Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.27 Published:15 October 2014

  A Review of Cotton Waterlogging Stress 2014, 30 (27):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0803 Abstract + ( 1029 )   PDF ( 460KB )   ( 844 ) Waterlogging is one of the main abiotic stresses in nature, and cotton is constantly exposed to waterlogging which severely restrict cotton planting acreage and lint yield. In order to study the harmful effects of waterlogging on the growth and development of cotton, we summarized present situation and progress of studies on waterlogging stress in terms of morphological parameters, physiological traits and phytohormone variation, and then analyzed cotton physiological mechanisms under waterlogging stress, including adaptive changes of cotton aerenchyma formation and enzymes metabolisms, and lastly gave several advices on waterlogging identification methods, evaluating indicators and varieties breeding for further study.

  Performance on Population Quality and Photosynthetic Parameters of Early Rice of Throwing Transplanting Under Seedling-increase and Nitrogen-reduction Measures 2014, 30 (27):  5-14.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1731 Abstract + ( 631 )   PDF ( 966KB )   ( 426 ) The Population quality and photosynthetic parameters of rice‘Xiangzhaoxian 45’of throwing transplanting under three nitrogen levels [N1: 105 kg/hm2 (low nitrogen dose); N2: 135 kg/hm2 (low nitrogen dose); N3: 165 kg/hm2 (regular nitrogen dose)] combined with 3 seedling densities [M1: 0.27 million hills per hectare (regular seedling rate); M2: 0.315 million hills per hectare (high seedling rate); M3: 0.36 million hills per hectare (high seedling rate)] in a split-plot trial field were compared to verify suitable population index of high- yielding groups under seedlings- increase and nitrogen- reduction measures. The results showed that: under the premise of not affecting production, nitrogen fertilizer could reduce 18.2% when compared with current habitual amount, but the risk of reducing production would arise when nitrogen fertilizer reduced further (reduce 36.4%). Nitrogen and density had certain influence on population index of crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, leaf area decay rate, leaf area ratio, export rate, photosynthetic potential and grain leaf ratio etc., each population index value of N2M3 was in the moderate range; net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of the highest yield combination (N2M3) were also at a moderate level. In summary, the population index value of high- yielding groups of early rice by throwing transplanting ought to be moderate level under seedling-increase and nitrogen-reduction measures, building suitable groups could reach high yield through reasonable collocation between nitrogen fertilizer and density, rather than increased nitrogen fertilizer blindly to pursue high- yielding, thus reduced the harm to environment on account of excessive nitrogen fertilizer application.

  Analysis of the Correlations Between the Main Characteristic and Yield of Different Summer Maize Hybrids 2014, 30 (27):  15-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1611 Abstract + ( 553 )   PDF ( 593KB )   ( 1467 ) In order to explore correlation of main traits and yield of different varieties of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to study the dynamic of the leaf area index, the growth rate of leaf area index, the photosynthetic potential, and their relationship with the yield. The results showed that, the yield, the leaf area index and the photosynthetic potential of‘Denghai 602’were the highest of the 15 maize hybrids. The leaf area index of different maize hybrids presented a single peak curve change in the growth period, and it got the highest in the silking stage, there was a difference between different maize hybrids. The growth rate of leaf area index showed the same trend. The photosynthetic potential also presented a single peak curve change in the growth period, the peak was from the silking stage to milk ripe stage. The direct path coefficient between the growth rate of leaf area index and yield was the highest from the seedling stage to jointing stage. The direct effect on photosynthetic potential and yield was the highest from the ripening stage to maturing stage. Therefore, the seedling stage to jointing stage and the ripening stage to maturing stage were the important stage for maize to get high yield.

  Effect of Low Phosphorous Stress on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Maize Inbred Lines Qi319 and low-phosphorus-tolerant Mutant Qi319-96 2014, 30 (27):  21-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0582 Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 744KB )   ( 786 ) To better understand the differences on light absorption, distribution and surplus energy dissipation between two different phosphorus efficiency maize genotypes under low phosphorus, ydroponics was conducted with the low phosphorus tolerant mutant Qi319-96 and wild type Qi319 as the test materials. The leaf photosynthesis and chloroplast fluorescence characteristics were detected between two inbred lines grown under P-deficient (KH2PO4 5 μmol/L, -P) and P-sufficient (KH2PO4 1000 μmol/L, P) conditions. The results showed that the light energy conversion efficiency and electron transport rate (ETR) of Qi319-96 were higher than that of Qi319. The light absorbed by maize that entered into the photochemical reaction in Qi319-96 was higher than that in Qi319, whereas thermal energy dissipation through antenna pigments was more weakened. The surplus energy that dissipated by ROS-scavenging system had no significant diversity between Qi319-96 and Qi319 under phosphorus starvation. Inorganic phosphorus content was higher in Qi319-96 in comparison with Qi319 under low phosphorus stress. Compared to Qi319, Qi319-96 possessed higher efficiency of light energy conversion and carbon assimilation. These results indicated that different inorganic phosphorus concentration of leaf may be the major cause for the variation of photosynthetic characteristics between Qi319-96 and Qi319.

  Influences of Different Sowing Dates on the Yield and Quality of Strong Gluten Wheat in Rice Stubble-field of the Yellow River Area 2014, 30 (27):  29-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1482 Abstract + ( 568 )   PDF ( 518KB )   ( 406 ) To study the influences of different sowing dates on the yield and quality of strong gluten wheat, taking‘Yumai 34’strong gluten wheat in the Yellow River area as experimental object, three completely randomized block design experiments were conducted at sowing dates (Oct. 8th, Oct. 18th and Oct. 28th), and parameters such as yield, yield factors, protein content and its components, starch content and its components, and farinograph values were measured. Results showed that during Oct 8th to 28th, early sowing could improve yield (the highest yield was 3593.33 kg/hm2, the lowest yield was 1862.25 kg/hm2). When sowing date was postponed, grain protein content increased significantly, starch content decreased, and the effect of sowing date on protein components and starch components was inconsistent. Taking into consideration of flour quality, overall assessment indicates that mid-time (Oct 18th) sowing was the best, and late-time (Oct. 28th) sowing performs the worst.

  Effect of Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide on Light-induced Anthocyanin Synthesis in Mung Bean Hypocotyl 2014, 30 (27):  33-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2990 Abstract + ( 648 )   To study the light signaling process in anthocyanin synthesis, by means of physiological, histological method and spectrophotometry, the effete of light on anthocyanin synthesis, location of anthocyanin synthesis and the action of NO and H2O2 in light-induced anthocyanin synthesis were measured in mung bean hypocotyl. The results show that light induced anthocyanin synthesis, and the effect was time-dependent. The location of anthocyanin synthesis was parenchyma cells under epidermis in hypocotyl of mung bean. Further, lightinduced anthocyanin synthesis was largely prevented by≥10 mmol/L NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME,≥300μmol/L nitrate reductase inhibitor Na2WO4,≥300μmol/L NO scavenger hemoglobin (Hb),≥3μmol/L DPI, an inhibitor of the H2O2-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase,≥10 mmol/L Vc, an important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal, or≥200 units/mL H2O2 scavenging enzyme CAT, indicating that NO and H2O2, as intermediate signal molecule, mediated light-induced anthocyanin synthesis.

  Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Different Sugar Beet Genotypes 2014, 30 (27):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0440 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 546 ) Further increasing the yield and sugar content of sugar beet is significant for the development of sugar beet production, sugar industry and increasing farmers’income. In this study, the photosynthetic characteristics of different varieties of sugar beet were compared during the whole growth period. The results showed that: there was significant difference of SPAD, photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate in different sugar beet genotypes during the growing period. In sugar accumulation stage, SPAD value of high-yielding varieties was lower than that of high sugar varieties. In root and sugar growth stage, photosynthetic rate of high- yielding varieties was higher than that of high sugar varieties. In the seedling stage, intercellular CO2 concentration of high-yielding varieties was lower than that of high sugar varieties, intercellular CO2 concentration of high yield varieties in sugar accumulation period was higher than that of high sugar varieties. In the foliage rapid growth stage, stomata conductance of high-yield varieties was lower than that of high sugar varieties. The transpiration rate of high-yield varieties in foliage rapid growth stage and sugar accumulation period was lower than that of high sugar varieties.

  Comparison of Net Photosynthetic Rate of Brassica napus Along with the Environmental Variation in Different Ecological Regions 2014, 30 (27):  43-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0491 Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 652KB )   ( 634 ) In order to study the difference of photosythesis between spring rape area and winter rape area, the hybrid of Brassica napus‘Qinzayou No.3’was chosen to compare the difference of net photosynthetic rate of the two areas under different illumination, CO2 concentration and temperature. The results were as below: the change trends of net photosynthetic rate of spring rape area and winter rape area were similar along with the change of illumination, CO2 concentration and temperature. The light quantum efficiency and light saturation point of leaf in spring rape area were higher than that in winter rape area, in contrast with the light compensation point; light respiration rate and net photosynthetic rate under the saturated illumination in spring rape area were lower than that in winter rape area. The carboxylation efficiency in spring rape area were higher than that in winter rape area, but the CO2 saturation point and the net photosynthetic rate under the saturated CO2 concentration in spring rape area were lower than that in photosythetic capacity of leaf in spring rape area was better than that in winter rape area and the rape in spring rape area had the bigger adaptation to environment.winter rape area and the CO2 compensation point in two areas had no significant difference. The temperature range that was suitable for photosynthetic reaction in spring rape area was wider than that in winter rape area and the net photosynthetic rate under optimum temperature in spring rape area was lower than that in winter rape area. The results indicated that the photosythetic capacity of leaf in spring rape area was better than that in winter rape area and the rape in spring rape area had the bigger adaptation to environment.

  Grey Correlation Degree Analysis on Main Agronomic Traits and Yield of Summer Sowing Soybean in Huanghuai River Region 2014, 30 (27):  48-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0584 Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 458KB )   ( 349 ) To explore the effects of major agronomic traits on the yield of soybean, grey correlation degree analysis method was adopted to analyze the yield and agronomic traits of 16 soybean arieties and 12 points test in Huanghuai River Region, which provided a theoretic base for soybean breeding in Huanghuai River Region. The results showed that the order of the correlation degree of yield and agronomic traits was: the weight of seeds per plant ＞ branches per plant ＞ the plant height ＞ growing period ＞pods per plant ＞ the number seeds per plant ＞ main stem node number＞ height of lowest pod ＞ 100 seed weight. When we bred new soybean varieties, the weight of seeds per plant and branches per plant, the plant height and growing period were the prior factors for the yield.

  Different Sowing Test of Medium Indica Hybrid Rice in Jianghuai Region 2014, 30 (27):  52-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0627 Abstract + ( 577 )   PDF ( 461KB )   ( 674 ) To find out how the temperature and light resources in Jinghuai Region influence the seeding quality, growth process, tillering dynamics, field resistance and yield components of medium ndica hybrid rice, the authors selected and used medium indica hybrid rice with different breeds and different mature period. By planting them in different time, the authors identified the appropriate planting period of the medium indica hybrid rice with high yield and quality in Jinghuai Region. The results showed that the rice planted after May 15th, with delay of planting date, had longer growth process, fewer tillers and lower yield, so the medium indica hybrid rice shouldn’t be planted after May 15th in Jianghuai Region, the most appropriate planting period was from April 15th to May 15th.

  Evaluation of Selected Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines for Multi-resistance to Major Pathogens 2014, 30 (27):  58-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0643 Abstract + ( 570 )   PDF ( 517KB )   ( 455 ) Cercospora sojina, Phytophthora sojae and soybean root rot are the major pathogens of soybean, which can affect the quality and quantity of soybean products. To screen soybean cultivars and breeding lines with resistant to major pathogens is an effective way to control diseases. Resistances of 139 soybean cultivars to the pathogens of Cercospora sojina, Phytophthora sojae and soybean root rot were evaluated by artificial inoculation to screen resources with single or multi resistance. The results showed that 51 soybean cultivars and breeding lines possessed ability with high resistance to Cercospora sojina and Phytophthora sojae , 80 soybean cultivars and breeding lines with moderate resistance, 102 soybean cultivars and breeding lines with resistance to the pathogens Cercospora sojina and soybean root rot. 179 soybean cultivars and breeding lines were susceptible to three pathogens. 12 soybean cultivars and breeding lines shared traits with multiresistance to both Phytophthora sojae and soybean root, 14 soybean cultivars and breeding lines with mutiresistance to both Cercospora sojina and Phytophthora sojae, 16 soybean cultivars and breeding lines with multi-resistance to both Cercospora sojina and soybean root, 7 soybean cultivars and breeding lines with multiresistance to these three pathogens. The results indicated that, since a large part of soybean cultivars and breeding lines possessed single resistance to a pathogen and only minor soybean resources possessed ultiresistance to two more pathogens or three pathogens, rational utilization of soybean resources should be made.

  Effects of Different Soil Moisture Before Sowing on Growth and Development and Yield of Summer Maize 2014, 30 (27):  66-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0676 Abstract + ( 634 )   PDF ( 579KB )   ( 490 ) The different soil moisture before sowing on growth and development and yield were studied, and the drought resistance of different cultivars was explored. Taking 8 main summer maize cultivars in Henan as the test materials, effects of soil moisture before sowing on plant height, dry matter, roots and yield were compared under pool cultivation. The results showed that under the treatment of half dose soil moisture before sowing, the decrease of yield and plant biological traits index of‘Zhengdan958’and‘Luoyu8’’was smaller, the decrease of that of‘Liyu16’,‘Zhongke4’and‘Weike702’was bigger, but the decrease of that of ‘Xundan20’,‘Xianyu335’and‘Longping206’was medium. The drought resistance of‘Zhengdan958’and ‘Luoyu8’was strong, the drought resistance of‘Liyu16’,‘Zhongke4’and‘Weike702’was weak, and the drought resistance of‘Xundan20’,‘Xianyu335’and‘Longping206’was medium.

  Studies of Soil Physical Property of Different Abandoned Lands in the Minqin Oasis, Downstream of the Shiyang River 2014, 30 (27):  72-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0677 Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 614KB )   ( 545 ) The vast area of farmland was abandoned at downstream of the Shiyang River because of decreased water recourse. To ensure the ecological safety of Minqin Oasis and to provide anagement basis for the abandoned land, soil physical properties were observed and studied. The authors analyzed land with abandonment time of 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 8 years, 15 years, 24 years and 31 years. Samples were took at the 0-40 cm layer of soil to measure the bulk density, porosity and grain composition of soil in the different abandoned lands. Results showed that the tendency of clay content was decreasing, conversely, the fine sand increased at the layer of 0-10 cm of different abandoned lands. The changes of grain content reached a peak at the fourth year after the land was abandoned, then varied slightly. The variation of grain content of abandoned land was obvious with the extension of the abandonment year. The soil bulk density decreased and porosity increased with the extension of the abandonment year. The difference of porosity and soil bulk density at the range of 0-40 cm of different abandoned land decreased after the land abandoned for 3 years. The quality of soil was decreased, while the soil permeability was improved. The soil physical properties changed obviously in 3 to 4 years after abandonment, so it is the key time for land management.

  Research and Analysis of Maize Yield and Drought Resistance Under Drought Stress in Heading Stage 2014, 30 (27):  77-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0753 Abstract + ( 667 )   PDF ( 583KB )   ( 980 ) Drought was the main reason that caused low and unstable maize yields in northern China. In order to ensure high and stable maize yields, it is important to research and find the suitable maize varieties. This experiment selected the typical maize varieties in production, and under conditions of drought stress and normally watered soil in the heading stage, the different maize varieties yields and yields components and drought resistance were researched. The results showed that, under water stress in heading stage, the average small section yield of high density planting maize varieties was 12.14 kg, which was higher than that of the low density planting maize varieties (10.4 kg); the analysis of drought resistance index showed that, the highest variety was‘Dafeng26’(0.89), which belonged to high density planting varieties, and the lowest variety was ‘Nongda108’(0.39), which belonged to low density planting varieties. The combined analysis of yield components showed that the density of planting was the most important factor that affected yields, and the second was kernel number, and the third was hundred grains weight.‘Dafeng26’and‘Xianyu335’had high and stable yield in the experiment. Therefore, to select high density planting maize varieties and promote maize cultivation technology of increased density were the important ways to sustain maize production and ensure food security in future.

  Study on Yields and Related Traits of Maize Varieties with Different Maturity Periods 2014, 30 (27):  82-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0685 Abstract + ( 642 )   PDF ( 558KB )   ( 484 ) In recent years, due to global warming and one-sided pursuit of high yield, the phenomenon of cross one planting is getting worse in maize production. In order to stop cross zone planting, avoid long growth period varieties, ensure safety ripen, and improve yield and commercial quality of grain of maize, the different yield and related characters of maize varieties has been researched in the early matured district of Shanxi Province for 4 years from 2010 to 2013. The results showed that, the yield of middle matured varieties were higher in the year which hydrothermal condition was better than common year, but had no significant difference in contrast with early matured varieties (P＜0.05). In early frost year, yield and hundred- grain weight of middle matured varieties were significantly lower than that of early matured varieties (P＜0.01), and the average decrease was 10.2% and 16.3%, respectively，the harvest index and grain produce index also decrease significantly. Although the harvest index and water use efficient of the earliest matured maize varieties were more higher than common varieties, the yield were low and ripen date was 25-28 days earlier than early frost in common year, and about 300-400℃ active accumulated temperature which was ≥10℃ was not been used efficiently, and resulted in the loss of light and water and heat. Therefore, under comprehensive consideration of the safety ripeness, high and stable yield and high quality and efficient use of resource, the early matured varieties were better than middle matured and the earliest matured varieties, and were more suitable for promotion in this area.

  Analysis of Combining Ability in Yield and Yield Components of Yinshui-type Hybrid Japonica Rice 2014, 30 (27):  88-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0772 Abstract + ( 623 )   PDF ( 418KB )   ( 489 ) For studying the potentiality of several new rice parents and providing theoretical basis for Yinshuitype hybrid japonica rice breeding, an incomplete dialer cross was made by using 4 CMS lines and 4 restorer lines. The combining ability for yield and yield components characters was analyzed. The results showed that: general combining ability (GCA) variances of yield traits were greatly significant. The restorer lines had higher GCA variances of yield traits than the CMS lines except for seed setting rate. Specific combining ability (SCA) variances of the grain weight per plant, panicles per plant and seed setting rate were significant or greatly significant. 139A and Wanlun 422 had higher GCA effects. Most yield traits of these two parents were typeⅡ. 139A×Wanlun 422 and Liao10A×Wanlun 422 had higher SCA effects and grain weight per plant. The GCA effects of restorer lines and the SCA effects of combinations were greater than the GCA effects of CMS lines in yield traits. In this study, the restorer lines had greater genetic difference and impact on the yield traits than CMS lines. The parents of 139A and Wanlun 422 were recommendable.

  Correlation and Path Analysis of Main Agronomic Traits of Waxy Corn Hybrids 2014, 30 (27):  93-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0802 Abstract + ( 700 )   PDF ( 459KB )   ( 501 ) The test was carried out the correlation and path analysis of 10 main agronomic characters and plot yields of fresh ear of waxy corn. The results showed that the traits of plant height, ear height (r=0.6288**), plant height and double spike rate (r=0.5779**), plant height and panicle length (r=0.5069**), plant height and ear diameter (r=0.4878**), double spike rate and grain number per row (r=0.4877**), grain number per row and ear diameter (r=0.4686**), bald tip length and number of rows per ear (r=0.4355**) were significantly positive correlated. Bald tip length and double spike rate (r=0.4356**), bald tip length and grain number per row (r=-0.5350**) were significantly negative correlation. The greatest effect of fresh ear yield was caused by the number of rows per ear (r=0.5314**, P=0.7480), followed by the effects of the double spike rate (r=0.4724**, P=0.4177), grain number per row (r=0.4127*, P=0.2317) and 100 grain weight (r=0.3637*, P=0.2159). In order to obtain high yields of waxy corn, attentions should be paid to increase the number of rows per ear, kernels per row, rate of twin spike and grain weight, coordinate the relationship between different characters, and control plant height, ear height and bald tip length traits.

  Effects of Long-Term Located Fertilization on the Contents and Composition of Organic Matter in Paddy Soil 2014, 30 (27):  98-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0813 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 547KB )   ( 520 ) To reveal variation of organic matter content in red paddy soil, through a 27- years- located fertilization experiment in red paddy soil, the content and composition of organic matter in paddy soil were studied in this paper. The results showed that: the dynamics of soil organic matter of the different fertilization treatments had significant differences, In the premise of equal nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphorus and Kalium), combined application of organic-inorganic treatments benefited the accumulation of organic matter in paddy soil than non-fertilizer treatment or chemical fertilizer treatment; the dynamics of soil humic acid, HA and FA of chemical fertilizer only and combined application of organic-inorganic treatments had basically the same trend, but the contents of humic acid, HA and FA of combined application of organic-inorganic treatments had been higher than that of non-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatment. Moreover, combined application of organic- inorganic treatments benefited the improvement of the contents of HA and FA, but HA/FA ratio decreased with the extension of time. Combined application of organic- inorganic treatments benefited the improvement of the contents of readily oxidizable O.M; and the contents of soil organic matter in long-term experiment and the contents of readily oxidizable O.M had highly significant positive correlation and the contents of soil total nitrogen, avail nitrogen and potassium had significant positive correlation; the contents of soil readily oxidizable O.M and the contents of soil total nitrogen, avail P and rice yield had significant positive correlation. Thereinto, the correlation (r=0.8181*) between the rice yield and soil readily oxidizable O.M was higher than the correlation (r=0.8020) between the rice yield and soil organic matter. It showed that the soil readily oxidized organic matter had greater contribution to the rice yield.

  Study on Physiological Characters of Anti-senility in Different Foxtail Varieties 2014, 30 (27):  104-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0814 Abstract + ( 684 )   PDF ( 673KB )   ( 684 ) The study aims to investigate the variations of physiological indexes of different foxtail millet varieties, and evaluate the strength of anti-senility of them. 5 foxtail millet varieties were used as the test materials to study he dynamic variations of the chlorophyll contents, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), soluble protein contents, the SOD, POD, CAT activities and MDA contents of the leaves. The results showed that the changing trend of leaf physiological and biochemical indexes were consistent in the different foxtail millet varieties from flowering to maturing. The chlorophyll contents, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the soluble protein contents of leaves gradually decreased 10 days after flowering, but the SOD, POD, CAT activities of leaves increased first and decreased afterwards, the contents of MDA increased 10 days after flowering. ‘An4585’＞‘Yugu17’＞‘Jigu14’＞‘Yugu11’＞‘Baogu18’was the anti-senility tolerance order of the foxtail millet varieties based on the leaf physiological indexes in 50 d after the varieties flowering by a comprehensive analysis of fuzzy membership functions. The research showed that the fuzzy membership function could evaluate the anti-senility of foxtail millet and our study could provide a reference for evaluating anti-senility of foxtail millet.

  Study on Caloric Value of Crop Seeds and Various Crop Organs in Shandong Province 2014, 30 (27):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0858 Abstract + ( 651 )   PDF ( 459KB )   ( 945 ) To explore the caloric value of different crop organs, so as to provide the theoretical basis for improving the utilization efficiency of light energy and planting structure adjustment as well as regulation of agronomic measure. This study collected 23 crop seeds or tuberous root and 5 crop organs in Shandong, and the caloric value was measured using oxygen bomb calorimeter. The results showed that the crop seeds or tuberous root caloric value ranged from 16357.72 to 29513.69 J/g; the caloric value of sesame of oil crop reach 29513.69 J/g, it was 1.8 times the caloric value of the lotus root (tuberous root) of aquatic crop. The caloric value of different types of crop seeds was observed as: oil crop＞legume crop ＞cereal crop＞aquatic crop; but the caloric value of lotus root tuberous root of aquatic crop was lower than that of the potato Tania root of terrestrial plants. The caloric value of crop organs difference within crops decreased in the following order: seeds (20005.80 J/g) ＞leaves (17452.77 J/g) ＞stem (16911.04 J/g); the seeds and stem of peanut had the highest caloric value, the leaves of sweet potato had the highest caloric value. Different crop species and types had obviously different caloric value of the crop seeds or tuberous root. The caloric value of the different crop organs also differed significantly within the same crop species, so did the same crop organs within the different crop species.

  Screening of Glycine soja Germplasm from Fujian Province for Salt Tolerance 2014, 30 (27):  114-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0860 Abstract + ( 635 )   PDF ( 1509KB )   ( 594 ) Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limit the growth of plants and reduce crop yield and quality. Wild soybeans are wild relatives of cultivated soybean and possess many excellent genes. To evaluate the salt tolerance of wild soybeans, using float seedling technology and taking NaCl lethal concentration as evaluation index, 244 Glycine soja germplasms from Fujian Province were evaluated for salt tolerance at seedling stage. The results showed that the lowest and highest of NaCl lethal concentration were 200 mmol/L and 300 mmol/L, respectively. Among these germplasms, 14 with salt tolerance were screened out with NaCl lethal concentration of 290 mmol/L, representing 6% of the total test materials, only 2 with 300 mmol/L lethal concentration, accounting for 1%; 15 germplasms with salt sensitivity had 200 mmol/L lethal concentration, accounting for 6% of the total test materials. 36 test materials had lethal concentration of 270 mmol/L, accounting for 15%, and 32 test materials had lethal concentration of 220 mmol/L and 29 had lethal concentration of 280 mmol/L. In summary, wild soybean were significantly different in salt tolerance and rich in genetic variation, and could be expected to screen out excellent salt-tolerant germplasm for the study of salt tolerant QTL and mechanism.

  A Study of the Growth and Decline of Weed Communities in No-till Corn Field 2014, 30 (27):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0904 Abstract + ( 810 )   PDF ( 885KB )   ( 515 ) Field experiment was conducted to study effects of continuous no-till on corn field weed community succession and maize yield in wheat-maize double cropping system; weed species and quantity in corn field with different tillage methods were investigated using the method of inverted W- pattern with 9 sampling points; weed fresh weight was weighed using bioassay method and yield was weighed after corn maturity. The results showed that weed species in no-till covering wheat straw and no-till corn field had increased from 12 to 13, and there was no change of weed population constitution in rotary tillage corn field, which had 11 kinds of weeds. The cornfield weed number in No-till field covering wheat straw for 1-5 years was less than that of rotary plow, for 6-7 years, there was little difference between two kinds of farming. Compared with the rotary plow, weed number in No-till corn field for 1-4 years ebb and flow with each other, weed number had been more than that of rotary plow from the 5th year. No-till covering wheat straw significantly reduced proportion of Eleusine indica, while the proportion of Digitaria sanguinalis increased. Maize yield decreased after No-till for 3 consecutive years, yield decreased slower in no-till field covering wheat straw than that in No-till field. Notill covering wheat straw could reduce the amount of corn field weed, and the inhibition effect declined with the extension of no-till time. The longer of the no-till time of corn field, the more serious of weed.

  Effects of Different Biochar Rates on Physical and Chemical Properties of Red Soil and Maize Growth 2014, 30 (27):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1061 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 625KB )   ( 499 ) The filed experiment of different biochar rates, which the amounts were 0 (CK), 6, 12, 24, 48 t/hm2 , was conducted in red soil. Soil physical and chemical properties and maize yield were analyzed. The results showed that: compared with CK, the soil bulk density of different biochar rates were reduced by 4.8%-16.3%, and soil capillary porosity were increased by 8.1%- 21.6% . The soil aggregate that more than 0.5 mm was decreased with the increasing of biochar amounts, but the soil aggregate that less than 0.5 mm was increased with the increasing of biochar amounts. Soil MWD in 6, 12, 24, 48 t/hm2 biochar were cut down by 7.93%, 25.39%, 30.15% and 28.57% compared with CK. However, their soil pH and CEC were increased by 0.19- 1.02 units and 0.80-2.46 cmol/kg. Finally, the maize yield of biochar were increased 32.5%-80.0% compared with CK, and the fitting curve equation was y=-5.9507x2+358.45x+6689.7, therefore, the best rate of biochar application was 30 t/hm2 in red soil.

  Frequency Analysis and Fertilization Decision Data Field Fertilizer Efficiency Test 2014, 30 (27):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0021 Abstract + ( 785 )   PDF ( 604KB )   ( 674 ) The part of fertilizer effect of atypical equation recommended by agricultural experiments and statistical analysis software, Yangzhou analyzer (2.2), regression analysis of Excel fertilization appears abnormal low, even negative, from the local production of practical problems. The study adopted the principle and method of basic knowledge and the frequency of using probability theory and carried out statistical analysis on the rape field fertilizer experiment data by frequency analysis method, the optimal fertilization rape yield was 1732.4 kg/hm2, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium optimization combination ranges were 210.36- 149.64 kg/hm2, 81.89-58.11 kg/hm2, 81.89-58.11 kg/hm2, coincided with testing (Tian) and local production reality. This research is based on frequency analysis, using the weighted average method with production factors to determine the different target yield, and took the high yield, stable frequency of high yield and optimizing of production measures as the combination of fertilizer saving to increase the advantage of fertilization decision-making, therefore reduce or avoid the risk of low probability. The results of this study could solve the problem of abnormal values caused by Yangzhou analyzer (2.2), regression analysis of Excel, and DPS statistical analysis software. The function of fertilizer effect equation by the analysis of variance test was not significant, and the application of the research methods of fertilization and the recommended optimization of fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium still need to practice in further study.

  The Study of Ni Stress on N、P、K Accumulation and Allocation of Corn Seeding 2014, 30 (27):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0779 Abstract + ( 623 )   PDF ( 664KB )   ( 515 ) Currently, black soil fertility study found that black soil Ni increases every year in Jilin, resulting in deterioration of soil properties and decline of quality and yield of maize. Therefore, understand the impact of Ni stress on corn plants growth characteristics is important. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biomass allocation, and accumulation and allocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium(K) of corn plants under different soil Ni concentration treatments (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dry soil). The results showed that (1) nickel concentration of 50 mg/kg could increase corn seedling roots, stems, leaves biomass and total biomass, when the concentration was greater than 50 mg/kg, various parts of the biomass and total biomass was reduced; (2) the absorption and accumulation of nickel in various parts of the plants increased with the concentration of nickel in soil exogenous; (3) with nickel concentration of 50 mg/kg, the accumulation of K content in various parts and the proportion of K in roots and stems increased, and N, P content in plants showed a decreasing trend with the increasing of nickel content in soil. Conclusion: treatment with nickel concentration of 50 mg/kg increased biomass of corn plants, and accumulation of K in root, stem and nutrient, changing the pattern of nutrients distribution in the corn plants, while Ni concentration greater than 50 mg/kg inhibited the growth of corn, reducing the N and P content and accumulation in root and stem .

  Effect of Drought Stress on Physiological Characteristics of Upland Rice Seedling in Yunnan Province 2014, 30 (27):  145-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1198 Abstract + ( 699 )   PDF ( 845KB )   ( 479 ) The study analyzed the five physiological and biochemical responses of upland rice under water stress, adopted PEG simulated water stress method and took three different drought-resistant ability of upland rice varieties‘baihuashan’,‘hangu’,‘xiaohongmi’as experimental materials to reveal the drought stress effects on physiological and biochemical characteristics of upland rice seedling. The results indicated that the activity of SOD, POD and CAT had a first rising then downward trend on 3 upland rice varieties tested under mild PEG osmotic stress, while under severe stress the activity had first a rise then a sharp decline in small amounts in most varieties tested. The effect under different stress on the enzyme activity was severe stress (named T3)＞Mild stress (named T1)＞Moderate stress (named T2), and the activity of protective enzyme was all high drought resistant varieties‘baishanhua’＞moderate drought resistant varieties‘hangu’＞droughtsensitive varieties‘xiaohongmi’under all different concentration PEG simulated water stress. MDA content showed rising trend as the degree of stress and stress time extended, and the speed of the rise was drought-sensitive varieties‘xiaohongmi’＞moderate resistant varieties‘hangu’＞high resistance varieties‘baishanhua. Soluble sucrose content showed rising trend in which high resistance varieties‘baishanhua’＞moderate resistant varieties‘hangu’＞drought-sensitive varieties‘xiaohongmi’, and T3＞T2＞T1＞T0(CK). This indicated that upland rice seedlings could adapt to drought stress by adjusting osmotic substance, decreasing water potential and improving protective enzymes activity to improve antioxidant ability under drought stress.

  Effects of Different Measures on the Concentration of Reducing Substances of Soil and Yield of Rice in Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field 2014, 30 (27):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0410 Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 567KB )   ( 483 ) A trial was conducted to clarify the effects of different measures on the concentration of reducing substances of soil and grain yield of rice in cold waterlogged paddy field. The purpose was to provide theoretical basis for selecting and utilizing suitable amelioration materials. Field trial was designed with 6 treatments, including the optimized fertilization and different measures (lime, organic matter and straw). The effects of each treatment on soil Eh, concentration of soil reducing substances, rice grain yield and nutrients uptakes were compared. The results showed that optimized fertilization decreased the total of soil reducing substances and improved the yield by 26.2% compared to that of the control. The grain yield of the treatments of lime and organic fertilizer had no significant difference compared with that of the treatment of optimized fertilization. Straw returning increased the Eh and decreased the concentration of soil reducing substances, improving the yield by 14.2%. The treatment of the combination of lime and straw not only increased soil Eh, but also decreased the concentration of soil active reducing substances and Fe2 + by 40.0% and 49.3% respectively, and improved the yield by 19.8% compared to that of the treatment of optimized fertilization. So, scientific fertilization, and the combined application of lime and straw were both effective measures to decrease the concentration of reducing substances in cold waterlogged paddy field.

  Effects of Density and Row Spacing on the yield of New Wheat Variety‘Wanmai 68’ 吴兰云 Wu Lanyun 2014, 30 (27):  158-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0432 Abstract + ( 881 )   PDF ( 517KB )   ( 557 ) We adopted 2D - saturation optimum design to determine the effects of density and row spacing on the yield of‘Wanmai 68’, and obtained comprehensive effect equation. The results showed that the density has a positive effect on yield, but the effect of the spacing was opposite. The interactions of 2 factors were negative. The density and spacing were positive for spike number, but negative for kernels per spike, and had less effect on the thousand kernel weight. The peak production of‘Wanmai 68’reached 9215.6 kg/hm2, while the density was 3.5745 million/hm2, and the spacing was 19.03 cm. The optimal yield components were 6.2448 million for spike number, 40.05 for kernels per spike, and 39.13 g for the thousand kernel weight. Synthesizing the extremum interval, the authors determined the seeding density of‘Wanmai 68’in Huaibei Region was 3.266-3.603 million/hm2, spacing was 19-20 cm, and the production was more than 9000 kg/hm2.

  Analysis of Agronomic Traits and Yield of Rape under Two Fertilization Applications 2014, 30 (27):  163-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0522 Abstract + ( 817 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 440 ) To investigate the effects of coated fertilizer application on rape and achieve high-yield planting, rape variety of‘Xiangzayou1613’was used as material to study the effects of two kinds of fertilization application on the agronomic traits and yield in two places of Hunan during 2010 to 2011. The results showed that compared with the ordinary compound fertilizer treatment, the coated fertilizer increased rapeseed yield at an average of 10.23% and increased variability of most rapeseed traits except grains per pod. Among the traits, variable coefficient of the dry weight of above ground reached the maximum 0.58 and the thousand kernel weight variation minimized. The improvement that coated fertilizer brought on root dry weight reached the maximum level of 0.24 and changes minimal to yield with 0.02, coated fertilizer can be considered to have a stable effect while improving growth morphology of rape and reaching high yield. Compared with ordinary fertilizer, coated fertilizer improved correlation of each trait and that among the traits and yields, therefore, the coated fertilizers can be considered to strengthen the characteristics, including plant height, branch number, stem dry weight, angle of the skin dry weight, the number of per pod to improved yield of rapes. The previous two principal components of cumulative contribution rate of coated fertilizer treatment reached 85.49%, which represented the information of growth and characteristics of pod of rapes. The previous three principal components of cumulative contribution rate of common fertilizer treatment reached 89.00%, which represented the information of the main stem traits and yield, the characteristics of pod, the main stem traits and thousand kernel weight. The importance of each trait changed in different fertilization conditions. The traits which included stem dry weight, angle of the skin dry weight, yield, plant height, number of main stem section and each pod number have great importance, and should be the key choice and can be used as an indicator to evaluate the growth of rape under the coated fertilizer treatment.

  Response of Winter Wheat Growth Rate to Climate Change in East of Gansu 2014, 30 (27):  169-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0546 Abstract + ( 680 )   PDF ( 691KB )   ( 607 ) In order to study the impact of climate change on winter wheat, by using the wheat growth data and climate data for 19 years in east of Gansu from 1995 to 2013, the physical causation of climate change on winter wheat growth was analyzed with the method of climate inclination rate and correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1)The average temperature in growth period of winter wheat kept rising in 19 years, the climate inclination rate was 0.552℃/10 a. When the effective accumulated temperature increased, the climate inclination rate was 126.1℃/10 a. When the total precipitation increased, the climate inclination rate was 7.619 mm/10 a. When sunshine duration reduced, the climate inclination rate was -42.256/10 a. (2)The dry weigh, growth rate, leaf area, thousand seed weight and climatic yield of winter wheat were increased in 19 years in east of Gansu. (3) Influence of each climate factor on growth of winter wheat was different in each developmental phase. Precipitation in vegetative period played a decisive role in winter wheat growth. Along with the growth of the winter wheat, the influence of precipitation on wheat growth was gradually weakened, but the influence of accumulated temperature and sunshine duration gradually increased. (4)Climatic yield of winter wheat was negatively related to average temperature in the period of duration, but positively related to the precipitation, effective accumulated temperature and sunshine duration.

  The Responses of Maize Growth and Yield to Temperature and Precipitation in Liaoning 2014, 30 (27):  175-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0672 Abstract + ( 593 )   PDF ( 858KB )   ( 719 ) In order to study the effect of temperature and precipitation on maize growth and yield, and provide reference for ensuring maize growth under different climate conditions, this paper analyzed the growth and yield in different climatic conditions of Liaoning and its response to air temperature, precipitation and heat based on field experiments and climate data. The results showed that maize growing days were influenced by the average temperature from seven leaf to jointing stage, influenced by the precipitation from three leaf to seven leaf stage, and influenced by the accumulated temperature from sowing to three leaf and milk to mature stage. The correlation between precipitation and maize shoot dry mass was significant from sowing to three leaf stage, the correlation between leaf area index and average temperature was significant from three-leaf to sevenleaf stage. The accumulated temperature was the most significant factor of maize biomass. In the same increasing accumulated temperature, the maize biomass increased most in Eastern Liaoning and least in Western Liaoning. Influenced of sowing time and climatic conditions on the maize growth in different periods was different, and the fruit characters and yield differs significantly in different regions.

  Effects of SCCaM (Salicylic Acid, Chitosan and Calcium Nitrate Mixture) on Cold Tolerance of Cotton Seedling 2014, 30 (27):  182-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0674 Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 680KB )   ( 400 ) In this paper, effects of salicylic acid, chitosan and calcium nitrate mixture (SCCaM) on cold tolerance of cotton seedling were discussed. The results showed that after pretreatment, SCCaM could increase the total chlorophyll content of cotton seedling, significantly reduce the accumulation of relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) of cotton seedling, which alleviated membrane peroxidation damage caused by low temperature. And cotton seedling could adapt to low temperatures better by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and the content of osmotic adjustment substances such as soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline. The results indicated that SCCaM had good effect on cold tolerance of cotton seedling.

  Effects of Soil Amendment Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat 2014, 30 (27):  187-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0800 Abstract + ( 796 )   PDF ( 562KB )   ( 452 ) 2012-2013, different tillage methods were set up to carry on soil amendment fertilizers application experiment in Shaanxi Sanyuan (Irrigated land) and Shaanxi Yongshou (dry land). This article studied the effects of soil amendment fertilizers on the yield of wheat, influencing factors of yield and quality index of wheat. The results of the sample for the test have shown that soil amendment fertilizers played a significant role to increase production. Compared with the control, the yield in irrigated land increased 1304.06 kg/hm2, the increase rate was16.8%; the yield in dry land increased 224.70 kg/hm2, the increase rate was 8.6%. At the same time, The soil amendment fertilizers made more than one quality indicators of wheat (irrigated land) decreased significantly than the control, protein content reduced by 4.2% ; hardness reduced by 2.2% ; wet gluten content reduced by 4.6%, sedimentation value reduced by 11.6%. Except the bibulous rate, rheological properties of dough were reduced significantly. But soil amendment fertilizers had no significant effect on the quality indexes of wheat in dry land.

  The Influence of Facility Cultivation on the Expression of related Characteristics in DUS Testing and Yield of Zea mays L. 2014, 30 (27):  192-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0865 Abstract + ( 699 )   This study explored the effects of greenhouse facility cultivation on the expression of characteristics in distinctness, uniformity, stability and related characteristics in yield of Zea mays L. and the field cultivation was used as control. Two varieties of corn (‘xianghuanuo No.6’and‘xinhuazhen 303’) were applied as materials. The results showed that there were no significant differences on expression of qualitative characteristics, pseudo-qualitative characteristics and visual quantitative characteristics of the two materials, but there were obvious differences on most of the expression of measurement quantitative characteristics under the greenhouse facility cultivation. In addition, the spike kernel weight of waxy maize reduced by 14.9%, its hundred grain weight increased by 13.6%, but both the spike kernel weight and hundred grain weight of sweet corn reduced under the greenhouse facility cultivation.

  Effect of Soil Water Retention Agent and Influence on Cotton Production under Drought Condition 2014, 30 (27):  198-201.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0924 Abstract + ( 670 )   PDF ( 490KB )   ( 508 ) The paper aims to study water- keeping effect of water retention agent on cotton yield and the economic impact under the condition of drought. There were 5 treatments in this study, soil water retention agent application rates were 0(CK), 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3) and 60 kg/hm2 (T4), respectively, each treatment with three replicates were conducted at Cele county of Hotan. The results showed that: (1) soil moisture differences between each treatment and control in soil layer of 0-30 cm were not significant (P＞0.05), each treatment remained between 14.62 to 15.53% in 0-10 cm soil layer, 16.35 to 17.95% in 10-30 cm soil layer; while in 30-40 cm soil layer, differences of soil moisture content between control and each treatment were significant (P＜0.05), soil moisture increased after applying composite soil moisture retention particles, T1, T2, T3 and T4, increased by 6.6%, 7.45%, 7.9% and 7.8%, respectively; (2) comparing to the control (CK), yield increase of T1, T2, T3 and T4 reached different level (P＜0.05), seed cotton yield was up to 2868.90 kg/hm2(T2). By economic analysis, T1, T2, T3 and T4 increased 6600.30, 9649.80, 6937.50 and 6543.45 yuan/hm2 compared to the CK, the input-output ratio of 30 kg/hm2 (T2) treatment was 16.08. The soil moisture had a tendency to increase by using water retention agent in experimental zone. Cotton yield and economic benefits were highest in the test area with 30 kg/hm2 (T2).

  Proteomics Analysis of 6-BA on Rice Seedlings Roots Growth under Nutrient Stress Condition 2014, 30 (27):  202-207.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0943 Abstract + ( 661 )   PDF ( 1901KB )   ( 769 ) In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of 6-BA on maintaining the growth of rice seedlings roots under nutrition stress, the proteomics approach was used to research the differential protein expression profile in rice seedlings roots. Proteins were separated by two- dimensional gel electrophoresis, twenty differentially expressed proteins that induced by 6-BA were obtained from roots, among which 14 proteins were identified by matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization- time of flight mass spectrometry. These 14 proteins were categorized into four groups according to functions: 7 proteins were associated with respiration, 4 proteins were associated with growth, 2 proteins were associated with adversity stress and 1 protein was putative protein. The functions of these 14 proteins were analyzed and the conclusion was drawn from the following results: under nutrient stress conditions, 6- BA increased the expression abundance of proteins associated with respiration and growth, enhanced the roots’respiration, and promoted the growth of root.

  Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Rates on Dry Matter Accumulation, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Spring Maize 2014, 30 (27):  208-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0964 Abstract + ( 645 )   PDF ( 540KB )   ( 407 ) In order to study the suitable nitrogen application and the influence of dry matter accumulation and N absorption under different N application levels on spring maize, field experiment was conducted under different N application rates (N 0 kg/hm2, 120 kg/hm2, 240 kg/hm2 and 360 kg/hm2). The results showed that both the dynamic dry matter accumulation and N absorption of spring maize could be described by Logistic equation. N application rates could significantly influence both the maximum rates of dry matter accumulation and N absorption, and the order of different N application rates was N360＞N240＞N120＞N0. The results also showed that maize yield increased with the increment of nitrogen application rate. When the nitrogen application rate was 360 kg/hm2, the maize yield reached the highest 10081.5 kg/hm2, but it had no significant difference with N240 and the nitrogen utilization efficiency was 15.5% lower than that of N240. Considering the maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under the experimental conditions, N application rate of 240 kg/hm2 was identified to be the optimum amount.

  Responses of‘Zhongdi No. 77’to Density and Fertilization in Different Ecological Regions 2014, 30 (27):  213-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1024 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 624KB )   ( 471 ) This experiment was conducted to research the responses of‘Zhongdi No. 77’to density and fertilization, in order to improve the productivity of‘Zhongdi No. 77’and to provide references for the largescale production of‘Zhongdi No. 77’in Liaoning Province. The test used re-splitting action design: fertilizer factor was assigned to the main plot, density factor to the subplot and cultivar to the sub-subplot. Set fertilizer treatment for two levels as normal fertilizer and high fertilizer. Set density factor for five levels as 45000, 52500, 60000, 67500 and 75000 plant/hm2. The experiment adopted randomized block design and 3 replications. The results showed that‘Zhongdi No. 77’had higher density-tolerant, and its yield reached the maximum at the density of 60000 plant/hm2. On average, the yield of north was 25.6% higher than that of the west in Liaoning Province. In western Liaoning Province, the yield increased significantly with an increasing application of fertilization, the maximum yield increased by 28.8% . In the north of Liaoning Province, increased fertilization had no obvious effect on the yield. In the west of Liaoning Province: under the higher fertilization level, the maximum yield was got at 60000 plant/hm2(8867.5 kg/hm2). In the north: under the normal fertilizer level, the maximum yield was got at 60000 plant/hm2(9908.8 kg/hm2).

  Effect of different density on yield and characteristic with drip irrigation of red-seed melon 2014, 30 (27):  219-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1258 Abstract + ( 693 )   The field research was conducted to study the optimum density for large- scale mechanized operations, and to obtain high yield cultivation techniques of red-seed watermelon in field production. The experiments used a factorial arrangement of different density 3700, 5550, 7400 per 667 m2 with expansion of row. The yield and quality was highest with density of 5550 per 667 m2, its yield reached 147.8 kg/667 m2, and was significantly different from other treatments. Therefore, the optimum density for red-seed watermelon was 5550 per 667 m2 in Changji area, and its growth, the main economic character, yield, dry matter accumulation was the best.

  Cassava Yield and Correlation Analysis of Main Agronomic Traits and Botany Properties 2014, 30 (27):  223-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1327 Abstract + ( 606 )   PDF ( 493KB )   ( 802 ) To improve the efficiency of screening out the elite cassava lines and lay the foundation for cassava breeding, this paper have discussed the correlation between cassava yield per plant and agronomic traits. Taken 13 cassava genotypes as materials, the correlation between yield per plant and some agronomic traits, and differences among different resources yield per plant was investigated via the method of correlation analysis, path analysis et al. The results showed that, the yield per plant of NK-2, NK-6, NK-7, NK-10, NK-11 and‘Xinxuan 048’were higher than that of SC205 significantly. The yield per plant was significantly positive correlated with the tuber number, positive correlated with harvest index, biological yield, the longest length of tuber and the height of the stem, and significantly negative with dry matter content. Besides, the path analysis results showed that, the order to the direct path and determination coefficient of gronomic traits is consistent, in order, the tuber number, the longest length of tuber, the biological yield, the main stem height, leaf retention height, dry matter content, harvest index, the upper ground fresh weight, starch content, main stem diameter and plant height. It could see that improving the cassava yield needs to mainly focus on the following agronomic traits, such as the tuber number, the longest length of tuber, the biological yield, the main stem height, leaf retention height, dry matter content and harvest index.

  Differences in Zinc Uptake and Utilization Between Different Genotypic Aerobic Rice Accessions 2014, 30 (27):  229-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1475 Abstract + ( 584 )   PDF ( 500KB )   ( 446 ) In order to study the differences in zinc uptake and use efficiency between different genotypes aerobic rice at early stage, Zn-rich grain genotype (‘Qinai-3’) and Zn-poor grain Zn genotype (‘Baxiludao’) were used for this study with three Zn supply level, i.e. low, moderate and high (0μmol/L, 0.5μmol/L, 100μmol/L) under solution culture condition. At maximum tillering stage, the plant Zn uptake, distribution and utilization efficiency were investigated. The root and shoot dry weight increased with a certain level of Zn supply, while extreme high level of Zn supply resulted in dry weight decrease, indicating toxicity effects on both genotypes. The Zn uptake kept increasing when more Zn was supplied, while the Zn use efficiency decreased as extreme high level of Zn supply. The Zn uptake and Zn use efficiency of‘Qinai-3’were higher than‘Baxiludao’under both low and moderate Zn supply conditions, and the difference between two genotypes in Zn use efficiency was significance (P≤0.05). The relative uptake of Zn of‘Qinai-3’was higher than‘Baxiludao’under moderate and high Zn conditions. Therefore, compared with‘Baxiludao’, the uptake of Zn and use efficiency of‘Qinai-3’were stronger under the low and moderate Zn supply conditions.

  Study on Growth Dynamics of Maize Ear after Anthesis Based on Image Processing 2014, 30 (27):  234-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1091 Abstract + ( 587 )   PDF ( 737KB )   ( 761 ) In order to study the variation of growth and development of maize ear, explore maize seed-setting rate and the reasons for the formation of barren ear tip, the author studied different varieties and cultivation conditions on the growth dynamics of maize ear. This paper used modern image processing techniques on two different fecundity of maize and studied the growth dynamic of maize ear, and determined ear length, ear diameter, barren ear tip length, ear volume, ear axis volume and ear kernels volume. The results showed: (1) From the beginning of the maize pollination to the maturity, the growth accorded with the Logistic equation simulation. (2) The dynamic change of ear length, ear diameter, ear volume, ear axis volume and ear kernels volume was from rapid growth to slow growth, showed that the time of ear diameter achieving the maximum growth rate was later, crops could effectively supply ear nutrient, and it made ear diameter increase. It could be seen from the change of volume that after anthesis 14 d, increasing in ear volume and ear kernels volume of the poor growing conditions’Shandan 902 was significantly slower, but Zhengdan 958’s still increased. This indicated that Shandan 902’s fecundity was poor, after anthesis 14d, slower growth in the ear kernels volume led to the formation of barren ear tip. (3) It could be seen from dynamic change of grain weight per ear, the ratio of dry ear kernels weight and dry ear weight, the ratio of ear kernels volume and ear volume that under different growth conditions that the growth trend of the same variety was consistent. Of the same variety, dry weight ratio of the treatment of good growing conditions was lower than poor growing conditions. Of the same variety under different growth conditions, the ratio of volume in good growing conditions was higher than that in the poor growing conditions. (4) From the ear yield and ear traits characteristic, it could be seen that the barren ear tip length of Shandan 902 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. Under four different treatments, the ratio of ear kernels volume and ear volume of Zhengdan 958 was higher than that of Shandan 902. To improve ear yield and prevent the occurrence of barren ear tip, management in anthesis 7~14 d must be enhanced.

  Main Nutrient Status of Paddy Soil in Nanping City 2014, 30 (27):  241-245.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0890 Abstract + ( 736 )   PDF ( 490KB )   ( 653 ) The aim of the study was to provide a method for reasonable fertilization and soil fertility improvement of paddy rice, by studying and analyzing the paddy soil nutrient status and its causes of change. 35000 samples of plough layer of paddy soil in Nanping City were collected to test and analyze the main nutrient content and soil pH, according to soil testing formula fertilization technical specification provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. The results showed that the average content of soil organic matter was 32.7 g/kg, nearly reaching the abundant levels; the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen was 162 mg/kg on average, belonging to a moderate to rich level; the available phosphorus content was 17.1 mg/kg on average, reaching the medium level; the average content of available K was 71 mg/kg, belonging to the lower level; the soil pH was 5.0 on average, belonging to acid soil. Compared with the data of the second soil census, the increasing ratio of the soil organic matter, the alkali-hydro nitrogen and the available phosphorus were 1.24%, 9.10% and 35.71%, respectively, but available K content was decreased by 24.63%; the soil pH value was decreased by 0.2 units. In Nanping City, soil fertility improvement measures for paddy soil should be continued and the fertilization for paddy rice is to control application of N and P fertilizer and increase application of K fertilizer.

  The Review of Biological Effects of Parts of Physical Factors on Plant 2014, 30 (27):  246-251.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0794 Abstract + ( 721 )   PDF ( 543KB )   ( 726 ) In order to give full play to the role of physical factors on the plant production and promote the sustainable development of agriculture, this paper summarized the domestic and overseas progress of biological effects of the high voltage electrostatic field, ion beam, ultraviolet radiation, microwave, laser and other physical factors on plant seed germination characteristics, plant growth, yield and quality. The results showed that the effect of physical factors on plants was comprehensive, which could be used to regulate plant growth and development as well as the induced genetic variation. Finally the paper discussed the problems existed in biological effect of physical factors and the prospects of future research, and aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the widely use of physical factors in agriculture, so as to provide reference for the development of physical agriculture.

  The Study on Cloning of Starch Synthesis Key Enzyme AGPase Small Subunit Gene of Cassava with Improved RACE Method 罗兴录 and 2014, 30 (27):  252-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0463 Abstract + ( 782 )   PDF ( 953KB )   ( 450 ) The research, for the first time, isolated cloned AGPase small subunits cDNA sequence of gene 5' end from cassava, and successfully obtained cassava AGPase small subunit gene key enzymes of starch synthesis in full length cDNA sequence. The study used cassava as test materials, set up anchor primers, and designed specific PCR primers according to the known sequences of cassava AGPase small subunit gene. Then, the study used reverse transcription primers AUP1 retroviruses total RNA, separated and purified the reverse transcription product, and based on the improvement of three enzymatic reaction (the reverse transcription reaction, the TdT and tail, nested and touchdown PCR technology), to carry out the comparison of the new method with the traditional one. Using the modified method, the cassava AGPase key enzymes of starch synthesis in the small subunit gene 5' end cDNA sequence was obtained successfully for the first time. Meanwhile, compared with the traditional method, the improved RACE technology was much simple and fast in operation，more efficient in obtaining sequence and cheaper in test cost. Therefore, this study can be efficient and quick to obtain cassava starch key enzyme AGPase small subunit gene 5' end sequences, and had certain practicability and simplicity.

  Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of a Clustered Spikelets Mutant in Rice 2014, 30 (27):  258-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0646 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 1196KB )   ( 687 ) Rice floral organ was the foundation of grain formation, and how to improve the yield of rice was the focus of study of rice genetics and breeding workers all the time. A clustered spikelets mutant (Cl) controlled by recessive gene was obtained from a M2 population of advanced backcross populations through EMS mutagenesis. The phenotype of the mutant showed that 2-4 spikelets clustered on the stem of panicle branch with a percentage of clustered spikelets up to 70% and the main axis degraded badly. A F2 population was developed from a cross between a japonica cultivar Nipponbare and the Cl mutant. Genetic analysis indicated that the trait was controlled by recessive gene but the ratio of normal plants to mutant plants in F2 population was deviated from the ratio 3:1. The gene Cl was mapped between SSR markers CGY-08 and CGY-02 on chromosome 4 of rice with a physical region of about 145.7kb by BSA method. Sequencing results of predicted genes in this region showed that there was a base change in exon 4 occurred in a P450 gene named CYP724B1, which encoded proteins related to synthesis of brassinosteroid (BR). Therefore, according to the phenotype of the mutant and sequencing results, the authors speculated that the putative cytochrome P450 was a candidate gene of mutant EMS-Cl.

  Cloning and Expression of A Chitinase Gene chiB 2014, 30 (27):  265-269.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0769 Abstract + ( 723 )   PDF ( 984KB )   ( 1143 ) Chitinase can play the role of insect resistance by destroying chitin in insect tissues. In order to get the plant expression plasmid of chitinase, homology cloning method was used to separate chiB gene from Srratia marcescens, the length was 992 bp; pET28 expression vector was constructed and the gene expression was induced by IPTG. The analysis showed that the gene expression product belonged to glycosyl hydrolases family 18, and plasmid pCAM-35S-chiB was constructed by pCAMBIA2300.

  Effects of Peony Paeonol on Mycelial Ultrastructure and Content of Main Composition in Mycelia of Rhizoctonia cerealis 2014, 30 (27):  270-274.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0949 Abstract + ( 659 )   PDF ( 993KB )   ( 475 ) In order to reveal the antibacterial mechanism of paeonol, the effects of paeonol on morphology and ultrastructure of mycelial cell of Rhizoctonia cerealis were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and the effects of paeonol on contents of soluble protein, reducing sugar and chitosan in mycelia of Rhizoctonia cerealis were determined by spectrophotometry. The results showed that after the mycelium were treated with paeonol 12 h, hyphal tips swelled irregularly and hyphal branches swelled or had constriction, and after 24 h, hyphal tips, hyphal branches or the mycelium collapsed. The structural alterations of hyphae included irregular swelling of the hyphal cell membrane, irregular thickening of the hyphal cell walls, the unknown inclusions appeared in the thickened part, the organelles, such as mitochondrions, vacuoles and fat granule, became disordered, the daughter hyphae formed in the necrotic hyphal cells. The contents of soluble proteins and reducing sugar in the mycelia of Rhizoctonia cerealis remarkably decreased under the influence of paeonol, and their levels were negative correlated to the concentration of paeonol solusion. The content of chitosan remarkably increased, and its level was positive correlated to the concentrations of paeonol solusion.

  A Review on the Black Tea Withering Technology and the Changes of Physics and Chemistry of Leaves 2014, 30 (27):  275-281.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0760 Abstract + ( 792 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 1178 ) The withering is the first process of black tea, significantly affected the flavour and quality of tea. With the change of time and environment conditions in the withering process, there is a series of physics and chemistry variation in tea leaves. This paper illustrated the major variation of the physical properties, enzymatic activity, biochemical components and aroma in the withering process of black tea, systematically analyzed the key technical factors that had influence on the black tea from temperature, humidity, light to time. The main technology and advanced equipment in withering process of black tea were introduced in detail. It is concluded that the cells change of leaves in the withering process will become the important direction of basic research in the future, and a variety of detection technology can be carried on to help transform information of sensory quality into scientific quantitative index to evaluate the result of the withering process.

  Optimizing Rinsing Technological Conditions for Mutton Carcass with Orthogonal Test 2014, 30 (27):  282-287.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0542 Abstract + ( 858 )   PDF ( 775KB )   ( 542 ) To study the rinsing technological conditions for mutton carcass, the single factor experiment was made to determine the optimal level of each factor which affected the total number of bacteria colonies, pH and sensory evaluation score after mutton storage. According to the results, with the total number of bacteria colonies（mutton storage 36h in room temperature）as investigation index, fluid temperature, rinsing time and drying time as investigation factors, the authors carried out the three factors three levels orthogonal experiment and determined the best technological conditions. The optimum rinsing technological conditions for mutton carcass are as following: fluid temperature of 4℃ , rinsing time 1min, drying time 5min. Under the above condition, mutton stored 36h in room temperature, the total number of bacteria colonies is 1.39×103 CFU/g. The method is an easy operation with low cost, can be controlled easily and applied to mass production. The study provides a trial basis for the research of rinsing technological conditions for fresh meat carcass in the future.

  Research of the Extraction Process of Cottonseed Oil VE 2014, 30 (27):  288-292.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0565 Abstract + ( 655 )   PDF ( 648KB )   ( 699 ) In order to enhance the comprehensive utilization of cotton by- products to improve economic benefits, two methods of extraction and saponification of Vitamin E were studied to explore the technological process, to identify the best method and influencing factors of the vitamin E extraction on cottonseed oil. The optimum extraction methods were concluded as follows: 300 ml of alcohol, 1min of extraction duration, 4 g of NaOH, 1 h of saponification, and the ranking of influencing factors was alcohol concentration＞ extraction duration ＞ NaOH concentration ＞ aponification duration. This method was an effective way for the extraction of cottonseed oil Vitamin E, which could reach an extraction rate of 96.6%, and was easy, efficient and environment-friendly in application.

  Comparison and Analysis of Food Standard Documents at Home and Abroad 2014, 30 (27):  293-298.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0640 Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 1124 ) This article aims to lay a good basis for decision-making for the development and revision of future standards. The bibliometric analysis results can be taken as the indications for the development, revision and distribution of standards as well as future trend of standardization. This article based on bibliometric analysis, the national food standards of foreign countries, including Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, and China are thoroughly compared and analyzed in terms of the quantity, standard age, publication date, technical field and adoption rate of international standards. The results showed that, in China, the amount of active food standards was 2242; the percentage of standard age less than 5 years ranked only second to the United States; the publication peak of food standards was 2009. The technical fields of food standards in China were mainly distributed in food products in general, methods of tests and analysis for food products, and food additives, etc. The standard numbers of some food technical fields, for example, milk and milk products, materials and articles in contact with foodstuffs, plants and equipment for the food industry, should be increased. The domestic adoption percentage of international standards was relatively low, merely 18.02%. The consistency extent of standards was lower than that of other countries. The standard timeliness was not high, and the number of adoption of international standards issued within 5 years was relatively few, therefore, it is recommended to shorten the time difference of adoption of international standards.

  Determination of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Porcine uscle by UPLC-MS/MS Method 2014, 30 (27):  299-303.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0741 Abstract + ( 852 )   PDF ( 576KB )   ( 1115 ) An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of the four non steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (Meloxicam, Flunixin, Carprofen and Tolfenamic Acid) in porcine muscle. The drugs were extracted with acetonitrile, then cleaned-up by liquidliquid extraction with n-hexane, and finally analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC- MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via positive electrospray ionization. The method was validated at three fortification levels (LOQ, 2.5LOQ and 5LOQ) in porcine muscle. The validation results were as follows: the correlation coefficients of the standard calibration curves for the four non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs all were 0.999 over their own concentration range; the average recoveries of the four drugs were between 72.1% and 87.3% , with the relative standard deviation (RSD) between 2.8% and 6.7% ; the limits of quantification (S/N≥10) of Meloxicam, Flunixin, Carprofen and Tolfenamic Acid were 1.6, 1.6, 80 and 8.0 μg/kg. It was indicated that the method developed in this study is cheap，easy and has a good purification effect. The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the method were all acceptable, and it can meet the requirements of the multiple residue analysis. So, this method can be further applied to investigate the anti-inflammatory residue status in porcine muscle.

  Effect of Compound Phellinus igniarius Oral Liquid’s Polysaccharide on Mouse’s Immunity Function 2014, 30 (27):  304-308.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0978 Abstract + ( 676 )   PDF ( 542KB )   ( 599 ) Phellinus igniarius is a kind of rare officinal fungi. The paper aims to study the effect of compound P. igniarius oral liquid’s polysaccharide on mouse’s immunity function. From mouse carbon clearance test, macrophage phagocytosis of chicken red blood cells (semi in vivo method), organ and body weight ratio, natural killer (NK) cell activity in mouse (determination of lactate dehydrogenase assay) were studied in four aspects. The results showed that high dose (40 mL/kg) of the compound P. igniarius oral liquid could obviously enhance the ability of carbon clearance in mouse; middle (20 mL/kg) and high dose treatments could significantly enhance the phagocytosis of chicken red blood cells of mouse macrophage phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index; low (10 mL/kg), middle and high dose treatments could significantly enhance the NK cell activity in mouse. These shows that compound P. igniarius oral liquid has enhanced mononuclear macrophage function, the activity of NK cell function. In conclusion, compound P. igniarius oral liquid’s polysaccharide could enhance immune function, can significantly improve the specificity and non-specificity immune function.

  Optimization of the Processing Technology for Tea Plum Preserves 2014, 30 (27):  309-314.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1305 Abstract + ( 595 )   PDF ( 613KB )   ( 730 ) In order to meet various requirements of market, utilize tea and Prunus’s nutritional value, the processing technique of preserved black tea and Prunus was studied. The effect of candied concentration, the quantity of black tea, citric acid concentration, cooking temperature and time on products quality was explored on the basis of the black tea plum’s shape, color, taste and palatability. The condition of process showed as follow: the tea plum preserves could be better prepared with original sugar concentration of 60%, the quantity of black tea of 2.5 kg/100 kg and citric acid concentration of 1.5% in 100℃ for 90min.

  Effect of Different Maturity on Storage and Preservation of ‘New Manicure Finger’Grape 2014, 30 (27):  315-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0589 Abstract + ( 597 )   PDF ( 607KB )   ( 920 ) It’s hard to sell grapes if they were pushed to market on the same time, for this reason, the changes of weight loss, the percentage of good fruit, soluble sugar content, titratable acid content and ascorbic acid content of‘New Manicure Finger’grapes with different maturities by controlling picking time were studied after the grapes were packed with PE film bags for modified atmosphere cold storage. The results suggested that the 80% maturity performed the best among the four maturities, its weight loss was less than 5%, and the percentage of good fruit accounted for 74% after stored for 50 days. Furthermore, the titratable acid content of 80% maturity reached the greatest value (0.3%), differed significantly with the other three maturities (P＜0.01) after stored for 50 days. However, the soluble sugar content of 80% maturity reached a peak (16.25%) after stored for 40 days. In addition, the ascorbic acid of 80% maturity varied slightly among the whole storage. In conclusion, the best picking time of‘New Manicure Finger’grapes was when they reached grade 8 (80% maturity), which was good for storage, preservation, quality and flavoring.