Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.34 Published:05 December 2012

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  Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a NAC Transcription Factor HbNAC1 from Hevea brasiliensis 2012, 28 (34):  1-11.  Abstract + ( 1148 )   PDF ( 2294551KB )   ( 1059 ) In order to identify the role of plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors in the growth and development, stress responses and hormone regulation of Hevea brasiliensis, the HbNAC1 gene was cloned and analyzed. The sequence of HbNAC1 was cloned from cDNA using RACE-PCR based on the EST sequence isolated from the cDNA library of Hevea brasiliensis latex. Bioinformatics analysis showed that HbNAC1 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 891 bp, encoding a neutral, unstable, water-soluble protein with 296 amino acids. The HbNAC1 protein with a conserved NAC domain in the N-terminus and highly divergent C-terminus had the basic characteristics of the NAC transcription factors. It was predicted to locate in the nucleus and contain three glycosylation sites and twenty-one phosphorylation sites. The tertiary structure of HbNAC1 was predicted to be consisted of three α-helices and nine β-sheets. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that HbNAC1 was a member of NAC transcription factor family belonging to ANAC011 subgroup, and proposed to participate in regulation of plant immunity response as a specific enzyme related to amino-acid biosynthesis.

  Comparing Study on Several Methods for DNA Extraction of Ganoderma pseudoferreum 2012, 28 (34):  12-16.  Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 885649KB )   ( 792 ) The aim was to screen the suitable DNA extraction method for Ganoderma pseudoferreum of rubber tree and evaluate the effect. The purity and output of Ganoderma pseudoferreum DNA extracted by three improved method including CTAB, benzyl chloride and SDS were compared via ultraviolet absorption spectrum and agarose gel electrophoresis. The best method was used to extract the DNA of five culture time (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 d) and detected by ITS-PCR. The purity and output via improved CTAB showed the best results, OD260/OD280 was 1.82-1.84 and DNA concentration was 280 μg/mL. Cultivating for 4-8 d was the suitable time for DNA extraction and PCR detection. The improved CTAB method was suitable for Ganoderma pseudoferreum DNA extraction.

  A Preliminary Study on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in the Leaves of Different Hevea brasiliensis Cultivars 2012, 28 (34):  17-21.  Abstract + ( 994 )   PDF ( 828713KB )   ( 679 ) In order to investigate the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of 3 Hevea brailiensis cultivars adopted universally in China, it will lay a foundation for the research on resistance of rubber tree. In this study, the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of three Hevea brailiensis cultivars, GT1, RRIM600, PR107 were investigated by using the chlorophyll fluorescence technique. The results showed that: the apparent electron transport rate (ETR) in the leaves of GT1 was significantly higher than the other two cultivars, the PSII actual photosynthetic quantum yield Y(II) and non-photochemical reaction dissipation (Ex) were slightly higher than the other two cultivars; the Fv/Fm, Fo, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fo, Y(NPQ), qP in the leaves of RRIM600 were slightly higher than the other two cultivars, while qN was significantly higher than the other two cultivars. All those indicated that the primary light energy capture efficiency and electron transfer ability in GT1 were higher than the other two cultivars, the proportion of the absorption of light energy for photochemical reaction was less; the photosynthetic potential and light adaption in the leaves of RRIM600 were better than the other two cultivars, more photosynthate for the growth of tree and the synthesis of latex might be synthesized by leaves under the suitable condition.

  Effects of Nitrogen Nutrition on Seedling Growth and Photosynthesis Characteristics of Camellia semiserrata Chi. 2012, 28 (34):  22-26.  Abstract + ( 900 )   PDF ( 737260KB )   ( 771 ) In order to explore the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Camellia semiserrata Chi., an exponential fertilization trial was conducted with 6 nitrogen dose levels (applying a total of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 mg/seedling in this experiment) of nitrogen to research the effects of different nitrogen levels on height’ ground diameter’ biomass and photosynthetic physiology characters of Camellia semiserrata Chi. It was indicated that: nitrogen exponential fertilization could bring a significant impact on growth and photosynthetic physiology of seedlings. (1) The heights of Camellia semiserrata Chi. fertilized by 0 mg/seedling achieved the worst effect. The height and ground diameter of Camellia semiserrata Chi. fertilized by 4000 mg/seedling achieved the maximum, the biomass fertilized by 1000 mg/seedling achieved the maximum. From the growth performance of Camellia semiserrata Chi. among different treatments, nitrogen had a greater impact on height than biomass and the effect on ground diameter was the least. (2) Effects of varied nitrogen exponential fertilization treatments on photosynthetic characteristics of Camellia semiserrata Chi. showed similar law. The net photosynthetic rate showed 2 times increasing firstly and then reducing. With the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the changing trend of the transpiration rate and internal CO2 concentration kept consistent with the changing trend of stomata conductance.

  The Study on Seed Quality and Germination Characteristics of Cyclobalanopsis gilva (Bl.) Oerst. 2012, 28 (34):  27-30.  Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 601405KB )   ( 885 ) In order to shorten seed germination time, enhance seed germination rate, study the influence coming from endocarp, seed coat, thiourea and different concentrations of gibberellins on seed germination, the author chose the Cyclobalanopsis gilva (Bl.) Oerst seed for the materials, determined the seed quality index, mastered the basic characteristics. The results showed that: (1) the Cyclobalanopsis gilva (Bl.) Oerst seed was cylindrical and seed was smooth. The color of seed was brown. The whole seed structure removed coat was a total embryo without endosperm structure, the average length of seed was (1.82±0.35) cm, and its width was (1.35±0.08) cm, average hilum length was (0.76±0.36) cm, average cupule length was (1.61±0.18) cm, average cupule inside was (1.60±0.09) cm, average cupule height was (0.698±0.102) cm. Hundred-grain was (150.1±40.95) g. The seed moisture content was around 40%. In its nature habitation, the seed germination percentage was 44.2%, germination time was 68d. (2) Subtract endocarp, germination time significantly reduced, and germination rate significantly increased. The author removed the endocarp and seed coat, seed germination time was the shortest and germination rate reached 66.5%. By 4% thiourea treatment, also shorten germination time, germination rate was 56.5%. By 200 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg GA3 two treatment in different degrees separately, germination rate was 34.0%, 45.8%, achieving the better effect on 600 mg/kg treatment.

  Study on Water Temperature and Treating Time in Soaking Seed of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. 2012, 28 (34):  31-35.  Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 706405KB )   ( 719 ) In order to understand the influence of water temperature and treating time on seed imbibition volume and seed vigor of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., the soaking tests with different water temperature and treating time were carried on, and the water absorption and vitality of the seed was determined. The results showed that: seed imbibition volume continually increased with the increasing water temperature or treating time. The seed vigor was higher under the condition of water temperature 20-50℃, treating time 6-12 h. Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seeds soaking water temperature should be below 50℃, in this temperature range, different soaking time was required for maximum vitality. Soaking time was 6 h with 20-30℃ temperature water, and soaking time was 4 h with 40-50℃ temperature water.

  Seedling growth performance of Toona ciliata elite trees progeny 2012, 28 (34):  36-39.  Abstract + ( 799 )   PDF ( 589621KB )   ( 680 ) In order to establish genetic improvement research foundation of Toona ciliate, the author studied on seedling propagation of 20 Toona ciliate elite trees progenys of Hunan and investigated the growth condition of seedling height and ground diameter. After statistically analyzing, 4 fast-growing improved families in seedling period of of Toona ciliate were screened out based on selecting rate of 20%, those were TC-5, TC-6, TC-12 and TC-15. The average seedling height of 4 fast-growing improved families was 86.87 cm, which was 16.1% larger than that of whole 20 families with the figure of 74.85 cm. The average ground diameter of 4 fast-growing improved families was 10.4 mm, which was 10.6% larger than that of whole 20 families with the figure of 9.4 mm. There were extremely significant differences both in seedling height and ground diameter among families. It showed that there was good selecting and breeding potentiality among half-sib families for their abundant variation. However, the growth performance in seedling period could not demonstrate the growth law during whole life time but could help researchers finish early selection of selecting and breeding of Toona ciliate improved families.

  Observation of Leaves of Liriodendron by Scanning Electron Microscope 2012, 28 (34):  40-45.  Abstract + ( 865 )   PDF ( 5575099KB )   ( 928 ) Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) was used to examine leaf epidermal features of 4 species (or varieties) in Liriodendron. The results showed that the upper epidermal cells were irregular, sinuous and ripply, and covered with cuticle and wax. The lower epidermal cells were arranged in no regulation. The stomata were ellipse shape and distributed in lower epidermis. There were two crescent shaped guard cells and two reniform subsidiary cells around the stomata. The structure of leaf veins was also similar. On the other hand, the structure and shape of lower epidermal cells, the thickness and ornamentation of epidermal cuticles, and the density and size of stoma were micro—morphological differences among them. The leaf micro-morphological features had important effect on identifying the inter-species relationship of Liriodendron.

  Study on the Bud Species, Anatomical Structure and the Growth Rule of Branch Forming in Magnolia Linn., Yulania Spach and Michelia Linn. 2012, 28 (34):  46-52.  Abstract + ( 899 )   PDF ( 684020KB )   ( 1009 ) In order to find out the science, authenticity of syllepsis and prolepsis in Magnolia subfamily, and its application prospects in the subfamily classification system, the author selected the representative species of the Magnolia Linn., Yulania Spach and Michelia Linn.: Magnolia grandiflora Linn., Yulania denudate (Desr.) D.L.Fu and Michelia gelida T.B.Zhao, Z.X.Chen et D.L.Fu, and investigated theis bud types, branching habit, etc., and the structure of the bud by anatomical observation. The results indicated that: there were 4 types of bud on the current year’s branches of Magnolia grandiflora Linn: blind bud, dormant bud, leafbud and mixed bud, 3 types of Yulania denudate (Desr.) D.L.Fu: dormant bud, leafbud and Yulania-alabastra and 4 types of Michelia gelida T.B.Zhao, Z.X.Chen et D.L.Fu: dormant bud, leafbud, alabastrum and mixed bud. At the same time, it was first discovered that Michelia Linn. consisted mixed bud and monochasial cyme. Moreover, there were obvious differences between mixed bud and Yulania-alabastra of the three genus. So this finding had a systematic significance. Secondly, syllepsis and prolepsis proposed by R.B. Figlar had different foundation, so there was no comparable and systematic significance. The plants liked Magnolia grandiflora Linn. had the phenomenon of prolepsis and prolepsis-syllepsis, but no syllepsis. As the different condition of tree species, site condition, cultivation measures and tree-age, the branching rule of these plants had obvious differences. So it was inappropriate to incorporate Michelia into Magnolia by R.B. Figlar according to different branching habit.

  Optimization of RAPD System for Photinia faseri 2012, 28 (34):  53-57.  Abstract + ( 844 )   PDF ( 1045461KB )   ( 799 ) The reference for the research on the diversity and resource of Photinia faseri and the identification of the relation of its varieties were provided through establish and study the stable system of RAPD reaction. The genomic DNA of Photinia faseri was successfully extracted with the improved CTAB method and studied the concentrations of Mg2+, dNTPs and primer, and the dosages of template DNA and TaqDNA polymerase which could influence the results of RAPD by the single factor design, established the suitable system of RAPD reaction for Photinia faseri. The results showed that the optimized RAPD reaction conditions were 10×PCR Buffer 2.5 μL, Mg2+ (25mmol/L) 2.0 μL, primer (20 μmol/L) 2.0 μL, dNTPs(2.5 mmol/L) 1.8 μL, DNA (49.5 μg/mL) 2.0 μL, Taq polymerase 0.3 μL (5 U/μL) in a total of 25 μL reaction system. The appropriate PCR procedure was pre-denaturing at 94℃ for 4 min, followed 44 cycles (denaturing at 94℃ for 30 s，annealing at 36℃ for 30 s, extending at 72℃ for 2 min), extending at 72℃ for 10 min and preserving at 16℃. The genomic DNA of Photinia faseri was successfully extracted with the improved CTAB method and the reaction system was established for the procedure of RAPD by the single factor design, through the repeat tests showed that this system was stable and reliable, and could be used in the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of Photinia faseri, it laid the foundation to research Photinia faseri in molecular biology.

  Study on the Mix Recipe Screening in Areca catechu Embryo Culture 2012, 28 (34):  58-62.  Abstract + ( 895 )   PDF ( 618262KB )   ( 820 ) Using the areca catechu ‘Reyan No.1’ immature embryo as explants for embryo culture, using orthogonal design method to study the different medium, sucrose and active carbon concentration on Areca catechu embryo in vitro culture on the seedling growth effect. Through the analysis of variance and difference significance test, the best formula of combination evaluation, priority sequence of evaluation index considering was: the bud height→the longest root length→bud base diameter→root number. MS medium was the best in all medium, It can both satisfy the bud and root growth needs. Activated carbon significantly beneficial to take root and growth of root elongation, when used 4 g/L of activated carbon, the quantity of root and growth of root grew well, sucrose promoted root and bud growth, with the increase of adding amount of activated carbon, growth index showed low-high-low unimodal curve trend, 40 g/L sucrose concentration on bud growth best effect. This study concluded that the best formula of combination was: MS medium+ 4 g/L activated carbon+ 40 g/L sucrose..

  The Effect of Salicylic Acid on Coumarin Content in Fraxinus Hybrid Cell 2012, 28 (34):  63-69.  Abstract + ( 1009 )   PDF ( 980155KB )   ( 938 ) In order to study the effects of SA on the contents of coumarins in the suspension cultured cells of Fraxinus Hybrid which paved the way for establishing plant cell suspension cultures of Fraxinus Hybrid, three different concentration of SA (25, 50, 100 mg/L) were applied in the suspension cultured cells which had been cultured for 96 h. Then the cell growth and content of coumarins were determined at 8 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after treatment. The results showed that the signal molecule SA raised the contents and productions of coumarin and fraxinol to different respectively. Among the three concentrations, 100 mg/L of SA brought the best effect to coumarins accumulation. The content and production of fraxinol in the suspension cultured cells which was harvested at 72 h after treatment were 0.5704 mg/g and 0.2595 mg which were 114.59 % and 35.03% higher than control, respectively. The variation trends of the content and production of coumarin were the same; they reached the maximum at 72 h after treatment and were 0.2470 mg/g and 0.1124 mg which were 112.39% and 56.56% higher than the control. It concluded that the appropriate concentrations of SA could effectively promote the accumulation of coumarins in Fraxinus interspecific hybrid suspension cell.

  The Characteristics of Soil Water Soluble Organic Carbon Under Different Types of Phyllostachys edulis Forest in Anfu, Jiangxi Province 2012, 28 (34):  70-74.  Abstract + ( 951 )   PDF ( 688134KB )   ( 740 ) In order to study the dynamic characteristics of soil active organic carbon pool in Moso bamboo forest, and explore the stable mechanism of soil organic carbon of Moso bamboo forest, 5 kinds of stand type (pure Moso bamboo forest, mixed forest of Moso bamboo and broad-leaved tree, mixed forest of Moso bamboo and Chinese fir, broadleaf forest, Chinese fir forest) had been chosen in Anfu, Jiangxi Province. The seasonal variation and profile distribution of soil hot-water extractable carbon (HWcC) was exposed, and the relationship between soil HWcC and soil total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed. The results showed that there was great difference in soil HWcC under different types of Moso bamboo forest. The order of soil HWcC in 0-60 cm soil layer was mixed forest of Moso bamboo and broad-leaved tree (1047.14 mg/kg)>broadleaf forest (952.49 mg/kg)>pure Moso bamboo forest (912.39 mg/kg)>mixed forest of Moso bamboo and Chinese fir (879.22 mg/kg)>Chinese fir forest (851.63 mg/kg). The seasonal variation of soil HWcC had significant, and winter was significantly higher than other seasons. There had significant among different soil layers. The average content of soil HWcC decreased with increasing soil depth, and the surface accumulation effect was obviously. The proportion between the soil HWcC and TOC from 7.16% to 7.38%, was higher than broadleaf forest (6.79%) and lower than Chinese fir forest (8.46%). The relationship of soil HWcC and TOC had significant under mixed forest of Moso bamboo and broad-leaved tree and Chinese fir, and the correlation coefficients were 0.88 and 0.92, respectively.

  Calculation and Comparison of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Liaoning Province 2012, 28 (34):  75-79.  Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 1513459KB )   ( 675 ) In order to enhance the understanding to NPP distribution of Liaoning Province, and provide reference for evaluation of land suitability, agricultural climate division and rational utilization of climatic resources. Using H2O-heat-optimized NPP model and comprehensive NPP mode, NPP in Liaoning Province was calculated to find an optimal model through comparing the calculating results with the measured data and the remote sensing data. The characters of annual and decadal NPP were analyzed. Based on the multiplex regression equation, the NPP was carried out spatial interpolation with longitude, latitude, DEM and its derived data. And spatial distribution of NPP was investigated. The results showed that: the calculation of comprehensive model was 551.2254-1142.747 g/(m2?a), which was most close to the recommended values, and NPP wave like ascended with time. For the three NPP models, the maximum appeared in Dandong of the south and the minimum value appeared in Chaoyang of the north. NPPs spatial distribution of the two models both showed that the lower value appeared in northwest and the higher appeared in southeast. Comprehensive model were more feasible to calculate NPP of Liaoning Province.

  The Characteristics of Plant Diversity and Vertical Distribution Pattern of Viola L. After Ice-disaster 2012, 28 (34):  80-84.  Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 649059KB )   ( 723 ) In order to exposit the influence of ice-disaster on the plant diversity and the vertical distribution pattern of Viola L., which were investigated and analyzed at 5 different altitudinal gradients from 350 m to 1400 m in Yangdongshan Shierdushui nature reserve after ice-disaster by the sample line and strip method. And the contrastive analysis was carried on between these data and the results of Li Changhan, etc. in 2005 before ice-disaster. The results showed that: the number of Viola species was in the order of 7, 12, 12, 8 and 3 from low altitude to high with approximately 200 m for each gradient. The change trend of species richness of Viola was ‘clock’ type curve. More species abundance appeared at elevation of 600-1000 m, in which it had good illumination and hydrothermal condition. Because the difference of Viola plants habitat was remarkable, species composition was significantly different among the altitudinal gradients. The nearer the height, the greater the similarity coefficient was. Compared before and after ice-disaster, the plant diversity and vertical distribution pattern of Viola L. was the characteristic of ‘the inverse correlation’ and ‘the middle inflation’. It could draw the conclusion that ice-disaster had no effect on the plant diversity and vertical distribution pattern of Viola, and that the persistent root herbs had strong ability of resisting ice disaster on certain degree.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Small Molecular Hydrophobin Protein hyb2 Gene from Trichoderma asperellum T4 2012, 28 (34):  85-91.  Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 1480191KB )   ( 718 ) In order to investigate the function of Small molecular hydrophobin protein hyb2 in biocontrol fugi Trichoderma asperellum T4, the series of primers were designed based on the known cDNA fragments of small molecular hydrophobin protein hyb2, with the total RNA and the genome DNA extracted from Trichoderma asperellum T4 as the template, using PCR method, the full length cDNA and DNA sequence of hyb2 gene finally were obtained, their accession numbers were JX014433, JX185070, respectively. The cDNA sequence of hyb2 was 321 bp in length, encoding 106 amino acids. BlastP search indicated that hyb2 shared the highest similarity 87% with Tahyd5a of T. atroviride (ABS59366). Furthermore, signalP prediction showed that the hyb2 amino acid sequence was cleaved by signal peptidase between positions 16 and 17 (AFA||AP). Pfam protein family prediction showed that Hyb2 protein belonged to hydrophobin_2 superfamily. To obtain homologous gene sequences of hydrophobin protein hyb2 from the genome databases of T. virens Gv29-8 and T. atroviride ATCC74058, the amino acids sequences of hyb2 from T. asperellum T4 was used to as queries, resulting that 9 and 8 hydrophobin sequences with high similarity were obtained, respectively. Hydrophobin proteins hyb2 shared the highest 87% and 70% similarity with hyb-a-1 and hyb-v-2, located on T. atroviride ATCC74058 scaffold 5 and T. virens Gv29-8 scaffold 22, respectively.

  Analysis of Artificial Rainfall Effects Aircraft on Forest Fire Fighting on April 17th 2012, 28 (34):  92-101.  Abstract + ( 859 )   PDF ( 6562873KB )   ( 666 ) In order to get the characteristics and regulation of aircraft artificial rainfall work in emergency meteorological services, such as the forest fire fighting, background weather conditions of precipitation process and changes of in-cloud microphysical parameters after the feeding operation were analyzed by using data of cloud physics obtained from one artificial rainfall operation over the forest fire in Funing Region, Qinhuangdao, on April 17th, combined with data of weather, satellite and radar. The result showed that after the operation, the cloud body had a significant development with a increasing of cloud droplet water content. Cloud droplet concentration increased by approximately 30%-50% .Both the ice crystal concentration in the central part of cloud and precipitation particles in cloud showed an obvious increase. Precipitation in areas near the fire spot was 0.3-5.0 mm, which was vital for the firefighting. There were mainly 3 reasons which constrained the precipitation amount. Firstly, the weak westerly trough system was in north which narrowed the cloud band over the fire zone; Secondly, the cloud water content was low with a maximum value of 1.318 g/m3, so was the relative humidity in the early stage; Last but not the least, the stratocumulus which was under the altostratus was weak and there was a dry layer between these two, which could affect the formation and development of the precipitation particles.

  Study on Winter Survival of the 1-Year-Old Seedlings of 19 Landscaping Tree Species 2012, 28 (34):  102-107.  Abstract + ( 860 )   PDF ( 617142KB )   ( 797 ) In this experiment, freezing injuries in winter for the 1-year-old seedlings of 19 landscaping tree species common in the central Shanxi were compared to examine the winter survival ability of landscaping tree seedlings and to provide a practical reference guide for seedling propagation in the area. The results indicated: (1) the 1-year-old seedlings of Acer mono, Platycladus orientalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Euonymus bungeanus, Koelreuteria paniculata, Gleditsia japonica, Syringa reticulata and Ligustrum obtusifolum could safely survive winter in the area, without or with little freezing injuries. Seedling propagation is appropriate for these species in the area. (2) The seedlings of Firmiana simplex and Hibiscus syriacus suffered most serious freezing injuries, resulting in very low survival rates despite under protection in the winter. Seedling propagation is not appropriate for the two species in the area. (3) The seedlings of Cornus alba, Albizia julibrissin, Pterocarya stenoptera, Acer negundo, Platanus acerifolia, Cercis chinensis, Toona sinensis, Lagerstroemia indica and Catalpa bungei suffered varying degrees of freezing injuries and needed to be observed in the second even third winters to decide if seedling propagation is appropriate for these species in this area. (4) The freezing injury index with properly weighted class 4 could more objectively reflect and compare freezing injuries of the different tree seedlings. The results from this study could provide a practical reference guide for seedling propagation of the 19 species in the area.

  Effects of SO2 Stress on physiological indexes of Prunus cerasifera Var. atropurea 2012, 28 (34):  108-111.  Abstract + ( 890 )   PDF ( 708852KB )   ( 624 ) Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of SO2 stress on the physiological parameters in Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea seedlings by utilizing a simple static fumigation system, in order to provide a theoretical guide for cultivating Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea in contaminated areas. The results showed that, with the increment of SO2 concentration, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased continuously, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity increased during the first period, but declined afterwards, while cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (Pro) content and soluble protein content rose in different degrees. The value of these four parameters was 194.2%, 112.06%, 70.51% and 97.77% higher than that of control respectively when SO2 concentration reached to 22.86 mg/m3. It was concluded that the metabolites in the leaves of Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea increased consistently continuously and thus SO2 resistance was promoted with the increment of SO2 concentration. However, the antioxidant enzyme system was damaged when SO2 concentration exceeded 17.14 mg/m3, which indicated that Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea was not suitable to be cultivated in these areas. Farther research was also needed to testify this conclusion.

  Natural Regeneration Pattern of Urban Forests in Harbin 2012, 28 (34):  112-118.  Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 1003247KB )   ( 778 ) In order to strengthen the urban protects of the variety of vegetation biodiversity and reasonable utilization, to perfect the system of ecology theory about the urban vegetation, the author did a lot of research about Harbin urban forest natural succession pattern. The author decided to adopt the vegetation sociology research combine with every wood investigation research, researching 11 kinds of urban forest natural regeneration pattern in Harbin. The results showed that the difference kinds and quantities of composition about the woody plants under the forest different types of urban forest in maintaining woody plant diversity were quite different. Based on frequency distribution of DBH, population structure of each tree species fell into 3 types: unimodal type, L type and sporadic type. In the case, 4 representative species belonged to unimodal type: Populus berolinensis, Pinus tabulaeformis var. mukdensis, Larix gmelini, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolic; 4 L-types were: Populus davidiana, Phellodendron amurense, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Ulmus pumila; 3 sporadic types were: Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, and Picea koraiensis. It was suggested that the habitat, the seed resources and the seed dispersal pattern were the key limitation of urban forests.

  Study on the Manmade Plants Community Characteristics of the Magnolia multiflora for Ecological Restoration 2012, 28 (34):  119-123.  Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 601220KB )   ( 720 ) The manmade plants community, Magnolia multiflora, was chosen as ecological restoration methods for the slope engineering of the expressway from Changde to Jishou in Hunan Province. In order to understand the characteristics of plants community, the community composition, structure, folra and important value of manmade plants community were analyzed. The results were showed that: (1) there were 17 species, belonged to 9 families, 17 generas; (2) The number of cosmopolitan families was higher than tropical families at the families level, while at the genus level, the temperate genus displayed dominate position; (3) The vertical structure of community was divided in tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The tree layer had single species, in shrub layer, Magnolia multiflora was the dominant species, there were a wealth of species in herb layer; (4) Important value of Magnolia multiflora was the largest in shrub layer, but the important value was very small in herb layer, which could not extrude the dominant species, but they could enrich species diversity. The result indicated that Magnolia multiflora could adapt to the slope environment with dominate position.Key words: ecological restoration; Magnolia multiflora; characteristics of plants community; Changde-Jishou expressway

  Proposal for Developing Alternative Nature Rubber Producing Crops and Techniques 2012, 28 (34):  124-130.  Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 615133KB )   ( 1046 ) In order to summary the notable progresses achieved recently in exploiting alternative natural rubber producing crops and approaches, and evaluate its potential threats to the current natural rubber industry basing on the para rubber tree cultivation. The pressing issues in country level natural rubber supply and producing situation, alternative approaches for nature rubber supply and their progresses were summarized in this paper to arouse the awareness of researchers and policymakers. It was suggested that relevant investigations and researches should be implemented for the alternative rubber producing crops and techniques such as guayule, recombinant Russian dandelion and Eucommia.

  Main Problems and Its Development Countermeasures for the Construction of Standardization System of Oil-tea Camellia 2012, 28 (34):  131-137.  Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 648985KB )   ( 939 ) In order to make the production, management, products and services of oil-tea camellia realize normalized, scientific and standardized, and make economic, social and ecological benefits reach the maximum, analysis of the development of the oil-tea camellia industry in China, a detailed description of significance of oil-tea camellia standardization were given in the paper. Some effective countermeasures were proposed based on the present situation of the development and existing problems of the construction of standardization system of oil-tea camellia. Improving the oil-tea camellia standardization technology system, giving full play to the role of demonstration and driving of the standardized demonstration area were needed in oil-tea camellia standardization. It was also needed to establish a kind of operational mechanism of standardization which was controlled by government pushing, market pulling, enterprises driving and peasants participating, and participate in international standards formulation to a high degree, so as to improve standardization level of oil-tea camellia and international influence constantly.

  Utilization of Waste of Flue-cured Tobacco on the Basic Tobacco Fields 2012, 28 (34):  138-142.  Abstract + ( 1097 )   PDF ( 655058KB )   ( 1557 ) Comprehensive utilization of waste was related to not only the basic tobacco fields of the economic interests of farmers, but also the tobacco industry and environmental pollution solution. Based on the optimization tobacco structure policy of the National Tobacco Bureau, this paper introduced the previous study of comprehensive utilization of waste tobacco for tobacco waste generated of the fields by the rational use to provide a theoretical basis and methods of learning, in order to get a purpose of wealth and clean tobacco production of tobacco waste.

  Research Advance in Defense Mechanisms Involved in Disease Resistance of Grafted Watermelon 2012, 28 (34):  143-147.  Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 567180KB )   ( 887 ) This paper reviewed the current research progress on cultivation effect and defense mechanisms involved in disease resistance of grafted watermelon at domestic and abroad, summarized the grafting methods and compared their advantages and disadvantages, introduced the cultivation effects of grafted watermelon, discussed the resistant mechanisms associated with grafting, including histology resistant, physiology and biochemistry resistant and grafting-induced resistant, meanwhile, the absence in current research and the research direction in the future work were also discussed. The authors thought that breeding of the excellent rootstock varieties and studies on resistant mechanism of grafted plant in molecular level should be strengthened, which would be of scientific significance in enriching disease-resistance theory of grafted plant.

  Research Advances in Molecular Mechanism of Stress-induced Flowering 2012, 28 (34):  148-153.  Abstract + ( 962 )   PDF ( 547094KB )   ( 1056 ) Flowering is controlled by a set of genes that are affected by environmental conditions through an alteration in their expression pattern. This ensures the production of flowers even when plants are growing under adverse conditions. In this review recent findings on the epigenetic changes associated with flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under abiotic stress conditions such as cold, drought, and high salinity are discussed. These epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation and histone modifications. It was shown that there was a crucial relationship between the epigenetic modifications associated with floral initiation and development and modifications associated with stress tolerance. This relationship was demonstrated by the common epigenetic pathways through which plants control both flowering and stress tolerance.

  Analysis on variation of NPK-nutrient efficiency in Saccharum relative genus 2012, 28 (34):  154-160.  Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 594680KB )   ( 715 ) In order to screen sugarcane germplasms of high nutrient efficiencies and breed sugarcane varieties for high nutrient efficiencies, the experiment was conducted to investigate the variations of shoot dry weight, plant absorption efficiency and utilization efficiency of N, P, K in 40 Saccharum relative genus by hierarchical cluster method. The results showed that the plant shoot dry weight of Saccharum relative genus ranged from 1.26 to 39.6 kg per hill, the coefficient of variation was 75.92%. The shoot dry weight of Yunnan 82-85 was only 40.78% of napier grass 82-21, but plant utilization efficiency of N, P, K was 4.9, 1.7 and 3.2 fold of Yunnan 82-85 compared with those of enapier grass 82-21, respectively. The ranges of shoot DW, plant absorption efficiency and utilization efficiency of N, P, K in Saccharum relative genus were so large that they could be classified into some clusters. The differences among clusters were significant, and plant nutrition efficiency among N, P, K were also significant differences in the same clusters. The above results provide useful information for breeding novel sugarcane germplasms for high nutrient efficiencies and elucidating the mechanism of high nutrient efficiency in sugarcane.

  Relationship Between Picking Methods and Quality of Upper Leaf in Flue-cured Tobacco 2012, 28 (34):  161-165.  Abstract + ( 947 )   PDF ( 664967KB )   ( 738 ) In order to improve the chemical composition and content of volatile aromatic matter of upper leaves and increase the usability of the upper leaves in flue-cured tobacco. The experiment in the effects of threes different harvesting ways (including common picking method (T1), concentrated picking method (T2), and harvesting with stalk (T3)) by tobacco variety ‘Yunyan 87’ were studied. The results indicated that: (1) compared with the commonly used picking method, the harvesting with stalk could increase total sugar content, reducing sugar content and K content, and decrease total N and nicotine, but the content of chlorine did not show large difference between the harvesting with stalk and common picking method. The effects of concentrated picking method (T2) treatment between common picking methods (T1) and harvesting with stalk (T3). (2) The harvesting with stalk could increase significantly the degrading level of chromoplast pigments, the neoplytadiene content of T3 (harvesting with stalk) was 1.61 times for T1, and the content of degraded by carotene of T3 (harvesting with stalk) was 1.61 times for T1 in upper leaf in flue-cured tobacco. (3) The degrading level of non-chromoplast pigment was accelerated markedly with harvesting with stalk in upper leaf in flue-cured tobacco. The content of solanone, maillard reaction and products of aromatic amino acid metabolism by the harvesting with stalk were higher than the common picking method, increased by 28.64%, 28.94%, and 31.79%, respectively. Therefore, it was an effective way to coordinate the chemical composition of cured leaf and to improve the quality of upper leaves by harvesting with stalk, and to increase the usability of upper flue-cured tobacco leaved.

  Construction and Optimization of AFLP Analysis System for Bolting Trait in Radish 2012, 28 (34):  166-171.  Abstract + ( 905 )   PDF ( 868818KB )   ( 745 ) Abstract: Taking radish ‘Chun xue zong tai’ as materials, six key factors of AFLP analysis system such as the digestion time of DNA, the different levels of concentration of each enzyme , Mg2+, dNTPs, the dilution ratio of response template and the number of amplification cycles were studied. The optimization system of AFLP makers linked to bolting trait in radish was established. The result showed: 400ng radish DNA were digested with 0.2μL EcoR I and 0.2μL Mse I at 37℃ for 10min and then 65℃for 10 min. Then 5μL digestion products were made a ligation mixture with 0.5μL EcoR I adapter, 0.5μL Mse I adapter and 0.5μL T4 DNA Ligase at 22℃ for overnight in 20μL.The pre-amplification system in 15μL was set up with 5μL 5-times dilutions of Ligation products,10μmol/L pre-selective amplification primers 0.6μL respectively, Mg2+1μL, dNTPs1.5μL,Taq DNA Polymerase0.2μL and ddH2O 4.6μL by 35 cycles. After diluting the pre-amplification samples by 20 times, the selective amplification system was set up with 5μL the pre-amplification dilution products and selective amplification primers 0.6μLrespectively, the concentration of other components was the same as the pre-amplification system in 15μL. The applicability of the optimization system of AFLP makers was verified with 16 radish varieties, which belonged to five ecotypes. Its electrophoresis strips were clear and polymorphism was rich.

  Research on Hormone Combination of Genetic Transformation System of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen et Lee 2012, 28 (34):  172-176.  Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 804782KB )   ( 985 ) In order to determine the mixing concentration of auxin and cytokinin (NAA-BAP) which was conducive to the budding of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen et Lee to help further agrobacterium-mediated transformation. This test uses MS medium added with mixing concentration of auxin-cytokinin has been used for cultureing cotyledon petioles of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen et Lee, and also observed the budding. The results showed that mixing concentration of auxin-cytokinin have different effects on cotyledon petioles of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen et Lee budding, when the mixing concentration of auxin-cytokinin for 0.5-1 mg/L, 0.25-2 mg/L were suitable for Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen et Lee budding. So cotyledon petioles of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino var. parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen et Lee budding affected by hormones also needs more extensive research.

  Variety of Sulforaphane Content Among 15 Broccoli Sprouts 2012, 28 (34):  177-183.  Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 1460126KB )   ( 1369 ) High nutrition, rich in sulforaphane, could prevent and inhibit cancer make broccoli sprouts becoming popular in foreign. Composite design of response surface analysis was taken to optimize the extraction of sulforaphane from broccoli sprouts. Then, the optimization extraction method was used to analysis variation of sulforaphane content among 15 broccoli sprouts. The result showed that optimization of extraction method was transonic processing time of 12 min, pH value of 5.0 and hydrolysis time of 4.3 h. There was a significant deference in content of sulforaphane among 15 germplasms of broccoli sprouts. The highest one was CDBY-10 (506.896 μg/g) and the lowest one was CDBY-22 (50.416 μg/g). Most of their contents were between 0-200 μg/g, frequency fitting were not well. Anymore, sulforaphane content in most of the germplasms was in line with late-maturing>early-maturing>mid-maturing. CDBY-10, CDBY-20, CDBY-15 need to be further studied and business developed as high sulforaphane content cultivars.

  Cloning, Characterization and Expression of an ARF-GAP Gene from Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) 2012, 28 (34):  184-189.  Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 1140761KB )   ( 900 ) ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) promote the hydrolysis of GTP bound to Arfs to GDP, which plays a pivotal role in regulating Arfs by converting the active GTP-bound forms of these proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. The positive clone was screened from was screening and isolated from cDNA library of seedling leaves of pepper and was designated as CaAGD8. Sequence analysis showed that the 43.98 kD proteins encoded a polypeptide of 408 amino acid residues and contain an Arf GAP domain. The CaAGD8 with 73% and 71% similarity respectively to the AGD8-Like of grape and soybean and with 65% similarity to the AtAGD8. The real time PCR results showed that compared with control CaAGD8 relative expression was higher in stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of pepper.

  Correlation Analysis on Plant and Soil Nutrient in Apple Orchard of Shandong Province 2012, 28 (34):  190-195.  Abstract + ( 869 )   PDF ( 643732KB )   ( 800 ) In order to guide fertilization scientifically, ‘Red Fuji’ apple was used to study the correlation among mineral elements in branch, leaf, fruit and soil elements in 49 apple orchards of Shandong Province. The results showed that, the difference of soil elements content among sample orchard was obviously, the order of nutrient content in plant was fruit

  Tissue Culture and Establishment of Regeneration System of 5 Varieties of Wine Grapes 2012, 28 (34):  196-201.  Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 866803KB )   ( 732 ) In order to establish in vitro culture and efficient regeneration of plantlet system of wine grape. The author used anther and stem tip of 5 wine grape varieties as explants and utilized the plant tissue culture method, the effect of 2 kinds of explants exogenous hormone, genotype on in vitro tissue culture and regeneration was studied. The results showed that: the effect of callus induction and differentiation of stem lip was better than anther. The stem tips cultured on B5 medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0-2.0 mg/L 6-BA was advantageous to callus induction. The supplementation of 10 mg/L AgNO3 or 1000 mg/L PVP in above medium could better to stimulated callus formation of anther. The appropriate medium for differentiation of callus induced by the stem tip was B5 medium with 0.01 mg/L NAA, 0.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L GA3. The survival rate reached to 100%. In this study, callus induction, shoots dedifferentiation with the stem tip of wine grape and efficient regeneration system of plantlet had been established, which could lay a good foundation for multi-propagation and gene transformation of wine grape.

  Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of MaCSase Gene from Banana 2012, 28 (34):  202-210.  Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 1499042KB )   ( 800 ) In this study, the obtainment and sequence analysis of the cysteine synthase gene from banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group cv. Brazilian) was conducted, and then its expression profiles in different organs and under the stress treatment were also carried out. Through RACE approaches and bioinformatics analysis, the full-length cDNA of the cysteine synthase gene, named as MaCSase, was obtained from root of banana cDNA library, and its sequence characters were also analyzed. The expression levels of MaCSase in different organs and the expression profiles of MaCSase in banana root under the exogenetic stresse were analyzed by Real-time qPCR. Sequence analysis showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of MaCSase was 1367 bp. MaCSase had a 1065 bp open reading frame in length encoding 355 amino acids. Compared with other plants, the homology of MaCSase was more than 79%. The amino acid identity compared with Oryza sativa, Medicago sativa, Allium sativum and Zea mays was 86%, 85%, 84%, 84% respectively. Organs specific analysis showed that MaCSase was constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The expression level was higher in stems. Analysis showed that the expression of MaCSase in the banana root was up-regulated with the increase of the processing time under the salt stress. It was strongly induced at the 6 h stress.

  Establish the two-dimensional electrophoresis system and preliminary proteomics analysis for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense 2012, 28 (34):  211-218.  Abstract + ( 913 )   PDF ( 1545995KB )   ( 749 ) The aims were to optimize the extraction methods of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense intracellular proteins, and establish the two-dimensional electrophoresis system for intracellular proteins. The extraction methods of intracellular proteins were optimize based on the past reports, proteins for two-dimensional electrophoresis were extracted, and mass spectrum was used to identify the proteins for verify the mass spectrum compatibility. The sufficient mass was obtained through the expansion culture methods, and the bacteria were collected with filtration for protein extraction. Vortex 30 min could damage the cell effectively; the efficiency of protein extraction was improved. The protein was washed twice by methanol and acetone to remove protein impurities effectively. The high quality 2-DE profiles were obtained. 10 protein spots were selected and identified by MS, successfully obtained 8 protein spots which represented 8 unique proteins. These results suggested that the extracted proteins and method of in-gel digestion had good MS compatibility, and could also provide foundation for further investigating the differentially expressed proteins between the difference thalli.

  Preliminary Study on Seeds Germination Conditions of Twelve Oenothera littaralis Schlect. in Fujian Coastal Regions 2012, 28 (34):  219-223.  Abstract + ( 763 )   PDF ( 608239KB )   ( 677 ) This study, using orthogonal experimental design, collected Oenothera littaralis Schlectsfrom 12 different regions and studied the best germination conditions，in control of outdoor sowing. The results showed that: (1) germination percentage in sand sowing was the best during 12 regions. Matrix effected Oenothera littaralis Schlect. seeds germination remarkable in each region. (2)Temperature and substrate water content on the different regions effected Oenothera littaralis Schlect seeds emergence rate differently. At 30℃, 50% substrate moisture conditions, Xiamen Fengyezai area Oenothera littaralis Schlect seeds germination rate was 74%. At 10℃, 10% moisture content conditions, Huianshanxia and Tingli village in Zhangpuchihu town had highest germination rate, in which the Oenothera littaralis Schlect germination rate of Red Pavilion Village reached 70%; At 20℃, 30% substrate moisture conditions, Oenothera littaralis Schlect germination rate in 9 districts such as Changle city and Zhanggang town reached its peak value, of which the Lianjiang region Oenothera littaralis Schlect germination rate was 81%.

  Study Cultivation Matrix of Orchid Suitable for Subtropical Regions 2012, 28 (34):  224-229.  Abstract + ( 1015 )   PDF ( 6404166KB )   ( 787 ) It is especially important to select culture media in planting orchid and a better culture media can provide the theories for industrialization of research, and physicochemical properties of media is a quality standard to evaluate. In this paper, the six culture media constitute semi-weathered purple sandy shale that there was abundant in subtropical regions, added waste material of industrial or agricultural, for example slag, sawdust, residual of mushroom culture media. Measuring the physical and chemical characters of culture media and studying the nutrition content, the growth index in order to select the better media suitable for subtropical regions. The results showed that the media of the aeration porosity from 25% to 50% and the capacity of water -holding from 40% to 50% and the pH values from 5.5 to 6.5 is more suitable for the orchid. The media 2 was the best of the culture media and it can be used widely in the culture of orchid in subtropical regions in all kinds of these media. The composition of the media 2 was the semi-weathered purple sandy shale︰the slag︰topsoil︰rice husk︰mushroom residual of mushroom culture media︰pine bark=20%︰12%︰10%︰18%︰18%︰22% , and the aeration porosity was 39.8%, the water-holding was 48.7%, the organic matter content 44.2% and the hydrolysis nitrogen, and available phosphorus, and available potassium content were 283.4 mg/kg, 183.0 mg/kg and 309.4 mg/kg, respectively.

  Effects of High Temperature Stress on Lipid Peroxidation and Protective Enzyme Activity in Sedum Plants 2012, 28 (34):  230-233.  Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 688864KB )   ( 776 ) The work was aimed to investigate effects of high temperature stress on lipid peroxidation and protective enzyme activities in Sedum plants. Five Sedum plants were treated with high temperature of 45℃/30℃ (day 13 h/night 11 h) in plant growth chamber, leaves of five plants were chosen for measurement of all physiological indices before stress and each five days after stress to analyze changes of lipid peroxidation and protective enzyme activities. O2.- production rates and MDA contents of five Sedum plants increased gradually in high temperature stress process, Sedum plants with stronger thermotolerance had characteristics that O2.-production rates increased slowly and MDA contents accumulated slowly; activities of SOD, POD, CAT in stress process were all higher than that before stress, which stated high temperature stress induced higher activities of three enzymes, and three enzyme activities increased at first and then decreased in stress process, three protective enzyme activities of Sedum plants with stronger thermotolerance enhanced obviously compared with other Sedum plants. Reducing lipid peroxidation injury by enhancing protective enzyme activities under high temperature stress was one of significant physiological mechanism to adapt to high temperature stress for Sedum plants.

  Effect of Different substrates on physiological and biochemical indexesof Sedum lineare Thunb under drought stress 2012, 28 (34):  234-237.  Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 636903KB )   ( 668 ) In order to investigate the reaction and adaptation of Sedum lineare Thunb growing in the four different culture substrate to drought stress, the effects of drought stress on the relative water content, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability, POD activity and MDA content were studied by experiments of simulating drought stress. The results indicated that the cell membrane permeability and the MDA content were increased with the time of drought stress prolonging,while the RWC was decreased.In addition, the chlorophyll content and the POD activity were firstly increased and then reduced. Sedum lineare Thunb grow well in the light substrate（leaf soil: loam: perlite: vermiculite = 4:3:2:1）which showed higher the RWC, chlorophyll content and POD activity,lower the cell membrane permeability and the MDA content. Consequently,such light substrate tends to be the optimal cultivation substrate for Sedum lineare Thunb.

  Quality Comparison of different varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge 2012, 28 (34):  238-243.  Abstract + ( 759 )   PDF ( 766442KB )   ( 736 ) The aim was to compare the quality of four different varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge according to the content of the six chemical compounds (tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B) in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge with HPLC-UV. The HPLC was run on Venusil ASB-C18columns with methanol-water or acetonitrile-0.01% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase in isocratic elution mode at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The gradient elution program was set at 270 nm or 286 nm. The results indicated that the quality of different varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was significantly different. Five components contents were the highest in 99-3 and the rosmarinic acid content was lower than that in 99-2, which was higher than that in the other two species. There were only four components (cryptotanshinone, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B) in ‘Shanhuang’ and their levels were lower than those in the other three varieties. The contents of four components (tanshinone IIA, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B) in 99-2 were higher than those in the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge of Shandong Province. It was simple and reliable to use HPLC-UV method for determing Salvia chemical composition content. The quality of 99-3 was the best in the four varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and it had higher commercial value.

  The Production Efficiency Analysis of Vegetable Industry in Beijing—Based on the Perspective of Regional Comparison 2012, 28 (34):  244-251.  Abstract + ( 865 )   PDF ( 778084KB )   ( 675 ) Input-output efficiency is an important factor to promote the development of present Beijing's vegetable industry, it is also the foundation to realize agricultural modernization．In this paper, we firstly studied the input-output of the main vegetable varieties in Beijing and the national average, then by data envelopment analysis methods, measured technical and environmental efficiency of Beijing and the rest of the country’s greenhouse vegetable production and open field vegetable production in 2010, based on quantitative analysis of results, from a comparative perspective of regional comparison, finally analyzed vegetable production efficiency of Beijing. The results showed that greenhouse vegetable production had a comparative advantage in Beijing comparing to some other areas in the input-output、technical efficiency and environmental efficiency, while the open field vegetable production did not have a comparative advantage in these three areas. Greenhouse vegetable production was increasing returns to scale in Beijing, however, the situation of open field vegetable production was just the opposite. Eventually, several propositions and policies were derived to improve the production efficiency of vegetable industry in Beijing.

  Study on the Distribution Characteristics of Spring Continuous Precipitation and Assessment of Rape Yield Losses in Anhui Province 2012, 28 (34):  252-256.  Abstract + ( 799 )   PDF ( 903323KB )   ( 659 ) In order to evaluate the risks of spring continuous precipitation in Anhui Province objectively and accurately, the spatial variation of spring continuous precipitations was calculated and analyzed according to the standard definition of the spring continuous-rain disaster and a quantitative assessment was made of the loss of rape yield, sub-regionally using the related meteorological data and rape yield data from 1960 to 1999, the model’s veracity was verified by means of the yield data from 2000-2009. The results showed that: (1) the quantity and intensity of the steady raining distribution increased dramatically from north to south in Anhui Province, the lowest appears in the north of the Huai River and the highest appeared in the south of the Yangtze, especially in the Anhui south region; (2) The model used in Jianghuai region had good performances on predicting the rape yield in response to the spring continuous-rain disaster, the relative errors (RE) for yield reduction was 13.4%; The model used in the areas along the Yangtze River could have a good forecast when the actual yield reduction was between 20% and 25%, the relative errors (RE) for yield reduction was 13.0%; The model for Anhui south region performed well when the actual yield reduction was high, the relative errors (RE) for yield reduction was 15.8%. Based on the results, the quantitative model could be used to evaluate the rape yield loss.

  Effects of Different Substrates Formula on the Yield and Quality of Bag Culture Muskmelon in the Homestead Land Reclamation Installation 2012, 28 (34):  257-262.  Abstract + ( 813 )   PDF ( 685477KB )   ( 669 ) Because the homestead reclamation land which in new installation were unsuitable for cultivation, to recovery it agricultural production ability as soon as possible, this study conducted a bag culture method to plant muskmelon under quantitative fertilizer and water management. The bag culture substrates were composed by peat, vermiculite, perlite and agricultural wastes in five volume ration. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of 5 substrates physical and chemical property, pH, conductivity, the content of organic matter and nutrient, microbial biomass and enzyme activities on muskmelon yield and quality. The results showed that the optimization substrates formula to culture muskmelon in bag was peat: perlite: vermiculite: agricultural wastes=1:1:1:0.3 and peat: perlite: vermiculite: agricultural wastes=0.5:1:1:0.4, while various factors above were considered comprehensively.

  The Study of Artificial Hybridization Pollination Test and Hybrid Seedlings Cultivation of Blueberries 2012, 28 (34):  263-267.  Abstract + ( 894 )   PDF ( 818517KB )   ( 982 ) To obtain hybrid fruit of blueberry cultivars, improve the efficiency of blueberry seedling nursery, select Chippewa, Bluecrop, Darrow, Northland, Duke, and Powderblue 6 different blueberry cultivated varieties as parents, artificial hybridization pollination test was taken and the hybrid seed breeding was proceeded. The results indicated that: low temperature and dry were useful for the preservation of blueberry pollen; blueberries of different haploidisations existed the phenomenon that they were not androlepsised; after the hybrid fruit mature the size and weight had difference; the germination rate of the hybrid pollination seed was 4%, GA3 could remarkably improve the emergence rate and the author generalized the blueberry artificial hybridization and seedling cultivation.

  Screen and Identification of High Copper-resisting Fungi and Its’ Application in Absorbing Copper 2012, 28 (34):  268-273.  Abstract + ( 1034 )   PDF ( 2929248KB )   ( 840 ) The aims were to screen and identify a microorganism strain with absorbing and resisting to copper and to use it removing heavy metal copper in the environment. By using microorganism screening and separating methods, the copper-resisting microorganism were widely obtained from the soil around pig farms with a long captive time. The target microorganism strains were screened and purified repeatedly. Their morphology and molecular identification were analyzed and the microorganism strains were applied to absorb heavy metal copper in tea garden soil. Morphological characteristics were observed under the 400 times optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Amplification of DNA sequencing fragment based on the 5.8S rDNA universal primers were compared in the GenBank database using the BLAST tool. 10 strains of fungus of different copper-resisting concentrations were separated. The highest concentration of copper-resisting strain of the fungus was A4 which concentration of copper-resisting reaches 940 mg/L. A4 bacteria grew fast in Czapek medium. It was identified synthetically as Aspergillus fumigatus. The strain A4 had good absorption to copper in tea garden soil.

  Influence Effect Study of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Yield and Quality of Angelica 2012, 28 (34):  274-278.  Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 637288KB )   ( 710 ) The aim was to explore the effect of water and fertilizer coupling on yield and quality of angelica, and provide theoretical basis for water and fertilizer control of GAP standardized cultivation of angelica. The study was two-factor test for water and fertilizer. The relationships among irrigation, fertilizer rate and yield and the content of ferulic acid were analyzed through binary quadratic polynomial, and then the effect model was established for the test analysis and correlation analysis. In the condition with certain irrigation water, along with the increases of fertilizer, the content of yield increased first and then reduced; in the condition with certain fertilizer rate, along with the increases of irrigation water, yield increased first and also reducedafter. The highest content of yield appeared in the area with medium water and fertilizer, irrigation water was 1073.97 m3/hm2, fertilizer was 808.97 kg/hm2, highest content of yield was 15804.36 kg/hm2. In the condition with certain irrigation water, along with the increases of fertilizer, the content of ferulic acid increased first and then reduced; in the condition with certain fertilizer rate, along with the increases of irrigation water, ferulic acid increased first and also reduced after. The highest content of ferulic acid appeared in the area with middle-high water and fertilizer, irrigation water was 1491.42 m3/hm2, fertilizer was 863.55 kg/hm2, the highest content of ferulic acid was 2.41 mg/g. Therefore, reasonable and effective irrigation and fertilization made angelica reach high quality and yield.

  Effect of Plastic Greenhouse Cultivation on Inoculation and Growth of Cistanche tubulosa 2012, 28 (34):  279-283.  Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 1497646KB )   ( 658 ) The aim was to research the effect of plastic greenhouse cultivation on inoculation and growth of Cistanche tubulosa to provide theoretical support for the artificial facilities cultivation. The parasitism percentage, fresh weight, dry weight, soluble sugar and SSC content of Cistanche tubulosa under the plastic greenhouse and field facilities cultivation were measured, compared and analyzed. The number, branch number, branch length, fresh weight, dry weight of Cistanche tubulosa inoculated on single Tamarix chinensis Lour were also measured, compared and analyzed. Under the condition of plastic greenhouse cultivation, Cistanche tubulosa inoculation percentage (66.67%) was significantly improved, the number of Cistanche tubulosa inoculated on single Tamarix chinensis Lour was increased by 116.67%. The number of branch, branch total length and the average length were increased by 28.02%, 71.31%, 28.73%; the roots, stems, photosynthetic branch of Tamarix chinensis Lour and the fresh weight of the Cistanche tubulosa were increased by 62.27%, 121.47%, 93.89% and 131.09%; the roots, stems, photosynthetic branch of Tamarix chinensis Lour and the dry weight of Cistanche tubulosa were increased by 23.75%, 116.16%, 35.18%, 72.70%; the fresh-dry ratio of Cistanche tubulosa under the plastic greenhouse cultivation was 4.4, the fresh-dry ratio of Cistanche tubulosa under the field cultivation was 3.11, the content of soluble sugar of Cistanche tubulosa under the plastic greenhouse cultivation dropped by 16.77%, the SSC content dropped by 13.71%; but the cumulative amount of the two methods were higher than that of the field cultivation, in the two methods soluble sugar accumulation quantity increased by 92.42%, the SSC accumulation quantity increased by 99.40%. Plastic greenhouse cultivation could promote the growth of Cistanche tubulosa, was more suitable for the production of Cistanche tubulosa than field cultivation.

  Comparative Study on Grade Transplanting of Astragalus membranaceus Seedling 2012, 28 (34):  284-288.  Abstract + ( 764 )   PDF ( 754792KB )   ( 595 ) The aim was to explore the effect of grade transplanting of seedlings on yield and growth of Astragalus membranaceus to provide theoretical basis on GAP. The under- and above-ground parts growth was measured and analyzed by using fixed-point follow-up observations. The grade transplanting had great effect on its yield and growth development. The stem size, stem branch and leaf area of big seedlings transplanting were the biggest comparing with other treatments, was 4.84 mm, 14.69, 1723.4 cm2 per plant, respectively. The roots grew fastest in later growth stage when transplanting small seedlings, yielding 13505.85 kg/hm2 and making the best economic benefit 16207.02 yuan/hm2. The growth of medium seedling was the best. Transplanting of small seedlings provided better eco-benefit and more yield, and with its lower cost. The ground part grew better, and conducive to production stay in farming.

  Current Situation and Development Countermeasures of Apple Industry in Fengxian 2012, 28 (34):  289-295.  Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 652029KB )   ( 825 ) In order to fully understand the current situation and push ahead with the rapid development of apple industry in Fengxian, a survey about fruiter production status was conducted from 2009 to 2011. The results suggested that the level of orchardists’ culture was low overall, young manpower was lacked of, orchardists’ annual income was generally less than 30000 yuan, total investment increased every year while the input-output ratio steadily reduces, the proportion of late-maturing varieties was excessive, the attitude towards the adoption of new technologies is conservative, the traditional sales model is used currently and the establishment of new marketing channels is expected, etc. Aiming at the above problems that exist in the Fengxian’s apple industrial production, through the analysis of the development status of international agricultural industrialization and domestic apple production, combining with the apple industry development status and trends in Fengxian, some ideas and measures were proposed about further development of Fengxian’s apple industry such as: (1) Strengthening the base construction and strict implementation of safety and health standards. (2) Actively guiding the small orchardists, and strengthening the leading enterprises, promoting the level of industrialization. (3) Solving the problem of unreasonable production layout and institutions. (4) Exploiting domestic and foreign markets, improving the function of market services; (5) Establishing marketing network system. (6) Integrating the resources, developing tourist fruit industry to create a new bright spot in the fruit industry development.

  Analysis of Amino Acids in Fruits of Chinese Jujube from North Shaanxi Province 2012, 28 (34):  296-303.  Abstract + ( 820 )   PDF ( 1012243KB )   ( 904 ) This study was performed to determine the content and constituents of amino acids in fruits of Chinese Date (Zizyphus jujuba Mill) from North Shaanxi Province, so as to provide the scientific basis for utilization of those materials and further research. In order to provide information for amino acids were extracted using the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis method, and contents of amino acids and their constituents were determined on an automatic amino acid analyzer. From each type of tissues, 16 amino acids were identified, and the mean total amino acid content were (4.57±0.60) mg/100 g, and the variation coefficient were 0.75. Among them, there were 7 kinds of essential amino acids for human nutrients; the mass fraction (% in total amino acid) of essential amino acids for humans was 20.35%±4.14%. 2 kinds of essential amino acids for children and mass fraction of essential amino acids for children was 2.43%±0.46%. 9 kinds of medicinal amino acids mass fraction of medicinal amino acids was 36.17%±2.98%. 6 kinds of aromatic amino acids and the mass fraction of aromatic amino acids was 17.33%±3.61%. 4 kinds of umami tasty amino acids and the mass fraction of umami amino acids was 22.71%±3.94%. 4 kinds of sweetness amino acids and the mass fraction of branched-chain amino acids was 58.48%±3.09%. 3 kinds of branched amino acids and the mass fraction of branched-chain amino acids was 7.15%±0.48%. And the ratio of branched amino acids/ aromatic amino acids was 42.98%±9.37%. In Chinese jujube have contained at least 16 amino acid, they content were rich, especially in taste amino acids, ratio of branched amino acids/ aromatic amino acids, pharmacodynamic amino acids and essential amino acids composition of the was higher, was to give the jujube sweet delicious unique flavor and good health tonic the main characteristics of internal factors. These results for jujube width and depth of the development and utilization of laid an important foundation.

  Study on Soil Trace Element Characteristics and Influencing Factors Study on Soil Trace Element Characteristics and Influencing Factors 2012, 28 (34):  304-310.  Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 844930KB )   ( 744 ) This paper researched the characteristic of trace element content in tea plantation soil, and discussed the influence rule of soil features to the trace element. Took the soil in ‘Niaowang tea’ plantation as the object, through the contrast research and the correlation analysis method, we concluded the results as follow: as a whole, the soil trace element content in ‘Niaowang tea’ plantation was lower than the mean value of China, but the available condition content was not still deficient, the trace element had not the obvious difference between the tea tree different planter pattern soil and the different level soil. In the soil pH value and the soil the manganese, the zinc content had the remarkable relevance, the organic matter and the effective zinc assume were remarkable being related, the clay mainly through the adsorption influence soil trace element, the soil major elements mainly had the influence through the influence crops to trace element’s absorption strength.

  Study on Evaluation of Arterial Road Plants Landscape in Nanchang of Low-carbon City 2012, 28 (34):  311-316.  Abstract + ( 896 )   PDF ( 660889KB )   ( 844 ) In order to clarify the present situation and important factors of influence road plant landscape in the low -carbon city Nanchang, provide the basis of road plant landscape planning and design both in Nanchang City and other low-carbon in China. Descriptive inventories were used and several indexes which had great impacts on the landscape of road plants were selected to make an evaluation of road plant landscape. The study began with the ways to form a landscape evaluation system; then the weight were determined and the indexes for evaluation were quantified, using the method, to study and analyze the landscape of Nanchang arterial road plants. The results showed that total constructive level of Nanchang City arterial road plants landscape was better, and 57.14% road landscape plants of investigated roads were up to II level, 35.71% up to III level, only 7.14% lower than IV leve1. The highest index was the harmony between plants and hard landscape, and was followed by harmony between plants and the whole environment, the life-form structure of plants was the third among 8 evaluated factors, this showed that people should pay attention to the harmony among plants, hard landscape, and the whole environment, and the reasonable collocation of tree, shrub and grass of most sections in the whole construction process of Nanchang City. The diversity of plant species and viewing characteristics of plants were the lowest indices. There still existed some problem such as 1iving vegetation volum per cubic metre was low, plant species application was not rich, and the regional characteristic of plant landscape was not quite outstanding of road plants landscape in Nanchang City. Aimed at the evaluation results, suggestions and measures for construction the low-carbon plant landscape and regional characteristic of plant landscape of arterial roads in Nanchang City were put forwarded.