the prediction set. The results showed that 5 random model prediction 100% correct rate, and principal component analysis has good capability of data compression. It is indicated that the model set up by the combination of principal component analysis and BP neural network in the present study is rapid in analysis and precise in pattern discrimination. It can be concluded that a new approach to distinguishing rice seed was offered.

  Rice Yield Forecasting Using HJ Satellite Images in Zengcheng ze li 2012, 28 (33):  124-129.  Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 707706KB )   ( 782 ) This study research on the feasible of using domestic HJ satellite images for rice yield forecasting in Zengcheng, where field is broken and there are a lot of cloudy or rainy days during growth stage of rice. The study conducted in Zengcheng in 2010. During field campaign, rice growth vigor during its growth stage and final yield were monitored. Meanwhile, multi-temporal remote sensing images were also collected. Rice planting area was extract, and principal components analysis methods was used to establish rice yield prediction model based on relationships among reflectance spectra, growth vigor and yield. The results showed that, the domestic HJ satellite can provide effective images, which facilitate accurately extract rice growth area and forecast gain yield. For early rice in 2010, this study got an accuracy value of 97.3% when extracting rice growth area, and has a R2 value of 0.73 and a relative error value of 12% for grain yield prediction. The results promote the application of domestic satellite in this area.

  Effect of Super-rice Yield, Apparent N Recovery Rates and Soil Nutrients Change by Long-term Applying Controlled-release Nitrogen 2012, 28 (33):  130-134.  Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 552437KB )   ( 922 ) The low N use efficiency are not only resource-wasting, but also seriously impact soil, air, water and surrounding environments. This study aimed to clarify the application result of controlled-release nitrogen coated with polyethylene in supper-rice. With conventional nitrogen as control, the effect of super-rice yield, apparent N recovery rates and soil nutrients change long-term applying controlled-release nitrogen were determined through the fixed position experiments of controlled release nitrogen. The results showed that, the CRU 50%+PU 50% of rice yield reached the highest and rice yield reached 11200.5 kg/hm2. There was no significant difference between the CRU 50%+PU 50% and CRU 70%+PU 30%, but they were significantly higher than else nitrogen. The decreasing nitrogen treatment of applying controlled-release nitrogen were superior to common nitrogen as a base fertilizer and equivalent to common nitrogen as top fertilizer. The total content nitrogen of combined application of controlled-release nitrogen and common nitrogen could increase spike length, the number of grain per ear, filled grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight. Nitrogen recovery of rice controlled-release nitrogen treatments were significantly higher than common nitrogen treatment. Nitrogen recovery of CRU 42%+PU 28% and CRU 70% were 53.73% and 52.06%, significantly over 8.90%-29.29% and 7.23%-27.62%, respectively. After harvest the soil nutrients were the most in 70% content nitrogen of controlled-release nitrogen. CRU 42%+PU 28% had notable effect on decreasing cost and increasing benefit, which provided a theoretical foundation for the application and promotion of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in super-rice.

  Identification of F1 from rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants by SSR markers 2012, 28 (33):  135-138.  Abstract + ( 905 )   PDF ( 950783KB )   ( 864 ) F1 could be identified by DNA marker technology in genome. To provide the basis for F2 group construction and gene location of mutants, F1 hybridized with rice mutants were identified by SSR markers. Mutants of albefaction from R30 and of narrow leaf from ‘Luhui 17’ induced by EMS were used as parents respectively in two cross-combinations. The F1 plants from the two combinations were respectively identified by three SSR markers. The four F1 plants (code 1-4) from mutation of albefaction from R30בLuhui 17’ were identified by RM6105. The code 4 showed complementary marker type of both parents. This indicated it was real F1. The marker types of other three were the same as its female parent. They were self-pollinated for female parent. The results of identification by RM6965 and RM5349 were consistent with that by RM6105. Three (code 9, 12 and 15) from the fourteen F1 (code 5-18) from R30×Mutation of narrow leaf from ‘Luhui 17’ were identified to be real F1. The F1 crossed with R30 and ‘Luhui 17’ could be identified respectively by the three markers of RM6965, RM5349 and RM6105 and the results were same. The F1 identification with molecular marker could be applied in cross-breeding.

  Effects of Different Fertilizer Application on the Yield and Senescence Process of Root and Leaf of Late Season Rice 2012, 28 (33):  139-143.  Abstract + ( 765 )   PDF ( 663976KB )   ( 683 ) In order to understand the impact of fertilization on rice growth and the senescence process, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fertilizer application on the yield and senescence of root and leaf of late season rice. The results showed that, the amount of root xylem sap and chlorophyll content of the no fertilizer treatment and no nitrogen treatments were lower than the other treatments in the whole growth process and the senescence rate was faster than the other treatments in the later growth stages. Amount of xylem sap root and chlorophyll content of the NPK+OM treatment were the highest in all the treatments, the senescence rate was obviously slower than other treatments in the later growth stages. The rice yield of no fertilizer or partial fertilizer treatments was significant lower than the treatments of the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The NPK+OM treatment got the highest yield which was up to 7.55 t/hm2, it increased the yield by 35.51% in contrast to the CK. The decline rate of chlorophyll was significant positive correlation to the decline rates of xylem sap. The rice yield was significant negative correlation to the decline rates of chlorophyll and xylem sap. It indicated that, the combination of N, P and K, especially combination with organic fertilizer, could reduce the decline rates of hybrid rice, and could keep high yield of hybrid rice.

  Effect of Soil Water Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Flag Leaf of Different Wheat Cultivars After Anthesis 2012, 28 (33):  144-150.  Abstract + ( 944 )   PDF ( 749684KB )   ( 676 ) In order to study the effect of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of different wheat cultivars (‘Qingmai6’, ‘Lumai21’, ‘Liangxing99’, ‘Yannong21’, ‘Yannong24’, ‘Jimai22’) was studied. The results showed that, compared with the water sufficient condition (CK), the LAI, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, WUE, as well as stomatal conductance decreased under water stress, which resulted in significant decreased yield. There was significant difference among tested varieties in sensitive to water stress. Compared with the other five varieties, ‘Qingmai6’ showed the highest chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, WUE and stomatal conductance under water stress condition, and the decrease of yield and yield components were less, which induced highest yield, only dropped 14% compared to the same time moisture content processing.

  The Effects of the Wheat Germinating and Yield by the Granular Flows 2012, 28 (33):  151-155.  Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 595710KB )   ( 683 ) The Granular Flows effects of the wheat on yield and germinating was studied in order to better use the Granular Flows technology at farm. The two main cultivars for dry land, ‘Changhan 58’ and ‘Jinmai 47’, treated by different dosages of granular flows, had been experimented by indoor germinative test and plot tests in Changwu and Heyang. The results indicated that, the rate of the experimental germinability increased 1.0%-2.6% comparing the none-experimental samples, and the rate of germinating capacity increased 1.12%-4.82%. It also showed significant changes on its biological character at the seedling stage. There was significant difference of the root numbers between the experimental seeds and contrast seeds after 15 days of germinating. The experiments were 5.8%-7.1% decrease than the none-experiments for ‘Changhan 58’, and more than 1.3%-7.8% for ‘Jinmai 47’. The results indicated that, the granular flows helped the roots develop much faster and stronger although there was obvious difference among the variety of seeds. The average biomass was decreased and no significant difference of the stem length comparing the contrasts. Higher grain yield had been observed through the treatment by granular flows. The treatment of 120 W/h/kg group was the best. The treatment of 120 W/h/kg grains of ‘Changhan 58’ and ‘Jinmai 47’ increased 5.3% and 6.2% respectively than the control groups. There was obvious difference of effects on yield component among the two wheat varieties. Different dosages of granular flows would increase the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves during anthesis.

  Effects of Different Irrigation Amounts on the Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Sorghum 2012, 28 (33):  156-160.  Abstract + ( 751 )   PDF ( 647683KB )   ( 662 ) The objective of this research was to investigate brew sorghum’s role in water requirements and water use efficiency under different irrigation conditions, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation amounts on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] growth, yield and water use efficiency in a drip irrigation system. The experiment was design the randomized complete block with three replications. The irrigation amounts were determined by the evaporation from a standard 20-cm diameter pan placed above sorghum canopy. Four irrigation amounts (no irrigation as control, 30% of water evaporation quantity on 20-cm evaporating pan, 60% of evaporation quantity and 90% of evaporation quantity) were employed. The results showed that, sorghum plant tall, stem thick and leaf area of the 90% of evaporation quantity treatment were significant higher than control treatment at the flowering stage. The sorghum biomass of the 90% of evaporation quantity treatment were increased by 9.19%, 20.92% and17.27%, and the grain yield was also increased by 8.99%, 16.89% and 19.74% respectively, as compared to the treatments of 60% evaporation quantity, 30% evaporation quantity and control. The 1000-grain weight of the 90% of evaporation quantity treatment were enhanced by 14.71%, 10.20% and 7.89% respectively, compared to the treatments of 60% evaporation quantity, 30% evaporation quantity and control. The peak value of average daily consumed water quantity was appeared at the period from larger horn stage to flowering stage. The water requirement of sorghum was in the range of 400-590 mm. As the quantity of irrigation water increases, the amount of water consumed and grain yield of sorghum were increased, whereas, the water use efficiency showed a declining trend. Compared to control treatment, the water use efficiency of the 90% of evaporation quantity, 60% of evaporation quantity and 30% of evaporation quantity was declined by 17.3%, 17.3% and 11.1%, respectively.

  The Effect of "3414" Fertilizer on Yield and Economic Benefits for Sesame Grown in Jianghuai Yellow-brown Soil 2012, 28 (33):  161-165.  Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 585284KB )   ( 677 ) "3414" soil protocol was used in this experiment. Comparing the yield for different sesame population under different ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and selecting the best ratio for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for the optimal yield, in this way, the theoretical basis of fertilization are offered for the production of sesame in the future. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from soil were N 82.95 kg/hm2, P2O5 30.75 kg/hm2, and K2O 69.15 kg/hm2. The utilization rate of fertilizer were N 13.46%, P2O5 19.34%, and K2O 23.56%; Sesame were at the maximum economic yield and efficiency when fertilizer N was 120 kg/hm2, P2O5 was 45 kg/hm2 and K2O was 120 kg/hm2.

  Effect of Different Fertilization Level on the Agronomic Traits and Yield of Potato 2012, 28 (33):  166-171.  Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 680038KB )   ( 1154 ) In order to improve and optimize the fertilization applied for potato, the standard test of "3414" with 16 treatments including "level 2+organic fertilizer" treatment as well as the control treatment of conventional and high yield cultivation fertilize doses, were carried out to determine the agronomic characters of potato plants and yields. The results showed that, each experimental plot potato agronomic characters in harvest period potatoes including plant height, fresh weight, stem thick biological base, commodity potato, commodity rate, yield, leaf area index, had significant difference. Theory yield and fertilizer production of different treatment were out of relationship, and the difference of the maximum difference of up to 129.30% or more. The relative yield of the treatment which was nitrogen deficiency was 69.88, the phosphorus deficiency’s was 112.16, the potassium deficiency’s was 95.79, the optimum fertilizer rate for NPK was 1:0.54:1.11 (N=10.22, P=5.54, K=11.36). In addition, the results also showed that, the P application doses did not affect potato yield for the high P content in the soil fertilization of N, P, K, met the ternary quadratic equation as: Y=890.75+159.64N-74.68P+22.56K-4.96N2+6.73P2-0.01K2-2.53NP-2.20NK+2.02PK. The highest fertilization quantity of N was 100.5 kg/hm2, P was 52.2 kg/hm2 and K was 222.75 kg/hm2. So the fertilization technique mode of "less P, recover N, complement of K" for the high-yield potato cultivation provided a scientific theory.

  The Study of Different Fertilization System on the Effect of Improved Fertility of Saline-alkali Soil 2012, 28 (33):  172-176.  Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 761247KB )   ( 671 ) To improve the fertility of saline-alkali soil and set up the best system of saline-alkali for fertilizing, the located text studied the effects of different fertilizers (chemical fertilizers, manure, organic-chemical compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer) on the organic matter, total N, available N, total P, available P, pH and available K. The results showed that, all tested fertilizers improved the fertility, comparing the control, and manure increased organic matter, total N, available nitrogen, total P, available P, and available K at the times of 1.47, 1.3, 1.28, 2.97, 3.24, and 1.62, respectively. All tested fertilizers could reduce the pH. The organic fertilizer was effective relatively at the times of 0.95. The results showed that, organic matters had the best function to improve the aline-alkali soil.

  The Traditional Use of Agricultural Plant Resources by the Bulang People in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province Luyuan Dai 2012, 28 (33):  177-186.  Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 735570KB )   ( 1399 ) In order to clarify plants utilization by Bulang people in Xishuangbanna prefeture, Yunnan Province, the types of plants and the use patterns of agricultural plant resources by Bulang people were extensively investigated and studied through the methods of ethnobiology and cultural anthropology and so on. The results showed that traditional use of plants by the Bulang people mainly concerned the edible, medicinal, ornamental, religious worship and cultural use, involving 67 family 201 genus or subspecies of plants, which of 7 family and 22 genus of crops and oil plants, 24 family and 107 genus of garden edible vegetable plants, 19 family and 24 genus of wild vegetable plants,15 family and 26 genus of fruit plants, 13 family and 13 genus of medicinal plants and 7 family and 9 genus of culture and religion plants. The role and significance of traditional culture in the use and management of local plant diversity by Bulang people were discussed, as well as the problems existed. As to the relationship between local traditional cultural knowledge and the conservation of plant diversity, the related recommendations were proposed.

  Research Progress on Application of Gene Chip in Agriculture 2012, 28 (33):  187-193.  Abstract + ( 948 )   PDF ( 631529KB )   ( 1141 ) Gene chip has high throughput, large scale data processing and other feathers，it can quickly analyze the comprehensive information in the specific biological process of gene expression and play an important role in life sciences. This review gene chip principles and classification, experimental operation flow, how to scientifically analyze the data, and researches on the detection of gene expression level by gene expression profile, plant diseases and insect pests application, plant gene mutation, discovering new genes, determining transgene farm products, analyzed the existing problems, at the same time look forward gene chip research practice prospects. It was to provide the insight of the technology of gene chips. It indicates that with flourish development of gene chip, which has been used in agriculture has broader application prospects.

  The Advances of Screening Cellulase-producing Strain in Different Places 2012, 28 (33):  194-198.  Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 611279KB )   ( 841 ) Cellulase is one important enzyme which is widely used in energy, food, textile and paper making. It has significant meaning to solve the problem of energy crisis, food crisis and sustainable human development. In order to find out the perfect high-yield cellulase strains, the screening of solid environmental samples such as soil, humus, feces and the yeast of distiller, liquids environmental samples such as hot springs and polar oceans, organism samples such as insects, animals, plant tissue and fungus, were reviewed in this paper. And most of the cellulase strains were found out by different soil samples. At the same time, the following aspects should be strengthened to find out the ideal high-yield strains: (1) the samples should be the most favorable growth environment conditions of cellulase strains, (2) screen several different cellulase strains which had the same function for the relevant applied research, (3) screen the different soil environment samples as far as possible to choose a better cellulase enzyme.

  The Study on Cytochemistry of the HRGP in Sugarbeet Under Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Stress 2012, 28 (33):  199-203.  Abstract + ( 814 )   PDF ( 853717KB )   ( 617 ) In order to study the relationship between Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) accumulation in cell walls of sugarbeet and the resistance characteristics of rhizomania in cytology level, western-blot analysis and electron microscopy cell positioning of the chemical methods were used. The differences of HRGP accumulation on the cell wall when BNYVV infected susceptible and resistable sugarbeet were studied. The results showed that before BNYVV infection, the cells of root and the conduit about susceptible and resistable sugarbeet varieties observed a few deposition of HRGP on the surface of cell wall, both had no apparent differences; after infected by BNYVV, when seeding age was 55 days the content of plant virus in susceptible and resistable sugarbeet varieties were all to the peak, in this period of the content of HRGP in susceptible and resistable sugarbeet varieties’ root and the cell wall of conduit in all the veins of the cross-section cells were significantly increased to the control, and HRGP accumulation in resistable varieties was significantly higher than the susceptible cultivars. It indicated that in the interaction system between sugarbeet and BNYVV, the rapidly accumulation of HRGP in sugar beet organization was one performance of resistance characteristics of rhizomania. From cell chemical angle it proved that the HRGP could be as the reference index of resistance characteristic of rhizomania in sugarbeet.

  The Preparation of Magnetic Microsphere of Cross-linked Chitosan and Immobilization of Pectinase 2012, 28 (33):  204-208.  Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 601371KB )   ( 824 ) Pectinase was immobilized with magnetic microsphere of chitosan and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The partial properties of immobilized enzyme were investigated. The magnetic microspheres were prepared with Fe3O4 magnetic nucleus and chitosan. Pectinase was immobilized while microspheres were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The preparation conditions of immobilized enzyme were determined by orthogonal test design. The partial properties of immobilized enzyme and free enzyme were compared and studied. The results showed that Fe3O4 magnetic nucleus could be made out when Fe2+:Fe3+ was 1:1 (volume ratio). When the amount of Fe3O4 was 1.0 g, chitosan concentration of 3%, 3.0 mg/mL pectinase amount, treated with 3.0% glutaraldehyde for 4 h, and the process time was 1 h under pH 4.0, the recovery rate of magnetic immobilized pectinase activity could reach to 68.4%. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of immobilized pectinase for the hydrolysis of pectin were determined to be pH 4.0 and 50℃, respectively. The immobilized pectinase was stable in the pH ranges from 2.6 to 5.6, and had good thermal stability under 70℃, which the residual enzyme activity was also 82.8% after treated at 70℃ for one hour. The apparent Michaelis constant of immobilized pectinase Kmapp equaled to 1.38 mg/mL. The recovery activity of immobilized enzyme was more than 61.0% after repeated six times. The immobilized pectinase prepared with magnetic microsphere of chitosan were good enough for the strength, the flexibility and the recovery rate, and had good operation stability.

  Role of Protein Kinase Tos3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Oxidative Stress Response 2012, 28 (33):  209-213.  Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 1180193KB )   ( 651 ) In order to explore the role of protein kinase TOS3 in signal pathway of response to nutrient stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ORF of TOS3 was amplified by PCR, and TOS3 was cloned into multicopy expression vector pYES2/NTA to construct recombinant expression plasmid pYES2/NTA-TOS3, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into yeast cells and this cell was TOS3 overexpression cells. This yeast cells were induced to overexpress TOS3 protein with His6 tag. The fusion protein tagged with His6 was identified by Western blot. Finally, TOS3 overexpression cell, TOS3 deletion mutant, wide type cell and wide type cell with load vector were treated with H2O2. The results showed: there was no difference between the growth states of four kinds cells before treatment; after treatment of H2O2, at 125 time dilution sport, the growth state of wide type cell was a little better than TOS3 deletion mutant, and the growth state of TOS3 overexpression cell was better than wide type cell and wide type cell with load vector. The tolerance of wide type cell to H2O2 stress was stronger than TOS3 dilution mutant; and the tolerance of TOS3 overexpression cell was stronger than wide type cell under oxidative stress treatment, this indicated that TOS3 could regulate oxidative stress response positively.

  Extraction and Enzymological Characteristics of Polyphenol Oxidase from Sucra jujube chu 2012, 28 (33):  214-217.  Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 692546KB )   ( 742 ) For research and development of biological agents, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from Sucra jujube chu and the properties of PPO were studied. The results indicated that the 5.8-fold purification was achieved when the crude enzyme was treated with 40% saturated (NH4)2SO4. The substrate, 10 mmol/L of catechol couldn’t limit enzymatic reaction speed in the enzyme reaction. The results also reported the optimum pH was 7.0 and the best temperature was 37℃ for the tested PPO. At the same time, PPO from Sucra jujube chu couldn’t withstand the high temperatures and PPO activity would reduce along with time extension. PPO would be inactive completely after incubation in the temperature of 70℃ for 9 min.

  Optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Rehmannia glutinosa L 2012, 28 (33):  218-222.  Abstract + ( 845 )   PDF ( 694779KB )   ( 806 ) This study aimed to improve the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system of Rehmannia glutinosa L. by optimizing the factors that influence the transformation efficiency. Through orthogonal experiment, conditions affecting Agrobacterium mediated transient transformation of leaf discs were evaluated, and the transient GUS assay was performed to observe the transformation efficiency. The results showed that the co-cultivation time was the most significant factor influencing the transformation efficiency, followed by pre-cultivation time, bacteria concentration and infection incubation time. The optimized Agrobacterium mediated transformation procedure for R. glutinosa was as follow: leaf discs without pre-culturing were infiltrated with A. tumefaciens for 5 min at optical density (OD600) 0.6 in liquid MS medium, then the infected explants were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens in shoot induction medium containing l00 μM acetosyringone in dark for 3 days. Under optimal conditions, the highest transient expression efficiency of GUS was 65.63%. An effective Agrobacterium mediated transformation system was established for R. glutinosa by optimizing the influencing factors.

  Review on Role of Autophagy in Phytopathogen 2012, 28 (33):  223-227.  Abstract + ( 1066 )   PDF ( 513820KB )   ( 817 ) Autophagy is a process of bulk degradation that occurs in all eukaryotes. Recent reports indicated that autophagy played a vital role during infection of pathogen, and the kind of autophagy involved in changes with pathogen species, defect of autophagy in pathogens resulted in various phenotype, including abnormal conidiation development, conidial germination and sexual reproductive ability, development of appressorium, appressorium turgor generation and pathogenicity. In this paper, the role of autophagy was reviewed in Magnaporthe grisea, Anthracnose and Fusarium graminearum, the relationship of autophagy and pathogenicity were analyzed, suggested that defect of autophagy induced the imbalance of nutrition circulation, affected the physiology of pathogen and then changed the pathology of them. The study in the future should be focused on molecular mechanism of autophagy of pathogen, mitophagy and role of autophagy in interaction of pathogen and host plant.

  Seedling and Adult Plant Resistance to Leaf Rust in 56 Wheat Cultivars 2012, 28 (33):  228-235.  Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 1011073KB )   ( 738 ) The aim was to study the leaf rust resistance genes of wheat cultivars in China. A total of 56 winter wheat cultivars and advanced lines were used to postulate leaf rust resistance genes at the seedling stage. These genotypes were also planted in the field for characterization of slow rusting responses to leaf rust in two cropping seasons. Nine leaf rust resistance genes Lr26, Lr34, Lr1, Lr2a, Lr11, Lr20, Lr30, Lr33 and Lr44 were found in 36 wheat lines. Resistance gene Lr26 was present in 28 accessions. Lr1 and Lr20 were each detected in 6 entries, and 4 lines carried Lr30. Lr11 and Lr44 were each found in 2 cultivars. Lr2a, Lr33 and Lr34 were each present in one line. Forty six genotypes showed slow leaf rusting resistance in two cropping seasons. Screened seedling and adult resistant varieties could be used in breeding resistant cultivars with durable resistance to leaf rust.

  Suppression of Herbicides on Corm Formation of Eleocharis plantagineiformis Tang et Wang in Paddy 2012, 28 (33):  236-241.  Abstract + ( 890 )   PDF ( 2444875KB )   ( 924 ) The suppressions, exerted by nine kinds of herbicides with foliar-treatment, on corm formation of E. plantagineiformis were tested in plastic keg naturally, for screening herbicide to control corm of E. plantagineiformis. The results showed that, the number of E. plantagineiformis corm was completely suppressed by pyrazosulfuron?carfentrazone-ethyl with an active ingredient dose of 54 g/hm2 and of 67.5 g/hm2. When dose of pyrazosulfuron was 45, 52.5 g/hm2, the inhibitory percentage nearly amounted to 100%. Being treated by MCPA-sodium with an active ingredient dose of 756, 924 g/hm2, the inhibitory percentage was 95.04%, 99.43% in number and 95.68%, 99.62% in yield. There was lower suppression in corm number, and efficient inhibition in yield and size after being treated by bensulfuron-methyl?carfentrazone-ethyl at 57 g/hm2 and 68.4 g/hm2. However, there were small effects on the number, yield and size of E. plantagineiformis corm which had been treated by other tested herbicides involving fluroxypyr, bentazone and carfentrazone-ethyl.

  Evaluation on Head Smut Resistance of the Selected Lines from Canada Early Population 2012, 28 (33):  242-247.  Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 566842KB )   ( 704 ) In order to research the resistance level of the selected lines from the Canadian early maturing corn to head smut which is one of the main maize disease in Heilongjiang, and then providing quality germplasm resources in northern China corn breeding for disease resistance. By the artificial inoculation test, the maize head smut resistance of 80 selected lines was analyzed in Harbin and Mishan in this paper. The results showed that, there were not high resistant lines in all, and 14 selected lines was resistant such as SW1284, 13 selected lines was medium-resistant such as SW1084, 35 selected lines was susceptible such as SW1236, 18 selected lines was high susceptible such as SW1175, the percentage of resistance was 33.8% in all selected lines; the correlation of average incidence between the selected lines from Canada populations and donor parents was significant. The correlation coefficient was 0.30 (r0.01,78=0.281).

  Analysis of the Resistance of Different Species of Early-maturity Rape to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 2012, 28 (33):  248-252.  Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 595073KB )   ( 656 ) To identity resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of early-maturity rape, screen the leading-products of rape in the regional epidemics, mitigate the harm of the disease and effectively control the yield loss oilseed rape. The 13 early-maturity rape cultivars to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from a different province were tested from 2010 by 2011 in Longyang District, Yunnan Baoshan Banqiao Town. The results showed that, the 13 tested varieties incidence of disease (sclerotinia) was between 2.37% and 29.99%, the disease index was between 1.5 and 22.75, which had a positive relationship with growth period, the onset of disease aggravated as the growth period was delayed. When the humidity in the field was heavy, and fertilizer-N amounts were too much in maturity stages of all the tested rapeseed varieties, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum would be obviously aggravated and ultimate harvest yield of rape would be reduced remarkably. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed from rape growth and the incidence and disease index of this disease modest aggravate in the maturity stage. The power to resist Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of the 13 tested varieties generally could be classified into five groups. In all growth period, S0013, C868, ‘10peng63yu19’ showed the stronger resistant to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, they could serve as led the production and breeding material in the regional epidemics of rape cultivars to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

  Research on the Bioactivity of Different Tithonia diversifolia extracts 2012, 28 (33):  253-256.  Abstract + ( 914 )   PDF ( 543202KB )   ( 661 ) In order to find a new plant pesticide, the petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from aerial parts of Tithonia diversifolia were isolated. The stomach action, repellent action, contact action, fumigation action of different Tithonia diversifolia extracts were studied and compared with drosophila as test object. The results showed that: the ethyl acetate extracts had very strong stomach effect on drosophila in the 10 mg/mL concentration and the stomach rate could reached 93.33% at 72 h. In the 50 mg/mL concentration, the three extracts had very strong repellent effect, the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts could reached 100%, the petroleum ether extract could reached 85%; The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had stronger fumigation effect than the petroleum ether extract and both of them can reached 100% at 120 min. The contact action on drosophila of three extracts were all lower. Therefore, the secondary metabolites of Tithonia diversifolia showed that it has some development potential.

  Synthesis and Bioactivity of 4,4’-bis(benzo[e][4H-4-O-1,3-]oxazino[2,3-c][1,2,4]-triazole) 2012, 28 (33):  257-261.  Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 1183613KB )   ( 541 ) In order to find good fungicide and herbicide, a new 1,2,4-triazole compound 4,4’-bis(benzo[e][4H-4-O-1,3-]oxazino[2,3-c][1,2,4]-triazole) was synthesized by diethyl oxalate, 85% hydrazine hydrate, salicylic acid and so on. Its structure was characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The fungicidal activity and herbicidal activity of the title compound were studied by growth rate method and agar mix medicine method, respectively. The results showed the title compound exhibited some inhibition against Gibberella zeae, Fusarium oxysporium, Valsa mali, Physalospora nasei, Ternaria solani and Phytophthora melonis, and the inhibitory activity was the most effective to Gibberella zeae with the inhibition rate and EC50 of 86.6% and 24.8 mg/L, respectively. The title compound also exhibited good activity to Lactuca sativa with the inhibition rate of radicle 94.5% when the concentration was 50 mg/L. When the concentration was 200 mg/L, the inhibition rate to radicle and hypocotyl were 95.8% and 93.8%, respectively. When the concentration was 400 mg/L, the inhibition rate to radicle and hypocotyl were close to 100%.

  Studies on Safety Supervision of Pesticide Residue in Food in and Outside China 2012, 28 (33):  262-265.  Abstract + ( 740 )   PDF ( 529343KB )   ( 635 ) In this paper, present situation and development trend for the control and management of pesticide residue in food in China, international organizations and main developed countries were introduced, and existing gaps of pesticide residue supervision in China as well as its improvement suggestions were addressed.

  Effect of Different Temperature and Humidity on Quality of Carrot in Circulation 2012, 28 (33):  266-272.  Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 1294799KB )   ( 659 ) The effect of different temperature and humidity on the quality and appearance of carrot was studied. The results showed that: with the tissue senescence, water loss of fleshy root, becoming hollowness and wilting appearance quality decreased, it was a significant positive correlation between the weight loss rate and wilting index. The contents of soluble sugar, ascorbic acid and soluble protein decreased, which had a close relationship with the respiration intensity. Low temperature could reduce the rate of diseases, the treatment of no package and 1-MCP compared with PE packaging, PE packaging could maintain higher humidity and better postpone the loss of water and commercial quality. Therefore, the carrot was applicable at 10℃ and packaging by PE to maintaining the preservation and quality in circulation.

  Study on Polyphenol from Artichokes Canned 2012, 28 (33):  273-279.  Abstract + ( 1049 )   PDF ( 710632KB )   ( 828 ) To study difference of polyphenols in different habitats artichokes canned food, polyphenols are detected by LC-MS/MS. The samples are extracted with 70% methanol aqueous solution in dark conditions. LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted on Agilent proshell 120 EC-C18 column (4.6 mm×50 mm, 2.7 μm), 0.1% acetic acid and water were comprised as mobile phase A and acetonitrile was mobile phase B, using a linear gradient elution. The results showed that, 17 kinds of polyphenols were identified. The polyphenol content showed significant differences in the same sample, the content of chlorogenic acid was the highest, it was up to 625.701 μg/g and artichokes is following that was 315.823 μg/g. The Asian sample, the content of polyphenol was generally low. LC-MS/MS can be quickly and efficiently detected polyphenol in artichokes canned food.

  The Analysis of Chemical Constituents of the Oleoresin in Roots of Pepper 2012, 28 (33):  280-284.  Abstract + ( 886 )   PDF ( 570882KB )   ( 736 ) In order to utilize the oleoresin from the pepper roots, chemical constituents of the pepper roots oleoresin made from alcohol and ethyl acetate were analyzed by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC), and identified by the mass spectra, and their relative percentage was calculated from the GC peak areas. Twenty-seven compounds were identified, accounting for 98.2% and 89.95% of the total detected constituents, respectively. The major constituents identified from the two oleoresin include piperine, 1,2-Diheptylcy-clopropene, nonadecatriene, N-isobutyl-4-hexanoyl-4-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-1-one, Octanoic acid 6-ethyl-3-octyl ester, caryophyllene, 1-[1-oxo-3(3,4-methylenedioxy-5-meth-oxyphenyl)-2Z-propenyl]-piperidine, (±)-erythro-1-(oxo- 4,5-dihy-droxy-2E-decaenyl)-piperidine, 2-(decahydroisoquinolin-3-yl)-propionic acid ethylester.

  The Separation and Research of Main Constituents from Purple Eggplant Skin Red Pigment 2012, 28 (33):  285-289.  Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 691289KB )   ( 1007 ) The aim was to provide application and stability research of purple eggplant skin. Therefore, in this research purple eggplant skin was used as the raw material to extract, purify and identify the red pigment. The red pigment was extracted and purified using ethanol and petroleum ether. After red pigment concentrated and separated by paper chromatography, the separated compositions were tested of pH gradient experiment and measured the maximum absorption wavelength as well as HCl-magnesium Powder, neutral lead acetate and the color reaction of FeCl3 and other experiments. The results showed that three pigments were falconoid compounds when the three separated points were reacted color reaction with HCl -magnesium powder, neutral lead acetate and FeCl3 and the color all changed. The maximum absorption was showed when the value of pH=1, but the absorbency tended to reduce and spectrum curve became flat, when pH>1 and it showed that the purple eggplant skin red pigment belonged to a kind of anthocyanins pigment.

  Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Water-extractable Arabinoxylan from Wheat Flour Using Response Surface Methodology 2012, 28 (33):  290-295.  Abstract + ( 924 )   PDF ( 1243888KB )   ( 632 ) In order to increase the extraction yield of wheat flour water-extractable arabinoxylans and provide technical support for further research, this paper studied the effect of extraction temperature, extraction time and material-to-water ratio on the yield of water-extractable arabinoxylans. The Response Surface Methodology with 3 factors and 3 levels was adopted on the basis of single-factor experiments. The impact of each variable and their interaction on yield of water-extractable arabinoxylans were studied and the extraction parameters were optimized. The results showed that the optimized extraction conditions were obtained as follows: extraction temperature 46℃, extraction time 103 min, the ratio of water to material 1:9, and the yield was 0.689 % under the extraction condition.

  Optimization of Technology for Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Mulberry leaves by Response Surface Methodology 2012, 28 (33):  296-301.  Abstract + ( 727 )   PDF ( 1023032KB )   ( 670 ) In order to study the different parameter of total flavonoids from Mulberry leaves, the best extracting process was ensured. The ratio of liquid to solid, the ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature were selected on the basis of single factor experiment, 3 factors 3 levels of Box-Behnken center combination experimental design, the extraction of rate of Mulberry leaves was used as response value for response surface analysis, and the flavonoids Ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were optimized. The results showed that the optimal preparation procedure of total flavonoids consisted of 75% ethanol, the ration of liquid to solid 50:1, extraction temperature 64℃, extraction time 45 min. Under the best extraction conditions, the theoretical extraction rate of the total flavonoids can reach 4.29%, validation value is 4.23%. The experiment result could provide basic and instruction data for the Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology of total flavonoids from Mulberry leaves.

  Application of Combustion Desulfurization Agent in Tobacco Curing 2012, 28 (33):  302-306.  Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 610775KB )   ( 677 ) In order to reduce the emissions of harmful gases in coal combustion in the tobacco curing process and improve the combustion properties of coal, the test of application of combustion desulphurization agent was studied. The results showed that, adding 3% efficient combustion in coal-fired desulphurization agents could improve the combustion performance of coal-fired and make it be burnt more fully. The average temperature in the furnace was increased by 53.67℃ to the check and combustion effect was obvious, which favored to improve the utilization of coal-fired, and reduce energy consumption. So 3% and 1% efficient combustion desulphurization agent was added in coal-fired，coal consumption and combustion of carbon oxides, nitrides and sulfides, and other emissions were reduced to varying degrees. The effect of sulfur removal was significant.

  Application of Tween 80 with Span 80 in Dilution Systems Used for Oily Food Additives Microbial Examination 2012, 28 (33):  307-310.  Abstract + ( 1103 )   PDF ( 558597KB )   ( 1664 ) The oily food additives are difficult to be exactly diluted using sterilized physiological saline or phosphate buffer solution according to GB 4789 methods to detect the microbial contaminations. And the inappropriately diluted manner affects the result accuracy directly. This research had established a proper dilution method through application of compound surfactants in the pretreatment processions. The emulsifying powers and microbial growth effects of Tween-80 compounded with Span-80 had been studied. The results showed that added compound surfactants of Tween-80 with Span-80 (1:1) in the concentrations from 1% to 5% had no effects on microbial growth. And the oily food additives (oil content >95%) had been relatively stable emulsificated by only 2% of compound surfactants in the dilution system. This research provided convenient and accurate sample pretreatment techniques which were especially useful for oily foods to detect the microbial contaminations.

  Empirical Research on Farmers’ Behavior of Using Pesticides in Export-oriented Vegetable Region 2012, 28 (33):  311-316.  Abstract + ( 845 )   PDF ( 584951KB )   ( 680 ) Pesticide is an important production material in agriculture, and it can be used to prevent crop pests, eliminate weeds, regulate the growth of plants. Thus, pesticide plays an extremely important role in agricultural production. However, the irrational use of pesticides will trigger a series of adverse effects, such as pesticide residues, environmental pollution and etc. Using the survey data obtained in export-oriented vegetable region, this paper analyzes the farmers’ behavior of using pesticides, and finds that there are many unreasonable problems in the process of pesticide use, including relatively weak awareness of food safety and so on. On this basis, the paper proposes that it is necessary to strengthen the propaganda of the pesticide safety use, improve farmers’ safety awareness, intensify guidance and training for farmers that regulating the farmers’ behavior of using pesticides, and accelerate the establishment of a unified national pesticide residue monitoring system and national standards of pesticide residues.