Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.25 Published:05 September 2014

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  Advances of Endophyte Associated with Ginkgo biloba 2014, 30 (25):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0720 Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 608164KB )   ( 530 ) Endophytic fungi’s specific ecology, metabolism and bioactivities make themselves as an important treasure for structurally novel and bioactive natural products. In order to understand the potential application value of endophytic fungi associated with Ginkgo biloba, recent advances on the biodiversity, metabolites and bioactive of endophyte associated with G. biloba were summarized. Some strategies and recommendations for future research of G. biloba endophyte were put forward, it was hoped to provide some references to the resource exploitations of the endophytic fungi associated with G. biloba.

  Advances for Somatic Embryogenesis of Araliaceae Species 2014, 30 (25):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0951 Abstract + ( 887 )   PDF ( 477001KB )   ( 443 ) In order to provide theoretical basis and promote the study of somatic embryogenesis of Araliaceae species, the research status of somatic embryogenesis of Araliaceae species were summarized in this article. This article summarized the pattern of somatic embryogenesis of Araliaceae species and its influencing factors, which mainly included the types of explants, medium types, the kinds of plant growth regulators and osmotic stress. Furthermore, the physiological and biochemical changing and secondary metabolic of somatic embryogenesis were also discussed. The future research focuses were proposed: (1) the influencing factors of somatic embryogenesis in Araliaceae species; (2) the extraction and gene regulation of metabolic pathways of secondary metabolites by using somatic embryogenesis in some important Araliaceae species; (3) the molecular basis of the mechanism of somatic embryogenesis of Araliaceae species.

  Isolation and Diversity Analysis of Endophytic Fungi from Podocarpus macrophyllus and Davidia involucrata 2014, 30 (25):  12-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0973 Abstract + ( 1090 )   PDF ( 2737432KB )   ( 398 ) To investigate the diversity of endophytic fungi, 96 endophytes from P. macrophyllus and 87 strains from D. involucrata were isolated, respectively. All of 183 fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics and were further classified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. 96 endophytes of P. macrophyllus were classified as Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Phomopsis, Aphanocladium, Neurospora and mycelia sterilia. 87 endophytic fungi of D. involucrata were identified to be Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Phomopsis, Penicillium, Xylariales sp. and mycelia sterilia. Aspergillus and Colletotrichum were the dominant genera in the endophytes from P. macrophyllus and D. involucrata. The community composition of endophytic fungi from P. macrophyllus was much similar to that from D. involucrata based on the similarity indices of Sorensen’s (CS) and Jaccard’s (CJ). Based on the RFLP typed results, endophytes from P. macrophyllus and D. involucrata were grouped into 22 branches. The similarity of strains in the same genus was higher than 93% while it was less than 83% between different genera, which was in accordance with the results of morphological classification. Some mycelia sterilia shared the same branch with the classified fungi but the others were much different from the known one in the dendrogram of RFLP pattern, which might be new genera. It suggested that the endophytic fungi isolated from P. macrophyllus and D. involucrate had plenty of diversity and could be a resource for further exploration in diversity of fungi.

  Comparison of the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Flowering for Grafted Seed Orchard of Eucalyptus dunnii 2014, 30 (25):  20-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0469 Abstract + ( 1074 )   Taking grafted seed orchard of E. dunnii as research material, the study compared the chloroplast pigment, photosynthetic physiology, soluble protein, soluble sugar and free amino acid of flowering and non- flowering plants. The results showed that: the chloroplast pigment, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, apparent quantum efficiency of non-flowering plants were more obviously higher than that of flowering plants, but the blossom leaf net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, intercellular CO2 concentration of flowering plants were lower than that of non-flowering plants. Comparing with non-flowering plants, flowering plants had lower assimilation ability and stronger dissimilation ability, and photosynthetic coefficient was smaller in flowering plants; the soluble protein, soluble sugar and free amino acid content of flowering plants were higher than that of non-flowering plants. By comparing the photosynthetic physiology, physiological and biochemical characteristics of flowering and non-flowering plants, the paper could provide a theoretical basis for the research of grafted seed orchard.

  A Comparative Study of Root Growth and Root Activity of Different Ages of Aegiceras corniculatum 2014, 30 (25):  24-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0511 Abstract + ( 1128 )   PDF ( 554000KB )   ( 1033 ) The root growth and root activity of 1 a and 2 a Aegiceras corniculatum plants were compared to investigate the effect of plant age on the root growth characteristics. The results showed that, after 360 d of growth, the single plant biomass of 2 a plants Aegiceras corniculatum was 2.45 times that of the 1 a plants. The proportion of the root biomass to the whole plant biomass decreased with the increase of plant age. The annual increase of root number, root length and root diameter of 1 a plants were significantly larger than those of 2 a plants; the root water content showed a trend of first rising then declining; the 2 a plants had relatively more stable root activity than the 1 a plants. Overall, significant differences existed between different ages of Aegiceras corniculatum in the root growth and activity.

  Comparison and Analysis of Caloric Value in the Branch of 12 Different Provenances Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb 2014, 30 (25):  28-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0518 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 628291KB )   ( 503 ) Clerodendrum trichotomum Thumb. is a kind of multi- purpose woody plant which grows quickly and has well-adapted ability. In order to discuss the feasibility of being biomass raw materials, caloric value and ash content in 1 year branch of 12 different provenances C. trichotomum Thumb. were measured respectively by the oxygen bomb combustion analyzer and method for determination of ash. The caloric value of 12 different provenances C. trichotomum Thumb.’s was evaluated. The results would provide a foundation for selecting excellent clone. The results proved that the average calorific value of the 12 different provenances was 15.25 kJ/g which did not vary much from the annual branches of the poplar (Populus×euramericana‘Neva’, I-107) whose calorific value was 15.34 kJ/g, but was lower than that of the Robinia pseudoacacia (18.45 kJ/g). The calorific-value’s discrepancy between 12 provenances was large and its variation amplitude was 3%. It showed that C. trichotomum Thumb. could be selected as biomass energy as the branches contained little ash.

  Genetic Diversity of Salix psammophila from Different Producing Areas Analyzed by SSR Markers 2014, 30 (25):  33-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0771 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 544001KB )   ( 489 ) The purpose of this research was to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of cultivated Salix psammophila germplasm resources, and provide useful information on effective utilization of resources, new genes mining and breeding. In this study, 330 Salix psammophila in 8 areas were adopted to conduct genetic analysis by using SSR markers. Among 45 pairs of SSR primers, 19 pairs of primers were polymorphic. A total of 74 bands were amplified, in which 63 were polymorphic. The number of the allelic loci for each pair of primers was ranged from 2 to 11, and was 3.89 on average. The average effective number of alleles (NE), expected heterozygosity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho), Shannon’s information index (I) were 1.8171, 0.4079, 0.3798, 0.6447 respectively. Based on the amplified SSR bands, genetic similarities among eight groups of Salix were varied from 0.9437 to 0.9908. Using POPGENE, cluster analysis showed that the 8 groups were divided into 3 classes. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the genetic diversity and geographical origin.

  Analysis of the Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of the Superior Clones in Lagerstroemia indica 2014, 30 (25):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0956 Abstract + ( 834 )   PDF ( 587097KB )   ( 519 ) By evaluating the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of superior clones of Lagerstroemia indica, the research aims to provide a theoretical basis for the rational allocation and scientific planting. 5 superior clones of Lagerstroemia indica, which were from the introduction and breeding, were used as the experimental materials. By measuring the relevant characteristics, the authors compared the difference of the growth and photosynthetic characteristics between the five clones of Lagerstroemia indica. The result showed that there were highly significant differences in the growth and photosynthetic characteristics among 5 superior clones. The minimum value of the basal diameter, leaf length, leaf width, branch length, branch diameter, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were 2.41 cm, 6.13 cm, 3.75 cm, 0.72 m, 0.95 cm, 0.95 mg/g and 0.24 mg/g, respectively. The values of the fast- growing Lagerstroemia indica were more prominent in basal diameter (4.86 cm), leaf length (9.99 cm), leaf width (6.13 cm), branch length (1.77 m), branch basal diameter (1.80 cm), chlorophyll a (1.68 mg/g) and chlorophyll b (0.49 mg/g). The light saturation points (LSP) were more than 1672.05μmol/(m2·s) and the light compensation points (LCP) were from 20μmol/(m2·s) to 31μmol/(m2·s) in the 5 superior clones, the sequence of the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax) was‘Ewei No.2’ [25.43μmol/(m2·s)]＞‘Susheng Ziwei’[19.67μmol/(m2·s)]＞‘Ewei No.4’[18.38μmol/(m2·s)]＞‘Ewei No.1’[16.64μmol/(m2·s)]＞‘Ewei No.5’[11.17μmol/(m2·s)]. Correlation analysis showed that the shade tolerance could be improved if the clones had large leaves and high chlorophyll content, the dark respiration rate of leaves had a significantly influence on diameter. According to the growth and photosynthetic characteristics, combined with the aim of nurturing, the 5 superior clones should be configured reasonably in practical cultivation.

  Explored Genetic Diversity of Beijing Yunmeng Mountain Rhododendron Based on ITS Barcode Technology 2014, 30 (25):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0530 Abstract + ( 925 )   PDF ( 585643KB )   ( 437 ) For comprehensive evaluation of domestic and foreign Rhododendron phylogenetic relationships from the perspective of molecular biology, we sequenced ITS of 4 R. mucronulatum of Rhodorastrum and 1 R. micranthum of Rhododendron which planted in Yunmeng Mountain of Beijing, and got 17 ITS different sequences of Rhododendron by Genebank. Using K2 model, we constructed a phylogenetic tree of 22 ITS sequences of Rhododendron by neighbor- joining method and maximum likelihood method. We classified Rhododendron into 2 categories and 5 small classes by analyzing system locations of every provenance of Rhododendron. 22 plant materials were classified into different branches and the classification result was in line with traditional morphological classification result. We found that the consistency of the 22 plant materials of Rhododendron was 95.29% compared with the ITS sequences, which illustrated that the conservatism of ITS sequences of Rhododendron was higher, but the 22 plant materials had different variation with each other, and there were 80 variation sites. The variation sites can be the fingerprint specificity recognition sites of provenance DNA of Rhododendron. What we did could provide molecules proof for classifying the provenance of Rhododendron growing in Yunmeng mountain of Beijing and played an important role for analyzing genetic diversity and protecting, utilizing and developing of wild rhododendron community of Rhododendron.

  Moisture and Dimensional Changes of Chemical Component-Removing Wood During Adsorption Processes 2014, 30 (25):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1027 Abstract + ( 792 )   PDF ( 692767KB )   ( 486 ) In order to investigate the effect of removing chemical components on moisture sorption and hygroexpansive behavior of wood, Cunninghamia lancolata Hook specimens, with the size of 20 mm(T)×20 mm (R)×4 mm(L) were divided into three groups as untreated, extractives removed, and delignificated. The samples were exposed to successive adsorption in three relative humidity conditions of 45%, 60% and 75% at 25℃, and moisture and dimensional changes in radial and tangential directions were measured during the processes. The results showed that: moisture and dimensional changes of all the three groups increased rapidly at the initial stage during adsorption and the adsorption rate gradually decreased as the sorption proceeded until equilibrium state was reached. Among the three groups, the delignificated samples exhibited the highest hygroscopicity, followed by the extractives removed samples and untreated wood. After removal of extractives, Cunninghamia lancolata specimens showed a slight increase in both radial and tangential dimensional changes, which did not affect transverse anisotropy much; whereas, radial and tangential dimensional changes of the delignificated samples increased considerably with an obvious reduction in transverse anisotropy. In addition, moisture content of the samples was linearly related to dimensional changes during the continuous adsorption processes as well as at equilibrium state. Furthermore, the delignificated samples had the greatest value of moisture sorption coefficient and humidity expansion coefficient, followed by the extractives removed samples and untreated wood.

  The Change of Several Important Macronutrient Matrials in Asian Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) 2014, 30 (25):  55-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0723 Abstract + ( 1090 )   PDF ( 721318KB )   ( 436 ) Trehalose glucose and polyol play an important role during insect diapause to suffer cold-hardness, and the volume of the chemical materials can reflect insect’s physiological status. This experiment measured the volume of glycogen trehalose glucose glycerin by the GC. The results showed that: the volume of trehalose rose firstly then fell down, reached the peak (273.5±19.34)μg/mL at the 30th day of cold treatment. Transferring the egg kept in cold for 150 days to the condition of 25℃, the volume of trehalose fell down sharply. The same as trehalose, glucose increased at the beginning of experiment, but slumped with cold stimulation, then the volume fluctuated slightly. After transferred in the 25℃, the volume of glucose maintained, which was different with trehalose. Inositol kept increasing through the experiment, mannitol increased slowly during pre-diapause, and fell slowly after 60 days’cold-stimulation, the volume of sorbitol waved sharply. From the changing trend of these polyol, we could conclude that it was not reliable to distinguish whether the egg entered or came out of the diapause only depending on the change of the chemical. During the experiment, the volume of inositol increased, the volumes of other kind of polyol soared first and then dropped down, which meant the eggs maintained high metabolism rate during diapause. The cold stimulation did not change the average eggs weight harshly, at the same time, the volumes of the chemical soared and droped, which meant huge amount of energy was transformed to metabolize. The volumes of three kinds of polyols increased then dropped, and increased again but dropped at the long run, that meant the polyols could transform into carbohydrate to supply energy.

  Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies on the Growth of Camellia gauchowensis Seedlings 2014, 30 (25):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0859 Abstract + ( 932 )   PDF ( 528761KB )   ( 555 ) An nutrient deficiencies fertilization experiment was conducted with seven treatments (control treatment, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S deficient treatments). Growth indices (height growth, ground diameter, leaf area, leaf perimeter and leaf length/width ratio) were measured to study the effects of different nutrient deficiency on the growth of Camellia gauchowensis seedlings. It was indicated that: (1) height growth and ground diameter of all deficient treatments except Mg deficient treatment were lower than that of the control, deficiency inhibited the growth of height and ground diameter, the main factors were K, Ca and Mg. (2) The elements which had greater impact on leaf growth of Camellia gauchowensis seedlings were Ca and Mg, but there was no significant difference among the indicators. Indicators of N, P, Mg, S deficient treatments were not significantly different from the control(P＞0.05). Nutrient deficiencies had no significant effect on height growth, ground diameter, leaf area, leaf perimeter and leaf length/width ratio of Camellia gauchowensis seedlings.

  Weather Forecasting Methods for Pine Caterpillar Occurrence Period in Western Liaoning 2014, 30 (25):  66-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2955 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 602795KB )   ( 461 ) In order to study the relationship between the life habit of pine caterpillar and environment, forecast and control pine caterpillars disasters more effectively, the author used the relationship between the meteorological factors and occurrence period of pine caterpillar, to forecast the beginning stage of pine caterpillar with stage distance method and multivariate regression analysis method. The results showed that: by studying the relationship between a single meteorological element and occurrence period of pine caterpillar, temperature was the main factor affecting the occurrence of pine caterpillar in the larvae on the tree to eclosion beginning period and rainfall was the main factor affecting it in the larvae climbing down the tree. By using stage distance method, forecasting the occurrence period of pine caterpillar within 6 days of deviation ratio was 72.5% . According to the relationship between meteorological elements and occurrence period of pine caterpillar, sunshine hours and daily range were the main factors affecting the occurrence of pine caterpillar in the larvae on the tree to eclosion beginning period, temperature and rainfall were the main factors affecting it in the larvae climbing down the tree, and by using multivariate regression analysis method, forecasting the occurrence period of pine caterpillar within 6 days of deviation ratio was 67.5%.

  Effects of Forest Recreation on Plant Diversity for Jingbianxi of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park 2014, 30 (25):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0647 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 595192KB )   ( 390 ) In order to investigate the effects of recreation on the plant diversity in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, through the survey of the biodiversity change in different transect distance road, the authors analyzed the impact of tourism exploitation on plant diversity. The results showed that the species richness of tree, shrub and herb layer was the lowest in the transect 1 and the values were 24, 4 and 28, respectively. The species richness index of the tree layer was the highest in the transect 2 and the value was 37. The species richness index of shrub and herb layer was the highest in the transect 3 and the values were 7 and 48. There was a negative correlation between Simpson index and species richness index of tree, shrub and herb layer, while Shannon-Wiener index and species richness had a positive correlation. The order of important value of tree, shrub and herb layer was transect 3＞transect 2＞transect 1, and the forest recreation had significant effects on plant diversity in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.

  Metabolomics Advances in Horticultural Crops 2014, 30 (25):  75-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0728 Abstract + ( 752 )   PDF ( 591452KB )   ( 699 ) Metabolomics, as a high-throughput research method, has wider application in horticultural crops. However, there were still little reports covering the research and development of the technology. As a reference article for gardeners, this paper summarized the application of metabolomics both at home and aboard. It presented the achievements of the metabolic network analysis and control, genetic function identification, evaluation of the safety of transgenic technology, resistance identification, quality formation, evaluation of horticultural techniques，postharvest treatment, identification of quality and origin, etc. It also pointed out the existed problems and proposed the research directions. The paper believed that metabolomics was a valuable supplement to traditional horticultural crops research and the integration of metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and genomics would be the developing direction of horticultural crops metabolomics.

  Genetic Investigation on Skin and Flesh Color of Radish Cultivar ‘Xinlimei’ 2014, 30 (25):  84-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0992 Abstract + ( 1072 )   PDF ( 832786KB )   ( 541 ) With red radish and radish cultivar‘Xinlimei’as test materials for the preparation of test crosses to study the inheritance of radish cultivar‘Xinlimei’skin and flesh color trait through P1, P2, F1, B1C1F1, B2C1F1 and F2 six generation joint analysis. The results indicated that the two traits separate generations B1C1F1, B2C1F1, F2 plants showed a single peak and partial distribution, indicating that radish cultivar‘Xinlimei’skin and flesh color were quantitative trait controlled by major genes and multiple genes. The inheritance of two genetic traits was in line with two additive- dominant- epistatic major gene + additive- dominant- epistatic polygene model (E model). The heritability of the major genes in F2 of skin and flesh color trait was 93.64% and 88.19%, respectively, but the polygene heritability was lower. For radish cultivar‘Xinlimei’, skin color and flesh color choices could be made more appropriate in the early generations.

  Effect of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Antioxidant Capacity in Cauliflower Leaves Under Drought Stress 2014, 30 (25):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0808 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 790835KB )   ( 365 ) The experiment was conducted with cauliflower to study the influence of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on oxidation resistance of cauliflower in the field, which set three lower irrigation limits of water control, that was 35%, 50%, 65% of field capacity. The result showed that SA could increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX). Meanwhile, SA reduced accumulation of cauliflower leaves malondialdehyde (MDA) content and continuously increased cell membrane permeability, increased accumulation of free proline (Pro) and glutathione (GSH) in cauliflower leaves. Therefore, under drought stress, SA could improve the drought resistance ability and antioxidant activity, increased content of osmoregulation substance of cauliflower, reduced lipid peroxidation of membrane. To some extent, SA could alleviate the drought damage on plant.

  Analysis of Endogenous Hormone Content During Bolting Caused by High Temperature in Lettuce 2014, 30 (25):  97-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0693 Abstract + ( 1184 )   PDF ( 1295773KB )   ( 444 ) The contents of endogenous hormones including gibberellin (GA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), ribosylzeatin (ZR), brassnioldie (BR) during bolting caused by high temperature in lettuce were determined by ELISA method to discuss their relation with bolting of lettuce. The results showed that GA content in stem and leaves of lettuce during bolting (after 7 days under the high temperature treatment) were significantly higher than before bolting (first 5 days under the high temperature treatment) under high temperature treatment. Compared with the control, GA content in stem were higher. In high temperature treatment, the contents of IAA, ABA, ZR during bolting were higher than before bolting. IAA and ABA were higher in high temperature treatment than the control, while the content of ZR in leaves was different. The content of BR was lower during bolting. Compared with the control, it showed no difference in leaves and significantly lower in stem. The concentration of MeJA in the high temperature treatment group was higher than in the control group and it’s significantly lower during bolting than before. These results indicated that high temperature could promote the bolting of lettuce, which might be connected with high level of endogenous GA, IAA, ABA, ZR and low level of BR, while the concentration of MeJA had no impact on bolting.

  ISSR Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Southeast Asia 2014, 30 (25):  104-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0488 Abstract + ( 945 )   PDF ( 1134444KB )   ( 432 ) To clarify genetic diversity and relationship among eggplant germplasm, 18 accessions of eggplant including 10 from Southeast Asia, 3 from South America and 5 from China were assessed with ISSR markers. The results showed that 433 loci were amplified by 17 ISSR primers, and 390 loci were polymorphic bands, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 92%. The average observed number of alleles, average effective number of alleles, average Nei’s gene diversity index, and average Shannon’s information index were 1.8971, 1.4778, 0.2850, and 0.4336, respectively. The genetic similarity among all accessions ranged from 0.55 to 0.81. The 18 accessions of eggplant were clustered into two groups by UPGMA when GSC was 0.67, 10 accessions from Southeast Asia were clustered in group I, 3 accessions from South America in group II. The result showed that there was rich genetic diversity in eggplant cultivars between those from Southeast Asia and those from China and South America, provided a theoretical basis for further research and breeding of eggplant.

  Study of the Influence of Microorganisms in the Process of Agaricus bisporus Compost Fermentation on Its Physical and Chemical Properties 2014, 30 (25):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0552 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 655177KB )   ( 429 ) The study aims at the influence of microorganisms in the process of Agaricus bisporus compost primary fermentation on its physical and chemical properties. Research was carried out on the variation of microbial population, pure protein, total sugar, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, microelement, temperature and pH indicators in the process of Agaricus bisporus compose fermentation. With the fermentation conducted, the amount of three categories of microorganisms, including bacteria, actinomycete and fungus, all showed that an increasing trend at first increased and then a downward trend. Pure protein was on the raise; total sugar, cellulose and hemicellulose were on downward trend, the temperature and pH of compost showed cyclical variations during the fermentation period, increased and decreased with turning heaps. The variation of zinc content of microelement did not increase significantly, iron, copper and manganese content rose as fermentation of compost. The variation characteristics of the microorganisms and partials physicochemical indices in the Agaricus bisporus compost were obtained, which provided theoretical basis for studying the highefficient fermentation of Agaricus bisporus compost.

  Correlation and Path Analysis between Mineral Element and Quality Indicators of ‘Fuji’ Apple Fruits 2014, 30 (25):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1000 Abstract + ( 1033 )   PDF ( 540981KB )   ( 401 ) Mineral nutrition was the material basis of fruit tree growth, yield formation and quality improvement. In order to determine the species and the regulating roles of mineral elements on fruit quality indicators, the correlative relationship and path coefficient between mineral elements and fruit quality indicators in Fuji fruit produced in Jiaodong Peninsula were studied with the method of canonical correlation and path analysis. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of all mineral element contents in experimental orchard were larger compared with quality indicators. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that fruit firmness and soluble solids had significant correlation with some mineral elements; however there were no significant correlative relationships among fruit weight and titratable acid with various mineral elements. Path analysis in the measured mineral elements further demonstrated that P had the largest positive direct effects on fruit weight, soluble solids and flesh firmness; the direct effects were 2.478, 1.813 and 1.205 respectively. K showed the largest positive direct effects on titratable acid. On the other hand, Mg had the largest negative direct effect on fruit weight, N showed the largest negative direct effect on both soluble solids and flesh firmness, and Mn had the largest negative direct effect on titratable acid. It is concluded that fruit growth and quality formation of Fuji apple were regulated by the synergistic effects of various mineral elements.

  Seedlings Cold Resistance and AFLP Genetic Analysis of Cydonia oblonga 2014, 30 (25):  122-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0599 Abstract + ( 790 )   PDF ( 765299KB )   ( 452 ) In order to better understand the growth and varieties division of the Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill), nine provenances of Cydonia oblonga from Akesu Xinjiang, Kashi Xinjiang, Xi’an Shannxi, Qufu Shandong, Mingxi Fujian, Beijing and Chile were selected for this experiment, taking their seeds for seedlings and research on different seedlings for growth dynamic, cold resistance and AFLP genetic diversity was carried out. The main results were submitted as follows: (1) the proceeds of Cydonia oblonga seedling growth can be divided into four stages: the seedling stage, the initial stage of growth, the fast-growing period and the late stage; during the fast-growing period, the height and diameter growth and volume accounts for about 70% of the annual total; (2) cell damage degree of different provenances of Cydonia oblonga seedling increased with the decrease of temperature, the relative conductivity of Chile Cydonia oblonga (4℃, 63.31%) was higher than that of the other samples significantly and its cold resistance was the worst, the relative conductivity of Akesu Xinjiang Cydonia oblonga was lower than that of the other samples and its cold resistance was the best; (3) based on AFLP markers, ten selective primers were screened and 210 polymorphic bands were observed from total 310 bands. The polymorphic percentage (PPB) was 69.41% , the analysis indicated that there were no large genetic variations in molecular levels; (4) according to the NTSYSpc2.10, the genetic similarity coefficient of the nine quince germplasm was between 0.10 and 0.50, two groups of taxes were assigned based on the results of cluster analysis with the genetic similarity coefficient at 0.328.

  Study on 10 Species of Lycium L. Genetic Relationship Based on nrDNA-ITS Sequence 2014, 30 (25):  128-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0740 Abstract + ( 1017 )   PDF ( 2841016KB )   ( 478 ) The nrDNA-ITS sequence was used to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 10 Lycium L. species. After using improved method of CTAB to extracted genomic DNA from the leaves of Lycium L., the authors set synthetic ITS4 and ITS5 as primers to amplify the nrDNA-ITS region and sequence target fragment in those DNA at the same time, then analyzed the sequencing result through cluster analysis. The results were as follows: the ITS length in those 10 Lycium L. species was from 582 bp to 656 bp, and there were 560 conservative sites (C), 95 variable sites (V), which included 70 parsimony-informative sites (Pi) and 25 single nucleotide mutation sites (S); the length of 5.8S sequence were all 154 bp, and there were 136 conservative sites (C), 18 variable sites (V), which included 18 parsimony-informative sites (Pi) and 6 single nucleotide mutation sites (S). Those 10 sequences cluster figures of 10 Lycium L. species were classified into 2 categories and 5 groups apparently, the authors found that the‘0901’and‘Mengqi 1’were in the same branch, and‘Ningqi 3’and‘Ningqi 7’were also in the same branch, both two groups had the closest genetic relationship; meanwhile,‘Ningqi 5’and Lycium ruthenicum Murray from Nuomuhong Qinghai were in different branch, which had the furthest genetic relationship. The authors had already uploaded all 10 ITS sequences of Lycium L. species to the NCBI, and the NCBI accession numbers were from KJ189761 to KJ189770 accordingly. This study had sequenced and analyzed the ITS sequences of 10 Lycium L. species, and the cluster results indicated the genetic relationship and difference among them, which would lay theoretical foundation for future study in genetic diversity and system development of Lycium L.

  Establishment and Optimization of SCoT System in Blueberry 2014, 30 (25):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1104 Abstract + ( 1018 )   PDF ( 997081KB )   ( 1120 ) The study aims to establish an optimal reaction system of SCoT- PCR in blueberry and provide technical support for molecular breeding and genetic diversity analysis. Blueberry was used as material, orthogonal design method was applied to optimize SCoT-PCR amplification system of blueberry in five factors such as Mg2+, dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerases, template DNA and primers at five levels. An optimal SCoT-PCR amplification system (20μL) of blueberry was established, i.e. Mg2+ 2.813 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.100 mmol/L, Taq polymerase 1.5 U, primer 0.2μmol/L, template DNA 10 ng. 32 SCoT primers and six blueberry varieties‘( Centurion’,‘Premier’,‘Homebell’, O'Neal’,‘Tifblue’,‘Misty’) were analyzed with the optimized reaction system. The study indicated that amplified results with fine diversity and clear strap were gained.

  Comparison of Leaf Area Determination Method of Macadamia spp. 2014, 30 (25):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0404 Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 977137KB )   ( 517 ) In order to find out the best method and regression parameter for leaf area determination of Macadamia spp., three kinds of leaf area measurement methods were compared, the relationship between different leaf parameters and leaf area were regressively analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the leaf area values measured by three different methods of the same variety, the correlation coefficient of leaf area values measured by three determination methods was more than 0.999, all the three leaf area measurement methods, including criss- cross method, cut- weight method and scanning method, could be used as a reliable method of Macadamia spp. leaf area determination. The regression coefficient of different leaf parameters and leaf area of different varieties were different, the product of leaf length and width was the best parameter which could reflect the actual leaf area of Macadamia spp.. The study provided an important reference for physiological research and production practice of Macadamia spp..

  Cloning of Caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase Gene from Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. and Its Plant Expressing Vector Construction 2014, 30 (25):  148-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0400 Abstract + ( 913 )   PDF ( 2041453KB )   ( 463 ) To probe the effects of the caffeoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase on lignin biosynthesis in granulated pummelo juice sac, a cmCCoAOMT gene was cloned from pummelo juice sac and constructed into plant expressing vector, and then was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Total RNA was obtained by Trizol method, and was reverse transcribed as cDNA. cmCCoAOMT gene was cloned by PCR with a primer pair designed from a CCoAOMT gene sequence of ORF. The open reading frame (ORF) contained 744 base pairs coding 247 amino acids. The sequence homology with Populus balsamifera, Jatropha curcas and Dimocarpus longan exceeded 90% . Prediction result indicated that cmCCoAOMT was located on ER with possibility of 0.595 and it was not a transmembrane protein. The over expression vector obtained by inserting the ORF of cmCCoAOMT cDNA into p1301 under the control of 35S promoter was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. As a conclusion, the ORF of cmCCoAOMT gene was cloned and constructed into plant expression vector p1301 in this study. Agrobacterium tumefaciens contained the vector can infect many plants and be used as the base for gene function study.

  Chilling investigation and analysis on characteristics of different pineapple varieties in Jiangmen, Guangdong province 2014, 30 (25):  154-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1687 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 649854KB )   ( 583 ) Investigation of chilling damage on different pineapple varieties was conducted after the cold stress in 2013 in Jiangmen. The experimental materials included:‘MD- 2’,‘gold’,‘Comte de Parisand’and‘Smooth Cayenne’. The difference of cold-resistant characteristics of these cultivars was identified based on chilling damage degree. The results showed that the cold weather caused chilling damage to all cultivars, the chilling damage degree of‘MD- 2’and‘gold’were lower than that of the other two cultivars. The coldresistant characteristics of four pineapple varieties presented as‘MD- 2’＞‘Smooth Cayenne’＞‘gold’＞‘Comte de Paris’. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were important to crop yield, therefore, the field experiment was conducted in order to compare them. The values of Fo and Fm of‘MD-2’were higher than those of‘Comte de Paris’. There was no significant difference among the values of Fv/Fm of the four cultivars.‘MD- 2’and‘gold’could be cultivated well in Jiangmen. The chilling damage degree and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters could provide references for cold-resistant varieties selection.

  Optimization of SRAP Reaction System and Selection of Primers for Strawberry 2014, 30 (25):  159-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0476 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 4854128KB )   ( 418 ) The study took strawberry variety‘Fengxiang’as tested material and used one-factor experimental design to establish the SRAP-PCR reaction system of strawberry, which including four different gradients of Mg2+ , dNTPs, TaqDNA polymerase, primer concentration, and based on this, optimized the template DNA concentration and annealing temperature. The results showed that the optimum SRAP- PCR system of strawberry was as follows: 20μL capacity of reaction system contained 10×PCR buffer 2μL, Mg2+ 2.0 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.3 mmol/L, forward primer and reverse primer 0.6μmol/L, Taq DNA polymerase 1.0 U, template DNA 100 ng. The SRAP- PCR amplification procedure was as follows: pre- denaturation at 94℃for 5 min; denaturation at 94℃for 1 min, anneal at 35℃for 1 min, extension at 72℃for 1 min and in total 5 cycles; denaturation at 94℃for 1 min, anneal at 54℃for 1 min, extension at 72℃for 1 min and in total 35 cycles; extension at 72℃for 5 min; preservation at 4℃. Twenty-nine primer pairs were screened out from 110 SRAP primer pair combinations based on their clear and rich amplification bands and good polymorphism by utilizing the optimal SRAP reaction system. So the optimal system was reliable which could be applied in the germplasm identification and molecular marker assisted breeding of strawberry.

  Effects of Low Temperature on Vegetative Growth, Reproductive Growth and ChlorophyⅡ Fluorescence Parameter in Phalaenopsis Orchids 2014, 30 (25):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0639 Abstract + ( 949 )   PDF ( 634107KB )   ( 449 ) To study the influence of temperature on the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of moth orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) cultivars, 3 cultivars were tested, by setting different temperature treatments to measure the growth and chlorophyⅡfluorescence parameter changes in leaf and percent flower stalks bored. The study indicated that: (1) The floral differentiation of moth orchid needed the vernalization and the flower bud initiation of the three cultivars started within one month if the temperature was 26/18℃(day/night). Control group with 29/21℃(day/ night) treatment did not shoot the flower stalk. (2) Moreover, the reproductive growth inhibited the vegetative growth, and the average length of ripe leaves of the 3 cultivars was all less than the control group. (3) The low temperature treatment could lead to the decreasing of levels of Fv/Fm, and the increasing of levels of Fo. ChlorophyⅡfluorescence parameters could reflect sensitively the changes of photosynthetic apparatus caused by low temperature. Fv/Fm and Fo could be the indicators testing the flower differentiation rapidly.

  Isolation, Identification and Functional Analyses of Endophytic Bacteria from Dendrobium chrysotoxum 2014, 30 (25):  171-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1029 Abstract + ( 998 )   PDF ( 874456KB )   ( 628 ) To provide microbial fungicide and biofertilizer production with bacterial sources, endophytic bacteria were isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum by tissue culture, antagonistic bacteria were screened by dual culture and inhibitory zone, phosphate- and potassium-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were selected by medium plate, and yield increase by nitrogen-fixing strain was confirmed by field experiments. The bacteria were identified based on their 16S rDNA sequence by PCR amplification, morphology of their cells and colonies, and partial physiological and biochemistry traits. The results showed that 33 strains were obtained with the number order as: root＞stem＞leaf. Among them, GB7 belonged to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, GB16 to Streptomyces sp., GB8, GB9 and GB21 to Bacillus spp., and all had disease control effect; GB2 was identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and GB20 as Enterobacter sp., and both had phosphate-solubilizing effect; GB1 was classified into Klebsiella oxytoca with nitrogen-fixing effect.

  Effect of Fertilizer on Tea Plant Rhizosphere Bacteria Diversity 2014, 30 (25):  177-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0605 Abstract + ( 994 )   PDF ( 2039953KB )   ( 518 ) Denaturing gradient gel- electrophoresis (DGGE) method was employed to determine tea plant rhizosphere and body soil bacteria community diversities with soil pH and C/N, to investigate the effect of different fertilization treatments. More detailed analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences to determine the phylogenetic position of specific strains was conducted. In addition, root auxin (IAA) quantity was detected by colorimetry. Results showed that organic fertilizer could significantly increase soil C/N, which was positively correlated to bacteria community, and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.93 (P＜0.05). Among different treatments, bacteria diversity was the highest in the organic and chemical fertilizer (7:3) treatment (rhizosphere) and (95:5) treatment (soil) respectively. Bacteria 16S rRNA band gene sequences showed both chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer would affect the efficiency of specific bacterial colonization. The results also showed the highest bacteria diversity treatment also contained the highest content of IAA in tea root. In conclusion, organic fertilizer can elevate soil C/N and microbial community diversity and bacterial diversity has positive relationship to soil C/N.

  Study on Antioxidant Activity of Wuyi Ming Cong Tea Polysaccharides 2014, 30 (25):  184-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1555 Abstract + ( 948 )   PDF ( 550568KB )   ( 637 ) Five different Wuyi Ming Cong tea plant germplasm resources JM054‘( JMH’), JM045‘( JLH’), JM065‘( LLX’), JM024‘( YQL’) and JM028‘( YGY’) were collected. Then the contents of flavonoids, free amino acids, soluble sugar, tea polyphenols and other major biochemical components were measured. Tea polysaccharides (TPS) of each sample were obtained. The contents of protein, neutral sugar, uronic acid, tea polyphenol of each tea polysaccharide were measured. Then Vc was set as a positive control, and the method of D-deoxyribose-iron system were adopted to compare the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical (·OH) by TPS. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar in different Wuyi Ming Cong tea plants were significantly different and the free amino acids and tea polyphenols even reached a very significant level, also there was a very significant difference in the contents of uronic acid and neutral sugar in TPS, it illustrated that there was a relatively strong diversity in biochemical composition of Wuyi Ming Cong tea plants and TPS in Wuyi Ming Cong tea plants. There was a significant difference of scavenging rate of hydroxyl radical by TPS in different Wuyi Ming Cong tea plants:‘YGY’-TPS (IC50=4.37 mg/mL)＞‘JMH’-TPS (IC50=4.80 mg/mL)＞‘YQL’- TPS (IC50=6.21 mg/mL)＞‘JLH’-TPS (IC50=6.31 mg/mL)＞‘LLX’-TPS (IC50=6.75 mg/mL), all of them had a better scavenging effect than Vc (IC50=26.03 mg/mL), indicating that TPS in Wuyi Ming Cong tea plants was a kind of good hydroxyl radical scavenger which possesses a strong antioxidant activity, and there was a relatively strong diversity of antioxidant activity of Wuyi Ming Cong tea plants.

  Effects of Different Temperature Treatments on Seed Germination Characteristics of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin 2014, 30 (25):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0523 Abstract + ( 1225 )   PDF ( 607547KB )   ( 539 ) The study was carried out to explore the reasonable seeding time and techniques of Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin artificial breeding. Effects of temperature and cool or warm pretreatment on the germination of Taraxacum kok- saghyz Rodin seeds were studied by observing their germination characteristics such as germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and vigor index. The results showed that different temperatures significantly influenced germination characteristics mentioned above, which firstly increased and then decreased as temperature increased in the range of 5 to 35℃. Under the condition of 25℃, the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and vigor index of seeds achieved the maximum value, 85%, 79%, 14.17 and 33.87 respectively, and the germination time was shorter and the germination rate the fastest. Besides, the vigor index of seeds was significantly influenced but germination rate was not by the cool or warm pretreatment. Seeds with pretreatment of 8 to 20 days at 5℃, or 6 to 18 hours at 35℃got higher vigor index than that of the control. Thus, the optimum germination temperature for seeds was 25℃, and pretreatment of 8 to 20 days at 5℃, or 6 to 18 hours at 35℃could improve the germination characteristic.

  Effect of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on the Growth, Nutrients Absorption and Quality of Lettuce 2014, 30 (25):  194-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1003 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 700984KB )   ( 394 ) A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different moisture conditions and fertilizing amount on the yield, nutrient absorption (N, P and K) and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. angustana Irish). The results showed that the yield of lettuce under treatment of high water and high fertilization(W1F1) was the highest, it’s 87019.05 kg/hm2. But the yield of medium water and high fertilization(W2F1) treatment was not significantly different from that of W1F1, also reached 85777.28 kg/hm2. The two treatments’yield were 20.40% and 18.68% higher than that of the low water medium fertilization (W3F2) treatments, which was the lowest yield treatment. The N, P and K content of lettuce organs present a downtrend along with the decrease of fertilizing amount, but raised first and then decreased with the decline of irrigation lower limit. That is, W2 (65% field capacity) irrigation lower limit was a good condition to nutrient absorption. The Vc and soluble solid content of lettuce edible parts under W2 (65% field capacity) irrigation lower limit were higher than that of W1 (75% field capacity) irrigation lower limit and W3 (55% field capacity) irrigation lower limit treatments. The nitrate content increased with the decline of irrigation lower limit and increasing of fertilizing amount. The soluble sugar content presented different change rule under different irrigation lower limit along with the change of fertilizing amount. To sum up, combination treatment with medium water and high fertilization amount, that is, 65% irrigation lower limits and fertilizing amount N 296.7 kg/hm2, P2O5 70.2 kg/hm2, K2O 171.6 kg/hm2 were the appropriate irrigation and fertilization scheme for lettuce grows in Hexi area of Gansu Province.

  Study on the Substitution Effect of Eichharnia crassipes on Cucumber Seedling Substrate 2014, 30 (25):  201-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0567 Abstract + ( 1272 )   PDF ( 597710KB )   ( 533 ) To study the substitution effect of Eichharinia crassipes for commercial substrate, with air- dried Eichharnia crassipes and fermented Eichharnia crassipes as the experimental material, physicochemical properties of media according to different combination and its influence of cucumber seedling growth were studied. The results showed that when air-dried Eichharnia crassipes replace 50%-100% of the substrate, root system quality, stem thickness, plant height, single plant fresh were better than the control, but emergence rate and SPAD of seedling were lower (P＜0.05) than the control. Air-dried Eichharnia crassipes was better than fermented Eichharnia crassipes to make compound media. The correlation between physicochemical properties of compound media and qualities of seedlings showed that both aeration porosity and total porosity of air-dried Eichharnia crassipes had significant negative correlation with emergence rate (r=-0.650*, r=-0.687*), EC had significant negative correlation with emergence rate (r=- 0.332). The treatments of the pure air- dried Eichharnia crassipes mixed with 75% air- dried Eichharnia crassipes and 25% roseite had high resource availability and strong seedlings. Eichharnia crassipes could be used as nursery substrate without composting, that provided favorable conditions for the utilization of Eichharnia crassipes.

  Ozone Dissolution Characteristics and Removal Effect of Pesticide Residues in Cantaloupes by Ozone Water 2014, 30 (25):  207-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0818 Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 734110KB )   ( 398 ) In order to investigate the effect of ozone treatment on pesticide degradation, this paper studied the ozone water solubility characteristics and the effect of different concentrations of ozone in water, different treatment times and different pH, different handling ways on cantaloupe which with four kinds of pesticide residues (malathion, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and chlorothalonil) degradation. The results showed that: the solubility of ozone decreased with increase of the volume of the absorbing solution and pH value, at pH 4 the solubility was up to 10.15 mg/L. With the increased of ozone concentration and immersion time, the degradation of 4 kinds of pesticide residues at different degree rate increased in cantaloupe. Degradation rate of dynamic ozone water was significantly higher than the static ozone water treatment (P＜0.05). Best result was obtained in pH 10 dynamic ozone water treatment for 30 min, malathion, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, chlorothalonil degradation rate of four pesticides were 90.87%, 85.62%, 78.31% and 85.26%.

  Influences of Plant Growth Regulators on Pollen Tube Growth and Germination in‘Qinguan’Apple 2014, 30 (25):  213-217.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0516 Abstract + ( 1080 )   PDF ( 772798KB )   ( 432 ) The effects of five kinds of plant growth regulators such as IAA, NAA, GA3, 2,4-D and 6-BA, with different concentrations on pollen tube growth and germination in apple were studied. Taking the‘Qinguan’pollen stored for 6 months as experimental materials, the solid medium which including the plant growth regulators with different concentration was confected to cultivate pollens in order to research the effects of plant growth regulators with different mass concentration on the pollen tube growth and germination. When IAA≤1 mg/L, 6-BA≤5 mg/L, GA3≤10 mg/L, NAA≤1 mg/L, it had a slight effect on pollen germination. But it was inhibited more seriously with the increasing concentration. The pollen tube growth and germination was inhibited by 2,4-D, no matter what concentration it was. When the concentration of GA3, 2,4-D, IAA, NAA, 6- BA reached 50, 30, 30, 15, 25 mg/L respectively, the pollens were deformed and twisty under high concentration. IAA, NAA, GA3, 2,4-D, 6-BA had no significant effect on the‘Qinguan’pollen tube growth and pollen germination, but inhibited significantly with the increasing concentration, therefore, could not acted as ideal additives in artificial pollination.

  Research on the Experimental Method for the Last Freezing Index of Fuji Apple in Shaanxi Province 2014, 30 (25):  218-221.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0467 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 489238KB )   ( 419 ) To understand the last freezing features of Fuji apple and meet the requirements of apple production in Shaanxi Province, a comprehensive test program was conducted. The program idea was based on setting goals, building test locations, determining the time and person and formulating the technical specifications. The comprehensive test program contained observation test, artificial cream box test and post-critical growth period surveys, and targeted on the late freezing index system of Fuji apple buds and blooms. This experimental program is the first attempt in the design of meteorological disasters index test for economic fruit, and will provide references for other programs of related meteorological disasters index.

  Quality Determination of Different Malus prunifolia and Cluster Analysis 2014, 30 (25):  222-225.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0722 Abstract + ( 973 )   PDF ( 544305KB )   ( 466 ) In order to define the nutrient indicators of 13 Malus prunifolia fruit varieties, and reveal the huge development and application potentials of Malus prunifolia, this paper identified different Malus prunifolia’s totalacid, Vc, soluble solids, organic acids, reducing sugar, total sugar, pectin and tannin contents, and applied the statistical analysis software to the cluster analysis. The study found that‘Hongxun 1’and‘Bingxin 2’had rich nutrients and the advantage of high acidity, so they were the best for raw material producing the fruit juice. This paper preliminarily defined the nutrients and development and application purposes of different Malus prunifolia, so as to provide scientific basis for further development of Malus prunifolia’s application value.

  Grey Relational Analysis of 5 Organic Foliar Fertilizers’Manurial Effect on‘Red Globe’ Grapes 2014, 30 (25):  226-230.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0384 Abstract + ( 726 )   PDF ( 592261KB )   ( 353 ) To explore different types organic foliar fertilizers’effect on the yield and quality of‘Red Globe’grapes, grey relational analysis model was applied to evaluate 5 organic foliar fertilizers’manurial effect on‘Red Globe’grapes. The result showed that: for the yield and economic effect, the compound microorganism foliar fertilizer was most effective, increasing the yield by 10.01%, and the profit was 75600 yuan/hm2 higher than that of the control, the input-output ratio was 30.2:1; for the effect on the grapes’fruit quality, amino acid foliar fertilizer was most effective. And amino acid foliar fertilizer had the best effect according to the grey relational analysis. Therefore, amino acid foliar fertilizer and compound microorganism foliar fertilizer were recommended to the production of‘Red Globe’grapes.

  Effects of IBA, B12 and Cutting Ways on the Cutting Propagation of Lilium Oriental Hybrids "Sorbonne" 2014, 30 (25):  231-234.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0970 Abstract + ( 718 )   PDF ( 491544KB )   ( 597 ) The effects of exogenous hormones and rip cutting of scale were studied with Lilium Oriental Hybrids‘Sorbonne’. In this study, the scale of Lilium Oriental Hybrids‘Sorbonne’was taken as experimental material and respectively treated with different concentration of exogenous hormone IBA, B12 and rip cutting of scale. The result showed that the concentration of 200 mg/L exogenous IBA had the highest scale propagation coefficient, bulblet incidence, diameter, root length and produced the most roots number than concentration of 100 and 300 mg/L treatment. The concentration of 200 mg/L exogenous IBA and 5 mL B12 had higher scale propagation coefficient, bulblet incidence, diameter than the treatment without B12, but the number of root and the length of root were significantly lower than that under the treatment of concentration 200 mg/L IBA. In terms of rip cutting of scale, the scales that were cut had the highest scale propagation coefficient, bulblet incidence, diameter, root length and produced the most roots number than the scales which were not cut. So a certain concentration of exogenous IBA, B12 plus cutting processing could promote the occurrence of small bulbs, improve scale propagation coefficient, increase the number of root and the length of root.

  Surface Disinfection Methods of Orchid Seeds and Their Effects on Seed Germination Rate 2014, 30 (25):  235-238.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1043 Abstract + ( 803 )   PDF ( 650230KB )   ( 613 ) The capsules of orchids are easy to crack during storage, which cause a big problem during sterile tissue culture work. Finding a simple method of surface disinfection for orchid seeds, and applying it to tissue culture of orchids are very helpful. In this study, seeds of Geodorum eulophioides were used for test. Tiny seeds of orchid were put into those bags made by nylon mesh, then used different ways to sterilize the surface of tiny seeds of Geodorum eulophioides. Germination rate of seeds was used to value the effect of those sterile conditions by different reagents. The results showed that seeds dealt with 75% alcohol for 30 s could cause the loss of seed activity, which was not suitable for surface disinfection of orchid seeds. The disinfection effect of 2% NaClO solution was proportional to the time, when processing time increased to 6 min, contamination rate turned to be 0, the germination rate reached 33.88%, and it had no significant effect on the germination rate and the following growth of Geodorum eulophioides. This is an efficient method of seed surface disinfection, which can be applied to the production and research of orchid seeds germination work.

  Changes of Mineral Elements Content in Leaves and Flower Buds of Potted and Field Paeonia suffruticosa 2014, 30 (25):  239-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0452 Abstract + ( 1211 )   PDF ( 488915KB )   ( 394 ) The differences of change rules over time of 7 kinds of mineral elements contents in potted and field tree peony were studied, in order to provide scientific basis for balanced nutrition, rational fertilization and cultivation of high quality and efficiency of potted and field tree peony. Using pot and field- cultivated tree peony‘Luoyang hong’as test material, seven kinds of mineral elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper) were measured and compared from leaves and flower buds collected in different date (between May and November), and the correlations between mineral elements were analyzed. The results showed that the changing trend of major elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in leaves and flower buds under two kinds of cultivation patterns were basically the same. Average content of major elements in leaves from high to low were nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, while in flower buds from high to low were nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The changing trend of microelements (iron, manganese, zinc and copper) content in leaves and flower buds of tree peony under two kinds of cultivation patterns had several differences. Average content of microelements in leaves of field tree peony from high to low were Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu, while average content of microelements in leaves of potted tree peony were Fe＞Zn＞Mn＞Cu. The changing of average content of microelements of flower buds under two kinds of cultivation were as same as the content of microelements in leaves of potted tree peony. Correlation-differences were existed among mineral elements in leaves of tree peony under two kinds of cultivation patterns, while the correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus reached the significant or above level. Correlation-differences among mineral elements in flower buds of tree peony under the two kinds of cultivation patterns also existed, however, the correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium were both good.

  Feasibility Study of Reclamation of Copper mining Wastelands for three species of Ornamental Plants 2014, 30 (25):  245-251.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0534 Abstract + ( 1015 )   PDF ( 682609KB )   ( 350 ) Phytoremediation is one of the best way to solve reclamation of wastelands, copper- ore wastelands contains high concentrations of Cu, which makes it difficult for reclamation, and the quantity of reported hyperaccumulation plants is limited, especially ornamental herb plants. The author carried out a test on 3 kinds of ornamental herb plants, such as Silene schafta, Tradescantia reflexa and Oxyria sinensis, to explore the feasibility of reclamation of abandoned copper-ore by imitating the feature of abandoned copper-ore, and adopted controlling variable factor to analyze and compare the transfer factor, enrichment coefficient and tolerance index of each plant. The results indicated that the tolerance index was T. reflexa＞O. sinensis＞S. schafta, which manifested T. reflexa and O. sinensis had higher tolerance, while S. schafta was more sensitive to copper stress. Compared with aboveground biomass, underground biomass was more sensitive, so the tolerance index of underground biomass should be highlighted when conducting evaluation of the characteristics of copper stress tolerance of plants. A comprehensive score was obtained by considering the tolerance, enrichment characteristics and the ornamental effect, the feasibility of the three plants applied to copper- ore wastelands ranked: T. reflexa＞O. sinensis＞S. schafta. The study results might offer reference for the comprehensive usage of copper-ore wastelands.

  Experimental Study of Special Water Soluble Fertilizers by Micro-Sprinkler Irrigation on Young Tea Plant 2014, 30 (25):  252-256.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0716 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 701411KB )   ( 452 ) Based on field experiments, the study aimed to analyze the effect of special water soluble fertilizers with different proprietary formula on soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen content, urease, invertase enzymes activities and tea quality indicators, and to clarify the mutual relationship between the index of soil enzymes and the tea quality, in contrast to that without fertilization. The results showed that the amino acids and tea polyphenols content were significantly and positively correlated with the soil urease and invertase enzymes activities, respectively. The mode of‘micro-sprinkler irrigation plus special water soluble fertilizers’can reduce soil pH, increase the soil capacity to supply nutrient, improve soil enzymes activities and tea quality, which can provide theoretical basis for cultivation in young tea plant in the north.

  Effectiveness of Fertilizer Application of Different N, P, K Proportion on Platycodon grandiflorum Growing in Shangluo Area 2014, 30 (25):  257-261.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0603 Abstract + ( 802 )   PDF ( 523336KB )   ( 411 ) The effects of different fertilization treatments on yield, quality and economic benefits of Platycodon grandiflorum growing in Shangluo area were studied to optimize the N, P, K fertilization proportion, in order to provide reasonable scientific basis for Platycodon grandiflorum fertilization. A field experiment with threefactor and quadratic saturation D-optimal design was conducted to evaluate the Platycodon grandiflorum yield. The ultrasonic technology was applied to extract the total saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum. The total saponins and total polysaccharides were determined by vanillin-sulfuric acid colorimetry and phenol-vitriolic colorimetry, respectively. The rate of increased income was determined based on yield in trials and fertilizer application. The results showed that: (1) Fertilizer could improve the medicinal materials production of Platycodon grandiflorum. The yield of N, P, K elements combined application in 3 of 10 treatments increased (treatment 8, 9 and 10) significantly. Production effect of treatment 9 was the most obvious. Its annual and two year test yield increase was 84.30% and 75.38%, respectively. (2) The reasonable N, P, K ratio could improve the quality of Platycodon grandiflorum medicinal materials. The total saponin content of treatment 9 from two year Platycodon grandiflorum reached up to 8.41%, 71.98% higher than that of control group. (3) Economic benefit analysis showed that the income rate of treatment 9 was the highest, up to 69.4% . The optimum fertilization scheme was treatment 9 (N 325.92、P2O5 664.16、K2O 416.46 kg/hm2).

  Effects of Nano-selenium Plant Nutrients on Yield and Quality of the Astragalus membranaceus 2014, 30 (25):  262-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0696 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 460668KB )   ( 466 ) Using nano- selenium plant nutrients as test material, the authors studied the effect of different application amount of nano- selenium plant nutrients on the under- ground and above- ground parts growth, quality and yield of Astragalus membranaceus after two years tracking test. The results showed that plant nutrients of nano-selenium below 225 kg/hm2 had promoting effect on the under-ground and above-ground parts growth, yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus. The optimized yield was 14588.89 kg/hm2, which was 16.30% higher than that of the control, with very significant difference. The maximum astragaloside IV content was 0.143%, with 47.4% over the control (0.097%). The maximum extracts contents were over 40%, 3%-5% higher than CK. In general, proper amount of selenium fertilizer could promote growth, increase the yield and improve the quality of Astragalus membranaceus.

  The Correlation Study on Nutrition and pH Characteristics of Tobacco-growing Soil in Xiangxi Prefecture of Hunan 2014, 30 (25):  267-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0419 Abstract + ( 894 )   PDF ( 797570KB )   ( 441 ) pH value of 488 soil samples taken from main tobacco-growing field in Xiangxi prefecture were tested in order to understand regional character of nicotine. The results indicated that the overall pH value was suitable for tobacco growing, the average value was 5.9, amplitude was 3.9-7.3, variable coefficient was 11.1%. The soil samples of suitable pH value accounted for 72.8%, the soil samples of“low”or“very low”pH value accounted for 26.8% , and of‘high’or‘very high’pH value accounted for 0.4% . The pH value of yellow brown loamy soil was significantly higher than that of paddy soil and red soil, and the order of pH value was: yellow brown loamy soil＞limestone soil＞yellow soil＞red dust soil＞red soil＞paddy soil, the pH value was in plaque distribution. In general, pH value in northwest was higher than that in southeast，the highest pH value was in Baojing County. Variance analysis indicated that the difference of pH value of tobacco-growing soil was highly significant, and pH value had significant positive correlation with the elevations; the correlation of pH value and the content of exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable calcium reached high significance; the correlation of pH value and available zinc was significantly positive; but there was no obvious correlation between the pH value and available potassium, water solubility boracic and available nitrogen.

  Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Community Greenway System——Take Shaoguan City for Example 2014, 30 (25):  273-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0656 Abstract + ( 928 )   PDF ( 710209KB )   ( 529 ) The rise of greenway made exploring its role to satisfy the needs of users an urgent task. Two community greenways in Shaoguan were evaluated by using post occupancy evaluation (POE) method, evaluation data were collected by on- the- spot investigations, interviews and questionnaires. The results showed that the users had overall contentment to the two community greenways, the advantages of the greenway mainly showed in the beautiful scenery comfortable environment, good construction quality and convenient accessibility. But there were still some shortcomings which needed to be improved, including environmental safety, management services, matching facilities, density of the community greenways and publicity work. To enhance the utilization rate of Shaoguan greenway, the corresponding suggestions were put forward.

  Effects of Light on the Phototaxis of Several Important Agricultural Pests 2014, 30 (25):  279-285.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0512 Abstract + ( 1012 )   PDF ( 694189KB )   ( 656 ) In order to investigate several common agricultural pests’phototaxis difference and to provide a theoretical basis for the development and improvement of insecticidal lamps; herein by determining the chemotactic behavior of insects indoor, we studied several common agricultural pests’relationship between phototaxis behavior at different wavelengths or light intensity of the fluorescent stimulation. The results showed that: (1) under conditions of CK light (335.09- 359.95 nm, 408.66- 432.83 nm), light trap distance of 1 m, phototaxis rate of a variety of insects was Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)＞Prodenia litura (Fabricius)＞Leucania loreyi (Duponchel)＞Axylia putris (Linnaeus)＞Adoretus sinicus (Burmeister)＞Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg)＞Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée)＞Holotrichia lata (Brenske)＞Spodoptera exigua (Hübner); (2) after using 20 different wavelengths of light to trap Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), four wavelengths of higher trapping rate were found during the trapping process; (3) under conditions of CK light and three kinds of different light intensity (1.18, 0.6, 0.24 lx), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Prodenia litura (Fabricius) and Holitrichia lata (Brenske) exhibited the trend that phototaxis rate increased with light intensity enhancement; (4) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Prodenia litura (Fabricius) and Holotrichia lata (Brenske) all had the highest phototaxis during the two periods: 19:30- 20:30 and 22:45- 7:00; (5) among the outdoor light trap Lepidopteran insects by the CK light, the number of males was significantly higher than females, and females carrying eggs had a higher rate; blue-violet light of fluorescent light could lure more insects, while green or yellow-green light had poor lure results.

  The Effects of Cantharidin on the PP2A Gene Expression in the Ovarian Cell of Spodoptera frugiperda 2014, 30 (25):  286-291.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0628 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 687891KB )   ( 476 ) The gene expression of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the ovarian cell of Spodoptera frugiperda treated with different concentrations of cantharidin was analyzed by real time quantitative PCR in order to study the effects of cantharidin on PP2A gene expression. The results showed that there was a negative relationship between the relative expression of PP2A and the cantharidin concentration. The relative expressions of PP2A at four different cantharidin concentrations were not significantly different (P＜0.05) and were significantly lower than that of CK after being treated for 24 h (P＜0.01). At the same cantharidin concentration, the relative expressions of PP2A after being treated for 24 h at different cantharidin concentrations except 25μg/mL were significantly higher than those for 6 h (P＜0.05). These results suggested that cantharidin had a certain influence on the expressions of PP2A depending on the cantharidin concentration and treatment time.

  Studies on Synergism of Norcantharidin Insecticidal Activities 2014, 30 (25):  292-295.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0755 Abstract + ( 837 )   PDF ( 480302KB )   ( 482 ) Norcantharidin showed obvious pesticide activity, researching the synergistic insecticidal activities was conducive to the development and utilization of the material. After mixing the chlopyrifos with norcantharidin and developing the 5% microemulsion of norcantharidin, the toxicological effect of two single pesticide and their mixtures and the 5% microemulsion of norcantharidin were tested by leaf dipping method. The results showed that the knockdown force of norcantharidin was higher than that of chlorpyrifos when tested individually: with LC50 values of norcantharidin and chlorpyrifos were 93.97 and 528.69 mg/L respectively after 48 h, the two pesticide showed an enhanced toxicity when the ratio of norcantharidin and chlopyrifos was 1:5, 1:2.5 and 1:1.25, the co-toxicity coefficient reached to 186.75, 181.72, 166.49(48 h). After adding 2%, 5% silicone to the microemulsion, the toxicity increased to 1.32 times and 1.68 times respectively. The mixture of norcantharidin and chlorpyrifos showed a certain degree synergistic interaction after 48 h. After processed the norcantharidin into microemulsion formulation, the toxicity increased obviously. After added certain quantity of silicone to the microemulsion, the toxicity increased also.

  Identification and Pathotype Analysis of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in Processing Pepper from Xinjiang 2014, 30 (25):  296-302.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0836 Abstract + ( 1334 )   PDF ( 662053KB )   ( 463 ) To identify the pathotype of PMMoV infecting processing pepper in Xinjiang, some disease samples collected from southern Bavaria were detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) and identified with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cloning and sequence analysis. The results showed that PMMoV was detected from pepper plants, pepper fruit and seed samples. Three target amplified fragments with sizes of 576 bp were cloned, sequenced and analyzed. The results indicated that the similarity of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of CP gene showed highly identity between PMMoV–XJ isolates and that have been reported, sharing of 89.0%- 99.2% and 95.5%- 100.0% sequences identity respectively, and was most closely related to PMMoV- Israel strain EF434393. High sequence identities of CP gene were showed among Xinjiang isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of CP gene, the PMMoV isolates in Xinjiang processing pepper were belonged to P1,2 pathotype.

  Studies on 19 Plant Extracts Including Solanum nigrum for Antifungal Activity in Vitro 2014, 30 (25):  303-307.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0824 Abstract + ( 750 )   PDF ( 931601KB )   ( 483 ) 19 kinds of wild plants with the effect of clear heat and detoxification have been selected from Daqing district in the research, and the inhibiting effects of plant extractive on 5 kinds of plant pathogenic fungi have been tested, including Fusarium graminearum and so on. Growth rate method was used to determine antifungal activity of ethanol extraction of 19 kinds of wild plants on five kinds of fungi. The results showed that ethanol extraction of 6 kinds plants had more than 65% inhibiting rate on at least one of participation pathogenic fungi. The ethanol extraction of Solanum nigrum plant had inhibiting effects on all 5 kinds of fungi, the inhibition rate on Fusarium graminearum was 78.31%, and on Bipolaris carbonum Wilson was 84.87%. The ethanol extraction of Linum stelleroides Planch roots had inhibiting effects on 3 kinds of pathogenic fungi, the inhibition rate on Bipolaris carbonum Wilson was 73.94%, and on Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn was 72.7%. The ethanol extraction of Solanum nigrum and Linum stelleroides Planch had inhibitory activity on most of tested plant pathogenic fungi. The ethanol extraction of Cannabis sativa L., Hemp, Xanthium sibiricum Patr and Helianthus tuberosus had inhibitory activity on all tested plant pathogenic fungi.

  Dynamic Characteristics of Eupatorium adenophorum Seedlings in Different Habitats 2014, 30 (25):  308-312.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0614 Abstract + ( 844 )   PDF ( 625782KB )   ( 426 ) The research aimed to investigate adaptive dynamic variations of seedlings of an invasive plant, Eupatorium adenophorum in bottleneck stages in different habitats. In Dechang County of Sichuan Province, the author comparatively studied growth characteristics of E. adenophorum seedlings adapting to 3 different environments of non-farming forestland, farm-forest ecotone and abandoned land. The results showed that: (1) growth of seedlings had two peaks: the first phase was from mid-July to mid-September and the second phase started in March of the next spring, the period between two peaks was a slow growth phase; (2) biomass growth of seedlings in forestland was significantly lower than in the other two habitats; growth in abandoned land and in farm-forest ecotone were close before the second growth peak, and afterwards biomass growth in farm-forest ecotone was significantly higher than that in abandoned land; (3) after overwinter one-year growth, the seedling density in farm- forest ecotone was significantly higher than that in the other two habitats. These results demonstrated that farm-forest ecotone was the most suitable for seedling growth of E. adenophorum and was the most vulnerable habitat as well.

  Effects of Temperature on the Feeding Amount of Sitochroa verticalis (L.) Larvae 2014, 30 (25):  313-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0482 Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 772798KB )   ( 770 ) In order to research the effects of temperature on feeding habits of Sitochroa verticalis larvae, the feeding amount and feeding rate of each instar larvae were studied at five constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, 29, 33℃) in an artificial climate box. The results showed that the feeding amount was gradually increasing with the growth of the larvae, and it was different at different temperatures in the same instar. The maximum feeding amount of larvae was 4806.85 mm2 at 25℃. Less appropriate temperature was 21, 29 and 33℃, and 17℃was the least appropriate temperature with feeding amount of 3888.53 mm2. Larval cumulative feeding amount obviously increased with the growth of larvae and the rising of temperature and fit exponential function curve. The larval feeding amounts were proportional to temperature and the growth of larvae. There were significant difference in the feeding rate of the same instars larvae at different temperature, and the maximum feeding rate was at the 5th instar. Therefore, Sitochroa verticalis forecasting and controlling in field must take into consideration some climate factors such as environmental temperature and others.

  Effects of Corianfer in Host Plants Selection of Myzus persicae 2014, 30 (25):  317-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0921 Abstract + ( 1022 )   PDF ( 593379KB )   ( 606 ) To explicit the role of volatiles in excluding Myzus persicae, the effects of nine plant odour sources volatiles with both coriander volatile odor and control on choice response of M. persicae was tested in detail with a Ytube olfactometer in laboratory. The result showed that coriander volatile odor excluded M. persicae whether winged or not, celery odor excluded wingless M. persicae (P＜0.05), pepper odor excluded winged M. persicae (P＜0.01). Compare with coriander volatile odor, beans and rapeseed volatile odor had significant attraction to M. persicae whether winged or not (P＜0.01). Cabbage, cucumber, celery, eggplant, tomatoes odor attracted winged M. persicae (P＜0.05), garden chrysanthemum had no obvious response.