Current issue

• 2013 Vol.29 No.5 Published:15 February 2013

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  Research Progress of Recommendation and Introduction of Cows in Modern China 2013, 29 (5):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3212 Abstract + ( 1424 )   PDF ( 519507KB )   ( 1255 ) Cow variety that introduced to China, Taiwan and Hongkong in modern times was researched in the paper. It was pointed out that there were two ways to introduce Chinese modern cow to China. One way was introduced by colonists, another was bought from foreign supplies by Chinese company. Bloodline between cow germplasm and strain from different area was revealed. There were four characteristics in cow variety recommendation. (1)There were various kinds of cow variety. (2)There were many customs ports that introduce cows. (3)Recommendation subjects were so many. (4)Duration time was long. Because of these characteristics, the cow introduced to China in modern times covered the main cow varieties in world. The bloodline system was very complex. These reasons consist of Chinese cow variety origin.

  Study on the Effects of PEG Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Five Red Clovers 2013, 29 (5):  5-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2514 Abstract + ( 1003 )   PDF ( 693476KB )   ( 771 ) In order to compare the Red clover (Trifolium pretense) drought resistance, the effects of PEG stress on physiological and biochemical indexes of four Red clover accessions and one Red clover variety leaf were investigated under treatments with different PEG concentrations. Wuxi Red clover, with the higher relative water content and least decreasing changes, a decline of 28.49% compared with the control, the lowest electrical conductivities, increased by 2.78 times compared with the control, and the smallest increasing rates of MDA contents, increased by 2.84 times compared with the control under 20% PEG stress had more tolerant membrane systems and was the most resistant to osmotic stress, while Red clover 06-4 was relatively weaker resistant. Proline accumulation in leaves of five red clovers had the strongest resistance under PEG stress, and proline accumulation content of Wuxi Red clover was 30.84 times to the control group. SOD activities in leaves of five accessions increased during the initial stress stage at 5% PEG concentration and decreased continuously under severer stress. PEG stress resulted in the decreases in leaf relative content and increases in leaf cell membrane permeability, MDA content and praline accumulation of five Red clover wild accessions. SOD activities decreased continuously under severer stress. There was difference in the changing extents of the corresponding indices among five Red clovers. Red clover Wuxi was the most resistant to osmotic stress, while the resistance of Red clover 06-4 was the weakest.

  Remote Sensing Estimation of Grassland Biomass and Carbon Density——Case of Zhenglan Banner 2013, 29 (5):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1198 Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 1306798KB )   ( 1096 ) In order to seek effective method for estimation of grassland biomass in macroscopic view and improve the estimation precision, Landsat5 TM imagery acquired in 2010 was applied for grassland biomass based on field survey data in Zhenglan Banner of Inner Mongolia, China. The author analyzed the relationship of biomass with image bands, principal component analysis (PCA), tasseled cap transformation (TC), vegetation indices, topographical data and meteorological data. And then the regression model between the biomass and all the variables in each category of data was established by mult-stepwise regression. It was shown as follows: the relationships of biomass with EVI, PCA, TC had higher significant correlation. It should choose index of elimination soil background information to estimate grassland biomass. Grassland biomass was 1196412.9 t and carbon storage was about 0.54 TgC in Zhenglan Banner. Carbon density of temperate steppe was 517.49 kg C/hm2, and carbon density of the lowland meadow was 683.30 kg C/hm2.

  The Standardization of the Collection and Treatment Methods for Swine Nasal Swab Sample 2013, 29 (5):  17-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2096 Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 621429KB )   ( 787 ) The comparison and stability of detecting data were determined by the standard of materials and methods applied to collect mucosal samples. This study combined nasal cavity construction in pig and the specificity of the samples to investigate and standardize the collection and treatment methods of nasal swabs. The results showed that the total protein of 116 nasal swabs, collected by the methods standardized in this study, were detected, found that the total protein mean of all nasal swabs was (6.92±0.41) mg/mL and coefficient of variation was 32.58%. Besides, total protein content of the nasal swabs collected in five different times from 7 pigs were detected and the coefficient of variation of each pigs were below 10%, except one was 13.95%. The standard of the collection and treatment methods for nasal swabs made the detected results more stability and scientific.

  Guangxi Agricultural Crop Fermentation Bed’ s Application Research in Pig Farm 2013, 29 (5):  21-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2856 Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 638936KB )   ( 924 ) This study researched the application of fermentation straw beds built from rice, corn, cassava, sugar cane, mulberry and other relevant agricultural crops instead of the traditional sawdust fermentation beds used in pig farming in order to improve pig farming and to provide a scientific basis for future relevant researches. In this research, we used the traditional 100% sawdust fermentation beds to raise pigs in the control group and used the fermentation straw beds with 50% of sawdust and 50% of agricultural crops, including rice, corn, cassava, sugar cane, mulberry and other relevant crops, to raise pigs in the treatment group. After 4 months, the pig’s average daily weight gain and meat-feeding ratio were calculated; also, the padding temperature, humidity, N, P, K contents, and H2S, NH3 concentrations in the pig farm were measured and recorded for further analysis. From the results, we saw that using mulberry stalk powder and sugar cane straw powder to replace 50% sawdust in the fermentation beds positively affected the pig’s weight gain and control processing. In relations to the fermentation bed temperature and humidity, using mulberry stalk powder to replace 50% sawdust bedding improved the bedding environment. The N, P, K contents in the fermenting bed also improved with the replacement of 50% mulberry stalk powder. Lastly, the H2S, NH3 concentrations were within limits of the safety standards under all treatment groups, so the concentrations were not a limiting factor for using sawdust replacements. Therefore, mulberry stalk powder could replace 50% sawdust and be used as beneficiary fermentation bedding material for raising pigs in pig farms. Rice straw, corn straw, cassava straw, and sugar cane stalks were tested to be not suitable for being high volume fermentation bedding materials; the exact appropriate application amounts need to be further investigated.

  Seroepidemiological Survey on Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Inner Mongolia 2013, 29 (5):  26-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2464 Abstract + ( 1164 )   PDF ( 806041KB )   ( 761 ) To survey the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus on dairy in Inner Mongolia. Cytopathic biotype bovine viral diarrhea virus was used as neutralizing test antigen. 509 sera collected from 6 dairy farms in Ulanhot, Banyan Nur, Hohhot Areas were detected by neutralization test. The results showed that: 297 sera were positive, 6 dairy farms sera positive rate was 55.10% , 38.80% , 45.50% , 50.00% , 77.80% , 33.33% respectively. The average positive rate of Ulanhot, Banyan Nur, Hohhot was 77.80%, 48.70%, 33.33%, total positive rate was 58.35%. The results suggested that bovine viral diarrhea virus exist in dairy farms in Inner Mongolia.

  Isolation and Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Yeast Strains from the Intestinal Tract of Mink 2013, 29 (5):  30-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3325 Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 1471550KB )   ( 881 ) In order to get the mink dedicated beneficial bacteria and provide a theoretical basis for the study fur animal probiotic preparations. Two strains of yeasts were isolated and purified from the intestines of healthy mink named JM1 and JM2. Morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests and 26S rDNA gene sequence analysis, and a phylogenetic tree were constructed. Meanwhile, these two bacteria’s growth and security were comprehensive identification. The traditional identification methods and 26SrDNA D1/D2 sequence analysis results were showed that: JM1 was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and JM2 was Pichia fabianii strain; The growth result was that: the growth speed of two strains were faster in 14-30 h and the growth speed were stabilized in 30-40 h; sugar content in the culture medium of the two strains Baume degrees began to rapidly decline at 12 h, and showed an increasing trend after 26 h. Safety test results were showed that: 2 strain had no toxicity on mice, and the mice grew at the fastest speed at the 2.73×107cfu/mL dose.

  Study on the Anti-aging Effect of Flavonoid from Oxytropis glabra DC on Mice 2013, 29 (5):  37-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1689 Abstract + ( 996 )   PDF ( 610994KB )   ( 599 ) The purpose of this project was to study the anti-aging activity on flavonoid from Oxytropis glabra DC. To observe the effect on activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipofuscim (LPO) in serum, liver and brain, the survival time under hypoxic condition and swimming time of mice with senile model caused by D-galatose and meanwhile administered with flavonoid from Oxytropis glabra DC of 100, 200, 300 mg/(kg·d) orally. The results showed that the activity of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in serum and tissue were increased which mice fed flavonoid from Oxytropis glabra DC, the content of MDA and LPO dropped significantly. Meanwhile, the survival time under hypoxic condition and the swimming time at normal temperature were prolonged significantly. It was found that flavonoid from Oxytropis glabra DC had the obvious effect on anti-senility.

  The Preliminary Study of Collection and Detection Technology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Aerosol 2013, 29 (5):  42-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3233 Abstract + ( 1324 )   PDF ( 844398KB )   ( 635 ) The research was to establish a simple method for collecting and detecting Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) in aerosol. Based on the mechanism of liquid impact type sampler and filtration sampler, an double concentration aerosol sampler was design for collecting the aerosol of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Firstly, the collection was performed in a closed environment full of artificial aerosol of Mhp. Secondly, collection efficiency was detected by Real-time PCR method. Thereafter, the clinical feasibility of the designed equipment was tested by collecting aerosol samples in different pig herds. In one assay, the samples were collected at different times from one pig house challenged with Mhp. In another assay, the samples was collected from the delivery room, nursery and fattenning house of one MPS outbreak farm as well as a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection positive pig farm without obvious clinical. All the aerosol samples were then detected by real-time PCR or nest PCR. The results showed that, the collection efficiency of the designed bioaerosol sampler was (37.04±6.43) %, Mhp could be detected 7 days after intratracheal challenge with pneumonic lung homogenate suspension. Aerosol samples of 11 pig houses from the two Mhp positive pig farm with or without clinical symptoms all showed a positive result of PCR, the positivity rate was 100%. In conclusion, one simple and easy method for collecting and detecting Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in aerosol was successfully founded which was practical for clinical use.

  Influence of Five Typical Heavy Metals on Resistance of Some Bacterium to Amoxicillin 2013, 29 (5):  48-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2891 Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 709609KB )   ( 837 ) Heavy metals and antibiotics were two kinds of general environmental pollutants, their effects on microorganism worth more attentions. In previous researches, 7 strains were isolated from wastewater of some intensive pig farms in Guangdong Province, which were of the co-resistance to heavy metal and antibiotics. One of them referred to as MA1, which was a gram negative bacilli, was studied on its cross-resistance to five heavy metals (Pb2+ , Cr6+ , Hg2+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ ) and amoxicillin by the methods of minimum dichotomy and Kirby-bauer disk diffusion according to the inhibition zones diameter. Strain MA1 could be tolerated to Pb2+ of 100 mg/L, Cu2+ of 100 mg/L, Zn2+ of 100 mg/L, Cr6+ of 50 mg/L and Hg2+ of 10 mg/L, respectively, and it had specific resistance to amoxicillin. Although Hg2+ had the strongest antibacterial capability among the five heavy metal ions, when it coexisted with amoxicillin, Hg2+ of over 5 mg/L could increase the resistance of strain MA1 to amoxicillin greatly. The sensitivity of strain MA1 to amoxicillin increased with the concentration of all the others heavy metal ions, while the synergistic bactericidal capacity of Cr6+ decreased, though Cr6+ was obvious antimicrobial effect. Cu and Zn, which were generally considered to stimulate bio-resistance to heavy metal most likely, showed stronger bactericidal capability when coexisted with amoxicillin. The coexistence of heavy metal did have changed the sensitivity of strain MA1 on amoxicillin.

  The Fisheries Resources Research Progress and Prospect of Tibet 2013, 29 (5):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2165 Abstract + ( 1008 )   PDF ( 575060KB )   ( 833 ) To better understand the fishery resources in Tibet, to effectively protect the rare and endangered cold -water fish resources, and also to further understand the difficulties faced by the fisheries resources in the rational exploitation and protect of utilization. This study made a systematic analysis of the research progress of the fishery resources in Tibet and showed that Tibet has abundant water resources, but the aquatic industry lads behind, resource utilization was extremely limited, endangered species had not been timely protected. It was very difficult to promote popularity of the aquatic industry in Tibet because of the weak infrastructure construction and a serious lack of relevant technical staff. In fact, the aquatic industry here better remains basically a bland. So it was both important and necessary to establish monitoring network based on the fishery resources of plateau water resources systems and proposed initial ideas for further investigation of the water resources.

  Optimization of Maillard Reaction Aroma Process of the Hydrolysate of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Frames Protein 2013, 29 (5):  58-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2978 Abstract + ( 1072 )   PDF ( 1068656KB )   ( 724 ) In order to study the Maillard reaction aroma process of the hydrolysate of tilapia, the effects of four factors, reaction temperature, heating time, pH value and amount of reducing sugar, on Maillard reaction products (MRPS) were evaluated using sensory analysis method, and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process. The optimum conditions for Maillard reaction were 57 min reaction time, 111℃reaction temperature, pH 6.0 and reducing sugar of 2.0% (the ratio of glucose and xylose was 2:1). The HPLC analysis showed that the content of organic acid in the MRPS was higher than before, and the flavour guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was detected in the MRPS, while it was not detected in enzymatic hydrolysate. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the volatile ingredients in the MPRS included 68 kinds of flavor compounds, they were 6 kinds of alcohols, 7 of aldehydes, 5 of ketones, 7 of aromatic compounds, 11 of esters, 8 of furan, 9 of pyrazine, 1 of pyrrole, 7 of hydrocarbons, 5 of acids and 2 of sulfur compounds, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the Maillard reaction products (MRPS) were transparent, red-brown with a unique flavor of the fish. The flavor was rich and had a lasting fragrance.

  The Lymphocytic Cell Culture and Chromosome Karyotype of Trionyx sinensis in Taihu Lake Population 2013, 29 (5):  68-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2427 Abstract + ( 1058 )   PDF ( 698284KB )   ( 593 ) In order to provide the logical proofs for germplasm research and chromosomal manipulation of Trionyx sinensis. The karyotypes of the chromosomes of Trionyx sinensis in Taihu Lake were examined by lymphocytic cell cultivation-air drying-Giemsa staining method. The results showed that the chromosome karyotype of T. sinensis in Taihu Lake population could be obtained through the lymphocytic cell cultivation method. There were 33 pairs chromosome including 6 pairs of large chromosome and 27 pairs of smaller chromosome.

  Correlation and Path Analysis of Morphometric Attributes of Synodus macrops 2013, 29 (5):  71-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3040 Abstract + ( 1827 )   PDF ( 535864KB )   ( 663 ) In order to research the correlation of morphometric attributes of Synodus macrops and the effects on the body weight, 150 Synodus macrops were collected and the attributes including body length (X1), body width (X2), body depth (X3), head length (X4) and weight (Y) were measured and analyzed by correlation analysis and path analysis. The results showed that, all correlation coefficients between morphometric attributes and weight achieved very significant difference (P＜0.01). The path coefficient of body length (X1), body width (X2), body depth (X3) to the body weight all achieved significant level (P＜0.01). These morphometric attributes were the most important determination to body weight. Among them body length had the largest direct effect on body weight, and body depth and body width ranked in order. The head length affected body weight indirectly. The diversification of decision coefficients analysis was consisted with the path analysis. Eliminating the head length which had no significantly direct effect on body weight, the multiple regression equation was constructed: Y=-50.198+0.299X1+0.695X2+1.238X3(R2=0.930).

  In vitro Bacteriostatic Effect of Chinese Herbs against Causative Pathogens of Skin Ulcer Syndrome in Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus 2013, 29 (5):  76-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3017 Abstract + ( 1012 )   PDF ( 570134KB )   ( 739 ) In order to study the treatment effect of Chinese herbs to skin ulcer syndrome in sea cucumber. The bacteria static effect of 42 kinds of Chinese herbs and 9 kinds of herb compounds were determined in vitro by bacterio static circle and improved micro dilution procedure. This work conducted as the herbs were against one of causative pathogens (Shewanella marisflavi) of skin ulcer syndrome in sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus. The results illustrated that 8 kinds of Chinese herbs (Terminaliachebuia, gallnut, Cortex Moutan, Pericarpium Granati, Rosa laevigata, sanguisorba, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and clove) had better bacteria static effect on the pathogen. Nine herbal compounds were composed by 4 herbs, the bacterio static effect of 9 compounds enhanced remarkably than single herbs, and the lowest MIC was 0.547 mg/mL. According to the bacterio static effects, the best ratio of the compounds was determined as Terminaliachebuia: Pericarpiumgranati:Radix salviae miltiorrhizae:clove=2:1:1:1.

  The Analysis of Factors Influencing the Export of China Shrimp Products Based on the Gravity Model 2013, 29 (5):  81-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3188 Abstract + ( 859 )   PDF ( 755855KB )   ( 1133 ) China was a major exporter of shrimp products and the scale of export increases every year on the whole with a certain small fluctuations sometimes. This paper mainly studied the factors and their degree that affect the shrimp products export, not only providing a theoretical support for the rearrangement of export structure, but also a reference for the government and corporate sector to decisions. We used the gravity model to research on the main factors affecting the export of shrimp products based on the panel data of 24 countries during the year of 2005 to 2009. The results showed that the GDP of the importing country, shrimp production in China and APEC members played a catalytic role in the export of shrimp products. The production played a decisive role especially, while the distance between the two countries plays a negative role. Responding to the above, we proposed some suggestions that we should strengthen the health breeding, accelerate regional economic integration, and improve the transport storage conditions and technical.

  Methodology of Farming System Regionalization Supported by Quantitative Analysis 2013, 29 (5):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1808 Abstract + ( 931 )   PDF ( 1732643KB )   ( 650 ) To discuss methodology of regionalization of farming system supported by quantitative analysis. This paper studied the index system of regionalization of farming system, and methodology of database establishment, climate index value extraction, landform unit extraction, low-level regions merging in regionalization of farming system. These studies showed that: an explicit multi-level index system is the key for quantitative regionalization. A technical framework for quantitative regionalization was combined by bottom-up and top-down, which uses different methods in different levels. Quantitative analysis in a qualitative frame could improve the rationality and accuracy in regionalization of farming system.

  Dynamic Changes of Cultivated Land in Western Jilin Province and Their Driving Forces 2013, 29 (5):  92-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2167 Abstract + ( 895 )   PDF ( 607449KB )   ( 822 ) In order to be better use and protection of cultivated land resources and find out the dominant factors of cultivated land changes in the west of Jilin Province, based on the cultivated land of county (city) from 2001 to 2009, land use dynamic range and relative change rate and increase and decrease characteristics of cultivated land area was analyzed. The driving forces of cultivated land variation were studied through the method of the principle component analysis. The results showed that: from 2001 to 2009, the growth of cultivated land population was 0.37% , the dynamic range and relative rate change of the cultivated were greater, the dynamic range of cultivated was 0.74% , the relative rate of cultivated was 2.03% in Zhenlai County. The three important driving forces included social and economic development, population growth, development of agriculture and livestock farming. It was found that the quantities of cultivated land were increased over the past nine years, contradiction between people and land was not outstanding, and regional difference between regions was obvious.

  The Evolution and Research Tendency in the Institution of Linking the Increase in Land Used for Urban Construction with the Decrease in Land Used for Rural Construction 2013, 29 (5):  97-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2841 Abstract + ( 1081 )   PDF ( 584768KB )   ( 1322 ) The institution of linking the increase in land used for urban construction with the decrease in land used for rural construction (LIDL) was a creative design and arrangement which was originated from the thought of cultivated land requisition and compensation balance, setting the farmland preservation as its aim and core. During the national pilot study over these years, the institution exposes many problems and faces the query from various circles of society: should it be paused, carried on or promoted? Basing on this background, this article analyzed the evolution of the strategy deeply and explores the theoretical and realistic basis of its forming. Meanwhile, we mainly study the root and crux of this policy and put forward the proper attitude and view in researching it and the key points and difficulties of its further study, basing on comprehensive review of the attitudes and views on the institution from the governments and academic circles after making the data collected and finished. Only did we know the essence of these problems so clearly that we could have this creative institution taking effect.

  The Research on Urban Agricultural Area in the Perspective of City and Countryside Integration 2013, 29 (5):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2700 Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 1365800KB )   ( 787 ) In order to plan agricultural land in urban scientifically, it was necessary to establish the concept of urban agricultural areas, and research the basic connotation of urban agricultural areas, the spatial characteristics and geographical type. Urban agricultural area was one type of urban function region which consists of agricultural land in urban, and generally limited to the municipal districts. One idealized spatial scale of urban agricultural area was around 200 hm2, which could be well integrated into the general urban functional groups in optimal spatial form in small concentration and large distribution. The types of urban agricultural area could be characterized 5 types, as follows: urban agricultural area in urbanized area, urban agricultural area in quasi-urban areas, urban agricultural area in semi-urban areas, urban agricultural area in shallow urbanized areas, and urban agricultural area in urban ecologically sensitive areas. In a word, it was an important new task for urban planning to form the new pattern of the integration of urban and rural economic and social development, which based on the differences of the urban agriculture areas location characteristics, resource endowments and functional requirements, and on the allocation of multi-functional agriculture relying on urban and services urban rationally.

  Database Construction and Evaluation of Experts for Agricultural Foreign Economic Cooperation 2013, 29 (5):  109-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3372 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 698638KB )   ( 572 ) In order to raise the efficiency and proficiency of agricultural experts in international business and cooperation, the author submitted a method to establish both a database involving information about the experts and the relevant assessment system. For one thing, the author elaborated the construction and improvement process of the certain database of experts. This part could be divided into 5 aspects: the selecting and screening approach, the information resources, the classification of gathered information, the addition of new information and the improvement and dynamic administration of the database. For another thing, the author constructs the two indicators system by synthetically using Delphi method and AHP method to scientifically fix the weight of each parameter. Besides, the author also showed the over-all assessment form of all experts and a compatible quantitative method. It was believed this research could play a supportive role in many situations when administrators in agricultural sectors start their new international business and cooperation.

  Study on Demand-oriented Trinity Promotion Model: Based on Internet of Things Research, Extension and Application of Facilities Vegetables 2013, 29 (5):  118-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3557 Abstract + ( 1220 )   PDF ( 703617KB )   ( 666 ) The study was based on internet of things technology research, extension and application in facilities vegetables that was joint applied project with agricultural enterprise in food safety field from World Bank, to carry out the demand-oriented trinity promotion model research. The study followed the functional research group constructed and its management system, the establishment of communication mechanism for demand oriented technology development; the soft and hard conditions for the innovation internet of things technology achievements were adopted. Then it formulated the active role of demand-oriented trinity promotion model as below: (1) Contribute to integration of technology innovation and technology applications system to shorten the chain of information dissemination, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the research. (2) Favorable to build demand oriented specialized agricultural extension from the whole industry chain. (3) Help to change the value orientation of the researchers from academic research oriented move to practical transformation. (4) Help to promote the welfare of service mode move to diversification mode to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of agricultural extension system. It is expected that the results of this study can provide a valuable reference for the transformation of the agricultural extension system in the stage of modern agriculture development.

  A Research on the Optimization of Rural Community’s Arrangement——Taking Shihui Town, Qianjiang Area, Chongqing for an Example 2013, 29 (5):  123-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1699 Abstract + ( 927 )   PDF ( 551437KB )   ( 680 ) Rural community is the center of rural social activities and also the base where peasants lives and works. This thesis takes Shihui Town for an example. It uses Landscape Ecology Theory and Mapgis Analysis Technology to analyze the arrangement of land in its rural community in 2009, which shows the feature and problems of the rural community. According to the result, put forward a model of rural community optimization and some measures to optimize the rural community arrangement, on the principles of rural community optimization.

  Analysis on Negative Externality of Farmer Irrigation Behavior Under the Government Pricing Mechanism in Heilongjiang Province 2013, 29 (5):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3386 Abstract + ( 1029 )   PDF ( 572725KB )   ( 890 ) This paper combined with the pricing policy of the Heilongjiang agricultural water and field research. The article clued from understanding the reasons for farmer irrigation behavior, and then described the negative external performance of the irrigation behavior, focusing on the substance of the negative externalities of economics. Research showed that, in the government pricing mechanism, the implementation of the existing agricultural water price was not conducive to encouraging farmers to take the initiative to save water in production. As a result, water wastage in agriculture has increased the social marginal cost of water. In the author's view, the definition of property rights was the best way for the internalization of external effects, which can achieve efficient use of water resources, and Pareto optimality by reconfiguring and operating the water resources.

  Disaster Loss Estimate Model of Meadow Moth (Loxostege sticticalis L.) Based on Interval Numbers 2013, 29 (5):  132-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2830 Abstract + ( 931 )   PDF ( 968805KB )   ( 549 ) The evaluation model of meadow moth disaster loss was constructed according to the interval number to evaluate the effect on crop yield by meadow moth quantificationally. There was this characteristic that it was hard to get accurate data of disaster loss and the pest disaster should be evaluated in grades. Based on the data of meadow moth damage for 10 years observed in Inner Mongolia, via the definition of interval number and the construction of the evaluation index and classification of disaster loss, the measurement of the comprehensive relative distance was calculated and the crop yield loss by meadow moth damage was studied in this paper. The results indicted that data adoption by the evaluation model was flexible relatively, computing process was simple comparatively and analytic results were reasonable. This evaluation model could be applied to the evaluation of meadow moth disaster loss in practice.

  Application of Particle-Swarm-Optimization to Prediction of Summer Rainfall Based Neural Networkice. 2013, 29 (5):  137-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2965 Abstract + ( 1046 )   PDF ( 892306KB )   ( 957 ) Precipitation of short-term climate prediction is a very complex and important research topic. In order to improve the predictive capability, particle-swarm-optimization based neural network reasoning models were established for Xuancheng, Anhui with summer precipitation prediction. The monthly data of 74 circumfluent eigen values, the monthly data of sea surface temperature, the monthly data of 500 hPa height from 1959 to 2011 to choose forecast factor, and principal component analysis method to extract the main information in the sample data for the comprehensive factor. 2007-2011 Xuancheng summer precipitation forecast verification results showed, particle swarm optimization artificial neural network convergence speed was fast, decrease in the number of iterations, and predicted the average absolute error was 66.5 mm, the absolute value of the average relative error of 10.5%, accurate prediction and had a good application prospect.

  The Numerical Study on Microphysical Precipitation Forming Mechanisms of the‘0911’-Snowstorm in North China 2013, 29 (5):  143-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3049 Abstract + ( 860 )   PDF ( 3027643KB )   ( 603 ) In order to analyze the microphysical precipitation forming mechanisms of the‘0911’snowstorm in north China, the non-static mesoscale model ARPS (The Advanced Regional Prediction System) with detail microphysical processes was used to simulate the‘0911’-snowstorm in north China. Based on the study of the 39 microphysical conversion processes over 2 precipitation centers, it was found that Bergeron process and the deposition process of snow were 2 main microphysical precipitation mechanisms. The ice crystal conversion was abundant for natural seeding. The active degrees of Bergeron process and the deposition process are decided by the‘cnd’microphysical processes. The peak of the‘cnd’microphysical process stayed at the 6 km altitude during -15℃--20℃. In the range of temperatures, the difference between saturated vapor pressure on the water surface and on the ice surface conducted the peak. So the Bergeron process and the deposition process were very fierce at 6 km altitude. The special allocation of the temperature field and the microphysical processes was a key cause of the snowstorm.

  The Efficiency Evaluation of the Different Biogas Slurry Utilization Based on Emergy Analysis 2013, 29 (5):  149-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2564 Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 736883KB )   ( 604 ) In order to better evaluate the benefits of biogas slurry utilization, based on the emergy analysis methods, the ecological-economic benefits of 4 different patterns of biogas slurry utilization were evaluated and compared at the subsystem and system levels. The four energy indices, including energy yield ratio (EYR), environmental loading ratio (ELR), energy sustainable indices (ESI) and energy yield ratio of biogas slurry (EYRB) were analyzed. The results showed that, EYR of the orchard, vegetable land, pasture and fish ponds subsystems were 1.73, 1.50, 0.70 and 2.15 respectively; ELR of the orchard, vegetable land, pasture and fish ponds subsystems were 0.66, 0.73, 0.46 and 0.26 respectively; and ESI of the orchard, vegetable land, pasture and fish ponds subsystems were 2.62, 2.06, 1.50 and 8.21 respectively; Additionally, EYRB of the orchard, vegetable land, pasture and fish ponds subsystems were 8.31, 5.80, 1.69 and 2.92 respectively. Compared at the system level, EYR and ESI of the system of using biogas slurry were higher than those of not. And the system can obtain higher economic benefits by using biogas slurry.

  Analysis of Degraded Products from Steam-exploded Chinese Silvergrass 2013, 29 (5):  155-159.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3828 Abstract + ( 1021 )   PDF ( 590877KB )   ( 809 ) In order to investigate the effects on degraded products from Chinese silvergrass after steam-exploded pretreatment. Fermentable sugars and by-products of silvergrass was identified by IC and GC-MS analysis in this paper. The results showed that Fermentable sugars first increased and then decreased with the reaction temperature increasing and time prolonged. When processing condition explosing temperature was 220℃, pressure time was 5 min, reducing sugar yield reached the highest 117.4 mg/g. GC-MS analyzed steam explosion silvergrass aqueous extracted solution ethyl acetate extraction. It was indicated that 19 aromatic compounds, 11 weak acid compounds and 2 furan compounds were produced, the highest 3-methyl-2-furan formic acid relative content of 9.02%, accounting for furan compounds total relative content of 80.50%.

  Wetland Ecosystem Services Valuation of Chongming Dongtan 2013, 29 (5):  160-166.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1261 Abstract + ( 1137 )   PDF ( 715404KB )   ( 789 ) As“Shanghai Garden”, Chongming Dongtan wetland has great significance of the economic development and ecological protection of Shanghai. On the basis of a large number of preliminary studies domestic and abroad, the essay used a series of ecological economics evaluation methods such as market value method, expenses method, shadow project method, and Results of reference method to assess the service functions of Chongming Dongtan wetland ecosystem. The results showed that: the total value is 31.68 billion Yuan; the largest proportions are material production values and recreational value, respectively 10.93 billion Yuan and 7.6 billion Yuan, indicating that the mainly services of Chongming Dongtan wetland are supply services and cultural services. Then followed by the value of degradation of pollutants, the value of climate regulation, the value of adjusted flood water storage，the value of biodiversity conservation, the value of species habitat and the value of scientific research and culture. The assessment of the value of Chongming Dongtan wetland ecosystem can provide a reference for the rational development and utilization and ensure the sustainable use of its resources.

  The Status and Trends of Ecological Restoration of Saline-alkali Land in Coastal Region 2013, 29 (5):  167-171.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2607 Abstract + ( 1072 )   PDF ( 574466KB )   ( 1390 ) In order to study the sustainable measures for coastal saline-alkali soil ecological restoration, the researches both home and abroad on environmental factors, such as soil, water, vegetation, climate was reviewed. It was found that most of the researches were done with a sole factor, and very few had tested the integrative effects of several factors, even on the sole factor climate, few researches had been done. Further, this paper pointed out the future direction for comprehensive coastal saline-alkali soil ecological restoration, namely by integrating saline-alkali soil treatment technologies for environmental factors with management measures. Besides, some insights on vegetation restoration, water systems and climatic amelioration were discussed.

  Effect of Ploughed-back Green Manures on Soil Physical Properties and Its Corresponding Ecological Benefit 2013, 29 (5):  172-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2848 Abstract + ( 910 )   PDF ( 558474KB )   ( 634 ) The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of ploughed-back green manures on soil physical characters and its corresponding ecological effect by field plot experiment in tobacco-planting dryland soil in west of Hunan Province, as the dryland soil is drought and poor. The results showed that, ploughed-back green manures could improve cycling of material and energy in atmosphere-plant-soil ecological system, fixation of carbon and nitrogen from atmosphere, soil nutrient activation and enrichment, increase soil organic carbon and nutrient input and improve the soil nutrient efficiency, increase soil organic matter, increased by 3.2%-9.5% . Reduce the soil bulk density, the highest pH was lower 0.23 units. In addition, soil physical properties also could be enhanced obviously soil porosity, CEC, water-holding capacity. The largest increase was 6.4%, 21.6% and 3.4% respectively. Therefore, ploughed-back green manures had favorable effect with soil fertilization and ecology, and it could improve soil physical properties.

  Composition of Soil Fauna and Ecological Distribution in Cultivated Meadow Soil Regions of Songnen Plain 2013, 29 (5):  176-182.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2535 Abstract + ( 944 )   PDF ( 778083KB )   ( 611 ) In order to reveal the differences of ecological environment, and the effects on the fauna composition. Five representative regions were selected in cultivated meadow soil regions of different latitude in Sonnen Plain. A total of 2088 individuals and 33 groups of macro soil animals, a total of 8372 individuals and 22 groups mid-micro soil animals were captured in May, August and October in 2009, which belong to 4 phylum, 7 classes, 19 orders and 33 families. The results showed that: individuals and groups of the soil animals varied greatly in horizontal distribution of different regions. Individuals and groups of the soil animals were dominant in Hulan, and the least in Nenjiang. The vertical distribution showed that soil animals mainly did not live in the surface soil layer, compared with those lived in forest soil. The analysis showed that: the DG index of the soil animals varied in different regions. The DG index of macro-soil animals was Hulan>Hailun> Suihua>Yi’an>Nenjiang, and that of mid-micro soil animals was Hulan>Hailun>Suihua>Nenjiang>Yi’an.

  Spectral Characteristics of Typical Desert Soil in Minqin County 2013, 29 (5):  183-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1573 Abstract + ( 963 )   PDF ( 2636823KB )   ( 911 ) In order to find the variation law of soil spectral characteristics and their relationship with vegetation cover change, the author took the Minqin County in the lower reaches of Shiyang River as objective, SVC HR768 type ground object spectrometer was used to measure the soil spectrum of sandy land, gravel gobi and soil gobi. Based on characteristic curve of soil spectral reflectance and first derivative analysis, the result showed that the soils in study area had the unique wave-shaped spectral curves; the spectra were similar in shape. Spectral reflectance of clay gobi was significantly higher than the sandy land and gravel gobi, and it was most obvious in 700-1000 nm. In the red edge range (680-760 nm), derivative spectra could inhibit soil background information, highlight the‘red edge’effect of vegetation, this wavelength could be used in quantitative inversion of desert vegetation. In the measured wavelength range, with the increasing of vegetation cover, the soil spectral reflectance of sandy land and gravel gobi was reducing. Soil reflectance was sensitive to vegetation changes. So, desert soil spectral reflectance curve could reflect the change of desertification degree, it could be used as a reliable basis for quantitative studies of desertification.

  Research Progress on the Applications of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals-contaminated Soil 2013, 29 (5):  187-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1694 Abstract + ( 1051 )   PDF ( 524652KB )   ( 1057 ) In recent years, since soil contaminated with heavy metals has become more serious, the appropriate technology to rehabilitate heavy-metal contaminated soil was urgently needed. Phytoremediation is recognized as a cost-effective and environmental friendly method to remediate metal contaminated soil. Due to its great potential as a viable alternative to traditional remediation methods, phytoremediation, especially PGPR-assisted phytoremediation, is currently an exciting area of active research. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in phytoremediation process. It can either increase metal bioavailability in soil, uptake and translocation of metals in plants by secreting organic acid and biosurfacatant, or promote plant growth by producing phytohormone [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)], 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, siderophores and solubilizing phosphate. The applications of PGPR in phytoremedying heavy metal contaminated soil have been extensively reviewed in this paper and the suggestions have been also given for future work.

  Research on the Spatial Variation of Water Quality Parameters in East Dongting Lake Based on Hyperion 2013, 29 (5):  192-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2718 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 2606363KB )   ( 743 ) In order to study the influence of hyperspectral image on the monitoring of water quality parameters, the author dealed with inversion research of water quality parameters in East Dongting Lake, based on Hyperion image. Through atmosphere correction and spectral feature analysis, then estimation model for chlorophyll a concentration and suspended solids were built respectively. Spatial distribution of target water quality parameters were acquired by software ENVI4.7 and ArcGIS. Results showed that the effect of Hyperion atmosphere correction was ideal, which was suitable for the inversion of chlorophyll a concentration and suspended solids. The spatial variation of chlorophyll a in the study area was not obvious, which tended to be an upward trend with the distance increase from lakeshore. While the spatial differentiation of suspended solids concentration was obvious, the overall presentation tended to be a gradual increase then a slow decline with the distance increase from lakeshore. The suspended solids content in the mouth and center of East Dongting Lake was higher than other places, and in total the south was higher than the north. The research revealed the potential of Hyperion image on the inland water monitoring, which contributed to the accurate estimation of water parameter monitoring.

  Distribution Characteristics and Main Causes of Drought in Liaoning Province 2013, 29 (5):  199-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2554 Abstract + ( 1123 )   PDF ( 721209KB )   ( 763 ) In order to study the distribution characteristics of drought and to explore the fundamental causes of leading to agricultural drought in Liaoning Province and put forward targeted measures for responding drought. Based on the meteorological data and drought data from 1949 to 2009 of Liaoning Province, the main causes and the distribution characteristics of regional and seasonal were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) considering the temporal scale, drought occurred relatively concentrated in spring or summer and sometimes happened continuously from spring to summer. Drought most frequently happened in spring other than in summer, but the possibility of drought which continued from spring to summer was lower than it came out separately in these seasons. (2) In the spatial scale, drought often distributed in whole regions with significant regional characteristics. Drought happened more frequently in western region than in southern region and seldom in the central plain region of Liaoning Province. The main cause of drought was the seasonal distribution characteristics of precipitation.

  Analysis on the Characteristics of Temperature Variation from 1961 to 2011 in Linyi City 2013, 29 (5):  204-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2716 Abstract + ( 937 )   PDF ( 1924189KB )   ( 683 ) In order to master the characteristics of temperature variation over Linyi City, providing theoretical basis for carrying out research of the agriculture critical temperature and accumulated temperature, and so as to serve the analysis and regionalization of the agro-climatic heat resource and agricultural weather forecasting and intelligence well in Linyi Region. Based on the air temperature data of Linyi from 1961 to 2011, the author mainly analyzed the characteristics of temperature variation over Linyi City in recent 51 years (including the annual and each quarter of the average temperature, annual extreme maximum, minimum temperature and the mean daily maximum, minimum temperature) with linear trend estimation, accumulative anomaly, Mann-Kendall. The results showed that: the warming trend of temperature was very obvious in recent 51 years of Linyi, and the increase rate was higher than the national average level, the annual average temperature increased by 0.25℃every decade, and there were significant differences between the four seasons, the most obvious trend reached to 0.49℃every decade in the winter, spring followed by rising 0.30℃every decade, and 0.24℃rising every decade in autumn, summer was insignificant just 0.03℃every decade; in aspects of the maximum and minimum temperature, the annual extreme minimum temperature was the most significant by rising 0.95℃per decade, 0.40℃rising every decade in the mean daily minimum temperature and 0.14℃rising to the maximum one, while the annual extreme maximum temperature presented a weak cooling trend, the largest contribution to the growth of the annual average temperature was the rising of the winter average temperature and the mean daily minimum temperature; the air temperature had an obvious warming mutation in the late 1980s to the early 1990s.

  Study on How to Find Key Path of Agri-tourism Cooperation and Integration for Tai Wan and Mainland China 2013, 29 (5):  211-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1820 Abstract + ( 945 )   PDF ( 472729KB )   ( 636 ) In order to figure out the theoretical mechanism of agri-tourism cooperation and integration between Taiwan and mainland China, the author analyzed 5 common bases (the common market, common opportunities and common challenges, common interests and common historical origin) for agri-tourism cooperation and integration between Taiwan and mainland China by the perspective of agricultural cooperation and integration. The study concluded that the key to promote agri-tourism cooperation and integration between Taiwan and mainland China was to overcome the institutional obstacles, compensate for the differences and differences between the two sides by the common market. Meanwhile, the agri-tourism industry both in Taiwan and mainland China could select the new cooperation model, then, it would improve the policies innovation and get better conditions for agri-tourism industry.

  Construction and Application of Happiness Measuring Model for Peasants in Tourist Destination——Comparative Analysis of Rural Tourist Communities in Taining Danxia World’s Heritage Area 2013, 29 (5):  215-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2002 Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 774240KB )   ( 772 ) Based on possible tourism impacts on rural communities, measurement model for happiness index of peasant in tourism destination was constructed in democratic power, economic, social-cultural, environmental aspects. With in-depth interview, questionnaires survey, and SPSS statistical tools for quantitative analysis, an empirical and comparative analysis was given for two villages of Taining National Scenic District, which is also world natural heritage. Research found that villagers’happiness index in Xiafang was 87 points while that of Zaixia’s villagers was only 64 points, which meant the more community participated, the higher happiness index villagers got; old villagers and women villagers got the most significant contribution to happiness index from tourism development; democratic power is the fundamental factor for villager’s happiness by directly influencing their economic benefits gotten from tourism development, economic benefit most closely related to villagers’happiness，social cultural and environmental factors gave limited influence on happiness. Research showed the coordinated development of tourism and rural community necessitates reasonable tourism policy should conclude evaluation system of peasant’s happiness in tourist destination.