Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.26 Published:15 September 2014

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  Goats and Hunan Hutian and Xiangdong Black Goats Meat Quality Traits and the Research of Meat Component 2014, 30 (26):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0098 Abstract + ( 1194 )   PDF ( 530625KB )   ( 985 ) To compare the Hutian Goat and Xiangdong Black Goat meat quality traits of meat goats composition differences, protection and development for further breeding good Hutian provided the scientific basis for the high quality place. Choose 6 months Hutian Goats and all 10 Xiangdong Black Goats were determined the water loss rate and shear rate of cooked meat, storage loss, fresh meat, L* value, a*, b* value, meat quality indexes such as pH value and muscle moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and other ingredients. The results showed that the pot day with fresh meat which native goat shear force, L* value, a*, b* value, pH value and muscle moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash content of basic consistent (P＞0.05), but in glycine, proline, glycine and alanine, phenylalanine, flavor amino acid, total amino acid content and stearic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, acid methyl ester, C20:3 n6, 17 alkanes acid methyl ester, peanuts, four acid methyl ester, C22:6 ns, ginkgo acid, methyl oleate, shun - 11-20 carbon olefine acid methyl ester, elm acid methyl ester and saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, single unsaturated fatty acid content in extremely significant differences (P＜0.01), and the muscles between the content of iron, manganese, copper also extremely significant differences (P＜0.01); Combining with the ecological conditions of origin, the differences between the body appearance and production performance, the author thinks that pot days for goats and which native goat should belong to different species of goat. Proposed to Hutian a goat as an independent genetic resources to protect, research and development and utilization.

  Influence of Row Spacing and Irrigation Rate on Seed Yield of Vicia sativa 2014, 30 (26):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0434 Abstract + ( 812 )   PDF ( 659222KB )   ( 535 ) Avena sativa is a widely used forage and green manure in northwestern of Shanxi Province. This experiment was carried out with split- plotex periment design in Shanxi Province in 2013, to research the influence of row spacing and irrigation rate on seed yield components and seed yield of Vicia sativa. The results showed that: (1) As row spacing increased, plant height gradually decreased. At different row spacing, plant height was negatively correlated (R=- 0.8563) with seed yield. (2) The influences of row spacing and irrigation rate on seed yield components and seed yield of Vicia sativa were different. Row spacing had greater effect on seed yield , repro-ductive shoots , florets, and seeds, but irrigation rate had less effect on the above factors. (3) Of the seed yield components, repro- ductive shoots(x1), seeds (x2), florets (x3) were positively correlated (P＜0.05) with seed yield, the correlation coefficients were 0.325, 0.702 and 0.804 respectively. The regression equation was y=269.853+64.102x1+49.978x2+5.379x3. (4) The highest seed yield was obtained when row spacing was 60 cm and irrigation rate was 900 m3/hm2.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of F Gene of Newcastle Disease 2014, 30 (26):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0092 Abstract + ( 1119 )   PDF ( 872356KB )   ( 442 ) This research aims at studying the F pathogen gene of Newcastle disease from the angle of molecular biology, exploring the genetic variation and protein structure of（Newcastle Disease Virus, NDV）F gene. The RNA genome of NDV La Sota strain was extracted, Primer5.0 analysis software was utilized to design primers according to the sequence of NDV La Sota strain published on the GenBank. F gene was amplified and cloned to the pMD18-T vector. The recombinant plasmid pMD-NDV-F was identified by restriction enzyme analysis, PCR identification and nucleotide sequence analysis. Boinformatics software was used to analyze F gene on phylogenetic tree analysis, amino acid sequence homology analysis, transmembrane region analysis and the tertiary structure prediction of F protein. The sequencing results revealed that F gene was 1792 bp and encoded 553 amino acids. The analysis of bioinformatics indicated that F gene was conserved among species and was homologous with NDV La Sota, Clone30, V4, B1 and other weak strains with typical attenuated strain characteristics. The highest amino acid homology of F gene to NDV La Sota strain F gene can reach 100%. The tertiary structure prediction results manifested that the similarity between partial fragment of F protein and NDV F protein fusion fragment was 96%. The study may lay a foundation for the molecular virology research on NDV.

  Correlation Analysis of Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Rare Frizzle Chicken 2014, 30 (26):  17-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0931 Abstract + ( 1120 )   PDF ( 497654KB )   ( 531 ) The experiment was conducted to investigate the correlation of slaughter performance and meat quality in 14-week-old rare Princess chicken. It measured body size and slaughter performance, then analyzed their correlation. The results were showed that the weight of male and female birds in 14- week- old were 1120.67g and 845.33g, respectively. The male and the female have highly significant difference in body weight, carcass weight, half-eviscerated weight, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, percentage of leg muscle, abdominal fat weight, percentage of abdominal fat, intramuscular fat width and thickness of subcutaneous fat (P＜0.01). There was highly significant difference between breast muscle and leg muscle of male chicken in red value(a), light value(L), pH and water binding capacity(P＜0.01). The breast muscle and leg muscle of female chicken had highly significant difference in red value(a), light value(L), shearing force and water binding capacity (P＜0.01). Breast shearing force and yellow value(b), intramuscular fat width and leg shearing force all had highly significant negative correlation (P＜0.01), the correlation coefficients were -0.731 and -0.751. Slaughter rate and leg muscle pH value existed highly significant positive correlation (P＜0.01), the correlation coefficient was 0.780. It is concluded that male Princess chicken is better than female in slaughter performance. Princess chicken slaughter performance has different degrees of correlation with meat quality of breast index and meat quality of leg index, and the correlation coefficient respectively were -0.731 to 0.617 and -0.751 to 0.780.

  Effect of Water Stress Simulated by PEG on Seed Germination of Achnatherum inebriants (Hance) Keng 2014, 30 (26):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0276 Abstract + ( 945 )   PDF ( 710106KB )   ( 389 ) Achnatherum inebriants is the main poisonous weed in Xinjiang pasture. In order to reveal its adaptive mechanism of water stress, the effect on seed germination of A. inebriants under different PEG concentration (the percentage of mass and volume was 0% , 5% , 10% , 15% ) was studied with the paper germination method. The results showed that the germination rate of A. inebriants was improved under low PEG concentration from 5% to 10%, the germination energy, germination index, vitality index and germ length of A. inebriants were decreased under high PEG concentration of 15%, but the radical length was increased. There was significant difference on germination rate, germination energy, germination index of different A. inebriants under PEG stress（P＜0.05）, and its drought resistance of low-middle elevation from 1650 m to 1832 m was higher than that of high elevation of 2287 m.

  Identification of Laminariales Germplasm Resources Based on Ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence 2014, 30 (26):  27-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3055 Abstract + ( 940 )   PDF ( 686885KB )   ( 546 ) The aims were to identify Laminariales germplasm resources accurately and provide the basis for germplasm conservation and protection. The universal primers of ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (Internal Transcribed Spacer of rDNA, ITS) were adopted to amplify the ITS sequences of the undetermined samples by PCR, on the basis of the sequencing, the molecular identification was carried out among 25 samples collected from Japan and Yantai sea area. The results showed that 25 undetermined samples and 16 known species were clustered in different groups by clustering analysis of ITS sequence. Within the species identification trees, the ratings are high. The 25 undetermined samples were clustered in three genera, two families and seven different species respectively. The results of morphological observation conformed to the molecular identification. The primers of Laminariales ITS sequence could be used in rapid species identification as its versatility and high efficient amplification rate.

  Species Identification by mtDNA D-loop among Four Cyprinid Fishes 2014, 30 (26):  33-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1128 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 663316KB )   ( 435 ) In order to identify genetic variation and species identification between the cyprinid fishes, mtDNA D-loop was selected as a marker to determine mtDNA D-loop nucleotide sequence of four common cyprinid fishes (Ctenopharyngodoni dellus; Hypophthalmichthys molitri; Cyprinus carpio; Carassius cuvieri) in the study. The nucleotide composition A+T (averagely 71.4%) were much more abundant than G+C (averagely 28.6%) in the four kinds of fish. 132 polymorphic sites (22 singleton variable sites and 110 parsimony informative sites) was detected in 108 fishes . Based on the research, the authors defined 57 haplotypes (H1- H57) in these fishes. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were the highest in Carassius cuvieri (haplotype diversity: 1.000±0.017, nucleotide diversity: 0.03593) and the lowest in Ctenopharyngodoni dellus (haplotype diversity: 0.499±0.071, nucleotide diversity: 0.00817). The four kinds of fish could also be identified clearly by 53 characteristic nucleotides. According to the genetic variation analysis we could conclude that the haplotypes were different among four fish populations. No common haplotype was shared between them. Characteristic nucleotides could be a method used to identify four kinds of fish. Marking mtDNA D-loop can provide the germplasm resources conservation of fish and the authenticity of fish products.

  Study of Combined Purification Effect on Culturing Wastewater by Eichhornia crassipes and EM 2014, 30 (26):  40-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0240 Abstract + ( 1002 )   PDF ( 836590KB )   ( 526 ) In order to study the purifying effect of system consisted of plants and microorganisms on the intensive- aquaculture waterbody, an aquatic plants- microorganisms system in pond was established by planting Eichhornia crassipes and then adding 3.0×1010 cfu/m3 EM. Results showed that aquatic plantsmicroorganisms system had significant better purification effect on TN, NH4+-N, NO2--N, TP, COD than EM (P＜0.05). After combined purification, the concentration of TN and TP decreased to the first standard of discharged water from freshwater fish pond, and the concentration of ammonia and nitrite decreased to below 0.6 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L respectively. In terms of the area of the test-groups, the purification effect of timedepend of aquatic plants-microorganisms system using was evident, and the removing rate of TN, NH4+-N, NO2--N, TP was faster at first 8 days. The results also showed that the intensive-aquaculture waterbody was well purified by aquatic plants-microorganisms system established by Eichhornia crassipes and EM, and when the area of floating-bed was 20%, the ecological benefit achieved to the optimum level.

  Dilemmas and Countermeasures on the Development of Sugar Industry in China CUI Qi-Feng 2014, 30 (26):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2987 Abstract + ( 1005 )   PDF ( 622233KB )   ( 966 ) In order to discover the dilemmas and put forward some reasonable suggests of the development of sugar industry in China, this paper teased production, consumption, import and export of sugar industry firstly, then it analyzed the existing problems: increasing gap between production and demand, increasing import dependence, higher sugar production cost and less perfect regulation policies. In view of the above questions, this paper proposed the following countermeasures: decreasing sugar crop production cost through large-scale cultivation and high-quality varieties, reducing the production cost of sugar enterprise by introducing modern enterprise management system and so on, and strengthening macro-control on sugar industry by reasonable price, legislation, import and export, subsidies and other measures, to promote the stable development of China's sugar industry and enhance its competitiveness.

  Research on Farmland Moderate-scaled Management in the Northwestern Region——Take Beiyuan District of Linxia County, Gansu Province for An Example 2014, 30 (26):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3143 Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 515312KB )   ( 520 ) At present, the farmland moderate-scaled management has become a hot problem in the study on improving the efficiency of farmland use. In order to improve the efficiency of the land and accelerate the land circulation in northwest area, this thesis took the Beiyuan District of Linxia County and adopted the labor limit analysis method and the direct evaluation method to confirm the farmland moderate-scaled management. The results showed that, the limit of farmland moderate- scaled management in Beiyuan District was 0.14 hm2 through the labor limit analysis method. Meanwhile, according to the direct evaluation method the labor moderate-scaled management was 0.25 hm2 and the family moderate scale was 0.66 hm2 in Beiyuan District. The results indicated that it only needed 30436 people to involve in agricultural work, so there were 33879 people as the surplus labor in the situation of land moderate-scaled management in Beiyuan District. Finally it brings forward the solution of surplus labor force for the development of land moderate-scaled management in Beiyuan District.

  Land Price Index and Trend Analysis in Lanzhou City 2014, 30 (26):  58-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3136 Abstract + ( 1174 )   PDF ( 536648KB )   ( 471 ) With the August 28, 2012 the new district of Lanzhou officially became the fifth national district, the land market of Lanzhou is also much outside attention. As land prices in the land market in the act as‘wind vane’role, preparation of Lanzhou City land price index is also very important. This article based on the land market in Lanzhou City Lanzhou individual transactions to build land price index system, on the basis of urban land price dynamic monitoring system, according to the establishment of land price monitoring points of land price, using the weighted average method to calculate the average price of land price monitoring sites, land price index, and then on the basis of the average land price calculation. The results showed that: land prices in 2009 as a benchmark land price, this paper studies 2010-2012, Lanzhou City land price index and changes of the situation. Lanzhou City from 2010 to 2012 all kinds of use land prices rose steadily throughout the 2013 years of Lanzhou city land price index had a substantial growth.

  A Research on the Influence of Ownership Structure on the Performance in the Listing Corporation——Based on Empirical data of Manufacturing Companies 2014, 30 (26):  63-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0012 Abstract + ( 839 )   PDF ( 550463KB )   ( 463 ) Ownership structure research is the core problem in the study of the corporate governance structure. The study selected listed data of manufacturing companies from 2012 to 2010 as the research sample, taking structural features options as explanatory variables to build the company performance indicators through principal component factor analysis, while using the company size and annual as relevant control variables. In the multiple linear regression model created on the basis of currently listed domestic manufacturing companies structure, performance options and other relations, the study conducted a detailed empirical research of empirical results and provided a reference for the shareholding structure on the performance of companies.

  Research on Financial Competitiveness Evaluation of Listed Company——Take Pharmaceutical and Biological Products Industry Listed Company for Example 2014, 30 (26):  70-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0050 Abstract + ( 1051 )   PDF ( 594374KB )   ( 746 ) Financial competitiveness was the core and key of enterprise competitiveness. To evaluate the financial competitiveness of enterprises was beneficial to understand their financial competitiveness levels and existent defects and deficiencies, and take measures to consummate enterprise financial situation. Pharmaceutical and biological products industry was fast growing and the most active and fruit bearing one of industries in the modern science. The paper took 114 listed companies in pharmaceutical and biological products industry as the research object, used factor analysis method to analyze its financial competitiveness empirically and construct the evaluation system to evaluate its financial competitiveness. The results showed that strong and weak asset management capabilities strength evenly divided among the companies in the industry, solvency and development ability are generally weak, overall financial competitiveness needs to be strengthened. In order to realize sustainable development, the industry should enhance the overall solvency, obtain the ability to raise cash and accounts receivable turnover, optimize the capital structure and strengthen the research and development ability.

  Research on Comprehensive Evaluation of Agroforestry Models Based on the Osculation Value Method——Taking Siyang County of Jiangsu Province as an Example 2014, 30 (26):  77-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0190 Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 549677KB )   ( 530 ) Considering its multifunctional, this paper established the comprehensive evaluation index system of agroforestry from three aspects, including ecological function, economic function and social function，and used the osculation value method to evaluate the value of different composite models. Finally, this paper make an empirical study on the comprehensive benefits of agroforestry of Siyang County in Jiangsu Province, using the established evaluation index system and osculating value method to select the superior model, in order to provide theoretical basis and guidance for the development direction of local agroforestry. The results show that: agroforestry models in Siyang County are better than the pure poplar planting model, in terms of ecological function, economic function, social function and comprehensive benefits. Among them, the poplar-dandelion multiple operation model and poplar-mushroom multiple operation model are better than other models in each function. Local farmers can make their own choice according to the actual needs to make full use of forest resources and increase the economic income.

  Research on the Influential Factors of Agricultural High-tech Enterprises Debt Financing 2014, 30 (26):  82-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3026 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 501155KB )   ( 468 ) In this paper, agricultural high-tech data for the 2010 to 2012 sample, using multiple regression analysis of factors affecting agricultural high-tech debt financing. The empirical results show that: firm size, asset-liability ratio, revenue growth, asset value and debt financing secured a positive correlation,earnings per share, cash flow and debt financing debt ratio negatively correlated,while the quick ratio, net profit, inventory turnover rate of return on net assets and debt financing, no significant correlation. Finally, based on the above analysis on the promotion of agricultural high debt financing policy recommendations.

  Large Vegetable Growers’Willingness to Expand Plantation Scale and Its Influencing Factor——A Survey Based on Chongqing 2014, 30 (26):  88-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3149 Abstract + ( 1052 )   PDF ( 615279KB )   ( 546 ) Vegetable industry in China is on the transition from the small scope of production to the scale, intensive and specific one, expand the scale of the vegetable plantation is conducive to improve the quality and quantity of the vegetable production, reduce production cost, thus plays a positive role in increasing farmers income. Based on the vegetable planting large as the research object, we construct Logistic model to analyze the influencing factors of large vegetable growers’willingness to expand plantation scale. Our research shows that the major existing production scale, the evaluation and attitude of the status quo are the important factors that affect famers to expand the scale of vegetable plantation. Based on the conclusion, we further put forth that increasing vegetable planting technology support, reducing the amount of middlemen, and promoting the production of cooperatives are powerful ways of inducing large vegetable growers to expand plantation scale.

  Performance Evaluation of Rural Social Insurance System in the Central and Western Provinces and Autonomous Regions 2014, 30 (26):  95-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1777 Abstract + ( 746 )   PDF ( 467551KB )   ( 391 ) China is going to implement the rural social endowment insurance system based on unified urban and rural social endowment insurance. Rural social endowment insurance has some problems such as low farmers' income replacement rate and less accumulation, at the same time, rural social endowment insurance in different provinces has no horizontal contrast. By setting 21 indicators, the performance of rural social endowment insurance system has been evaluated and ranked, five factors have been obtained using factor analysis method. By analyzing the five factors, the problems of rural social endowment insurance system are found and the corresponding proposals are put forward.

  The Study about the Patterns of the Farmers' Professional Cooperatives' Brand Construction 2014, 30 (26):  102-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0065 Abstract + ( 1252 )   PDF ( 570714KB )   ( 406 ) In recent years, Farmers' Professional Cooperatives have developed rapidly, and more and more scholars have been focusing their study on the farmers' professional co-operatives brand management problem. Based on the summary of the current research about Farmers' professional co-operatives brand construction, the author analyzed the necessity of constructing the brand of the farmers’professional cooperatives from the perspectives of characteristics of agricultural products, intense competition in the market and the bottlenecks in farmers' professional cooperatives’development. The last part of the article proposes three patterns of the brand construction of farmers' professional cooperatives under current conditions, which are association among the farmers' professional cooperatives, cooperation with the universities and colleges and reliance on the agriculture exhibitions.

  The Study of Factors Influencing Management’Trust for Members——A Empirical Study from Mountainous Area in Sichuan Province 2014, 30 (26):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0032 Abstract + ( 769 )   PDF ( 469039KB )   ( 393 ) This paper used the social-capital theory and the survey data from mountainous area in Sichuan province to analyze the factors that influence management’trust for members. The results of the study showed that managements’age, sex, general education degree, relationship and members’responsibility had influence on the trust. Managements’age and their relationship with members had significant effects on the trust. Managements’education degree, sex and responsibility had insignificant effects. This paper studied the question of the institutional improvement of cooperatives and suggested to enhance the trust between the management and members.

  A Study on Quantitative Evaluation and Dynamic Analysis of Rural Household Livelihoods Sustainability 2014, 30 (26):  114-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0236 Abstract + ( 895 )   PDF ( 743633KB )   ( 673 ) In this study, both evaluation index system and methods were proposed to assess the rural household livelihoods sustainability with integrating sustainable livelihoods approach into PSR conceptual model. As a case study in Chongqing, rural household livelihoods sustainability from 1997 to 2011 was evaluated to analyze its evolution process and composition change characteristic. Results show that the proposed evaluation index system was comprehensively enough to reflect every aspects of livelihoods sustainability, while the evaluation results could reflect the actual level of rural household livelihoods sustainability. Furthermore, it can be found that the rural household livelihoods sustainability had been improved from slight non-sustainability to slight sustainability level. Meantime, state, impact and response indexes exhibited a trend that continued to be improved, while pressure index showed a significant fluctuation growth, because natural disasters and price rise were the main limiting factors. Moreover, although livelihood vulnerability presented an obvious uncertainty, both government and rural household themselves had made positive responses. As a result, rural household livelihood assets had increased continuously and income level and life quality had a significant improvement.

  Current Situation and Evaluation of Professional Title Evaluation 2014, 30 (26):  123-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1345 Abstract + ( 891 )   PDF ( 424650KB )   ( 474 ) Professional title evaluation is not only the main way, basic means and necessary link of evaluating and discovering professional technical talents, but also has some indispensable functions to strengthen the management and construction of talent team. The article discussed the conception and significance of professional title evaluation and analyzed the current situation of Chinese professional title evaluation. The article highlighted some problems in Chinese professional title evaluation at present, such as deficiency of governmental administrative management, imperfect evaluation system, narrow service scope, unscientific evaluation standards and relatively outmoded evaluation methods, etc. The article suggested improving the system of professional title evaluation and the management of evaluation works by amending the basic system, strengthening supervision and management, perfecting the evaluation system and standards, broadening the service scope, innovating the evaluation methods, controlling the evaluation process and so on, in order to promote the construction of talent team.

  Optimization of the Hyperspectral Prediction Model of Soil Organic Carbon Contents of Jianghan Plain 2014, 30 (26):  127-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0439 Abstract + ( 1030 )   PDF ( 1924903KB )   ( 688 ) The study explored the best combination of spectral transformations and modeling methods under the condition of low organic carbon content in barren regions, and is of great significance for precision agriculture. With soil samples of different land use types collected in Jianghan Plain, visible/near- infrared spectroscopy was used in the estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC). Spectral transformations including Savitzky- Golay smooth (SG), the first derivative (FD) and multiple scatter correction (MSC), coupled with multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine regression (SVMR) were used for model calibration. Results showed that the PLSR and SVMR models outperform the MLR and PCR models. In terms of spectral transformations: MSC＞FD＞SG. The SVMR model coupled with FD and MSC outperformed the other models, with R2=0.84, RPD=2.50, and could be used for SOC prediction in the study area. And soil organic matter above 2% was not necessary for building prediction models of high quality.

  Investigation on Biogas Fermentation with Decayed and Diseased Apple and Pear 2014, 30 (26):  134-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0261 Abstract + ( 1044 )   PDF ( 681499KB )   ( 530 ) In order to explore a new safety and recycle method for un- marketable fruits, the decayed and diseased apple and pear were used as biogas fermentation materials and the performance was investigated. The results showed that both of them could be good materials for biogas fermentation, the total solid (TS) and volatile solids (VS) biogas production rate were 643.24 mL/g and 674.22 mL/g for apple and 421.14 mL/g, 426.74 mL/g for pear, 86.40% TS and 88.20% VS were degraded in apple, 54.45% TS and 59.75% VS were degraded in pear, and the energy conversion rate for apple and pear fermentation were 82.23% and 50.60%.

  Eco-geographic Pattern and Land Use Ecological Risk in African Continent 2014, 30 (26):  139-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0069 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 859205KB )   ( 459 ) Land degradation and land use sustainability in ecologically fragile areas have attracted much attention in recent years, and it is necessary to study the eco-geographic pattern and land use ecological risk in such areas. African continent is one of the typical areas on the earth, which has ecologically fragile conditions. Based on the distribution data of temperature zone, dryness, terrain and vegetation, the eco-geographic regions in African continent were divided by using GIS software and landscape index model was introduced to give descriptions to each region. Also, the land use ecological risks in African continent were discussed at regional scale. It was found that: the eco- geographic pattern in African continent could be divided into 6 regions (northwestern mountainous region, northern desertification region, north- central transitional region, central basin region, eastern rift valley plateau region and southern plateau region), and 32 sub-regions. Spatial trend of drought (arid core area) was toward the central part of northern desertification region, north part of eastern rift valley plateau region and southwest part of southern plateau region. With increasing human land use activities, semi- arid and sub- humid arid areas around central basin region would be affected by land desertification risks, and areas with undulating terrain and abundant rainfalls would be affected by soil water erosion risks, respectively.

  Analysis on Characteristics of Dynamic Change of Pressure of Cultivated Land in the Red Triangular Economic Circle 2014, 30 (26):  144-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3156 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 681812KB )   ( 683 ) In order to solve the serious problem of the contradiction between population and food-growing, this paper analyzed the changes of cultivated land pressure in the Red Triangular Economic Circle based on the model of the per capita minimal area of cultivated land and the cultivated land pressure index. The result showed that the pressure of cultivated land was on the rise between 2000 and 2010 and two obvious peaks appeared each in 2003 and 2008. There remains were some tiny discrepancies of the changes among Shaoguan City, Ganzhou City and Chenzhou City. Because of the agricultural interior structure adjustment, the fall of the farmers’producing initiatives and the influences of meteorological disasters, the proportion of the area sown to grain, the re-cultivated index and the grain output were all drop, which cause the rise of the pressure index of cultivated land. Besides, the over-rapid population growth was another reason to that. Therefore, in order to keep down the development and make sure that the whole area’s sustainable development, we should: Firstly, control the population growth. Secondly, in order to improve the income level of food-growing and the farmers’planting initiative, the compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection should be put into effect. Thirdly, improving the farmland conditions so then the destructive power of natural calamities can be decreased. Fourthly, to rise the per unit yield, we should optimize the farmland structure and increase the re-cultivated index. Last but not the lease, we can increase the farmland’s quantity by exploiting untouched arable land resources.

  Research on Surface Soil Phosphorus Evolution and Accumulation Characteristics in Dianchi Lake 2014, 30 (26):  150-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0043 Abstract + ( 962 )   PDF ( 692887KB )   ( 444 ) In order to provide the scientific basis for governance of Dianchi Lake, the surface layer of soil phosphorus studied different types of Dianchi Lake Basin, the author mainly studied the evolution of the surface soil phosphorus in Dianchi Lake Basin and accumulation characteristics. The results showed that: Dianchi Lake surface soil total P, Olsen-P and water soluble phosphorus content of both would accumulate by the passing time and would continue in the coming 20 years. Regarding the different land utilization type, the entire phosphorus, the content order of fast- acting phosphorus and the water- soluble phosphorus was consistent, which was: the big awning soil＞plants crops the soil＞to construct the city soil＞the forest land soil. The content of entire soil phosphorus, fast- acting phosphorus and water- soluble phosphorus was remarkably relevant. The accumulation of phosphorus was apparent and of a high risk of loss, therefore the problem of phosphorus loss was urgent to be solved.

  Variability and Impact Factors of Frozen Soil in Shihezi Region Nearly 50 Years 2014, 30 (26):  155-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2635 Abstract + ( 891 )   PDF ( 568361KB )   ( 629 ) In order to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution and impact of meteorological factors of frozen soil, the author used the frozen soil observational data of 4 meteorological stations in Shihezi Region. The results showed: in the context of global warming, nearly all stations gradually reduced the maximum depth of frozen soil, but the extent of reduce was inconsistency, which was Mosuowan station reduced significantly, Shihezi Station followed it, Paotai and Wulanwusu Station changed obvious in the recent 50 years, Shihezi freeze start date was the earliest, Mosuowan most late; Paotai thaw latest, Mosuowan earliest; the duration of frozen soil, except Mosuowan gradually increased, the other station gradually reduced. The average winter temperature and maximum snow depth were the major factors affecting of frozen soil.

  Studies on the Degradation Characteristic of Metiram in Different Kinds of Soils 2014, 30 (26):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3041 Abstract + ( 976 )   PDF ( 626533KB )   ( 849 ) In order to evaluate scientifically on the ecological safety of metiram in soil environment, the degradation characteristics of metiram in three typical soils, including black soil from northeast of China, and red soil from Jiangxi Province of China and also rice soil from Jiangsu Province of China, and emerging and dissipating of its ethylene thiourea (ETU) metabolite were both studied comparatively under laboratory conditions in the study. It was indicated that degradation of metiram in soil was accord with first order degradation kinetics, and physicochemical properties and moisture surrounding of tested soil had great effect on the degradation of metiram. Metiram was degraded the fastest in the rice soil of the highest pH and the most organic matter content, and it was degraded most slowly in the red soil of most acidity and least organic matter content from Jiangxi Province of China. Compared with aerobic condition, metiram was degraded faster under anaerobic condition. It was assumed that the biodegradation played a main role in the dissipation of metiram in these soils. The residues of metabolites ETU could be detected in all of the three soils during degradation of metiram. The content change of ETU in black soil from northeast China was accumulating first, and then being decreased little by little. However, it was decomposed too quickly in the other two tested soils to be detected later. ETU could be decreased to 0.05 mg/kg of safety threshold until 90% degradation of the raw pesticide.

  Screening and Degradation Characteristics of Catechol Degradable Bacteria 2014, 30 (26):  165-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3061 Abstract + ( 1021 )   PDF ( 674720KB )   ( 442 ) In order to alleviate the environmental pollution of catechol, the screening and research of catechol degradable bacteria were supposed to provide alternative strains for the bioremediation polluted by catechol. The author focused on the enrichment, isolation and degradation characteristics of catechol degradable bacteria. Catechol was used as a sole source of carbon in the cultural medium, the degradable bacteria was isolated and screened from Xi’an sewage treatment plant water and Shaanxi apple orchard soil. After shaking at 28℃and 150 r/min in the inorganic salt liquid medium, in which catechol was used as a sole source of carbon, the apparent degrading rates of the bacteria for degradation of catechol was tested by the concentration of catechol in residue medium. The pH, volume and concentration were optimized to observe the influence of catechol degradation characteristics. Based on the test, it could draw a conclusion that the growth of bacteria for degradation of catechol and the degrading rates were reaching extreme when pH was 6, volume was 50 mL and concentration was 100 mg/L. This strain showed a good application prospect.

  Study of the Spatial Heterogeneity of Ebinur Lake Base Ion 2014, 30 (26):  170-177.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3070 Abstract + ( 953 )   PDF ( 1169784KB )   ( 428 ) In order to reflect the spatial distribution of different levels of the Ebinur Lake salinization, on the basis of field investigation and field data, descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis and statistical analysis of the Ebinur lake saline soil of soil salt and salt ions, the results showed that: soil salinity and salt ions were approximately obey the normal distribution, salt strongly at the surface, spatial variability was remarkable. Surface soil salinity, Cl-、Mg2+、Na+ were strong spatial variation, HCO3-、Ca2+、SO42-and K+ all belonged to the space of moderate intensity variation. HCO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42- and K+ belonged to the strong spatial correlation, salinity, Cl- and Na+ belonged to moderate spatial correlation. Through the analysis of the spatial variability of salt and salt ions, were beneficial to the rapid diagnosis of soil salinization, to improve the efficiency of land use and farmland fine management to provide decision-making basis.

  Integrated Assessment of the Aquatic Ecosystem Function and Main Driving Factors Based on Principal Component Analysis, Entropy Methods and Correlation Analysis 2014, 30 (26):  178-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0042 Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 721351KB )   ( 483 ) Combined with principal component analysis, entropy methods and correlation analysis assess, the author assessed the aquatic ecosystem function of Liao River Basin of Liaoning Province. The indicators of aquatic ecosystem function and main driving factor were built. The author evaluated the aquatic ecosystem function and identified main driving factor based on the data during 2000 to 2010 of this basin. Results indicated that: awareness function was stronger than supply function, circulation function and habitat function, and the main driving factors included total amount of water resources, population, GDP, gross output value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, tourism income and the amount of park. Results of this work would provide useful information for regional economic development and promote the comprehensive utilization and protection of the river basin.

  Analysis on Precipitation Sequence Trend and Cycles in Shenyang 2014, 30 (26):  184-189.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2976 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 598552KB )   ( 730 ) In order to obtain the features, trend change and evolution cycle of precipitation in Shenyang, the author utilized precipitation data during nearly 62 years from 1951 to 2012, divided data sequence into several sub-sequences, adopted a series of modern climate statistic and diagnostic techniques such as relevant test, linear trend fitting, anomalies accumulation and ordered clustering to analyze annual rainfall variation features. It was shown from the results that 62 years length sequences of annual gradually-increasing subsequence of precipitation in Shenyang were trending to decrease. As of 2012, the trending rate was -17.578 mm/10 a, the rainfall reduced by 109.0 mm; the precipitation trending rate changed insignificantly, in a non-significant rate. 1950s was abundant rainfall period, and made obvious impact on precipitation trends. 30 years moving average sequence reached the maximum values in 1953 to 1982 years; the rate was -84.822 mm/10 a. As for sequences in 1951 to 2012 years, in 1964 and 1975, the precipitation suddenly reduced by 116.2 mm and 70.8 mm respectively. 10 years to 12 years periodicity appeared in both rainy and dry years. Based on the results, the author presented new insights for further understanding to trends in precipitation resource in Shenyang, and provideed reference for weather, water conservancy and agricultural sectors.

  Effect of Heat Resources Changes on Agriculture in the Reclamation Area of Xinjiang Eighth Agricultural Division 2014, 30 (26):  190-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2917 Abstract + ( 853 )   PDF ( 671132KB )   ( 417 ) In order to learn through the rules of temperature and heat resources changes in the reclamation area of Xinjiang Eighth Agricultural Division, the author learn about the characteristics of heat resources changes with meteorology data from 1955 to 2012 by using the climatological statistical and diagnostic techniques of climate tendency rate, standard deviation and signal to noise ratio. The results showed that: annual average temperature, accumulated temperature of temperatures greater than or equal to 0℃and accumulated temperature of temperatures greater than or equal to 10℃had an obvious increasing trend, with the climate tendency rate of 0.364℃/10 a, 89.981℃·d/10 a and 111.23℃·d/10 a. Annual average temperature experienced a mutational increase in 1989, with an increase of 1.2℃after the mutation; accumulated temperature of temperatures greater than or equal to 0℃experienced a mutational increase in 1989, with an increase of 254℃·d/a after the mutation; accumulated temperature of temperatures greater than or equal to 10℃experienced a mutational increase in 1994, with an increase of 377℃·d after the mutation. There existed an obvious climate warming in 1990s in the reclamation area of Xinjiang Eighth Agricultural Division and an increase of heat resources there. These had both positive and negative effects on agriculture. People should exploit heat resources under the first principle of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages and this research offered basis of agricultural climate resources for local agriculture development and adjustment of local crop cultivation.

  Characteristic of Latent Heat Flux in Typical Steppe 2014, 30 (26):  195-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3073 Abstract + ( 998 )   PDF ( 781435KB )   ( 683 ) In order to study the microclimate and provide the basis for changes in grassland ecosystems. Using the June 1-August 31, 2010 open eddy covariance systems and conventional meteorological observation system data, the author analyzed latent heat flux change in Xilinhaote typical steppe grassland and its relationship with environmental factors. The results showed that: June to August overall energy balance closured good closure of 83.9%. Sunny closure was 81.4%, 95.0% cloudy closure, in a range of domestic and foreign similar observation closure of the upper level; latent heat flux. Unimodal quadratic curve, increased gradually after sunrise, around noon reached a peak, and then gradually decreased after sunset stabilized. Sunny and cloudy days latent heat fluxes same trend, but overcast mobility greater amplitude than sunny, and the peak lag sunny; latent heat flux and net radiation, air temperature, surface temperature, surface temperature and the temperature difference, was significantly positively correlated with the relative humidity was significantly negatively correlated with horizontal wind speed correlation was relatively weak. Net radiation which was the biggest factor.

  Study on the Multi-index Comprehensive Evaluation of Cultivated Land Fragmentation’s Degree Based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process 2014, 30 (26):  200-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3337 Abstract + ( 1020 )   PDF ( 796449KB )   ( 605 ) In order to explore the comprehensive evaluation indexes and method of cultivated land fragmentation’s degree, the author used the induction and deduction method, the mathematical model method, and empirical study method. The results showed that: new evaluation index system had been established, the system contained 7 indexes. In order of importance, the indexes were the average size of plots, the consistency degree of plots length, the average number of households plots, the ratio of gridded cultivated land among all, the consistency degree of growing crops’row direction of plots, the gap between the scale in reality and the moderate scale of households cultivated land, and the accessibility to road of plots. Furthermore, the results showed that the degree of cultivated land fragmentation of Xiwei Village was in more serious condition by employing the indexes system based on the analytical hierarchy process. The evaluation result indicated the current situation of the Xiwei Village’s cultivated land fragmentation’s degree. The conclusion was that the evaluation index system of cultivated land fragmentation should contain spatial pattern indexes and social indicators of plots, and the comprehensive evaluation method based on the analytical hierarchy process can be used to evaluate a given area’s cultivated land fragmentation’s degree accurately.

  Research on Applicability of Solar Radiation Parametric Model in Anhui Province 2014, 30 (26):  207-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2958 Abstract + ( 1081 )   PDF ( 732504KB )   ( 600 ) In order to obtain the most appropriate parametric model for estimating solar radiation in Anhui Province, based on the observational solar radiation and sunshine hours of 10 radiation stations in Anhui Province and its surrounding regions from 1961 to 2012, the accuracy of 7 solar radiation models were compared and analyzed. Results showed that: the model which was modified based on the observational data of Anhui Province and its surrounding regions was more accurate than the other models and was most applicable for Anhui Province. The estimated monthly average solar radiation based on the modified model of Hefei station and Tunxi station was mostly consistent with the measured values. The mean absolute relative error for the two stations was less than 2.0% and 3.5% respectively. This study provided a scientific basis for carrying out the solar energy resource assessment.

  Analyze of Greenhouses Temperature Characteristic and Temperature Prediction Model in Eastern Inner Mongolia 2014, 30 (26):  213-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0089 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 649241KB )   ( 353 ) In order to fully grasp the change rule of temperature in greenhouses, to forecast the extreme temperature within greenhouse and to improve the service support capability of agricultural meteorological, the author used the inside the greenhouse temperature contrast hour observation data in Chifeng of eastern Inner Mongolia in 2012. The author analyzed the diurnal variation of the temperature within greenhouse, typical daily variation, the highest temperature and minimum temperature and the number of occurrences of probability, and analyzed the relationship between the temperature inside and outside the greenhouse, and then used the method of regression analysis, respectively, established the greenhouse temperature prediction model in sunny day. Results showed that: the daily variation of the temperature difference of different season, the highest and lowest temperatures of each season there was not the same time and the temperature of the regression analysis method to build the prediction model had better effect on the lowest temperature forecast.

  Analysis of A Severe Short-term Precipitation in Hulun Buir City 2014, 30 (26):  219-224.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2951 Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 767554KB )   ( 525 ) In order to study the characteristics of severe short-term precipitation in Hunlun Buir and to guard against the impact on agriculture from flood disasters caused by severe short- term precipitation, using automatic meteorogical observing data, NCEP reanalysis data and satellite images, the causes of a severe shortterm precipitation occurred in Hulun Buir on 12 July 2009 were preliminarily studied. The results showed that: upper forward trough provided favorable large scale condition for the severe short- term precipitation, it occurred on coincidence area between the convergence by warm shear line in low level and the divergence by weak ridge in high level , appeared inflow boundary of the development stage of MCC. The atmosphere feature of the severe short- term precipitation exhibited strong convective instability of higher humidity and higher temperature in low level, strengthen vertical wind shear, ascending motion and positive helicity. The convective instability was released by the invasion of dry air in the middle troposphere, that caused the severe short-term precipitation.

  Perceptional Differences of the Public in Hainan Prefecture on Changes of Climates and Crop-sowing Periods 2014, 30 (26):  225-230.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3225 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 649427KB )   ( 451 ) In order to adapt to future climate change to the public, provide a basis for targeted adjustment of agricultural production, based on questionnaire surveying, the author analyzed perceptional differences of the public in Hainan Prefecture, Qinghai Province, on the changes of climates and crop- sowing periods. The results showed that: these changes were so evident that the public could perceive and recall them clearly. Most people agreed that the local climates had changed, especially since the year 2000, and the crop-sowing periods were advanced significantly.

  Variation Characteristics of Precipitation and Precipitation Days with Different Grades over Dalian in Recent 60 Years 2014, 30 (26):  231-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0030 Abstract + ( 1122 )   PDF ( 692980KB )   ( 448 ) Aimed to study and master the evolution of different grades about precipitation and precipitation days for giving a better suggestion of rainwater resources management and better services for agricultural production,, variation characteristics of precipitation and precipitation days were analyzed with line trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test methods based on daily precipitation data from 1951 to 2010 in Dalian. The results show that annual precipitation and rainy days decrease, and the decrease of annual precipitation days is more obvious. Light and heavy rainfall (days) shows the decreasing , moderate rainfall (days) showing the increasing , but the decreasing trend of torrential rainfall (days) is not unremarkable. The seasonal distribution of precipitation also changes significantly. Rainfall (days) in summer, autumn and winter reduce, but rainfall (days) in spring increase. Precipitation intensity has an evident increasing in spring and a decreasing in summer, autumn and winter, but the decline of precipitation intensity is not obvious in winter. On the other hand, the extreme precipitation events in spring will increase , and it is more obvious in the 21st century particularly. The obvious abrupt changes of annual precipitation days occures in 1978.

  Analysis of Climate Characteristics of Summer Rainstorm in Weifang in the Last 50 Years 2014, 30 (26):  236-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0108 Abstract + ( 1056 )   PDF ( 1170475KB )   ( 911 ) In order to study and analyze the climate characteristics of summer rainstorm in Weifang, so as to improve the summer rainstorm forecast accuracy, and better service to the local meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation, by using summer daily precipitation data of Weifang 10 observatory from 1961 to 2010, the spatial distribution characteristics of summer rain in Weifang and the time evolution law and all kinds of heavy rain and the statistical relationship between all kinds of weather modification system were analyzed. The results showed that: the phenomenon that heavy rains often from southeast to northwest was gradually decreased was obvious on the spatial distribution; in the time distribution, summer storm of annual average days was 7.5 days. June July, and August was to a minimum; heavy rain days with an average of 0.76 d/ 10 a rate decreased, the decrease was more noticeable; low vortex, and shear line was the main system in Weifang summer rain, followed by low trough cold front rainstorm, and the mainly local rainstorm was given priority to, rarely produces a wide range of heavy rain; cyclone rainstorm and typhoon torrential rain were relatively small, but the two types of heavy rains were more regional heavy rain and a wide range of heavy rain.

  Effects of the Urbanization Process on the Relative Humidity in Jining 2014, 30 (26):  242-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2966 Abstract + ( 1235 )   PDF ( 810077KB )   ( 461 ) In order to study the impact of urbanization on the Jining relative humidity, based on the relative humidity data collected from 1981 to 2010 of Jining City and its surrounding counties, including Yanzhou City, Wenshang County and Jiaxiang County, the author analyzed the variation tendency and characteristics of relative humidity of both the suburb and urban areas of Jining City. On the basis of this, the author investigated the influence of city development to relative humidity. The results showed that: (1) relative humidity of both suburb and urban areas of Jining City tended to reduce annually with similar feature. The largest reduction of relative humidity appeared in spring and autumn and reduction speed in suburb was higher than that in urban area, which meant suburb and urban areas of Jining City was now becoming warmer and drier. (2) Annual average relative humidity of Jining City in recent 30 years reflected typical dry island phenomenon and had upward trend, which was especially obvious in the 1990s. Although dry island phenomenon after the year 2000 was still higher than average, it decreased substantially. (3) Dry island phenomenon of Jining City beared distinctive features with different month and season: the second half of year was higher than the first half and it had the tendency to be stronger in all four seasons, strongest in spring and autumn, weakest in summer, while average in winter. Dry island phenomenon change in seasons went with change of years, strongest from 1991- 2000 and decreased after the year 2000. It was found: dry island phenomenon from yearly data on average at the time of 2:00, 8:00, 14:00 and 20:00, with its strongest at 2:00 and weakest at 14:00.

  The Occurrence Rules of Fog in Shenyang and Its Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Recent 60 Years 2014, 30 (26):  248-252.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3127 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 1018856KB )   ( 485 ) In order to deeply look into the relationships between occurrence rule and meteorological factors of fog in Shenyang, and then to accurately carry out fog forecasting, based on the observation data of fog from 1951 to 2011, the occurrence rules and the relationships were investigated. The results showed that: the annual total of fog was decreasing with a climate abrupt change happened around the late of 1970s when the decrease trend began to be exacerbated and reached very significant level in the earlier 1980s and then continued until 2011. There was a remarkable seasonal pattern for the fog in Shenyang with the larger odds from August to next year January than from February to June as well as the biggest and the smallest odds in September and June, respectively. For the diurnal time scale, the fog in Shenyang appeared most frequently from 2 to 8 o’clock and last more often less than 6 h and most frequent 1-2 h and no longer than 21 h. The optimal weather condition that trigger the emergence of the fog in winter was 1.0- 2.5 m/s wind speed, 70%- 90% relative humidity, suitable temperature and less low clouds.

  Climatic Characteristics of Haze Days in Hubei Province During 1980-2012 2014, 30 (26):  253-259.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3202 Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 795095KB )   ( 509 ) In order to study the law of haze climate change characteristics in 1980-2012 in Hubei Province, the author used the‘14 relative humidity, visibility, weather phenomena’method to filter out 13 sites of haze days in Hubei Province from 1980 to 2012, to study the regional climate change characteristics over the haze. The results indicated that: the average annual haze in Hubei has obvious regional spatial distribution in homogeneity, the average annual number of days of haze from 1980 to 2012 fluctuated upward trend overall, but the presence of multiple peaks and valleys throughout the change process. Haze days of most of the meteorological stations was decreased, and the haze days of stations less than 50 had more obvious growth trend, the authors noted that when analyzed the changes in a larger area, people should combine different situations of various types of stations to investigate the overall changes and the reasons, but calculated the average of multiple sites solely. The haze days in Hubei province were more in autumn and winter, less in spring and summer. And the haze days was most in December and January, least in July and August. Topography had great impact on the local haze days, haze appeared most in the foothills and appeared least in the mountains.

  Risk Assessment of Gale Damage in Liaoning 12th National Games 2014, 30 (26):  260-265.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3204 Abstract + ( 860 )   PDF ( 1120795KB )   ( 579 ) In order to study the impact of gale damage for the 12th National Games, while providing a reference for the future organization of such events. The risk assessment of gale damage in Liaoning 12th National Games was conducted according to the 32 years wind datum in Liaoning. The results indicated that: there were more strong wind days in spring compared with those in other seasons, with the most in April and the least in August. The average number of strong wind days from June to September was usually one or three with the maximum being eight. By calculating the number of stations with strong wind from 1981 to 2012, the spatial distribution of risk grades of gale damage during the National Games (June to September) was worked out. The risk level of gale damage was about the same over the whole Liaoning area, and the high risk area spread in the south-to-north direction with the highest risk in the south, especially in the south seacoast, which might affect the sport games.

  Inhomogeneity Characteristics of Maximum Wind Speed Over Anhui Province 2014, 30 (26):  266-271.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1440 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 1044934KB )   ( 437 ) Using the data of daily maximum wind speed over resent 30a in Anhui Province, the authors analyzed the uniformity distribution of maximum wind speed concentration degree (MWSCD) and maximum wind speed concentration period (MWSCP), and discussed the circulation characteristics of the different MWSCD in Anhui Province. The results show that most of the MWSCD in Anhui Province is 0.06, the low values of MWSCD is in mountainous area. The value of MWSCP is mainly about 18 to 24 period between Huaibei and Jianghuai, the MWSCP in mountainous area is late, mostly in the 24 to 28 period, the different distribution space of MWSCD and MWSCP is mainly affected by the topography. The MWSCD has obvious interannual variability, the high value and low value comparison is different in the circulation. High value in the upper troposphere, the East and the West of China present "+" potential height anomaly, at the same time, corresponding to a cyclonic and an anticyclonic circulation center, Anhui is in the cyclonic circulation. In the middle troposphere, Anhui is under control of the northerly wind anomalies. In the lower troposphere, Anhui province is in the southwest side of the negative anomaly of geopotential height and controlled by Northwest wind.

  Analysis of Meteorological Elements’Effect on Corn Yield in West Region of Liaoning 2014, 30 (26):  272-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3259 Abstract + ( 784 )   PDF ( 644439KB )   ( 656 ) In order to provide more specifically agro- meteorological services, it is necessary to realize the relationship between corn yield and meteorological elements in each development stages in west region of Liaoning Province. The author analyzed relationship between corn yield and meteorological elements which include average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration by using data of corn development stages of 6 agro-meteorological stations in west region of Liaoning Province and meteorological elements data corresponding station observation and corn yield data form 1981 to 2010. The results showed that: (1) the meteorological yield variation of 6 regions in 30 years was highly similar, and the meteorological elements’variation of 6 stations during development stages was extremely regional. (2) Development stage which meteorological elements had an impact on the corn yield in west Liaoning was jointing to heading stage, and during this stage the relationship between average temperature, maximum temperature, sunshine duration and meteorological yield was significant negative correlative. (3) It was a significant negative correlative relationship between meteorological yield and the number of days maximum temperature above 30-31℃, precipitation less than 10 mm during jointing to heading stage.

  Risk Zoning Analysis of Waterlogging Disaster in Winter Vegetables Seedling Period in Hainan Island 2014, 30 (26):  278-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3033 Abstract + ( 1013 )   PDF ( 782884KB )   ( 342 ) In order to understand and master occurrence regularity of waterlogging disaster in winter vegetables, to reduce disaster losses, and to ensure the grain production, a winter vegetable seedling waterlogging disasters risk zoning was done by taking the effects of weather and earth’s surface environment integrated into account in this study. For weather, the intensity of precipitation, number of precipitation process was taken. And earth’s surface environment, topography, land cover, soil texture was saw as risk pregnant environment. Hainan island winter vegetables seedling waterlogging high-risk areas mainly in the eastern and northern parts; northwestern region, and little part of northern was moderatewaterlogging risk zone; central, southern and the western region of occurrence of waterlogging disaster risk was relatively low. The zoning had a high spatial resolution and useful to crop layout and enhance the security of planting winter vegetables.

  Planting Area Extraction of A Crop Key Growth Period in Wudi County Based on HJ Satellite Data 2014, 30 (26):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3313 Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 3508602KB )   ( 391 ) To explore the feasibility of quickly extracting planting area using HJ satellite CCD data acquired at the main crop key growth periods, a quick and easy crop planting area extraction method was presented. The author took Wudi County of Shandong Province as a study area, 3 HJ remote sensing images acquired at the main crop key growth periods were selected based on the main crop cultivation technique calendar. Through the EVI time-series data analysis and regions of interesting (ROI) creations, the support vector machine (SVM) was used for extracting the main crop planting area. The results showed that: the EVI data of the crop key growth periods in combination with the SVM method could more accurately estimate the winter wheat, corn and cotton planting area of Wudi County, and overall accuracy of total planting area extraction and spatial distribution location was more than 93% and 75% respectively. Through using the remote sensing data acquired at a crop key growth period, time and labor for remote sensing data processing was reduced greatly, and it was easy to visualize the choice of ROI. Only used SVM could guarantee the regional crop planting area extraction accuracy, which greatly simplified the operation process and provided a reference for other regions to use HJ satellite data to extract crop planting area.

  Consumers’Attitude and Willingness to Pay for the Traceability of Vegetables——Taking Shanghai as An Example 2014, 30 (26):  291-296.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3092 Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 506493KB )   ( 881 ) With the development of economy, people pay more and more attention to the safety of agricultural products, Shanghai also popularized in real vegetable traceability system. Through the actual survey of consumers in Shanghai, by using Logistic regression model to analyze the influence of vegetables the traceability label attitude and willingness to pay. Studies had shown that the attention of consumers for vegetable quality was very high, but the cognition of the traceability of vegetables was very low. In terms of willingness to pay, most respondents said they were willing to pay more for the traceability of agricultural products, but the willingness to pay was low, consumers' willingness to pay was driven by gender, age, family population, for the traceability label trust and pay strength and other factors.

  Research on Effect of Rural Residential Land Consolidation Based on Farmers’Questionnaire Investigation——A Case Study in Cangshan County 2014, 30 (26):  297-301.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3177 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 515826KB )   ( 368 ) In order to analyze the effects of rural residential land consolidation objectively in Cangshan County, the research data was obtained by means of random questionnaire investigation. The author chose 3 aspects from the perspective of farmers that included 10 indicators to establish evaluation index system, which were farmers’production and living conditions, social security, farmers’will. Then the author evaluated the effect of rural residential land consolidation. The results showed that: villagers were satisfied with the rural residential land consolidation in study areas, and the effect in Bianzhuang was best. A few recommendations that aimed at some problems in the consolidation process were proposed to provide scientific reference for the rural residential land consolidation work.

  A Brief Analysis on the Modern Agriculture Demonstration Area in Panji District, Huainan City 2014, 30 (26):  302-308.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3162 Abstract + ( 810 )   PDF ( 1403165KB )   ( 849 ) This paper analyzed the modern agriculture demonstration area in Panji District, Huainan City including planning background, current situation, significance, targets, structural configuration, function division and innovation points. Huainan City is an important large-scale coal producing base which is facing the depletion of resources and an opportunity of industrial transformation. This paper considered agricultural resource endowment, product positioning, spatial distribution, market location, traffic conditions and other factors in demonstration area, afterwards it put forward the modern agriculture planning with the overall pattern formed of six areas and one tourism zone. The planning combined several industries such as vegetables, food, recycling breeding, processing, logistics and sightseeing agriculture with new rural construction organically. It gave effective planning ideas of modern agriculture for industrial transformation of coal mining subsidence area in order to promote its rapid development. Meanwhile it would also offer a reference for similar areas.

  Influences of Scenic Development on Residents’Perceptions——Case Study of the Shilin Scenic Spot in Gansu Province 2014, 30 (26):  309-315.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3229 Abstract + ( 845 )   PDF ( 528445KB )   ( 405 ) The development of scenic area has profound effects on residents’perceptions on tourism destination. This paper focused on the analysis of the case of Jingtai County in Gansu Province, based on the methods of field work and questionnaires on the influences of scenic development on residents’perceptions. The conclusion of the case indicated that the influences of scenic development on the local residents mainly concentrated in three prospects: economic, social and cultural and environmental impacts. And residents’attitudes to positive economic impacts had gained common recognition, however, residents’attitudes to negative social and cultural impacts were differentiated according to the survey. This paper argued that in the development of scenic area, stakeholders should pay attention to social and cultural impacts on tourism destination, and meanwhile make the rationalization of debugging of culture, to guide the scenic area develop actively and healthily and let the residents experience the fruits of scenic development.

  The Discussion on the Structure and Function Optimization of Rural Recreational System 2014, 30 (26):  316-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0104 Abstract + ( 997 )   PDF ( 803669KB )   ( 554 ) Rural recreation is implemented by developers with agricultural resources, rural environment and facilities for the purpose of satisfying recreationists’diversified recreational demands for sound mental and physical health as well as leisure and entertainment, etc. Rural recreational system is a whole composed of agricultural resources and rural environment, etc. with certain structures and functions. After summing up components of the rural recreational system, the author concluded that the system was made up of rural territorial recreational system, rural recreation behavior system, rural recreation supply system and rural recreation support system. Besides, components of spatial structure for rural recreation were analyzed and approaches to optimize functions of the rural recreation supply system were briefly introduced. At last, the author proposed that the construction of rural recreation facilities and service supply should be ecological and standard.