Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.32 Published:15 November 2012

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  The Structure Distribution and Prospect of China Manure Resource 2012, 28 (32):  1-5.  Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 679340KB )   ( 1183 ) With the economic development and industrial structure adjustment recently, livestock and poultry breeding industry is developing rapidly while the amount of excrement production is rapidly increasing. Taking advantage of excretion factors in the first national census of pollution sources and relevant references, considering livestock and poultry breeding cycle, this paper estimated the amount of livestock and poultry excrement of China was about 2.218 billion tons of pig manure equivalent. What’s more, three provinces’ including Henan, Shandong, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia volumes were all over 150 million tons of pig manure equivalent. Based on the demand for livestock products in 2020, this paper estimated the amount of excrement production was about 2.825 billion tons of pig manure equivalent. Estimating the amount of manure production was propitious to recognize the volume and distribution of livestock and poultry excrement meanwhile lay a foundation for the selection of animal excrement treatment methods and the formulation of relevant policies.

  Assessment of Grassland Primary Production and Livestock Carrying Capacity in Maqu County, Gansu 2012, 28 (32):  6-10.  Abstract + ( 765 )   PDF ( 657418KB )   ( 730 ) In order to guide the production and use local naturally grassland reasonably, an assessment was conducted on grassland primary production and livestock carrying capacity in Maqu County, Gansu. By used the materials from field investigation on Maqu County of Gansu Province and MODIS images of remote sensing, the carried capacities on theory and seasonal ranges were compared and analyzed based on calculated grassland yields and grazing capacities and grassland ranking was conducted in this paper. The general results of study indicated, the main reasons that led to change on grassland productions of Maqu County were excessive grazing livestock and natural climate conditions such as increasing temperature, decreasing annual precipitation which brought about inadequate rainfall on arid grassland. The reverse tend of change on carrying capacities caused the reduction of grassland productions, and natural climate conditions led to the desertion of grassland in some extents. Consequently, the carrying capacities must be strictly controlled and the practically grazing capacities should be set based on the new theoretical and critical carrying capacity in order to turn back the reverse tend of grazing capacity and eliminate the reduction of grassland productions.

  Studies of the Organoleptic Properties of Eichhomia crassipes Residuals Ensilage Mixed with Wheat Bran 2012, 28 (32):  11-15.  Abstract + ( 668 )   PDF ( 510975KB )   ( 698 ) The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of Eichhomia crassipes residuals ensilage mixed with wheat bran by organoleptic scorings for livestock feedstuff utilization. Six treatment groups were including as follows: Group 1 to 3 adding of zymophyte and 0%, 20%, 30% ratios of wheat bran, and Group 4 to 6 adding of 0%, 20% and 30% ratios of wheat bran only. During the ensiling periods of 6 to 16 days, the pH values of Group 1, 2 and 3 were lower (P<0.05) than those of Group 4, 5 and 6. The pH values of Group 2 and 3 were lower than those of Group 1 from 18 to 22 days of ensiling. The pH values of all treatment groups were decreased to below 5.0 after 18 days of ensiling expect of Group 4. Therefore, the organoleptic properties by scoring were determined at 18 days of ensiling. The results showed that Group 2, 3 and 6 graded level of “Superiority”. These findings proved that Eichhomia crassipes residuals mixed with 20% wheat bran could improved the organoleptic properties of the mixing ensilages with the addition of zymophyte within 18 days.

  Flowering Biological Characteristics of Oil Rape (‘Tianyou 6’) in South Loess Plateau 2012, 28 (32):  16-20.  Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 1101528KB )   ( 845 ) To identify the flowering biological characteristics of ‘Tianyou 6’ which was widely planted in the south of Loess Plateau, the flowering process for group and individual, pollen viability and stigma receptivity of ‘Tianyou 6’ were investigated from 2009 to 2011. The results suggested that ,the full-bloom stage for group flower started from day 9th and ended at day 31th science the first flower appeared, the blossom number of ‘Tianyou 6’ in the day 9th was significant higher than that of first 8 days. The blossom number for per plant increased with time passage during the early flowering stage and full-bloom stage, and it reached the maximum in the day 19th (25.43 flowers per plant per day), then decreased with the time. The blossom time for ‘Tianyou 6’ was mainly focused on 6:30 am to 12:30 am, especially from 8:30 am to 10:30 am. The flowers had the strongest pollen viability during the first 1 hour since it blossomed, and the stigma had the strongest receptivity in the first 1 hour too, with the passage of time, the pollen viability and the stigma receptivity become more and more weakly. For each day, the pollen had the strongest viability from 9:00 am to 15:00 pm.

  Effects of Diamond V“XP”-yeast Culture Instead of Antibiotics on Growthand Development in Early-weaned Lambs 2012, 28 (32):  21-25.  Abstract + ( 852 )   PDF ( 576850KB )   ( 706 ) The research was carried on substitutability of adding Diamond V“XP”-yeast culture into diets instead of Antibiotics by the effects on growth and development in early-weaned lambs. Selected 42 early-weaned (55±2 days, weighted 7.91±0.83 kg) Tibetan lambs, divided into 3 groups randomly (14 in every groups, half males and half females), feeding basal diet which levels of crude protein and energy were 18.02% and 12.95 MJ/kg separately. The first group (groupⅠ) was basal diet, the second group (groupⅡ) was basal diet with 1% Diamond V“XP”-yeast culture, the third group (groupⅢ) was basal diet with 0.03% monensin. The results showed that the daily gain of Tibetan lambs in groupⅡ were significantly（p<0.01）greater than groupⅠ and groupⅢ; the feed intake of Tibetan lambs in groupⅡ was higher than groupⅠ and groupⅢ, and which diarrhea rate in groupⅡ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than groupⅠ and groupⅢ; there were no obvious difference (P>0.05) among the three groups in blood glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum total cholesterol (TC), serum total protein (TP), serum albumin (ALB) and serum globulin(GLOB) from 65 days age onwards. It showed that the basal diet with Diamond V“XP”-yeast culture could decrease the diarrhea rate and increase the growth performance of Tibetan lambs, Diamond V“XP”-yeast culture was a favorable substitute to antibiotics.

  Comparison of the Early Development of Murine Parthenogenetic Embryos Prepared by 2 Different Chemical Activation Methods 2012, 28 (32):  26-30.  Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 1078908KB )   ( 1011 ) This study was to investigate the better suitable method for making more healthy mouse parthenogenetic embryos for generating mammalian parthenogenetic embryos, in vitro fertilized embryos and nuclear transferred embryos. In this experiment, we using 2 different chemical activation methods to product mouse parthenogenetic embryos. And we analyzed the time from oocytes actviation to blastocystes, the shape and the total cell number of blastocystes of two group. Group I was treated by 7% alcohol+2 mmol/L 6DMAP, and group II was by 7% alcohol+2 mmol/L 6DMAP+5μg/mL CB. The results showed that: the cleavage rate of parthenogenetic embryos of Gruop I was higher than that of Group II, and the morulae rate and blastocyst rate during different durations was lower than those of Gruop II, but there were no significant differences between them (64.9vs73.7, P>0.1; 31.7vs28.8, P>0.1; 8.7vs5.5, P>0.1). The shape of blastocystes of those 2 groups was similar, but the cell number of blastocystes of Gruop II was more than those in Group I (67 vs 50, P>0.1), as well as the cell number of blastocyst between these two groups (67vs50vs65,P>0.1). There were no significant differences between 2 different chemical activation groups in the time from oocytes actviation to blastocystes, the shape and the total cell number of blastocystes.

  Adsorption and Desorption on Cu, Zn by Duck Manure 2012, 28 (32):  31-34.  Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 674855KB )   ( 714 ) To investigate the activity of the heavy mental in manure of livestock and poultry, the adsorption/desorption processes of Cu2+ and Zn2+ by duck manure were studied. All adsorption thermodynamics processes reached equilibrium within 24 hours with the maximum adsorption capacity being 1245.35 mg/kg (Cu2+), 1129.34 mg/kg (Zn2+) respectively. The adsorption processes of both ions by duck manure fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption mode instead of Freundlich mode. Furthermore, the absorption of Cu2+ followed second-order kinetic law, while that of Zn2+ agreed with the first-order law. The desorption processes of Cu2+ and Zn2+ demonstrated that, desorption capacity was limited and the reaction could reach equilibrium within a rather short time.

  Study on the Average Temperature of Forage Growth Period Interpolation Method 2012, 28 (32):  35-40.  Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 1738347KB )   ( 906 ) The average temperature of forage growth period is an important parameter for the model of grass crop growth and eco-environmental protection. In order to find out the optimum method for the average temperature interpolation of grass growth period, this paper takes the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the study areas. First, according to the temperature vertical changing regularities, the average temperature data in pasture growth period of all climate sites were projected in different longitude and latitude to the virtual 0 sea level based on the latitude. Spline, IDW, Kriging interpolation methods were used to carry on the data interpolation. And then DEM data was used to conduct the temperature correction. The average errors of three interpolation methods were: IDW interpolation (-1.34%) > Spline Interpolation (1.11%) > the Kriging Interpolation (0.36%). The RMSE value: Kriging interpolation < IDW interpolation < Spline interpolation and the values were 0.36 < 0.69 < 0.74. The MAE value: Kriging interpolation < Spline Interpolation < IDW interpolation, the values were 0.14 < 0.33 < 0.35. The results showed that, Kriging interpolation was the optimum method for the average temperature interpolation of grass growth period via comparative analysis.

  Study on the Safety about Small White Rats Feeding Transgenic Apricot with Cold Resistance Gene 2012, 28 (32):  41-46.  Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 796818KB )   ( 686 ) In order to discuss the transgenic Apricot with Cold Resistance Gene whether the bad influences to human heath had, the small white rats feeding transgenic Apricot with Cold Resistance Gene and common Apricot were studied separately. The hematology and biochemistry indexes, organic histological maps of liver, kidney, of the two groups were analyzed. The results showed that every index of the two groups did not have significant difference. It indicted that transgenic Apricot with Cold Resistance Gene did not have obviously bad influences to small white rats health and might be safety to human health.

  Epidemiology of MRSA and Current Strategies in Europe and Japan 2012, 28 (32):  47-51.  Abstract + ( 690 )   PDF ( 548269KB )   ( 722 ) n order to introduce the prevalence situation of MRSA and the measures which developed countries are taking to control MRSA, this paper included the trends of MRSA, the indications and methods for MRSA screening, laboratory diagnosis, isolation and treatment, the corresponding detection and control measures in 12 European countries (Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Iceland) and Japan. It also introduced the trends of MRSA in China in recent years and national measures taken in response.

  The Research on Ultrasonic Wave to Beef in Antibiotic 2012, 28 (32):  52-57.  Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 646227KB )   ( 653 ) In order to reduce the penicillin content of goat milk, goat security through the use of cell grinder to study the effect of ultrasonic synergistic effect with vitamin C decomposition of penicillin. The results showed that, ultrasound could be decomposed into the instability of the antibiotics penicillin, ultrasonic synergistic effect with vitamin C could shorten the time of the decomposition of penicillin. The duty cycle of the conclusions in the Cell grinder, it accounted for the proportion 60, and its output control was 60, and its process time was 2 minutes. When vitamin C could reach to 1%, it could make the best effect on the Goat's milk which accounts 0.1 unit that antibiotics decompose.

  Effect study of Mycoplasma suis on the maturation of Dendritic Cells 2012, 28 (32):  58-62.  Abstract + ( 859 )   PDF ( 781135KB )   ( 759 ) To observe the phenotype and function changes of the dendritic cell (DC) 2.4 in the initial study of Mycoplasma suis (M. suis) on DC maturation. DC 2.4 was proliferated by cell culture. DC2.4 were divided into five groups: blank control group: there was no treatment; experimental group: M. suis 0.1, 1.0, 10 μL/mL groups, the purified M. suis with the corresponding dose were added in the culture medium; positive control group: lipopolysaccharide with final concentration of 1 μg/mL was added into the culture medium. There were 6 holes in each group. Expression of DC2.4 cell surface CD80, CD86, MHC-Ⅱ molecule in dendritic cells cultured for 24 hours were detected by flow cytometry, followed by parallel in vitro mixture with lymphocyte reaction. Types of DC on T cells with stimulation capacity were observed by MTT. The results of flow cytometry showed that, M. suis significantly inhibited DC2.4 surface molecules (CD80, CD86 and MHC-Ⅱ) expression (P<0.01), lower than which contracted with positive control group. In addition, M. suis significantly inhibited the dendritic cells to T cell activation capacity, and there were significant differences between positive control group and blank control group (P<0.01) in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. M. suis could inhibited the activation of dendritic cells mature, and the nagative regulatory role of the mature DC in immune function may provide research data for M. suis immunology study.

  Prediction of the Spatial Structure and B-cell Epitopes of Mycoplasma suis ORF4 Protein 2012, 28 (32):  63-67.  Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 1760079KB )   ( 747 ) To predict the spatial structure and B-cell epitopes of Mycoplasma suis ORF4 protein. The secondary structure, tertiary structure, hydrophilicity, flexible region, antigenic index and surface probability were predicted through the nucleotide sequence of AJ504999-ORF4 were analyzed by bioinformatics software and internet routine. The results showed that the potential B cell antigenic epitopes of Mycoplasma suis ORF4 protein were located at 28-34, 54-61aa, whose the secondary structure were without α-helix but rich in β-pleated sheet. Prediction of the spatial structure and B-cell epitopes of Mycoplasma suis ORF4 protein might laid the basis for studies of the design of epitopes vaccine.

  Immunohistochemical Localization on the two Kinds of Endocrine Cells in the Digestive Tract of Elaphe dione 2012, 28 (32):  68-71.  Abstract + ( 1014 )   PDF ( 1080127KB )   ( 682 ) To study the morphology and density of SS and cells in the digestive tract of the Elaphe dione. The method of the ABC immunohistochemical technique, the results indicated that SS positive cells distributed throughout the digestive tract with the highest density in the cardia, corpus and pylorus, followed by duodenum, and lowest in the oesophagus, ileum and rectum; Gas cells distributed mainly in the pyloricus, duodenum and jejunum, and data were no statistically different among these regions. It might be related to the function of various parts of the digestive tract.

  Cloning, Sequence Analysis and the Prediction of the Protein Structure of SigmaB Operon Sequence of XinjiangStrain XS5 of Listeria monocytogenes 2012, 28 (32):  72-77.  Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 755443KB )   ( 656 ) In order to understand the biological characteristics of the SigmaB operon of Xinjiang Strain XS5 of Listeria monocytogenes, a part of SigmaB operon sequences of XS5 was amplified using PCR technique, then cloned and analyzed. The secondary and tertiary structure were predicted and analyzed for all the genes in SigmaB operon. Identity of SigmaB gene was analyzed among LM-XS5 and reference strains of LM together with other three kinds of gram-positive bacteria, and then Phylogenetic trees was constructed by MEGA5. The results showed that the amplified fragment of 3000 bp contained four genes (RsbV, RsbW, RsbX and SigmaB). All of them had different functional domains which were structural basis of their functions. The 5 to 102 AA of RsbV was "STAS-anti-anti-SigamB factor"; the 43 to 157 AA of RsbW was HATPase_c; the 32 to 198 AA of RsbX belonged to PP2Cc super family; the 8 to 264 AA of SigmaB was SigmaB factor of RNA polymerase. Compared with the SigmaB gene sequence of other three kinds of gram-positive bacteria, the identities were around 50%, and the identities among strains of LM ranged from 92.18% to 100%.

  Identification of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus and Phylogenetic Analysis 2012, 28 (32):  78-83.  Abstract + ( 765 )   PDF ( 812118KB )   ( 773 ) In order to determine and analyze the pathogeny of the clinical rabbits dying after natural infection, diagnosis was done to the rabbits by clinical symptoms, pathological changes and RT-PCR technology, as well as HA-HI test in this experiment. The results showed that the pathogen was rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Then the complete sequence of capsid protein, VP60, which was the only structural protein of RHDV was amplified by RT-PCR with specific primers and amplification products were directly sequenced, assembled and analyzed. The results showed that the sequence of VP60 of RHDV isolated consisted of 1740 nucleotides just like other known strains. Phylogenetically, the sequence shared homology of more than 90% with worldwide isolates among RHDV strains and the highest homology of 98.1% with an isolate from Russia of 2009. From the study, we could saw that the virus isolated from untypical rabbit plague still had high conservation. However, there were also some minor variations in the structural protein, which was the basis of the classification of gene groups.

  Construction of an Infectious DNA Clone of Porcine Circovirus Type II 2012, 28 (32):  84-88.  Abstract + ( 760 )   PDF ( 991081KB )   ( 966 ) The aim of this study was to construct an infectious DNA clone of porcine circovirus type II (PCV2) and lay the foundations for the mutant construction and pathogenesis researches of the PCV2. The complete genome of PCV2 was amplified from the PCV2 DNA plasmid by PCR method, and inserted into the pBluescript-SK vector to construct the single copy of PCV2 DNA clone. Furthermore, the double copy of PCV2 DNA clone was developed. Then, the transfection of porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells with the PCV2 DNA clones was conducted to obtain the rescue viruses of PCV2, and the reproducibility of the rescue virus in vitro was determined. The results showed that the rescue viruses of PCV2 were acquired successfully and could propagate stably in PK-15 cells, its 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) was 10?6.05/mL after 5 serial passages, which was close to its parent virus and demonstrated its relatively high infectious titer. The research results revealed that an infectious clone of PCV2 with relatively high infectivity was developed successfully, which established a foundation for further research on the virus biological characteristics and pathogenesis.

  Research of the Effect of Alfalfa Polysaccharides on Mice Spleen Lymphocytes Proliferation and NK Cell Activity 2012, 28 (32):  89-93.  Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 707577KB )   ( 897 ) In order to discuss the effect of alfalfa polysaccharides on mice immuno function, alfalfa polysaccharides were extracted from alfalfa, and the research of how lymphopoiesis were affected by alfalfa polysaccharides were set up to determine its immunoregulatory activity. MMT assay were adopted to detect the effect of alfalfa polysaccharides on the proliferation of normal Balb/c mice spleen lymphocytes in vitro as well as the cytotoxicity NK cell to K562 cell. The results indicated that, alfalfa polysaccharides could be activated to enhance the proliferation of mice spleen lymphocytes singly and stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation cooperated with ConA or stimulate B lymphocyte cooperated with LPS, which pointed that the organism’s cellular immunity and humoral immunity function could be regulated by alfalfa polysaccharides; alfalfa polysaccharides could significantly strengthen the killing activity of NK cell to K526 target cell, which indicated that alfalfa polysaccharides could markedly boost organism’s nonspecific immuno function. Consequently, alfalfa polysaccharides possess impressive immuno regulatory function.

  Effect of Citric Acid and Vitamin E on Fish 2012, 28 (32):  94-99.  Abstract + ( 1078 )   PDF ( 1011806KB )   ( 752 ) Citric acid (CA) and vitamin E (VE) could play important physiological roles, respectively and collaboratively. CA and VE supplemented each other and showed strong cooperative effect when they work together. The present paper reviewed the effects of CA and VE, especially their synergistic antioxidant and working mechanism on fish when they function together. The purpose was to study, apply and control the synergistic effects of VE and CA in fishery industry for improving fish survival, health, growth and development.

  Genetic Diversity and Sibling Relationship Reconstruction of Pearl Oyster Pinctada martensii by Microsatellite Markers 2012, 28 (32):  100-106.  Abstract + ( 1117 )   PDF ( 810012KB )   ( 703 ) he present studies reported genetic diversity and parental size of the fourth generation selected line by using microsatellite marker system with an aim to avoid depression on traits of the line. The line was developed by sampling parental breeders with superior growth rate from the third generation selected line in September of 2010. The female and male breeder numbers were 42 and 38, respectively. In June of 2011, 90 individuals were randomly sampled from the selected line and subjected to the experiment where genetic diversity and full-sibs relationships were analyzed by using forty-five microsatellite loci. A total of 186 alleles were detected and the number of the alleles at each locus ranged from 2 to 9 with a mean of 4.13. The average observed heterozygosity, average expected heterozygosity, Shannon diversity index and PIC values were 0.543, 0.542, 1.012 and 0.491, respectively. 30 full-sibs families were obtained on the basis of likelihood ratio algorithm of gene frequency. 75% breeders were contributed to progeny. Inbreeding coefficient increment was 0.83% between the third and fourth generation selected lines. The inbreeding coefficient of the fourth generation selected line was 3.27%. These results showed that the selected group had a high level of genetic diversity and microsatellite marker system was effective to estimate parental size.

  Germplasm Resources Analysis in Cyprinus carpio var. jian by Microsatellite Markers 2012, 28 (32):  107-112.  Abstract + ( 813 )   PDF ( 1730616KB )   ( 808 ) For evaluating and rational utilization the germplasm resources of Cyprinus carpio var. jian. 185 individuals were randomly sampled from breeding population of C. carpio var. jian, and genetic diversity were analyzed using 20 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the DNA fragment length of the alleles ranged from 124-310 bp, a total of 156 alleles and 172 genotypes were detected in the population by 20 microsatellite loci, the number of allele and genotype at each locus ranged from 5 to 13 and from 10 to 44，with the average of 7.8 and 20.1 respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.346 to 0.978 and from 0.619 to 0.880, with the average 0.6434 and 0.757 respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.552 to 0.868, and the average was 0.7253, all the loci were in a high polymorphism degree (PIC>0.5). The results indicated rich polymorphism information content and large genetic diversity in the population, and this introduced the breeding population of C. carpio var. jian has a large selection potential. The average fixation index (FIX) was 0.1479 indicated that heterozygote deficiency existed in the population. The UPGAM dendrogram based on the genetic distance could clearly showed the genetic diversity of all the individuals, and this could provided the basis for breed conservation, chosen breeding pairs and avoid in breeding.

  Analysis of DNA Contents and Cell Cycle of Different Tissues of Pseudorasbora parva 2012, 28 (32):  113-118.  Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 740408KB )   ( 1406 ) In order to study the DNA content and the cell cycle of different tissues of fish, as well as enrich the material which was used to determine the genome size of fish in vivo, Pseudorasbora parva was used as experimental material, and flow cytometry was used to determine the DNA content and analyse the cell cycle in different tissues. The results showed that there were some differences in DNA contents in blood, muscle, fin, gill, liver, kidney and gonad of Pseudorasbora parva, and the highest and lowest tissue of DNA contents was the muscle and kidney, gill, which reached 3.20×10-6 μg and 3.05×10-6 μg, respectively. DNA contents in fin were similar to that in blood, so the fin could be as a material to determine the genome size of Pseudorasbora parva in vivo. All tissues of Pseudorasbora parva shown the cell cycle, the ratio of the time phase of G0/G1 in gonad and liver was the lowest, and the two tissues shown higher cell proliferation index that was 17.81% and 13.19%, respectively, while the gill was detected the lowest cell proliferation index which was merely 6.54%, there were also differences about the time phase of cell cycle in different tissues.

  Distrbution and Morphological Observation of Argyrophil Cells in Digestive Tract of Eremias argus 2012, 28 (32):  119-122.  Abstract + ( 1041 )   PDF ( 916223KB )   ( 860 ) To study the distribution and morphology of argyrophil cells in digestive tract of Eremias argus. The Grimelius argyrophil staining technique was used. The results were as follows: the argyrophil cells were wide spreading, could be found throughout the digestive tract. The distribution curve showed that, the distributed density of argyrophil cells in digestive tract is the highest in stomach and cardia, pyloric part of stomach distribute the density lowest. The shapes of argyrophil cells were diverse, there was tapering, long shuttle, tadpole, round and ellipse. The argyrophil cells distribute at the basal region of epithelial cells between epithelial cells and between glandular epithelial cells. Thinking that argyrophil cells in digestive tract of Eremias argus might have both exocrine and endocrine functions. The origin of distributive mode of argyrophil cells in the digestive tract of Eremias argus was related to feeding habit and physiological function in different regions of digestive tracts.

  he Preliminary Research on "the Old Eel" with Cage Culture in Reservoir 2012, 28 (32):  123-127.  Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 1205387KB )   ( 1120 ) In order to develop "the old eel" production potential, and further improve the breeding efficiency. In this experiment, we farmed "the old eel" with cage in the reservoir in Sidu Town, Changting County, Fujian Province, in October 2011 to July 2012. The results showed that, (1) in this experiment, the number of "the old eel” belonged to two different specifications was 9.5t in total, after they were out of the cage, the production was 15600 kg, the average survival rate was 85.53%, in July 28th. (2) To different specifications of＂the old eel＂, average daily feeding rate did not exceed 1%, the average value of feed conversion rate was 48.5, and the average feed coefficient was 2.07, this feed coefficient reached the level of normal eel cultured in intensive pond. (3) The cage culture did not occurred insect pests during the trial, but outbreak of vibriosis disease caused 13.7% of eel’s death, the number was 1.3 t. The results showed that the eel cultured by cages in reservoir compared with eel farmed in local pond in the same period, there were potential advantages such as the fast individual growth speed, short breeding cycle, little disease, high yield per unit area, low cost of aquaculture production.

  Analyse on Statistics Data of Cut Flowers Industry in China Based on Microeconomics Perspective 2012, 28 (32):  128-137.  Abstract + ( 1000 )   PDF ( 1205387KB )   ( 966 ) This article analyzed the economics characteristics of cut flowers industry and described the development and change during the "eleventh five-year plan", based on micro-economical theory, with five angles including the demand, supply, producer behavior, consumer behavior and market structure, combined with the data about cut flowers industry of our country in the past ten years. Finally the paper put forward some suggestions that China must Enhance resources concentration, and vigorously promote industrialization of the flower; Deepen to research the market of the flower, and actively guide and develop the flower consumption markets both at home and abroad; Pay attention to invest in factor markets, to raise the core competitiveness of the cut flower industry; Key to improve the flower quality, and gradually increase the export capacity of the flowers in China.

  The Evaluation and Prediction of the Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Qiandongnan 2012, 28 (32):  138-146.  Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 1303624KB )   ( 680 ) In order to explore sustainable agricultural development capabilities and future trends rules in ethnic minority areas which is agriculture-based regions, taking Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (Qiandongnan) for example, sustainable development index system of agriculture was built by fully integrated characteristics of the agricultural and economic development in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (Qiandongnan). The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to quantitatively analyze the status of sustainable development of agriculture, and then the GM (1,1) model was used to predict the trend of agricultural sustainable development in Qiandongnan. The results showed that, the development trends of agricultural economic subsystem, agricultural production subsystem and agricultural society subsystem were the similar with the total agricultural sustainable development, increased year by year between 2000-2009, but the agricultural resources and environment subsystem declined and sustainability was below the average level since 2003. It means that with the development of the agricultural economy, production and society, the pressure on the agricultural resources and environment was growing, so further development will likely face the serious shortages of resources and constraints of environmental degradation. The predicted results passed the posterior-variance-test and residual analysis by gray modeling method and showed high precision, these results includes the average relative error of calculation is 0.062, C=0.2169, P=1. The prediction revealed that, keep comprehensive capacity of agriculture on rising, but only increased 5.07 times for the next 11 years. It showed that, a certain number of problems still exist in development of agriculture in this region and we should taken some measures to solve it. Quantitative analysis and predicted results in order to provide scientific basis and direction for agriculture development in Qiandongnan and references for agricultural policy makers in the government.

  Research on the Development of Edible Fungus Industry in PingQuan,Hebei Province 2012, 28 (32):  147-153.  Abstract + ( 830 )   PDF ( 683631KB )   ( 937 ) It's in order to research on the current situation of the edible fungus industry in PingQuan, Hebei province, summarize the developing experience, analyze the problems there, and propose strategies for development. Through investigation on the base of PingQuan, Hebei province, methods such as investigation and case analysis are applied. It can be concluded that some achievements have been made, but problems are existing such as the low capacity for independent innovation, the weak capacity for products' marketing competition and the instability about the farmers' earnings. Moreover, countermeasures for further development have been promoted.

  Development Strategy of Modern Tobacco Agriculture in Shicheng County Based on SWOT 2012, 28 (32):  154-159.  Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 645158KB )   ( 737 ) In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges for modern tobacco agriculture development of Shicheng were discussed systematically based on SWOT. The result showed: the advantages including ecological conditions, production experience, tobacco features and union of farming, industry and business; the disadvantages including the topography, the agricultural infrastructure and arable land circulation; the opportunities outweigh the challenges. So, some development strategies were put forward: optimizing the tobacco production environment and improving the ability of disaster prevention and reduction; encouraging the farmland transfer and promoting scale management; improving tobacco production organization management level through information construction; advancing specialization division of labor and increasing the level of social services; further deepen cooperation of farming, industry and business, highlighting the characteristics of high quality tobacco production.

  Evaluation on the Impact of Factors of the Development of Grain Production in Hunan Province Based on the Gray Theory 2012, 28 (32):  160-165.  Abstract + ( 807 )   PDF ( 1065669KB )   ( 695 ) In order to understand the momentum of development of grain production ability in Hunan Province during the "12th Five-Year Plan" and make grain production in Hunan Province do a sustainable development. By using the grey theory, the paper established the model of evaluation on the impact of factors of the development of grain production in Hunan Province and did an evaluation on the impact of main influence factors of the development of grain production in Hunan Province. The results showed that, the order of correlation degree from high to low ranking about seven main factors on total grain yield from the development of grain production in Hunan Province from 2003 to 2010 was: the amount of chemical fertilizer, seeded area, total power of agricultural machinery, effective irrigation area, electricity in rural area, agricultural labors, disaster area. Based on the existing development, the grain production in Hunan Province would show good momentum of development during the "12th Five-Year Plan". Therefore, it should widely consider various factors by combining with the actual situation of Hunan in order to ensure the main development goals the grain production in Hunan Province as scheduled tasks to achieve.

  Research on Development Pattern of Urban Agriculture and Sustainable Development Suggestions in China 2012, 28 (32):  166-170.  Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 576539KB )   ( 1742 ) The urban agriculture is one of the great achievements of reform and opening-up in China, and is also a component part of modern agriculture. In order to strengthen the study for the theory and practice of urban agriculture, the developmental patterns and some sustainable development-related factors of urban agriculture were studied based on the case analysis for the urban agriculture in some big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenzhen and Wuhan. Some suggestions favoring the health development of urban agriculture were presented and discussed. They included formulating laws and planning favoring urban agriculture development, strengthening the talent training of urban agriculture, promoting the integrated development of urban agriculture, leading urban agriculture innovation by technology development, developing circular agriculture, and fostering the social organization of urban agriculture.

  The Study on Cultivated Land Protection Policy of Pingdu City 2012, 28 (32):  171-179.  Abstract + ( 701 )   PDF ( 678193KB )   ( 723 ) To achieve the goal of protecting the cultivated land and provide the strong guarantee for China’s social and economic especially agricultural development, the study compared the first data with the second data of land survey in Pingdu City, analyzed the cultivated land changes, explored the reduction reason of the cultivated land, and showed a lot of problems existing in the cultivated land protection. The results of this research showed that, we should strengthen the necessity of protecting the cultivated land in our future work and put forward the innovated cultivated land protection policies definitely, include establishing the cultivated land protection fund, constructing the new mechanism of the cultivated land responsibility, improving the new mechanism of land expropriation compensation and other four suggestions to reform the present cultivated land protection policy.

  Study on the Integrated Development of Urban and Rural Areas Under Low Carbon in Jiangxi Province 2012, 28 (32):  180-187.  Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 932459KB )   ( 895 ) The integration of urban and rural areas is a major strategic decision in China, and it is also the fundamental guarantee for China to promote the industrialization and urbanization. In order to promote the low carbon integration of urban and rural in Jiangxi Province, it is necessary for people to analyze the problems of the integration of urban and rural in Jiangxi Province, and study its reason and nature, as well as the solving method and approach, and then put forward the corresponding countermeasure and policy proposal. By using the qualitative and quantitative analysis method, the author analyzed the current status, future trends and challenges of the integration of urban and rural in Jiangxi Province from the energy supply, green, low carbon, cultivated land protection, the gap between urban and rural areas and city scale and so on. The results showed that: in the process of economic development in Jiangxi Province, there were some problems, such as heavy industrialization and high carbonization, the shortage of energy supply, food security, widening gap between urban and rural areas and city scale unreasonable and so on. According to these problems, it was important for Jiangxi Province to implement policies and measures to ensure the security of energy supply and food safety, and promote the urbanization toward green, low carbon and coordinated development of urban and rural areas, and provide strong support for the low carbon integration of urban and rural in Jiangxi Province.

  Analysis on Main Influencing Factors for Agricultural Mechanization Development in Heilongjiang Province 2012, 28 (32):  188-191.  Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 613913KB )   ( 1007 ) Agricultural technological economics was applied to set up a mathematical model, which was used to analyze effect factors of the development of agricultural mechanization in Heilongjiang province , eight factors were discriminated to be as main ones of affecting agricultural mechanization development in Heilongjiang province, including the income of the farmers, agricultural machines prices, crops of unity, the number of agricultural labor, agricultural labor prices, ease or difficulty of mechanization, scale of land management, agricultural mechanization supporting policy, and these main factors were systematically analyzed, suggestions and comments were put forward for the development of agricultural mechanization in Heilongjiang province.

  The Dilemma and Breakdown of Cultivating Social Capital of Remaining Peasant Under Urbanization in China 2012, 28 (32):  192-197.  Abstract + ( 718 )   PDF ( 597519KB )   ( 747 ) As the urbanization in China continuously advances, a large number of peasant, who possess rich human capital and social capital, are moving into cities. And so, social capital of remaining peasant gradually reduces, remaining peasant who are lack of social capital are becoming poorer. The authors think that cultivating the social capital of remaining peasant and improving their ability of exploiting social capital is a fundamental path to properly resolve rural issues and carry out new rural construction. However, competition for resources between city and rural, scarcity of their own resources, selfishness of civil society organizations and the rural elite, and so on, becomes a series of barriers to cultivate and apply social capital of remaining peasant. In order to overcome these barriers, people should overall establish the mechanism of considering together the development of city and rural and pay more attention to rural development. At the same time, in order to richen the social capital of remaining peasant, people should specially build such a series of platforms as expanding types of education and training, improving infrastructures, guiding non-governmental organizations, utilizing the activities center of villagers.

  Research of the High Value Use of Biogas Slurry from Biogas Projects 2012, 28 (32):  198-203.  Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 771318KB )   ( 1111 ) In order to solve problems in biogas slurry of biogas project, such as its large amount, difficulties in disposal, storage, transport and low nutrients, high resistant contaminated reverse osmosis used to concentrate biogas slurry were put forward accordingly so as to achieve the high-value use of the biogas slurry. The feasibility of concentrating biogas slurry technology by membrane was analyzed, then the water quality of biogas slurry concentrated by membrane was introduced in brief. At the same time, by planting cabbage test used concentrated slurry as fertilizer, yield and quality of cabbage was studied. The results showed that the reverse osmosis technology concentrating the biogas slurry was feasible according to the analysis of the membrane flux and its influencing factors, the best operating pressure range was 4-5.5 MPa，reverse osmosis technology requirements were met by input water conductivity and temperature of the biogas slurry. The permeate water of RO system could met the standard of slurry mixing. Besides, the concentrated water could be widely used for agriculture due to its richer nutriments. Concentrating sully could met the Chinese cabbage’s demand of N nutriment, and the best fertilized concentrating biogas slurry whose N’s content was 1100 kg/ hm2, at this case it not only could harmonized the high yield of cabbage of the season but also the environmental effect, moreover, using biogas slurry planting could improved the quality of cabbage, its content of nitrate of cabbage could be controlled below 600 mg/kg.

  The research for tissue culture of the stalks of the Aleurites moluccana. 2012, 28 (32):  204-208.  Abstract + ( 814 )   PDF ( 749657KB )   ( 721 ) The aims were to establish the technique system which was about the tissue culture of Aleurites moluccana, and then choose the media which was the most appropriate for calli induction and differentiation. The results showed that, the ratio of the cytokinin and the archusia was the primary factor that acts on the calli induction. TDZ inhibited the induction that from the calli to the axillary buds. The best media for calli induction was: 1/2MS+ZT 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+choline chloride 2 mg/L. The most suitable media for inducing axillary buds was 1/2MS+6-BA 1 mg/L +IBA 0.1 mg/L. The ratio of the cytokinin and the archusia was the important factor for calli induction.

  Ecological Compensation Realization Mechanism Discussion 2012, 28 (32):  209-214.  Abstract + ( 734 )   PDF ( 773761KB )   ( 995 ) Ecological compensation is becoming popular as a way to manage ecosystems using economic incentives. We give impact factors correlative analysis during eco-compensation mechanism implementation process by reviewing the conception diversity in the light of environmental economics principles. We discuss the reasons appearing the different type’s eco-compensation. Elaborate theoretical analysis of eco-compensation realization mechanism combining with institutional theory is supplied. We provide the suggested policies on the basis of analyzing index application scope. Finally, compensation realization mechanism integrated framework and improvement tactics is proposed.

  Study on Sustainable Development of Ecological-economic Systems of Guizhou Province Based on Emergy Analysis 2012, 28 (32):  215-221.  Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 684271KB )   ( 866 ) In order to quantitatively analyze the emergy structure, features, and benefits of sustainable development capacity of ecological-economic system in Guizhou, the author analyzed the ecological-economic development of Guizhou Province between 2001-2010 by the emergy theory, and studied many indicators, such as fraction of emergy used derived from home sources, ratio of exported to imported emergy, emergy use per person, empower density, environmental loading ratio, and emergy-based for sustainable index and so on. The results showed that: (1) total emergy use (U) for Guizhou during 2001-2010 was increasing with average annual growth rate 11.34%, while more than half of emergy came from non-renewable resources and products, which indicated the increase of social and economic wealth was based on the development and utilization of local storage resources. (2) 99% emergy needed came from within the system, the system GDP increased year by year, per capita emergy used increased by an average annual growth rate of 11.14%, but environmental loading ratio increased at speed of 31.70% every year, which indicated that the growth of economic wealth was based on a greater speed of environmental destruction, and the sustainable index has been declined in this mode of development. (3) In fact, emergy output of agricultural subsystem was at the range of 4.82×1022-5.96×1022 sej, and its average annual growth rate was 1.88%. Meanwile, emergy inputting was at the range of 2.79×1023-3.14 ×1023 sej, and its average annual growth rate was -1.27%, which showed that the production efficiency of the subsystem agricultural continuously improved. (4) The proportion of agricultural subsystem was declining in the rate of 8.43%, which made the province’s industrial structure more optimized though changing its industrial structure from the ‘321’ into a ‘231’ type. Most of emergy inputting to agricultural subsystem was used for the agricultural import of labour, while, only little used for machinery, fertilizers, which indicated the level of modernization of agriculture in Guizhou was still very low.

  Study of Ecosystem Service Values Based on Land Use Change in Beijing 2012, 28 (32):  229-236.  Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 733822KB )   ( 725 ) Based on land use data in 2000 and 2008, with the Costanza’s method and the coefficients proposed by Gao-di Xie, this paper examined the effects of land use change on ecosystem services value from the perspective of ecosystem services. Results indicated that the cultivated land and water area have decreased largely with the rapid increase of construction land. The ecosystem services value of Beijing has decreased by 518.244 million yuan, with the annual percent change of 4.87%.From the Perspective of Space，Miyun County、Huairou District and the central area of Beijing have the maximal value, and Tongzhou District、Shunyi District and Daxing District have the least value. The change of land use structure determines the changes of ecosystem structure and function. As a result, ecosystem services value is recommended to be taken into account in the formulation of land use planning, especially the conservation of water and woodland of high coefficients of ecosystem services value in order to achieve sustainable development of Beijing.

  Land Desertification Sensitivity Evaluation in Qinghai Lake Basin 2012, 28 (32):  237-242.  Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 912456KB )   ( 642 ) In order to figure out the distribution characteristics of land desertification sensitivity of Qinghai Lake Basin, and to provide scientific basis of watershed ecological function districts. Qinghai Lake Basin was chosen as a study area, in accordance with the Interim Regulation of Ecological Function Zoning, moisture index, days of strong wind (wind speed>6 m/s in winter and spring), soil texture, vegetation covering degree were selected as indicators of sensitivity evaluation of land desertification. A map of single-factor sensitivity evaluation was generated with supports of ArcGIS, moreover, a comprehensive evaluation of land desertification sensitivity was conducted with the supports of ArcGIS spatial overlay analysis. 5 classes of land desertification sensitivity ranging from low to extreme were generated: non-sensitivity zone, low sensitivity zone, moderate sensitivity zone, high sensitivity zone and extreme sensitivity zone. The results showed that about 0.03% of the study area was non-sensitivity zone, 17.4% of which was low sensitivity zone, 34.24% was moderate sensitivity zone, and 31.73% was high sensitivity zone. In spatial distribution, moderate sensitivity zone and high sensitivity zone seemed in the district around Qinghai Lake and central region.

  Advances in Soil Water-Salt Transport of Drip Irrigation Under Mulch with Saline Water 2012, 28 (32):  243-248.  Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 761888KB )   ( 663 ) Mulched irrigation, drip irrigation and brackish water irrigation are the most popular water-saving irrigation methods. Mulched drip irrigation of brackish water is a complex system and does threat to soil and plants potentially. Therefore, some detail studies made by the domestic and foreign scholars are about soil water-salt transfer under mulched drip irrigation, the effect of brackish water irrigation and soil water salt transport model under mulched drip irrigation. Meanwhile, the study has got a large number of achievements. However, the quest of the mechanism of interaction between the plants and the soil water salt and the parameters of salt migration and transformation in field scale demands prompt solution. And how to combine soil and water resources in arid regions, establish a secure and efficient adjust and control technology system of water-salt of the soil and irrigation model of drip irrigation under the mulch with brackish water, and regionally promote and apply it, is an urgent need for solving the problem.

  The Status on the Research of Allelopathy under the Influence of Soil Enzyme 2012, 28 (32):  249-252.  Abstract + ( 956 )   PDF ( 484316KB )   ( 720 ) Soil enzyme is an important part in soil ecosystem, studies on soil enzymes contribute to deepen our understanding of soil ecosystem degradation mechanism and material circulation and energy flow. Allelopathy has the important influence on soil micro ecology environment. This article reviewed the influence of allelochemicals on soil enzyme activity in recent years, and prospected the application of soil enzymology in allelopathy. In order to find more effective soil improvement program, it was raised from the perspective of allelopathy of soil enzyme activity.

  The Research Progress of Soil Enzyme to Pesticide Degradation Mechanism 2012, 28 (32):  253-257.  Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 536717KB )   ( 979 ) Since 20 century, pesticide had became one of the main development chemical products. At present a synthetic chemical pesticides have reached more than 500 species, the widely use of pesticides have resulted in serious pollution of soil environment, human health was under constant threat. In the study of remediation of contaminated soil, scholars have found that soil enzyme can participate in soil organic matter transformation and energy metabolism, there was certain degradation to pesticides which were enter into the soil, more and more researchers thought that we could used soil enzyme as an indicator of the pollution degree of soil pesticides. Therefore make an overview of soil enzyme degradation mechanism to provide reference for researching on remediation of contaminated soil.

  Water and Salt Transporting Features of Coastal Saline Soil with Leaching by Different Irrigation Methods 2012, 28 (32):  258-263.  Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 805179KB )   ( 616 ) In order to make rational and effective use of water resources, the rapid improvement of coastal saline soil, an indoor soil column experiment was carried out to investigate the water and salt transporting characteristics of coastal saline soil, which was leached with different irrigation methods. The results indicated that the soil infiltration rate of saline water was obviously higher than that of saline-fresh water alternate and fresh water. The soil salinity descended significantly after irrigation. The soil desalinization effect was the best and the soil desalinization rate was the fastest which with the method of leaching first by saline water then by fresh water. The soil desalinization rate by leaching with fresh water was the slowest. After irrigation, soil pH increased in the three treatments soil, leaching by fresh water increased greatly and increase of minimum was leaching first by saline water then by fresh water. Among the three irrigation methods, the method of leaching first by saline water then by fresh water had the best comprehensive effect of leaching coastal saline soil. The research could provide the scientific method to leach salt and improve the saline soil in the saline-alkali areas which had shortage of fresh water resources and abundance of the saline water resources.

  Advances on methane emission from rice paddy fields and carbon sequestration as affected by water management and rice straw incorporation 2012, 28 (32):  264-270.  Abstract + ( 1092 )   PDF ( 648925KB )   ( 795 ) This paper reviewed production, oxidation and transmission of methane in rice paddy fields as affected by the water management, the influence of rice straw incorporation on emission of methane and carbon sequestration in rice paddy fields. Two aspects were put forward which should be strengthened about methane emission from Chinese rice paddy fields in the future: (1) Research on production mechanisms of methane in rice paddy fields; (2) Research on the comprehensive influence of rice straw incorporation on emission of methane and carbon sequestration in rice paddy fields. Some suggestions were as references for us on how to carry out water management and how to incorporate rice straw in rice paddy fields, in order to develop the ecological efficiency of rice paddy fields.

  The Analysis and Risk Division of Drought Disaster Based on GIS Technology in Chifeng City 2012, 28 (32):  271-275.  Abstract + ( 836 )   PDF ( 3135030KB )   ( 634 ) In order to improve the drought disaster risk management and decision-making level, this paper using the theory and method of natural disaster risk evaluation, and the meteorological observation data in Chifeng from 1981 to 2010, comprehensive data of the natural, social economy, disaster prevention and mitigation and 1:50000 geographic information data in 12 county (district, Banner), the drought disaster risk index was calculated through and the risk division of drought disaster map was got based on GIS technology. Result showed that, the drought risk index of Ongniud Banner and Linxi County was the highest, the drought risk index of Hexigten Banner, Harqin Banner and Ningcheng County was the lowest, according to comprehensive analysis the different stages of the drought risk index.

  Analysis of the Characteristics of the Frosty Agro-climatic Resources of Shenyang City 2012, 28 (32):  276-280.  Abstract + ( 795 )   PDF ( 652581KB )   ( 639 ) The study of the frosty agricultural climate resources change, frosty agriculture climate resources change, frosty agriculture in Shenyang City, the smooth development, while avoiding disadvantages to provide a scientific based on Shenyang 1951-2010 meteorological data conventional mathematical statistical methods, analysis of the frosty light and heat water variation. The results showed that: the past 60 years due to climate warming in Shenyang City frosty period was shortened obviously, the meteorological elements at less stable. Compared with 1951-2010, nearly 30 years, frosty temperatures increased 0.9℃, high temperature increased by 5.7%; sunshing time was reduced to 66 h, the increase of 16.7%, increased in precipitation 8.3 mm, much rain and snow, an increase of 5%; cloudy days increased 6 days, the probability increased by 8.3%; windy days in reducing, big blizzard number of changes smoothly. Continuous cloudy scant sunlight, temperatures rose to changes in unstable was climatic characteristics of the winter of Shenyang City, a greater impact on the winter agricultural development, only to improve the facilities for modernization of agricultural equipment, intelligent features, in order to play a better thermal efficiency of resources.

  Climatic Variability of Sunshine Hours Change of Chaozhou During 52 Years 2012, 28 (32):  281-287.  Abstract + ( 839 )   PDF ( 1560008KB )   ( 833 ) In order to research the influence of the change of sunshine duration in Chaozhou City on the crop growth, crop quality and crop yield of the region, based on the Chaozhou meteorological data, including sunshine hours and total cloud amount, low-level cloud amount, vapor pressure and relative humidity of meteorological stations from 1960-2011, the characteristics of sunshine hours change in Chaozhou had been studied with the methods of percentage of sunshine hours anomalies, moving t test, and wavelet analysis. The result indicated that, in terms of Chaozhou, the sunshine hours of 1990s, the earlier of this century and 1960s was the most of the sunshine hours from 1960 to 2011, 1980s was the least. The greatest amplitude season was autumn, the least was summer. Mutation test showed that the age 1990s sunshine hours increased rapidly, mutations occurred in 1994, the sunshine hours the earlier of this century reduced rapidly, mutations occurred in 2004. According to the periods of annual and seasonal sunshine hours change, it would be mainly in the more period for the more significant time scale.

  Analysis on the Temperature Variation in Zhangjiakou Region in the Past 48 Years 2012, 28 (32):  288-292.  Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 708031KB )   ( 700 ) In order to find the characteristics of temperature variation in past 48 years in Zhangjiakou City, and to provide a theoretical basis for agricultural production, the temperature variation of Zhangjiakou Region was analyzed on the basis of statistical methods, such as linear regression, correlation analysis and wavelet cycle by using the temperature data of 13 counties from 1962 to 2009. The results showed that: with altitude decreasing, annual average temperature showed a gradual increasing trend from north to south, and annual difference showed a decreasing one from northwest to southeast in Zhangjiakou region. Temperature standard deviation and coefficient of deviation were less in summer than that in other seasons and diurnal range was relatively small. So the temperature was the most stable and it was the most suitable for agricultural production in summer. The period from 1962 to 1986 kept cold and began to enter a warming one since 1987, with the warmest year of 2007. There was quasi-periodic of 16 years and 23 years on the annual average temperature above the dam, that of 15 years and 22 years below the dam, and inter-annual changing cycles of 8 years and that of 4 years were more obvious. The temperature was rising with the warming rate of 0.4℃/10 a, and 1.0℃/10 a in the period from 1985 to 1998, the maximum warming period, in the region in the past 48 years. There had been no unusual colder year, and abnormally and significantly warmer years appeared in the recent 12 years, on the average temperature in past 48 years.

  The Rainstorm Disaster and Its Risk Assessment Based on GIS in Zhejiang Province 2012, 28 (32):  293-299.  Abstract + ( 875 )   PDF ( 6298215KB )   ( 629 ) In order to assess the rainstorm disaster quantitatively, evaluate its risk and give the good guidance on the high-risk area of rainstorm in Zhejiang Province, where the rainstorms occur frequently. The map of frequency and intensity of rainstorm in the regional scale in Zhejiang Province were drawn to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the rainstorm, using observation data of 66 weather stations during 1971 to 2010, and combined with social-economic data in the statistical yearbook, the vulnerability index, evaluation index and the storm risk index were calculated based on GIS. The results showed that rainstorms were usually occurred in western, southern and southeast coast of Zhejiang. High-frequency rainstorm in eastern area was caused by typhoon weather system while in western area was due to the rainy season. May to September was the concentration period of rainstorm, rainstorm days in June accounted for 26% of the full-year. The frequency of rainstorm expressed an increasing trend at inter-annual scale since the late 1980s. Damaged large areas which resulted by the rainstorms in Zhejiang distributed in the developed cities and coastal regions. The risk analysis showed that the risk in southeast coast, northeastern and western regions were higher, while the risk in central, western mountainous areas and underdeveloped region were relatively lower. Assessing the risk of rainstorm at real-time had an active role in the promotion of disaster prevention, because rainstorm disaster influenced the socio-economic significantly. The rainstorm risk assessment by using the risk indexes was applied on the typical rainy season in 2011, the results showed that evaluation by this method and the actual situation was consistent, the risk indexes could be applied to rainstorm disaster assessment in real-time.

  The Analysis on the Patent Protection of Transgenic Wheat in China 2012, 28 (32):  300-305.  Abstract + ( 853 )   PDF ( 757148KB )   ( 648 ) The purpose of this study is to investigate the patent situation of transgenic wheat in China, and to provide reference for the R & D direction and the policy making. The patent data of the transgenic wheat had been retrieved in the SIPO patent database, and analyzed on the annual distribution, the legal status, the assignee information and the technology categories. The patent applications of the domestic applicants account for 85% of the total amount, in which the applications of the domestic enterprise account for 2.2%, while the ratio about the foreign enterprises was 83%. In addition, the patents about the adversity gene account for 52%, followed by the patents about the resistance gene and the quality gene, both with 16%. The results showed that, the patent application amount from the domestic applicants was more than that from the foreign applicants, while the domestic enterprises were still not the main force. In addition, we found that the genes on disease and insect resistance, anti-adversity and improving the quality had the problem of single function. Therefore, our government might create an environment conducive to innovative institutional mechanisms and policy environment, and gave full play to enterprises in the main role of independent innovation; and on the aspect of the technical research and development, we should pay more attention on the multi-function genes; and the enterprises and scientific research units also should strengthen the awareness of the patent protection and accomplish patent arrangements.

  Soil Moisture Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks and WebGIS 2012, 28 (32):  306-311.  Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 1405828KB )   ( 760 ) In order to solve the difficult problems such as data storage, sending of portable test instruments and real-time monitoring and analysis in soil moisture monitoring. Soil moisture monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks and WebGIS technology was established. The design of the whole system, which had STC singlechip as the core chips, GPRS module and GPS module were integrated. Real-time acquisition and wireless transmission of soil moisture data were achieved through the wireless sensor networks technology. Database was set up to receive data. GIS technology was combined with soil moisture monitoring by the secondary development of SuperMap IS.NET and SQL Server technology. The results of soil moisture were obtained through the analysis of the content of soil water based on the depth of soil and growing time of crops. The shows of the information of monitoring sites, the curve of soil moisture content and isoline map on Web server were realized. The foundation and use of the system had far-reaching implications for agriculture production.

  Study on Model of Urban and Rural Tourism Interaction in Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone 2012, 28 (32):  312-316.  Abstract + ( 711 )   PDF ( 700593KB )   ( 711 ) The development of urban and rural tourism interaction plays an important role in promoting regional economic development and ecological protection. Based on analysis of dynamic mechanism of urban and rural tourism interactive development in Poyang Lake ecological economic zone, the qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used in researching the model of urban and rural tourism interaction. The study considered that Nanchang City should become both the largest tourist origin and the largest tourist destination to develop urban tourism and rural tourism till to form the model of urban and rural tourism interaction in Poyang Lake ecological economic zone, to achieve urban-rural integration, to improve the competitiveness of regional tourism, to develop regional economy and to protect water in Poyang Lake against pollution.