Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.30 Published:31 October 2014

  Effect of 3α-HSD Transgenic Rice on the Microorganism in the Soil and Isolation and Identification of Cholesterol-Degrading Strains in the Soil 2014, 30 (30):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1400 Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 763KB )   ( 520 ) In this paper,3α-HSD transgenic rice rhizosphere microorganism of the soil were cultured and counted to reveal the effects of rhizosphere microbial secretions on the number of microorganisms at different times. And 2 strains that utilized cholesterol as sole carbon and energy sources were isolated from the soil by the enrichment culture method. The results showed that, the quantities of3α-HSD transgenic rice rhizosphere microorganism were greater than that of conventional rice. Two strains were selected for degradation of cholesterol. In the culture conditions of 30℃ and 180 r/min, the degradation rate to cholesterol of 2 strains were 38.75% and 64.64%, with 0.1 mg/mL concentrations within four days. 2 strains were identified to be Klebsiella pneumoniae by morphological characteristics and the similarity analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence.

  Studies on Se-enriched Maize Production 2014, 30 (30):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1625 Abstract + ( 1332 )   PDF ( 568KB )   ( 854 ) Literatures on selenium-enriched corn production were studied to provide scientific guidance, so as to improve the production efficiency. The results showed that, foliar spray fertilizer application of selenium fertilizer was the oriented manner. The effect of spraying in tasseling stage by sodium selenite was the best, the optimal spraying concentration was 40-70 mg/kg. 64.5% of the sample could increase the maize yield, the average increase was 8.5%; 35.5% of the sample had yield decrease, the average yield decrease was 14.0%. The medium value of total selenium in corn was 0.211 mg/kg. According to the local standards of the latest selenium-rich products of Shaanxi Province (DB61/T556-2012), only 11.5% of the selenium enriched corn could meet the standard of 0.15-0.30 mg/kg, 44.2% of the selenium-enriched corn exceeded the upper limit of the standard, which would cause risk in food safety. The results could give guidance to the production of selenium-enriched corn.

  Effects of Depth of Straw Return on Sucrose Content and Yield of Wheat 2014, 30 (30):  11-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0799 Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 524KB )   ( 577 ) Effects of the depth of straw (maize) return on sucrose content and related enzymes of wheat were studied under field condition, and two different depths (15 cm and 25 cm) of straw return treatment were conducted in this research. The results showed that sucrose content and SPS activity of flag leaf, sucrose content and AI activity of grain were higher with straw (maize) return treatments compared with normal (nonstraw) cultivation condition. And compared with the 25 cm depth of straw return treatment, the above mentioned indices of 15 cm depth treatment condition at early grain filling stage were higher, while dropped more sharply and lower at late grain filling. However, the sucrose content of the top segment of stem was the highest about 7 days after anthesis with 25 cm depth treatment. And 25 cm depth treatment had the highest grain yield by increasing the spike number per hectare.

  Effects of Long-term Formulated Fertilization on Crop Yield and Soil Nutrient Content 2014, 30 (30):  15-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0831 Abstract + ( 1044 )   PDF ( 459KB )   ( 638 ) The study aimed to optimize the fertilization system, make the crop fertilizer formula scientific, improve the soil fertility levels and realize the sustainable land utilization. A long-term field experiment was conducted to study the effects of formulated fertilization on crop yield and soil nutrient contents in Hedong District of Linyi City from 2006 to 2013. The results showed that crop yield significantly increased while fertilizer input sharply decreased with formulated fertilization, comparing to conventional fertilization. The soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium contents of both treatments were higher in 2013 than 2006. However, compared to formulated fertilization, the increase amplitudes of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in conventional fertilization treatment from 2006 to 2013 were higher, while the increase amplitudes of available potassium were lower. The soil available phosphorus had no significant change from 2006 to 2010, but showed a tendency of decreasing since 2010. The soil available P was relatively stable of conventional fertilization from 2006 to2013. Soil testing and formula fertilization could not only reduce the fertilizer input, but also increase the crop yield and promote the soil nutrients balanced by adjusting the use level of N, P and K fertilizer.

  The Variation of the Pollen Viabilities of Transgenic Rice B68-1 at Different Temperatures and Humidity 2014, 30 (30):  21-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1465 Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 646KB )   ( 639 ) The pollen viability of a transgenic rice, B68-1 containingbar gene with herbicide Basta resistance, was investigated under four temperatures (20℃, 25℃, 30℃, 35℃) and four kinds of humidity (30%, 50%, 70%, 90%) by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) method in vitro after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 min from anther. The test showed that B68- 1 pollen viability decreased with passing time in vitro under various conditions, like“S curve”or its section, which could accurately described by the Logistic equation. In vitro, pollen viability first increased and then decreased with the rising temperature, and showed the same with humidity. 25℃ was the most optimum temperature in any determined humidity, and 70% humidity was the most optimum humidity in any determined temperature. High temperature stress on the pollen viability was more obvious than low temperature, and high humidity was more obvious than low. Two equations, an exponential one and a Logistic one, could give satisfied predicts of the pollen viability duration and pollen longevity, help to estimate the drift distance of transgenic pollen flow.

  Response of Enzymatic Activities in the Rhizosphere of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Heavy Metal Contamination 2014, 30 (30):  28-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1491 Abstract + ( 1216 )   PDF ( 511KB )   ( 699 ) A soil-cultivating test, with rhizobag technique, was conducted to study soil enzymatic activities and its relationships with available heavy metal concentration in rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The changes of urea, phosphatase, sucrase and catalase activities in the rhizosphere soil and its relationships with available Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were investigated. The soil samples were taken from the multimetal contaminated paddy soils due to the irrigation of acid mine drainage for more than 40 years. The results showed that both the pH value and urease activity in rhizosphere soil were lower than that in non-rhizosphere soil, while both the microbial biomass carbon concentration and phosphatase activity in rhizosphere soil were higher than that in non- rhizosphere soil. The concentration of available Cd and Zn in rhizosphere soil was lower than those of non- rhizosphere soil, and the concentrations of available Pb and Cu were higher in rhizosphere soil. Soil pH was significantly negatively correlated with the concentrations of available Pb and Zn; the concentrations of available Cd, Pb and Cu was significantly positively correlated with the concentrations of microbial biomass carbon; the concentrations of available Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn was significantly negatively correlated with soil urease activity; the concentrations of available Cd, Pb and Cu was significantly positively correlated with soil sucrase activity. Our results indicated that enzyme activities of soil were remarkably affected by available heavy metal concentration in multi-metal contaminated soil. The results provide theory evidence for controlling the heavy metal pollution of rice.

  Effects of Nitrogen Application Depth on Yield and Nutrient Utilization of Rapeseed 2014, 30 (30):  34-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0998 Abstract + ( 807 )   PDF ( 411KB )   ( 530 ) In order to take full advantage of nitrogen，the field experiment was conducted to study effects of N fertilization depth (4, 8, 12, 16 cm) on rapeseed yield, nutrient uptake and utilization. The results showed that rapeseed yield decreased in the order of N16>N12>N8>N4. The highest yield of 3383 kg/hm2 was reached at the treatment N16, and it was significantly higher than that of treatment N4. The increase of N fertilization depth could promote nutrient absorption and utilization of rapeseed significantly. Nitrogen recovery efficiency and agronomic use efficiency of treatment N16 were notably higher than that of treatment N4 and N8. Under the condition of this experiment, the optimal N fertilizer application depth was 16 cm.

  Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on the Soil Physical Properties and Yield of Maize 2014, 30 (30):  38-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1023 Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 443KB )   ( 941 ) The purpose of this experiment was to identify the best cultivation method of maize and provide references for enhancing yield of maize cultivars. To study the effects of different tillage methods on soil physical properties and yield with different growing stages, a field experiment was conducted with randomized block design. The effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture content, bulk density, porosity in 0-45 cm soil depth varied with different growing stages. Among all the 6 tillage methods, the effect of 25-35 cm subsoiling depth on those physical properties mentioned above was the most obvious. In addition, after the subsoiling treatment, maize yield components, such as corn ear length, ear diameter, barren-tip length, number of rows per ear, kernels per row and 100-grain weight were improved at different degrees compared with CK. The maize yield with subsoiling treatment was 0.06%-3.13% higher than CK, but not significantly. Subsoiling could increase soil moisture, decrease soil bulk density, increase the porosity, function as water conservation and increase maize yield. Among them, the combination of 35 cm subsoiling depth and rotary tillage was the most optimal.

  Studies on Resistance Identification Technology to Macrophomina phaseolina in Sesame Seedling Stage 2014, 30 (30):  44-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1221 Abstract + ( 859 )   PDF ( 908KB )   ( 588 ) Five strains pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the diseased plants in major sesame production area of Henan province, these Pathogenic bacteria were identified by Koch's Rule and molecular identification. Disinfection technology was optimized through comparison of disinfectants and the disinfection time, sesame seedlings were cultured with best disinfection technology, and the resistance of 12 sesame germplasm resources to Macrophomina phaseolina was identified by inoculating Macrophomina phaseolina in the disinfection seedling of sesame with fungus cake. The study aimed to screen sesame resistant variety for field application and to excavate resistance resources for sesame resistance breeding. The results showed that five strains were all Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, the seed disinfected with 2% NaClO for 20 min produced the best disinfection seedling. The seedling stage resistance was evaluated with fungus cake method and the result demonstrated that only ZZM0905 and ZZM1205 of 12 resources had stable resistance to five different strains, others had different resistance responses.

  Effects of Different Biochar Extracts on Rice Germination and Seedling Development 2014, 30 (30):  50-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1239 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 646KB )   ( 735 ) In order to explore the effects of different biochars on rice germination and seedling development, different biochars extracts were used to culture the rice seed. Three kinds of biochars are bamboo biochar, tobacco stem biochar and rice straw biochar, three concentrations of biochars extract are original extracts, 10 times diluent and 50 times diluent, and seed germination and seedling growth was observed after cultivation. The third day’s rice germination rate was only 8.7% after treated by the un-diluted tobacco stems biochar extract, which was much lower than the control of 43.3% . At the same time, the length and weight of rice seedlings were also significantly lower than the control (p<0.05). However, the diluted biochar extracts showed a stimulation effect on the rice germination. Compared with the control, the germination rate treated by the bamboo biochar extract diluted by 10 times was 9.3% higher and it was 11.3% higher with the tobacco stem and rice straw biochar extracts diluted by 50 times. However, the seedling length and weight treated by all extract diluents showed no significant difference with the control. Results suggested that the high concentration of tobacco stems biochar inhibit rice germination and growth, but an appropriate level of biochar would be benefit.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Glucanase Gene Glu41 from Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 2014, 30 (30):  56-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1242 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 885KB )   ( 810 ) Glucanase gene Glu41 was cloned from the Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536. The cDNA sequence of Glu41 is 1134 bp in length, encoding 378 amino acids. GenBank accession numbers of cDNA and DNA were KJ541741 and KJ541742, respectively. The promoter sequence was 1500bp in length and contained six stress response elements. BlastP search indicated that glucanase shared the highest similarity 60% with Glyco-hydrolase-16 superfamily of T. atroviride IMI 206040. At the same time, signalP prediction showed that the Glu41 amino acid sequence was cleaved by signal peptidase between positions 25 and 26 (AFA||AP). Pfam protein family prediction showed that Glu41 protein belonged to Glyco-hydrolase-16 superfamily. To obtain similarity gene sequences of glucanase Glu41 from the genome databases of T. asperellum CBS433.97, the amino acids sequences of Glu41 from T. asperellum ACCC30536 was used as query, resulting that 4 glucanase sequences with high similarity were obtained. Only Glu41 of those similarity genes expressed in the condition of inducing mixed powder of poplar root, stem and leaf. Above all, the study proved the glucanase gene Glu41 of T. asperellum was associated with plant disease biological control.

  Allelopathic Effect of Adzuki Bean Root Aqueous Extracts on Four Crops 2014, 30 (30):  65-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1262 Abstract + ( 691 )   PDF ( 637KB )   ( 584 ) For choosing suitable summer-planting adzuki bean crop, this experiment adopted the method of indoor petri dish bioassay to study the allelopathy effect of adzuki bean, radish, cabbage and wheat under different concentrations of adzuki bean root aqueous extracts. The result showed that the adzuki bean had a strong inhibition towards its germination rate and germination index. With the increasing of adzuki bean root aqueous extracts concentration, the seed germination rate and germination index of the three kinds of receptor crops presented a decreasing trend. From the root length, young leaves length, the number of lateral roots, plant height, fresh weight and other forms indicators of seedlings, it was concluded that with the increase of adzuki bean root aqueous extracts concentration, only wheat presented a promoting effect while the other two kinds of receptor crops show inhibitory effect, which were not significant at low concentrations. With the increase of adzuki bean root extracts concentration, the SOD and POD activity of radish and wheat also increased, but the two kinds of enzyme activity of cabbage showed a decreasing trend. The MDA content in seedlings of radish and wheat decreased, but the MDA content in cabbage increased significantly, which showed that receptor crop wheat could be used as rotation crop of adzuki bean, radish also had a great application potential in adzuki bean crop rotation.

  An Evaluation of Methods for Assessing the Impacts of Bt-maize on Non-target Organisms with Leafhoppers 2014, 30 (30):  71-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1284 Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 594KB )   ( 516 ) The application of transgenic insect- resistant crops has been an important way to replace insecticides. But transgenic insect-resistant crops have potential negative effects, especially the effect on the non-target organisms and resistance to GM. Visual assessment and yellow traps were used for investigating the dynamic of leafhoppers and main arthropods in Cry1Ac transgenic insect-resistant corn field for two years. The study showed that planthoppers and leafhoppers were highly abundant and diverse in maize fields, their midterm occurrence was 28.9%-43.1% of sucking pest insects, and the population dynamic had no significant difference between Bt-maize and the untreated near-isogenic maize. Leafhoppers were directly exposed to these entomotoxic proteins and could also serve as a source of Cry protein exposure to predatory arthropods. Therefore, it was reasonable to use Auchenorrhyncha in the risk assessment of GM corn. So the risk of Bt corn on non-target organisms could be evaluated using leafhoppers as an indicator species. The results in field tests showed that this method was feasible.

  Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Root and Water Use of Dry-land Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (30):  75-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1325 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 821KB )   ( 557 ) To study the effects of different cultivations on temporal and spatial distribution of root and water use of dry-land winter wheat, field experiment was conducted in Changwu with different cultivation modes, including film mulching, organic fertilizer, sparse seeding and topdressing nitrogen at elongation stage, to illustrate the root and water consuming characteristics of dry-land wheat. With the analysis of field and water use efficiency at maturity, findings are as follows: film mulching and organic fertilizer benefit the soil water content obviously, thus useful for root weight in each layer, the depth below 60 cm at flowering stage in particular, the root weight in total and water consumption were increased as a result; film mulching and organic fertilizer used at the same time did not help the root weight increase further, however both the yield and water use efficiency had been increased more than 4%; winter wheat with film mulching regulated the root system better, root weight increased with half seedling and yield was influenced less; nitrogen application at elongation stage could increase the root weight in depth, delayed the water consumption period of dry-land wheat, what was more, highest yield 7.0 t/hm2 was received with organic fertilizer among all cultivation modes; different wheat cultivars showed different root development and yield with different cultivation modes. All the results suggest that appropriate cultivation modes could be available ways to increase the yield and water use efficiency for dry-land farming in semi-arid region.

  Effect of Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rapeseed Yield, Agronomic Characters and Soil Fertility 2014, 30 (30):  83-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1367 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 491KB )   ( 500 ) In order to study the effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) on rapeseed, a simulated experiment was adopted with 3 types of paddy soils in Dong-Ting Lake area after 4-years of continuous applying CRNF under double rice cropping and fallow system and the fallow changed to rapeseed. The effect of controlled release fertilizer on rapeseed yield, agronomic characters and soil fertility were studied in this paper. The results showed that CRNF improved the growth of rapeseed plant and the highest grain yield occurred in CRNF treatments in purple calcareous clayed paddy soil (PCS) and alluvial loamy paddy soil (ALS) which increased by 12.2% and 9.8%, respectively, compared with applying urea (CF treatment). Yield in 70% CRNF treatment decreased obviously compared with CF treatment. Contents of available N and organic carbon in soil increased by 25.0% and 3.2% after rapeseed cropping than before rapeseed cropping under CRNF treatment in ALS, and available N increased by 13.5% in PCS. Both rapeseed yield and soil fertility under CRNF treatment and 70% CRNF treatment were lower than that under CF treatment in reddish yellow clayed paddy soil (RYS). The results indicated that the effects on grain yield and soil nitrogen fertility improvement of applying CRNF on rapeseed in PCS and ALS were relatively obvious.

  Effects of Sowing Depth on Sorghum Seedling Emergence and Growth 2014, 30 (30):  89-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1393 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 631KB )   ( 444 ) In order to determine optimum sowing depth for sorghum and observe deep sowing tolerant difference for different sorghum hybrids, effects of 8 different sowing depths on seedling emergence and growth of 3 different sorghum hybrids were studied in the paper. Seedling emergence time and emergence rate of different sorghum hybrids were recorded, and above ground seedling lengths, hypocotyl lengths and radicle lengths were tested as seedling emergence was finished. It was showed that sowing depths had significant effects on sorghum seedling emergence from sowing. Seedling emergence rate decreased with the increasing of sowing depths. It was needed for 5 days, 5-7 days and 7-11 days that seedling emerged from sowing in 3 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm, and 8 cm, 10 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm and 17 cm sowing depths respectively.‘Jinzhong 0822’emerged 2- 4 days earlier than other two hybrids in 12 cm, 13 cm and 17 cm. Seedling emergence finish time was also different in different sowing depths. It was needed for 9 days, 9-13 days and 13 days that seedling emerged in 3 cm, 5 cm, 7cm, and 8 cm, 10 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm and 17 cm sowing depths respectively.‘Jinzhong 0822’ finished emergence for 9 days, which was earlier than other two hybrids in 8 cm, 10 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm. Final average emergence rates of 3 sorghum hybrids were infected by sowing depths significantly. Average emergence rates decreased with the increasing of sowing depths. 3 cm and 5 cm sowing depths were optimum for sorghum. Emergence rate of‘Jinzhong 0822’was significantly higher than other two varieties in 3 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm. Seedling growth was also infected significantly by sowing depth. Above ground seedling lengths and radicle lengths decreased and hypocotyl lengths increased with the increasing of sowing depths. It was showed that above ground seedling lengths, radicle lengths and hypocotyl lengths had significant difference in 3 cm and 5 cm than in other depths.‘Jinzhong 0822’was significantly different than other hybrids in 7 cm, 8 cm, 10cm, 12 cm, 13cm and 17 cm.

  Effect of Different Seedling Age on the Growth and Yield of Double Cropping of Late Rice 2014, 30 (30):  95-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1395 Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 626KB )   ( 429 ) The study aims to solve the problems of late transplanting rice with different seedling ages at the lower reaches of Yangtze River. Select six varieties of different thermal and photo-response characteristics as the test material to study the effect of different seedling ages on growth and yield of rice. The results showed that growing period of thermal-response rice was delayed by long seedling age, but less affected by the impact of photo-response rice; the yield of later thermal-response varieties with 25 days and 30 days seedling ages was significantly reduced. In contrast, the yield of early thermal-response varieties and later photo-response varieties was significantly reduced with 30 days seedling age. The optimal transplanting seedling age was 15 days of thermal-response rice, while photo-response rice was 20 days. The thermal-response rice should be selected as early maturing varieties, while the photo-response rice could be selected as late maturing varieties for high yield.

  Study on Blanching of Capsella bursa-pastoris 2014, 30 (30):  101-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1402 Abstract + ( 830 )   PDF ( 1464KB )   ( 668 ) In order to explore the blanching process of Capsella bursa- pastoris , the author used different blanching methods to analyze chlorophyll content, vitamin C content and relative activity of peroxidase. The results showed that, with blanching temperature rise or time prolonged, the content of chlorophyll, shepherd’s purse vitamin C content and POD enzyme activity were all decreased. The use of response surface methodology (RSM) bleaching parameters on the shepherd’s purse hot was optimized, the blanching temperature of 98℃ and blanching time of 71.34 s was the best combination, in which the content of chlorophyll was111.70 mg/100 g, relative activity of POD enzyme was 8.20% and the content of vitamin C was 26.33 mg/100 g.

  Research of Potassium in Formula Fertilization by Soil Testing Index System for Peanut in Guangdong 2014, 30 (30):  106-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1410 Abstract + ( 709 )   PDF ( 526KB )   ( 428 ) This article discussed the fertilizer response in 3414 fertilizer experiments on peanut in Guangdong Province in recent years. The index system of soil available potassium abundance of Guangdong peanut was established by analyzing the relative yield. Results showed that, the equation for soil available potassium content was y=15.486lnx + 19.745 (r=0.701); the equation of the recommended potassium content was y=- 0.6357x+155.24 (r=-0.531). According to the mathematical model the sufficiency and deficiency range of the soil available potassium were divided into 5 levels: ＜20 mg/kg, 20-35 mg/kg, 35-70 mg/kg, 70-130 mg/kg and >130 mg/kg, and the proposed index of potassium application were 142.5 kg/hm2, 135.0-142.5 kg/hm2, 112.5-135.0 kg/hm2, 75.0-112.5 kg/hm2 and 75.0 kg/hm2, respectively.

  Effect of Drought Stress on Major Agronomic Traits of Yunnan Upland Rice Varieties Cultivated in the Paddy and Upland Field 2014, 30 (30):  111-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1421 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 551KB )   ( 601 ) Drought resistance of 21 upland rice varieties was studied by change of the major agronomic traits of upland rice varieties cultivated in the paddy and upland field, which was correlative with crop production. The result indicated that compared with paddy cultivation, the dry cultivation of upland rice varieties had longer growth date, lower effective fringe number, lower filled grains number, lower seed setting rate and lower 103 grain weight. Through correlation analysis, path analysis and regression analysis of major agronomic traits and drought resistance of upland rice varieties under water stress, we found that principal factors which influenced rice yield under the dry cultivation condition were effective fringe number, filled grains number and 103 grain weight. To achieve high yield under water stress, the high- yield production measures like stabilizing the number of effective fringe and increasing the number of filled grains per panicle and the weight of 103 grain should be applied in the cultivation process of upland rice.

  Effects of Maize and Pepper Intercropping on the Photosynthetic Characteristics, Biomass and Yield of Maize and Pepper 2014, 30 (30):  117-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1456 Abstract + ( 849 )   PDF ( 647KB )   ( 810 ) Field experiments were conducted to study effects of maize and pepper intercropping on photosynthetic indexes, biomass and yield of maize and pepper. The results showed that: net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, stomatal limitation value of maize and pepper intercropping system increased comparing with monoculture system. The biomass and yield of maize and pepper intercropping system were significantly higher than that of monoculture system. Therefore, intercropping system could improve the photosynthesis of maize and pepper. The biomass and yield of maize and pepper are also improved.

  The Effects of Silicon, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization Level on Yield and Phosphorus and Potassium Absorption of Super Rice 2014, 30 (30):  122-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1521 Abstract + ( 940 )   PDF ( 452KB )   ( 757 ) In order to explore the application effect of silicon, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on super rice, a field plots experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on the yield and phosphorus and potassium absorption of rice and soil nutrient contents. The results showed that in comparison with farmer custom fertilizer (CF1) and custom fertilizer with phosphorus and potassium halving (CF2), silicon, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could increase yield of super-rice, and the yield increased 1.87%-10.65% and 3.69%- 12.63% , respectively. The yield was consistent between T100 and T125. Silicon, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could increase filled grain. With the increasing of the application, contents and uptake amounts of phosphorus and potassium in grain and straw increased. Silicon, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could increase soil available phosphorus, available potassium and pH value, but had no significant effects on soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter and available nitrogen content. The feasible silicon, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilization was 1500 kg/hm2 (T100) and the yield, phosphorus and potassium absorption and soil nutrient contents would be increased.

  Effects of Nitrogen Rate on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Super Rice‘Songjing 9’ 2014, 30 (30):  127-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1543 Abstract + ( 648 )   PDF ( 484KB )   ( 575 ) The effects of different nitrogen rate on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of super rice‘Songjing 9’were studied using‘Songjing 9’as material by experimental plot comparative field, in order to discuss the relationship of nitrogen rate with dry matter accumulation, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of‘Songjing 9’, make the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer clear and explore its potential in yield increase of super rice production. The results indicated that, the dry matter accumulation of aboveground plant and nitrogen uptake increased with the increase of nitrogen rate during rice full heading time. Dry matter accumulation of aboveground plant and nitrogen uptake increased first and then decreased with nitrogen rate increased during maturation period. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with nitrogen rate increased. The yield increased first and then decreased with nitrogen rate increased. Yield had highly significant positive correlation with rice and dry weight of plant at maturation period, rice nitrogen in full heading stage and nitrogen content of spikes and plant in mature stage, and had significant positive correlation with nitrogen physiological efficiency. The highest yield of‘Songjing 9’could be realized when nitrogen rate was 195 kg/hm2.

  Study on Flowering Characteristics of Japonica Male Sterile Line Suitable for High Temperature and Summer Drought 2014, 30 (30):  133-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1550 Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 1749KB )   ( 503 ) To screen favorable flowering characteristics under high temperature and summer drought, twentythree Japonica male sterile lines screened with high temperature and summer drought and CK withⅡ-32A were systematically observed. Results indicated that every tested variety had significant difference on flowering characteristics. Compared with CK, 35478A, 35489A and 35502A had the advantages that the flowering peak were comparatively earlier, the flowering duration of single plant and single panicle were longer, the rate of grain in neck were lower, the opening angle of spikelet were bigger and the distance of opened glume tips were longer. The flowering peak of 35478A was during 10:00-11:00 and 1.5 h earlier than that of CK. The stigma exertion rate of 35489A was 76.23% and higher than that of CK. 35502A had higher stigma vitality, the highest was 84.68%, and the lasting time kept longer than CK. 35478A, 35489A and 35502A had good flowering characteristics.

  Cultivation Techniques of Multi-stem Insect-resistant Cotton 2014, 30 (30):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1560 Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 552KB )   ( 387 ) In order to investigate new simplified techniques to cultivate high yield cotton plant, the control technique of plant frame of cotton, the boll quality varied in different plant types, parts and leafy shoots, the suitable planting density and variety adaptability of multi-stem cotton were studied in field experiments for ten consecutive years. Results showed that the highest yield was obtained in cotton plant of down-umbrella type, which was shaped by leafy shoots control. The yield was 9.0%-10.9% higher than that of other treatments. The control techniques included leafy shoot left and early topping, that was, top removal from the 12 fruiting branches of main stem and leafy shoot topping in July 5. Single boll weight of leafy shoots was heavier than those of 1-4 fruit branch of multi-stem type and conventional type, while the fiber quality had no difference. The suitable planting density of multi-stem cotton was 3.3×104 plants/hm2-5.1×104 plants/hm2. The multistem cotton had wide adaptability and the hybrids with developed leafy shoots had higher yield potential. The key simplified techniques in cultivation of high yield multi-stem cotton were enlarging space, suitable planting density, leafy shoots left and topping of leafy shoot in advance.

  Effects of Different Tillage and Irrigation on Soil Barrier Factors and Rice Yield of Cold Spring Paddy Soil 2014, 30 (30):  147-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1561 Abstract + ( 1036 )   PDF ( 534KB )   ( 544 ) The rice yield was poor on cold spring paddy soils because of low temperature, flooding, high content of soil deoxidized materials, bad structure and low soil available nutrient. The effect on improving soil properties and rice yield were researched by applying different tillage and irrigation combination. The results showed that compared with conventional tillage and irrigation, combination of bed-planting and wet irrigation increased soil temperature in fine day, decreased 20% liquid phase of soil, increased 300% gaseous phase of soil, reduced soil deoxidized materials content of 21.9% , promoted bacterium content of 128.7% and microorganism activity of 3.8% , increased soil available nutrient, increased early rice yield of 10.8% . Therefore, bed-planting combined with wet irrigation had good effect on improving cold spring paddy soils and increasing early rice yield.

  Effects of Rising Temperatures in Green House and Variation of Irrigation on Seed Cotton Yield, Biomass and Water Use Efficiency 2014, 30 (30):  152-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1589 Abstract + ( 675 )   PDF ( 772KB )   ( 440 ) In order to understand the effects of climate change on cotton growth, a field experiment with rising temperatures and different irrigation amounts in two green houses was conducted in 2011- 2012. Infrared lamps were used to enhance temperatures in one green house, and no infrared lamps were used in another green house. Five irrigation levels, which were 0.7 times, 0.85 times, 1 times, 1.15 times and 1.3 times of field irrigation amounts, were employed in every green house. All the measures were to study the effects of rising temperatures and irrigation amounts on seed cotton yields, biomass and water use efficiency. The results showed that rising mean temperature of 1-3.5℃during cotton growth season helped raise seed cotton yields. Rising temperature of 1℃at the growing season, anthesis and boll-opening stages, seed cotton yields increased by 200.694, 225.732 and 109.838 kg/hm2; but rising temperature of 1℃at the stage of budding would decrease seed cotton yields by 162.814 kg/hm2. Rising temperature of 1℃at the growing season and budding stages, biomass decreased by 1079.2 and 1179.8 kg/hm2, respectively, TWUE and BWUE decreased by 3.4215 and 2.8098 kg/hm2, respectively. Rising 1 times irrigation, the seed cotton yields and biomass increased by 734.51 and 2242.3 kg/hm2, respectively. However, rising temperatures would enhance water use, which was disadvantageous for an arid region like Xinjiang. With climate warming, much water will be needed for high yield of cotton.

  The Dynamic Recovery of 1,3-Dichloropene Tank Mixed with Choropicrin on Microbial Population in the Soil 2014, 30 (30):  158-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1627 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 676KB )   ( 570 ) In order to define the effects of the 1,3-dichloro acrylic blended with chloropicrin on soil microbial quantity, the microbial population changing in the soil was studied through laboratory experiment. The results indicted that low dose of actinomycetes (25.78 mg/kg) showed "inhibition-recovery", and the medium and high dose (128.91, 257.81, 1289.06 mg/kg) were in the form of "inhibition- stimulation", and the rate of activation was 125.36% in the late test (112th day). The trend of bacteria was similar to actinomycetes, but the time of stimulation for bacteria (49th day) was later than that of actinomycetes (14th day), at the same time the high dose was close to the control level in the late test (112th day). There were significant inhibitory effects on Phytophthora spp, Fusarium spp and the culturable fungi after the soil fumigation. But for low dose Phytophthora spp and Fusarium spp on the 49th day and the culturable fungi on the 28th day recovered to a similar level of the controls. While those treated with high dose (1289.06 mg/kg) showed “inhibitionstimulation” and were still in the stimulation in the late test (112th day) with the rate of stimulation being 99.19%, 51.54% and 225.64%, respectively.

  Effects of Planting Density on Plant Type and Yield of Main Emi-determinate Soybean 2014, 30 (30):  164-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1500 Abstract + ( 650 )   PDF ( 562KB )   ( 491 ) The paper aims to explore the plant type change regular of main emi-determinate soybean under different planting density. Soybean for narrow row solid- seeding‘Hefeng51’was used as experimental material and the dynamic change of plant height, stem diameter, stem node number and internode length, lodging rate and yield were determined. The result showed that the plant height increased with planting density increasing. The stem diameter decreased with planting density increasing. The stem node number had on significant change and the internode length increased with planting density increasing. The plant height increased on account of the internode length increasing. The lodging rate increased with planting density increasing. The yield first increased then decreased with planting density increasing. The correlation of all above traits and the planting density reached significant high level, and the highest yield was achieved with the plant density of 40×104 plant/hm2. It shows that the soybean‘Hefeng51’have high density potential.

  Study of“3414” Fertilizer Effect on‘Suyunuo 901’ 2014, 30 (30):  168-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1510 Abstract + ( 707 )   PDF ( 749KB )   ( 396 ) In order to find out the soil nutrient supply situation in the Yanjiang Region, establish fertilization index system and scientific formula, improve the comprehensive efficiency of maize and enhance fertilizer use efficiency and sustainable use of soil, the authors evaluated effects of formula fertilization and NPK fertilizer application on the agronomic traits and yield of‘Suyunuo 901’via optimal design of“3414”regression. The results indicated that, the‘Suyunuo 901’was a fertilizer-tolerant variety, the main factors affecting the yield were N fertilizer, followed by P fertilizer, and K fertilizer had little effect on yield. The yield of N3P2K2 combination was highest, while that of N0P0K0 combination was the lowest; the investment of N2P2K3 combination was highest, while that of N2P2K0 combination was the lowest; the input-output ratio of N2P2K3 combination was the lowest, 2:15, while the input-output ratio of N2P2K0 combination was the highest, 1:19. These suggested that the yield could not significantly increase with the fertilizer increasing to a certain extent, but would reduce efficiency.

  Effects of Different Cultivation Modes on Growth Dynamics and Yield of Barely 2014, 30 (30):  176-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0987 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 663KB )   ( 798 ) The aim was to provide scientific basis for popularization of over film-mulched soil cultivation and controlled traffic tillage with ridge in Hexi corridor oasis irrigation district. The growth and development, dynamic accumulation of dry matter and output of barely were studied under field conditions in three cultivation modes, including over film- mulched soil cultivation, controlled traffic tillage with ridge and conventional planting strip cropping. The over film-mulched soil cultivation was beneficial to barley sprout, enhanced emergence rate and accelerated growth and development of barely, and increased leaf number, LAI and dry matter accumulation quantity to different extent; the controlled traffic tillage with ridge irrigation improved the thousand seed weight of barley and had late- maturing effect. Compared with conventional planting strip cropping and controlled traffic tillage with ridge irrigation, the output in over film-mulched soil cultivation increased 10.9% and 15.31% , respectively. The over film- mulched soil cultivation was most beneficial to growth, development and good harvest of barley.

  Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer Treatments on Yield and Population Quality of Super-high Yield Summer Maize 2014, 30 (30):  182-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1067 Abstract + ( 794 )   PDF ( 600KB )   ( 601 ) The effects of nitrogen (N) levels (as slow-release fertilizer) on yield, dry matter production and leaf area index of summer maize under super- high yield conditions were studied in 2013. A field trial was conducted using two maize hybrids (Suyu29 and Suyu30) as materials under seven N treatments (0, 270, 315, 360, 405, 450, and 495 kg/hm2, respectively) by split plot design. The results showed that with the increment of N application amount, the grain yield gradually increased and peaked at N 450 kg/hm2 treatment, which were 16193 kg/hm2 and 14040 kg/hm2 for Suyu29 and Suyu30, respectively, and both varieties reached the marginal product at N 405 kg/hm2 treatment. The dry matter accumulation rate and leaf area index of summer maize under super-high yield treatments was higher at the early grain filling stage, and both parameters decreased slowly with the proceeding of grain filling. The analysis results of Richards equation model indicated that under the super-high yield conditions, the days with higher dry matter accumulation rate prolonged 10 days, and more days resulting in higher yield. Compared with the blank, the active growth period extended 9 days and the maximal accumulation rate of dry materials increased 43.5% under higher yield conditions. In conclusion, moderate N applications (405 kg/hm2) reduced the rate of the leaf area index and the decreasing rate of dry materials accumulation, prolonged the date with maximal dry matters accumulation rate and the active growth period, which led to the higher grain yield.

  In-Situ Measurement of Fixing Capability of Soil by Corn Roots in Intercropping Condition 2014, 30 (30):  188-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1251 Abstract + ( 844 )   PDF ( 544KB )   ( 908 ) The crop roots could fix soil and reduce soil and water loss from arable upland. In this study, maize (Zea may), as a main cultivated crop in Yunnan province, was used to investigate the soil fixing capability by roots in 10 cm soil depth with different planting pattern, using anchor-shank tensiometer and self-designed shearing box. The results showed that: when a 1.5 KN load was applied, the displacement was 3.15, 5.9, 7.26 mm for intercropped maize roots, monocultured maize roots and bare soil, respectively. The displacement of monocultured maize roots was bigger than that of intercropped maize roots; this suggested that the intercropped maize was superior to monocultured maize in term of soil fixing capability.

  Identification of Drought Resistance of Sesame in Northwest Region 2014, 30 (30):  192-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1255 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 667KB )   ( 665 ) In order to explore the effects of drought stress on growth of sesame in Northwest region and provide parents of drought-resistant varieties, the study selected the Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences as a test point and 14 drought varieties provided by Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences as test materials, to conduct a drought stress treatment in the growth stage of sesame. The author analyzed growth period, emergence rate, survival rate, height, number of leaves, biological yield and economic yield. The results showed that under drought stress conditions, Jin Zhi 1 and Jin Zhi 2 had a long reproductive cycle about fifty-nine days, high seedling survival rate about 96.6%-100% and high height of 179.1 cm and 149.16 cm, respectively. Jin Zhi 1 and Jin Zhi 2 had more leaves which were 78.3 and 74.8, respectively, high biomass yield with fresh weight of 8.23 g and 7.61 g and dry weight of 7.54g and 6.82g, and high economic output which were 80.0g and 127.50 g. Drought stress is not conducive to the growth of sesame, Jin Zhi 1 and Jin Zhi 2 had strong drought resistance among the tested materials, and could be used as improved varieties of drought parent materials and a core material of genetic research.

  The Rapid Determination of Lysine Content in Maize Kernel by Amino-acid Analyzer 2014, 30 (30):  199-202.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1285 Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 518KB )   ( 768 ) In the present research, nine high lysine maize and two common hybrids were used as experiment materials, and quantitative determination of lysine contents was carried out by Hitachi L-8900Amino-acid Analyzer, to understand the effect of the analyzer in distinguishing high lysine maize variety and common maize variety. The results showed that the lysine contents of high lysine maize variety were 0.34%-0.42%, while of common maize variety were 0.24%-0.25%, and the difference was significant. Compared with other traditional methods, this method is rapid, simple, sensitive and needs less samples, and applicable in maize breeding.

  Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on Water Use Efficiency and Seed Yield of Oilseed Flax in Rain-fed Conditions 2014, 30 (30):  203-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1362 Abstract + ( 813 )   PDF ( 680KB )   ( 612 ) In order to provide theoretical evidence for the management and fertilizer application in rain-fed agriculture, the experiment was conducted to study the distribution of soil moisture and the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) application on water use efficiency (WUE) and seed yield of oilseed flax under rain-fed conditions. The result showed that N and P fertilizers play an important role on soil water content under 100 cm depth. Compared with no P fertilizer application, the soil moisture of P application was higher in moderate N and high N treatment during seeding stage. The soil water storage was obviously higher in high nitrogen with P than no P application and increased by average of 4.38% , 3.37% and 3.66% , respectively. The rate of contribution of soil water based on a certain soil layer under N application or P application, however the rate of contribution of soil water moderated with N and P application in all soil layers. Seed yield of oilseed flax and WUE with high N combined with P treatment were obviously higher than other treatments, and seed yield and WUE was 1062.50 kg/hm2 and 2.60 kg/(mm·hm2), respectively. Seed yield and WUE increased by 8.12%- 16.76% and 7.31%-15.77% than other treatments.

  Influences of Different Varieties of Phosphate Management on Corn Growth and Yield in Shajiang Black Soil 2014, 30 (30):  209-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1399 Abstract + ( 754 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 541 ) To improve soil quality and alleviate phosphorus leaching caused by soil acidity after long-term fertilization, a field experiment was designed and consisted of seven treatments: No phosphorus fertilizer application (CT); applied FCMP at 45 kg/hm2 (45FCMP); applied FCMP at 90 kg/hm2 (90FCMP); applied FCMP at 180 kg/hm2 (180FCMP); applied calcium superphosphate at 90 kg/hm2 (SSP); applied diammonium phosphate at 90 kg/hm2 (DAP) and applied FCMP at 45 kg/hm2 combined with diammonium phosphate at 45 kg/ hm2 (FDAP). The results showed that phosphorus fertilizer application helped to increase the corn production, and the increases of corn yield was 20.8% with 90FCMP, 4.8% with SSP, 5.7% with DAP and 18.1% with FDAP compared to CT. Moreover, an equation for the relationship between corn grain and the amount of FCMP application was:y =22.073x -0.1027x 2 5537.4, and 107.5 kg/hm2 of FCMP was required to get the highest corn yield. Thus, this research suggests that FCMP application is a new technique to further increase the corn grain yield in Shajiang Black Soil. Moreover, because of its alkaline, FCMP may also help alleviate soil acidification and prevent non-point pollution of agriculture caused by long-term mineral fertilizers application in Shajiang Black Soil.

  Optimum Field Arrangement of Double-season Waxy Sorghum and Soybean Intercropping Pattern 2014, 30 (30):  213-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1438 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 441KB )   ( 505 ) The study aimed to reduce the obstacles to double- season waxy sorghum continuous cropping, optimize field arrangement of double-season waxy sorghum and soybean intercropping pattern and improve efficiency and yields. The experiment used‘Guojiaohong No 1’and‘Nandou12’as materials, studied the effect of yield and benefit under different field arrangement of waxy sorghum and soybean compound and single planting model. The results showed that total output and total output value of waxy sorghum and soybean compound planting models were higher than that of single planting models. For first waxy sorghum, yield, 1000-kernel weight, spike grain weight and spike length decreased as wide row increased. For second waxy sorghum and soybean, those traits first increased and then decreased. When the wide row increased to 1.7 m, double season waxy sorghum yield was the highest, reached 8352.9 kg/hm2. When the wide row was 1.8 m, the yield of soybean reached to 1888.95 kg/hm2. Total output value and net income of wide row 1.7 m treatments of the two crops were the highest, respectively 47293.92 kg/hm2 and 29976.42 kg/hm2, the above two field arrangements were the optimum patterns. The highest value to cost ratio (VCR) was single sorghum planting, the lowest was single soybean pattern.

  Rice Substrate Water Holding Capacity of Different Organic Materials and Its Effect on Seedling Quality Jian-jun DAI 2014, 30 (30):  217-221.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1547 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 679KB )   ( 402 ) Rice substrate water holding capacity of different organic materials and its effect on seedling quality were studied through rice seedling pot experiment. In this paper,‘Longdao 11’was taken as the test material, and straw and rice husk as organic materials which were mixed with organic manure, peat, zeolite, vermiculite, fine sand, carbon powder, etc. by different proportions, and rice seedlings organic materials substrate tests were conducted. Results showed that, the density of organic materials seedling substrate and water holding capacity had a significant negative correlation, and water loss rate of different seedling organic materials substrates could meet rice seedling requirements within a certain range. CO1C was the optimal substrate, at which no pests occurred during rice seedling cultivation, and the seedling quality was the best and good seedling effect was obtained. The use of organic materials substrate could meet requirements of rice seedlings transplanting, and would be applied to rice seedling production and had a good effect, which could replace soil of ordinary rice seedling.

  Different Maturity Maize Pest Occurrence in Jilin Province 2014, 30 (30):  222-227.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1380 Abstract + ( 908 )   PDF ( 702KB )   ( 690 ) The study aim to clarify pest occurrence and characteristics under climate change of corn in Jilin Province, thus provide a theoretical basis for the forecast of corn pest occurrence and develop pest control techniques under climate change. In 2013 in Lishu County, the central region of Jilin Province, field trials with different ripening corn were conducted according to different ripening maize varieties’sensitivity to diseases, insect pests’response to climate change and its effect on maize yield. The results showed that: average rates of armyworm of mid-early-maturing, mid-maturing group and mid-late-maturing group were 5.59%, 3.23% and 2.61%, respectively; the average stem borers rate of corn borer of mid-early-maturing, mid-maturing group and mid-late-maturing group were 17.40%, 16.51% and 5.97%, respectively; corn leaf spot disease index of mid-early-maturing, mid-maturing group and mid-late-maturing group were 2.03%-10.07%, 0.70%-2.73% and 0.73%-3.09%, respectively, which illustrates that the plant diseases and insect pests of early maturing maize's sensitivity to climate change was strong and disease resistance and insect resistance of early maturing maize was weaker than the medium mid-maturing and mid-late-maturing maize; different varieties of the same maturity due to genetic characteristics also showed resistance difference; different maturity maize production were 8732.8- 10273.1 kg/hm2, 11507.0- 13724.0 kg/hm2 and 11684.5- 12722.6 kg/hm2, respectively. Yield performance in mid-maturing group and mid-late-maturing group was significantly higher than in the early maturity group, which illustrates that in the central region of Jilin Province, under the condition of low temperature and high humidity in early spring and high temperature and high humidity in growing season, disease occurrence and insect pests were heavier for early maturity varieties, which was not conducive to the improvement of maize production.

  Causes and Prevention Measures to Moldy Grain of Maize in Heilongjiang Province 2014, 30 (30):  228-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1442 Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 1290 ) In 2013, the situation and causes of moldy grain of maize were studied using the production survey and statistical analysis method in order to reduce the grain losses in Heilongjiang province. The results showed that: moldy grain of maize occurred widely in Heilongjiang province, the causes included meteorological factors, such as larger precipitation and higher temperature after harvest in autumn, as well as the speed of growing of planting area, the lag of harvest machinery development and the inadequate storage conditions. And the authors suggest some comprehensive techniques to prevent the occurrence of a large scale of moldy grain. First, it needs to accelerate the breeding and popularizing of new varieties which is precocious, adapt to mechanical harvesting and quickly post-dehydration; second, to accelerate constructing the social service system for the development of harvesting machinery and“wet corn”drying; and thirdly, to improve the construction of storage facilities. Meanwhile the authors put forward in- depth study, such as analysis of the impact of climate change on maize production in cold area and redistricting the region of accumulated temperature for maize planting, and improve relevant technology system under the local condition.

  Progress on Cultivar Identification of Crop Using DNA Markers 2014, 30 (30):  234-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0892 Abstract + ( 738 )   In order to deeply understand the status of the usage of DNA fingerprinting in the plant cultivars identification, more importantly, to promote DNA fingerprinting techniques’application in plant cultivars identification, this paper summarized the DNA fingerprinting techniques developed currently that used to identify plant cultivars and pointed out the advantages and disadvantages of the existing DNA fingerprinting identification techniques. The analysis measures applying to the DNA fingerprinting in cultivars identification were also reviewed. Because of the lack of the ideal measures, the techniques limited the transformation between DNA fingerprinting and plant identification information. Therefore, DNA markers have not really effectively applied in production practice. As a result, it was very important to propose a manual cultivar identification diagram (MCID) method based on the DNA fingerprinting. This article also focuses on the implementation of MCID.

  Review on Application of Nanosatellite in Space Life Science Research DENG Su-Fang,, and 2014, 30 (30):  241-245.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1189 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 1043KB )   ( 635 ) The application of nanosatellite in space life science research is discussed and some novel projects are introduced, including GeneSat - 1, PbarmaSat, and O/OREOS nanosatellite. The missions and modules, initiation of biological experiment, measuring principle and data feedback are summarized. Based on the current situation of nanosatellite biological applications, some design features are generalized, such as controlling of initiation,“stasis buffer”conservation of biological samples and optical dynamic feedback of biological results, which could provide reference for the study of space Azolla cubesat development and inorbit experiment in China.

  Research Progress on Plant Germin-like Proteins 2014, 30 (30):  246-254.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1639 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 1172KB )   ( 796 ) In the growth process, the plants would be unavoidably regulated by environmental signals and encounter kinds of stresses. Many stress responded proteins were discovered and studied in plants' response to environmental stresses. Germin-like proteins (GLPs) are important proteins which take part in every kind of stress. This group of proteins has similar sequence to wheat germin and is soluble glycoproteins located in extracellular matrix, which exists in all of the beings. The proteins have a variety of biological functions, for instance, they have important roles in the plant growth phase and response to the biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we introduced the main features of plant GLP proteins from plant GLPs classification and structure. At the same time, we reviewed the research progress at home and abroad on the GLPs and the genes that resistant to biotic stress and abiotic stress, and provided a reference for the future research.

  Key Enzymes Secreted by Herbaceous Fiber Biological Extraction Strains 2014, 30 (30):  255-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2025 Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 589KB )   ( 591 ) The study aims to define the types and features of the key enzymes secreted by herbaceous fiber biological extraction strains. The activities of pectinase, mannanase and xylanase secreted by herbaceous fiber bio- extraction strains were systematically determined using the classic DNS method. The results showed that pectinase, mannanase and xylanase were simultaneously secreted by the herbaceous fiber bioextraction strains. During the fermentation in 9- 11 h, the pectinase activity of strain CBXW- 3 was the highest in the six target strains, up to 123 IU/mL, followed by that of strain CBXW- 1, 105 IU/mL. The mannanase activity of strain CBXW-4 was the highest, up to 214.2 IU/mL, and the next was that of strain CBXW-1, 162.1 IU/mL. Moreover, the xylanase activity of strain CBXW-4 was the highest in the six object strains, up to 111.4 IU/mL, and followed by that of strain CBXW- 6, 87.6 IU/mL. The varieties and the activities of key enzymes secreted by the six herbaceous fiber bio-extraction strains were better than that of the similar reports. It may provide scientific basis for further clarification of herbaceous fiber bio-extraction mechanism and study on the application value of the microbiology resources.

  Establishment and Optimization of SRAP-PCR Reaction System for Elymus breviaristatus 2014, 30 (30):  259-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1190 Abstract + ( 662 )   PDF ( 867KB )   ( 518 ) The SRAP- PCR for Elymus breviaristatus was optimized using the single factor test and the orthogonal design test in the study. The optimized SRAP- PCR system for E. breviaristatus was: 2.00 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.40μmol/L primers, 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 250μmol/L dNTPs, 30 ng DNA template, 2μL 10×PCR buffer in the total volume of 20μL. The results showed that the order for the most influenced factor to the least influenced factor was: Mg2+ , primer, Taq polymerase, dNTPs and DNA template. The optimized PCR system was confirmed using six E. breviaristatus accessions. The electrophoresis results showed that the amplified bands were highly polymorphic and clear, further indicating that the optimized system was reliable. The optimized SRAP- PCR system could be used for genetics and breeding studies in E. breviaristatus or other Elymus species.

  Identification and Biological Characteristics of Downy Mildew Pathogens of Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen 2014, 30 (30):  265-268.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1387 Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 1395KB )   ( 553 ) In Fuling, to solve classification problems of downy mildew pathogen ofBrassica juncea var. tumida Tsen and provide basis for develop control measures by the biological factor, research on morphology and main biological characteristics of downy mildew pathogens ofBrassica juncea var. tumida Tsen were conducted by using traditional means of disease research. The results showed that the germination of the resting spores was affected by temperature, humidity, pH, nutrition. The optimum germination temperature of the resting spores ranged from 16℃ to 18℃ with the optimum point at 17℃, and the optimum pH 4.0-5.2 with the highest germination rate appeared at pH 4.4. The optimum germination humidity of the resting spores was between 75% and 85% with the optimum point of 80%.

  Comparative Study on Quality of Alfalfa with Near-Infrared-Reflectance Spectroscopy and Conventional Chemical Assay 2014, 30 (30):  269-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1407 Abstract + ( 754 )   PDF ( 589KB )   ( 614 ) Collecting 10 kinds of alfalfa samples from national technical system of grass industry in Suihua general field, we measured some indexes of alfalfa with near-infrared-reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) and conventional chemical assay (CCA). The crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), fat (FAT), ash (ASH) and dry matter (DM) were detected. Compared with paired T value analysis by SPSS, the results show that X ± S are approximate between two methods, |t|<0.05, P>0.05. Calculating the standard deviation (SD) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) respectively, we find that the value of NIRS is less than CCA. The results also show that NIRS can be used as a new detection method, based on the comparison with CCA.

  Isolation and Identification of Psychrophile from the Lake and the Properties of Enzyme Production 2014, 30 (30):  273-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1435 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 596KB )   ( 709 ) The study aims to explore microbial and enzyme activity diversity of the lake, and obtain the cold bacteria with application value. The samples from the lake at low temperature were taken and spread onto plate for separating. The strains were further measured by colony morphology, physiological and biochemical properties, screened out the cold- adapt strains. The protease, cellulose, amylase, and the lignin enzyme activity of strains were also measured. The results showed that the total of 22 cold-adapted-strains were isolated, which contained 14 bacteria, 5 fungi and 3 actinomyces. Seven of them can produce protease, three of them can produce amylase, six of them can produce lignin enzymes, six of them can produce cellulase. WF-1 has four enzyme activities, WB- 8 has three enzyme activities, the other strains have one or two enzyme activities. The screened out strains have various enzyme activities and potential value for development.

  Research of Changes of Dissolution of Black Tea Pigment due to Different Infusion Condition 2014, 30 (30):  278-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1519 Abstract + ( 873 )   PDF ( 612KB )   ( 654 ) Changes of dissolution of black tea pigment due to dissolution interval and dissolution time were studied taking Kungfu black tea made in Yunnan Dianhong as sample. The results showed that L*a*b* changed significantly with dissolution interval and dissolution time. After samples were dissolved for 2 times, a* values of tea infusion were all ( ) while were all (-) when being dissolved for 4 times. TB had the highest leaching rate followed by TR and TF, while quite small difference of leaching rate could be discriminated between TR and TF. As the dissolution time increased, difference of L* values between the two adjacent dissolution time gradually decreased, tending to be the same value. This phenomenon also applied to a* and b* values, as well asthe content of TF, TR and TB. When the dissolution interval was 30 s, the relationship between ALR (the accumulative leaching rate) of the 3 kinds of tea pigment and dissolution time respectively matched the kinetic equation of zero level while mostly the kinetic equation of one level at dissolution interval of 1 min, 3 min and 5 min. Quite significant correlation was observed between content of tea pigment and values of chromatic aberration, and the correlation coefficient was RTB>RTR>RTF. This experiment was of practical meaning in exploring the dissolution pattern and coloration attribute of tea pigment.

  Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Olive Oil Adulteration Identification 2014, 30 (30):  285-289.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1238 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 629KB )   ( 832 ) Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to detect the infrared information of olive oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and palm oil. The results showed that the position and absorbance of olive oil in the infrared spectra absorption peaks were different from other vegetable oils, with the absorption peak at 3005-3009 cm- 1 and 1117-1121 cm- 1 as the species distinction. Simulation of adulteration, the absorbance and adulteration ratio showed a linear relationship at 3005 cm- 1 and 1097 cm- 1. When 7 kinds of edible vegetable oil were heated up to 180℃for 2 h, absorption peak of olive oil at 1097 cm-1 and 968 cm-1 rose while that of other kinds of vegetable oil decreased. As to adulterated olive oils, 3005 cm-1 absorbance was still linear with adulteration ratio from 5% to 80%, in the meantime, 3400-3650 cm- 1 region showed a great increase even the adulteration ratio was reduced to 5%, which provided a rapid and efficient method for identification of olive oil adulteration.

  Study on the Processing Technology of Mushroom Paper 2014, 30 (30):  290-295.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1261 Abstract + ( 670 )   PDF ( 521KB )   ( 746 ) We used mushrooms as the main raw materials and studied the processing technique from the flavor, the influencing factors on the film forming property and packaging material for mushroom paper. We also studied the influence of the packaging material on the finished appearance of mushroom paper. The results showed that when the amount of the additives for salt, sugars, konjac dosage and CMC were respectively 0.6%, 0.8% , 0.1% and 0.3% , amount of the shiitake mushroom stem and cap accounted for 20% and 80% respectively, drying temperature was 80 ℃, drying time was 3 hours, laying thickness of mushroom paper was 3.0 mm, we obtained the best forming film than any others. The color, taste and flavor of mushroom paper in this condition were also best than other conditions. The packing material for this best condition is BOPA6/ LDPE composite film bag that could keep 12% water content of mushroom paper in the processing technology.

  Method of Abstracting Tea-saponin with Secondany Fermemtation 2014, 30 (30):  296-301.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1460 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 593KB )   ( 648 ) Alcohol fermentation was carried out to extract tea-saponin based on the feature that there are a lot of saccharides substances in tea cake. The result showed that secondary fermentation could successfully promote alcohol fermentation. 12.58 g carbohydrate per 100 g cake was consumed during alcohol fermentation. The extraction percentage could reach 80%, and the purity of crude extraction could achieve 62.37%. It was appropriate when the proportioning of corn meal and cake was 1:1.5. The energy consumption of concentration was low. The concentration of tea-saponin in original extracts was 78.26 mg/mL.

  The Optimization of Key Processing Parameters for Microwave Expansion Tobacco Stem during Cutting Process 2014, 30 (30):  302-309.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1480 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 507KB )   ( 746 ) The paper aims to study the optimization of the key processing parameters for microwave expansion tobacco stem during cutting process. Tobacco stem blending modules (upper tobacco stem blending module was U, middle tobacco stem blending module was M and lower tobacco stem blending module was L) of a brand of cigarette were selected as study objects. Uniform experimental design was adopted for the seven key processing parameters during microwave expansion tobacco stem during cutting process, BP neural networks models of the key processing parameters during microwave treatments process of tobacco stem were established, and the models were used for simulation and optimization of the key processing parameters during microwave treatments process of tobacco stem. Three grades of sensory evaluation score: high, medium and low, and the corresponding technology combination for module U, module M and module L from the simulation results were chosen. Pilot production and sensory taste of microwave expansion cut stem were completed according to the chosen process combination. Microwave expansion cut stem of pilot production was chosen and well mixed by mixture tests design, and substituted for the cut stems made by conventional process with the same proportion in the cigarette of class C. Compared with the certain brand of cigarette, the key processing parameters and ratio of module U, module M and module L during microwave treatments process were verified by sensory evaluation.

  Risk Assessment of Aluminum from Food Additives and Contaminants 2014, 30 (30):  310-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1568 Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 651KB )   ( 1303 ) This paper was to evaluate the health risk of aluminum from food additives and contaminants based on the evaluation reports at the sixty-seventh and seventy-fourth JECFA meeting. The toxicity, source and exposure of aluminum were analyzed. In addition, the committee set a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 2.0 mg/kg body weight for aluminum, including food additive usage. Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization of aluminum from food additives and contaminants from the meetings of JECFA were introduced in detail, which could contribute to a convenient and quick understanding of risk assessment of aluminum in the international organization, and provide a reference for the research on safety evaluation of aluminum in food and the relevant work.