Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.28 Published:15 October 2014

  Research Progress on Main Functional Microorganisms in Forest Ecosystems 2014, 30 (28):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1458 Abstract + ( 953 )   PDF ( 466KB )   ( 3642 ) Forest soil microorganism is an important part of ecosystem and its structure and function play an important role on material cycle. In this paper, we introduced the variation of main functional microbial community structure diversity in different forest types, and the roles of functional microorganism in forest ecosystem; summarized the research progress on the main functional microorganisms such as ammoniaoxidizing microorganisms, methanogenic archaea, methane-oxidizing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and fungi; and analyzed the influences of forest vegetations and soil physical and chemical characteristics on forest functional microorganisms. In conclusion, we suggested the research development directions for forest functional microorganism.

  Photosynthetic Characteristics of Typical Pioneer Species of Woody Plant Seedlings in the Mining Areas of the Loess Plateau 2014, 30 (28):  6-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1106 Abstract + ( 1030 )   PDF ( 770KB )   ( 604 ) In order to reveal the ecological adaptation of typical pioneer woody plants (Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla，Hippophae rhamnoides and Amorpha fruticosa) in the mining areas of the Loess Plateau, this paper analyzed the photosynthetic characteristics of these five plant seedlings under different light intensity and CO2 concentration conditions by using Li- 6400XT portable photosynthesis system based on greenhouse soil culturing experiment. The results showed that the modified rectangular hyperbola model could better fit the light and CO2 response curves. Firstly, the indexes of these five plant seedlings such as Pmax, AQY, Rd, LSP, LCP, Amax, CE, Rp, CSP and CCP presented significant difference (P＜0.05). The indexes of Pmax, Amax, CE, Rd and Rp about Hippophae rhamnoides were significantly higher than that of the other four plant seedlings and the indexes of LSP and LCP were significantly higher than those seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa, and Vitex negundo (P＜0.05). Hippophae rhamnoides seedlings could better adapt to different light intensity and CO2 concentration conditions, and contained stronger photosynthesis producing and breathing potential. Secondly, the indexes of Pmax and AQY of Ailanthus altissima seedlings were significantly lower than that of the other four plant seedlings, and its LSP and LCP were higher than those seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa and Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla. Ailanthus altissima seedlings had weak shade tolerance and photosynthetic capacity, and failed to take advantage of weak light. Thirdly, the Amax of Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings were significantly lower than that of the other three plant seedlings and contained lower photosynthetic potential. Finally, the increase of CO2 concentration was conducive to the improvement of water use efficiency of these five plant seedlings. As a result, it is important to conduct reasonable allocation referring to their ecological adaptability to the light and CO2 concentration in the practice of ecological restoration in mining areas of the Loess Plateau.

  Comparison of Drought Resistance Mechanism of Five Shrubs 2014, 30 (28):  13-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0917 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 524KB )   ( 519 ) In order to supply a more theoretical basis for the selection of drought resistance shrubs in Ulanbuh Desert, under different soil moisture, the drought resistant indexes of Caragana korshinskii, Artemisia sphaerocephala, Calligonum mongolicum, Nitraria tangutorum and Hedysannn scoparium in Ulan Buh Desert were measured. Comprehensive analysis of drought resistance of five shrubs was conducted with principal component analysis. The results were as follows: (1) under different soil moisture, water deficit, bound water content, ratio of bound water to free water and chlorophyll content of Caragana korshinskii were higher than that of the other shrubs; (2) water physiology index of five shrubs were synthetically evaluated with the method of principal component analysis, the drought resistance order of the five shrubs were as follows: Caragana korshinskii＞Nitraria tangutorum＞Calligonum mongolicum＞Hedysannn scoparium＞Artemisia sphaerocephala.

  Studies on Preparation of Extract from Ginkgo biloba Exotesta 2014, 30 (28):  18-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1178 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 726KB )   ( 608 ) The resources of Ginkgo biloba exotesta, in which the phenolic acids have obvious inhibitory effect on crop diseases and insect pests, are rich in our country. In order to facilitate the development and utilization of these resources, in this study, we made a one- factor experimental design of solvent type, solvent concentration, ratio of material to liquid, extraction time and extraction temperature etc. respectively, for optimization of preparation system of extract of Ginkgo biloba exotesta (EGBE). Before this, the exotesta was collected when Ginkgo seeds were harvested, then was cleaned and naturally dried. The results indicated that EGBE with yield of up to 44.87% , in which ginkgolic acids were up to 13.25% , could be extracted and prepared by the optimized system including 80% ethanol, solid- liquid ratio of 1:20 (g:mL), ultrasonic extraction under the condition of 40℃ for 30 min. The above results not only provide EGBE with higher content of ginkgolic acids for prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, but also provide optimized system and techniques of EGBE preparation for efficient utilization of Ginkgo biloba exotesta.

  Recovery of Transgenic Populus Plants with Modified Bt Cry1Ac Gene and Their Insect-resistance Assay 2014, 30 (28):  23-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1396 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 1251KB )   ( 836 ) Populus sp. is a fine variety with wide adaptability, male without catkins, fast-growing, high yield and enduring barren. However, pests damage the production and quality of this wood. To enhance insect resistance of Populus sp., Cry1Ac gene was introduced into poplar via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with explants of leaves and internodes. The integration of the target gene into the poplar genome was identified by PCR and Southern blotting analyses. Real-time PCR analyses indicated the expression of Cry1Ac gene in seven transgenic poplar plants. Resistance evaluation by raising insect with detached leaves showed that 2 of 7 transgenic lines were superior in Hyphantria cunea resistance. Transgenic poplar plants with insect resistance facilitate afforestation and extension of the variety.

  Construction and Analysis of Life Table in Natural Population of Oak Gall Wasp Trichagalma glabrosa 2014, 30 (28):  29-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0558 Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 551KB )   ( 634 ) Trichagalma glabrosa is an important pest of cork oak. In recent years，outbreaks of Trichagalma glabrosa have caused great damages to cork oak forests and ecological environment in Liuzhou (Henan Province). In order to study dynamic population of Trichagalma glabrosa, the life table of Trichagalma glabrosa population was constructed. The results showed that: gall abortion was the key factor affecting the natural populations, and the initial period of galls was the key death stage. The order of death factors was: parasitism＞gall abortion＞leaf-eating insect feeding＞unknown factor. The order of development stages was: galls mature stage＞galls growing＞galls initial stage＞pupal stage. This indicated that Climatic changes during galls initial stage was the key factor affecting population, parasitism was the most important control factor. The population trend index I was 2.34＞1, and the population showed an increasing trend.

  Assessment of the Comprehensive Benefits of Soil and Water Conservation in Changting Based on Catastrophe Progression Method 2014, 30 (28):  34-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1334 Abstract + ( 811 )   PDF ( 454KB )   ( 567 ) Catastrophe progression method was used to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of soil and water conservation in Changting from 1999 to 2011. This paper developed a comprehensive evaluation system with 11 factors selected from 3 aspects: ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits. The results indicated that Changting had remarkable achievements in soil and water conservation after 1999, all the benefits were increased with time, the catastrophe membership function values complied with the order as ecological benefits ＞economic benefits ＞ social benefits, the benefit increase amplitude were decreased with time, and growing steadily since 2008. All these indicating that the system had a coordinated development trend. The conclusion is consistent with the field survey; the results prove that the catastrophe progression method is perfect in performance. It provides a new idea to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of soil and water conservation for other regions.

  Effects of Different Rate of Super Absorbent Polymer on Leaf Structural and Functional Traits of 4 Greening Plants 2014, 30 (28):  38-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0868 Abstract + ( 1254 )   PDF ( 952KB )   ( 1092 ) This study was conducted to investigate effects of different rate of super absorbent polymer (SAP) on leaf structural and functional traits of 4 greening plants (i.e. Malus‘Purple’, Sapium sebiferum, Photinia × fraseri, Catalpa bignonioides). The results showed that the SAP had significant effect on the leaf structural traits (such as leaf area, chlorophyll content, specific leaf area and Gs) and functional traits (such as Pn, Tr and WUE) of Malus‘Purple’, Sapium sebiferum, Photinia × fraser and Catalpa bignonioides. 0.1% SAP content added to the soil could remarkably improve leaf structural and functional traits of the 4 greening plants. Applied with 0.2% SAP content, Photinia × fraser and Catalpa bignonioides had higher leaf area, chlorophyll content, specific leaf area, Gs, Pn and Tr than that of the CK or applied with 0.1% SAP, while applied with 0.3% SAP content, the above-mentioned index were close to that of 0.2% SAP content. Meanwhile, applied with 0.2%- 0.3% SAP content, above- mentioned index of Malus‘Purple’and Sapium sebiferum were significantly lower than that of the 0.1% SAP content and close to that of the CK. These indicated that Photinia × fraseri and Catalpa bignonioides more adapted to the moist soil than Malus‘Purple’and Sapium sebiferum. But Malus‘Purple’and Sapium sebiferum more adapted to dry soil than Photinia × fraseri and Catalpa bignonioides because of their WUE magnified significantly in CK than that of SAP applied. The significant change of specific leaf area between CK and SAP applied with different rates in the 4 greening plants indicated the capability of obtaining resource and promoting growth in moderate soil moisture and adaptation to water stress.

  Relationship Between Fruit Characters and Leaf Features of Current-year Fruiting Twigs of Morus alba L. 2014, 30 (28):  46-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1718 Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 1274KB )   ( 1329 ) In order to explore inherent correlations between the leaf and fruit of plant, current-year fruiting twigs of Morus alba L. with different size were selected as experimental materials and the relationships between leaf features and fruit characters were analyzed. The results showed that: as twig size changed from small to large, leaf number and total leaf dry weight increased significantly whereas leaf shape index showed no significant changes; mulberry number and total mulberry dry weight increased significantly, but no significant changes in water content of mulberry were detected. There were significant positive correlations between mulberry number and leaf number, total leaf dry weight, total leaf area and mean mulberry dry weight. Our results demonstrated close relationships between the fruit characters and leaf features. For current- year fruiting twigs of Morus alba L., mulberry number was decided by the total leaf number and mean mulberry dry weight was significant related with mean leaf area.

  Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies on the Growth of Camellia semiserrata Chi. Seedlings 2014, 30 (28):  53-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0919 Abstract + ( 1062 )   An nutrient deficiencies fertilization experiment was conducted with seven treatments (control treatment, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S deficient treatments). Growth indices (seedling height, ground diameter, leaf area and leaf perimeter) were measured to study the effects of different nutrient deficiency on the growth of Camellia semiserrata Chi. seedlings. It was indicated that: (1) N deficient treatment had the greatest inhibitory effect on seedling height and ground diameter; (2) sequence of the influence of nutrient deficiency on seedling height was: -N＞-Ca＞-K＞-Mg＞-S＞-P, and sequence of the influence of nutrient deficiency on ground diameter was: -N＞-S＞-Ca＞-Mg＞-P＞-K; (3) nutrient deficiencies had no significant effect on leaf growth.

  Artificial Forcing Regeneration of Robinia pseudoacacia Forest 2014, 30 (28):  57-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1249 Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 533KB )   ( 1013 ) In this paper, the effect of five artificial update measures of the third generation of Robinia pseudoacacia after clear cutting were studied, including semicircle furrow, stump barking, stump hacked, stump excavated out and the control. The quantity, growth, biomass and cost of production were compared. It showed that many saplings sprouts were produced by the 5 measures, 6.7-8.5 plants on every stump, the effect of regeneration was good. The quantity of suckers was the maximum by stump excavated out, 7.8 plants on every stumps, 160%-270% higher than other measures. But there were 2.1-3.0 suckers by the other four measures, which could satisfy the need of forest regeneration. There were 3.8-6.0 sprouts on every stump by measures of semicircle furrow, stump barking, stump hacked and the control, the sprouts grew well and with high biomass, and could be used by Robinia pseudoacacia for short period. The regeneration effect and cost of production were comprehensively considered, stump excavated out was the best measure for regeneration of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, semicircle furrow, stump barking and stump hacked were inappropriate, the measure of the control was better if forest tending was carried out in time.

  Forest Vegetation Information Computer Automatic Extraction Base on Landsat-8 Ying ZHANG,, and 2014, 30 (28):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1168 Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 3768KB )   ( 1332 ) Landsat-8 with two main load, OLI (operational land imager) and TIRS (thermal infrared sensor), can provide 15 m panchromatic band and 30 m resolution multispectral bands. OLI included nine bands, TIRS included two hot red bands, pan band 8 was narrower. This approach can better distinguish between vegetation and no vegetation characteristics on the full- color image. In this study, taking Youxian for example, after tasseled cap transformation and principal component analyzing and processing based on Landsat- 8 remote sensing image, vegetation was extracted by using decision tree classification model. The results showed that: the Landsat- 8 after tasseled cap transformation and principal component analyzing and processing could significantly enhance the texture information of the image, and highlight the land features. After tasseled cap transformation and processing of principal component analysis, put the gray values as a threshold of decision tree classification and used the computer automatic extraction, the overall accuracy was 84.7%, with an area of forest vegetation of 150911.7 hm2. Compared with the previous threshold band using only gray values and vegetation index, the accuracy was significantly increased and the method was also improved, which could led to better extraction results.

  Effects of Different Fire Retardant Treatment on Properties of Poplar Plywood 2014, 30 (28):  67-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1193 Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 1175 ) This paper studied the poplar veneer, and impregnated them with self-made fire retardant and FRW fire retardant, to discuss the influence of different fire retardant, impregnation time, impregnation concentration, hot-pressing temperature on the fire retardant retention quantity, the bonding strength and the fire-retardant properties. The results showed that fire retardant retention quantity, oxygen index and bonding strength were 1.4322%- 13.4726% , 36.6%- 89.9% and 0.131- 0.798 MPa with self- made fire retardant treatment while the fire retardant retention quantity, oxygen index and bonding strength were 1.5449%- 14.7724%, 45.3%-70.5% and 0.233-0.698 MPa with FRW fire retardant treatment. Through the self-made and FRW fire retardant treatments, the fire retardant properties of poplar plywood were significantly improved, the oxygen index had reached and was much higher than the flame retardant grade request in JISD1322-77, but its bonding strength significantly decreased.

  A Study on the Forecast Model of Dendrolimus superans Butler Occurrence Based on Artificial Neural Network 2014, 30 (28):  72-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1535 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 520KB )   ( 465 ) The principle and algorithm of artificial neural network were used to select some meteorological factors to established the BP network model of occurrence area and population density of Dendrolimus superans and meteorological factors in Elunchun Zizhiqi of eastern Inner Mongolia, based on the correlation coefficient method and the stepwise regression method for selecting the evaporation, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and others as the forecast factors. The results showed that the established model had higher prediction effect. The reasonable forecast factors matched with the facts. The error was small, which was controlled between 0.1%-25.0%. The model could be used as the basis for integrated pest management.

  Investigation on the Species and Occurrence of Pests and Their Natural Enemies on Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep in Guangxi 2014, 30 (28):  76-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1254 Abstract + ( 699 )   PDF ( 514KB )   ( 781 ) In order to clarify the species and occurrence of the pests and natural enemies of them on Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep and provide the base for valid control, the experiment was carried out in Mashan County, Guangxi from March to November in 2012, using random sampling method. The results showed that there were 11 species of insect pests (belonging to 4 orders and 9 families) and 1 species of mite on Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep. Different pests had different damaging period and occurrence degree. 17 species of natural enemies of the insect pests (belonging to 3 orders and 10 families) were found as well. They were effective on controlling insect pests and mites on S. tonkinensis.

  Research Advances of Pasture-planting in Apple Orchard on semi-dry region of the Loess Plateau 2014, 30 (28):  81-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0959 Abstract + ( 1065 )   PDF ( 536KB )   ( 616 ) This paper summarized the effects of pasture-planting in semi-dry region apple orchard in the loess plateau on the soil environment, including the promotion of the organic content, the macro element supply status, and the effect on the soil physiological and chemical characters; outlined the effect of pasture-planting on the growth of apple trees, the quality and quantity of apple fruits including the inhibition of vegetative growth of the apple tree, promotion of the flowering and bearing, and increasing of yield and fruit firmness, soluble substance content and sugar acid ratio. The ecological effect of pasture-planting was also analyzed. The application of pasture-planting was also discussed and the appreciated grass species, pasture-planting mode and the management after planting were recommended. This will put forth ideas and reference for promoting pasture-planting in apple orchard in semi-dry region of the loess plateau.

  Research on Metabolic Difference of Plastid Pigments of Flue-cured Tobacco from Different Ecological Zones in Hubei Province 2014, 30 (28):  87-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1457 Abstract + ( 1252 )   PDF ( 1067KB )   ( 680 ) To identify the effects of ecological environment on leaf plastid pigments of tobacco, the same tobacco variety (Nicotiana tabacum‘Yunyan87’) was chosen to plant in Xiangyang and Shennongjia, two typical different ecological regions of Hubei Province. The ultra structure and the plastid pigment contents were compared as well as the expression of several key genes related to plastid pigment metabolism in ‘Yunyan87’at different development stages. Results showed that the thylakoid lamella of chloroplast were more in Xiangyang than in Shennongjia at the earlier development stages. While at the later stages, the thylakoid lamella was degraded more completely in Xiangyang. The analysis of gene expression displayed that the expression of the genes related to chloroplast degradation was higher in Shennongjia at the earlier leaf development stages. While the expression of the genes related to chloroplast biosynthesis was higher in Xiangyang at the later stages. Meanwhile, the genes related to carotenoid degradation expressed more active in Xiangyang during the whole developing stages. On the contrary, the genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis showed higher expression levels in Xiangyang than in Shennongjia before the 55th day. The analysis of the plastid pigment contents indicated that the contents of chlorophyll of‘Yunyan87’were more in Xiangyang, but the contents of total carotenoids were the opposite. And the difference decreased gradually in the late stages. After being cured, the contents of carotenoids were more in Shennongjia. And the degradation products contents of carotenoids displayed a higher level in Xiangyang. While as for the neophytadiene, the opposite was the case. These results might be the main reasons why the‘Yunyan 87’in Xiangyang and Shennongjia showed different aroma styles and provide the theoretical basis and research ideas on analysis of the formation mechanism of the characteristic tobacco.

  The Seed Germination of Allium galanthum L. Under Salt Stress 2014, 30 (28):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1422 Abstract + ( 956 )   PDF ( 511KB )   ( 542 ) In order to understand the salt tolerance characteristics of wild vegetable Allium galanthum L. seeds during the germination process, the seed of wild Allium galanthum L. was used as test material, made NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and the mixture into five different concentration gradients, to determinate the seed germination of Allium galanthum in all treatments. The results showed that different types of salt at the same concentration on seed germination had different inhibition rate. When NaCl concentration was 50 mmol/L, the germination rate was 25.3%, Na2CO3 was 15.33%, Na2SO4 was 14%; the mixed salt solution had significant impact on seed germination, but not obvious, most seeds were inhibited. The results indicated that the single low concentrations of salt and mixture salt had little effect on the seed germination, and Allium galanthum L. had some salt tolerance, it could germinate in lower concentrations of salt solution. But with salt concentration increased, NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and the mixture inhibit the seed germination. In these single-salt solutions, the tolerance ability was NaCl＞Na2CO3＞Na2SO4, the mixture had higher inhibition than the single-salt solution.

  Establishment of TRAP Reaction System for Lactuca sativa L. 2014, 30 (28):  99-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0961 Abstract + ( 828 )   PDF ( 837KB )   ( 948 ) The orthogonal design and single factor test were used to optimize and study the suitable system in TRAP reaction of Lactuca sativa L. There were four factors which influenced the effects of TRAP- PCR including Mg2+, Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs and primers. The optimal reaction system for TRAP reactions in leaf lettuce was established, which was in 20μL reaction volume containing 60-100 ng DNA, 2μL 10×PCR Buffer, 2.0 mmo/L Mg2+, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.2 mmol/L dNTPs and 0.75μmol/L primers. The result of amplified production was stable, high definition and polymorphic, indicating that the reaction system was the best to analyze genetic diversityandrelationship in leaf lettuce by TRAP .

  Analysis of Genes Related to Heat Stress in Leaves of Eggplant SSH-cDNA Libraries 2014, 30 (28):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1409 Abstract + ( 742 )   PDF ( 899KB )   ( 475 ) Analysis of genes related to heat stress of eggplant can provide basis for cultivating heat tolerant varieties of eggplant. A SSH-cDNA library of heat-shocked eggplant 896 was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization method. Real- time quantitative PCR expression analysis further validated the expression modes of partial sequences in this library. Library analysis showed that a large number of unigenes participated in the regulation of eggplant metabolic processes, including carbohydrate, lipid, energy and amino acid metabolic pathways, hormonal regulation of the heat-shocked eggplant expressed as growth inhibition in vivo. YP16 putative encoding a small heat shock protein, YP61 putative encoding carbonic anhydrase and YP248 putative encoding calcium-dependent protein kinase were confirmed to have up-regulated expression in eggplant leaves after the heat-shock.

  Influence of Copper Stress on Antioxidant Systems in Pleurotus nebrodensis 2014, 30 (28):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1376 Abstract + ( 823 )   PDF ( 507KB )   ( 1667 ) The objective of this study was to understand tolerance and respond of Pleurotus nebrodensis to copper stress, and to offer a consultation for investigation to mechanisms of copper detoxification and for prevention of copper pollution. P. nebrodensis was incubated in submerged culture medium PDA, which containing different Cu2+: 0, 50, 100, 200, 300μmol/L. In hyphae of P. nebrodensis, the content changes of soluble sugar and proline were analyzed by anthrone colorimetry and by colorimetry, respectively. And the activity changes of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were assayed by guaiaco method and by ultraviolet spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the content of soluble sugar and proline decreased sharply in hyphae with the concentration of Cu2+ increase in medium, and their content were 20.94% and 35.53% lower than the content of the contrast at Cu2+ 300μmol/L, respectively. However, the activity changes of POD and CAT were first increased and then had a decreasing trend with the concentration of Cu2+ increase, their maximum activities were at Cu2+ 200 and 100μmol/L, respectively. In response to copper stress, the activity changes of POD and CAT in hyphae of P. nebrodensis were very similar to that in advanced plant, only Cu2+ concentration were lower than that in advanced plant at their maximum activities. But the content changes of soluble sugar and proline were different from that of advanced plant, in which content of soluble sugar and proline showed a first increasing and then decreasing trend with the concentration of Cu2+ increase. Therefore, P. nebrodensis was sensitive to copper stress. And a suggestion is put forward that the degree of Cu2+ contamination was no higher than 100μmol/L for P. nebrodensis cultivation in environment.

  Construction Genetic Map in F1 Population of‘Shinseiki’בChonghuadali’ 2014, 30 (28):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1057 Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 707KB )   ( 712 ) The study aims to provide basic theory for genes mapping of important agronomic traits, molecular marker-aided breeding of pear and variety improvement. Using JoinMap 4.0 to construct a genetic linkage map of F1 population 210 seedlings derived from an interspecific cross between the ultivars‘Shinseki’× ‘Chonghuadali’. The map consisted of 9 SSR markers, 79 SRAP markers and 8 ISSR markers which belong to 14 linkage groups. The genome spans 1530 cM and the average genetic distance between makers was 16.1 cM. The densest group had 64 markers. The smallest locus interval was 0.1 cM.

  Experimental Study on Frost Index of Pear in Ningxia Province 2014, 30 (28):  122-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1117 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 787 ) Frost is one of the main agricultural meteorological disasters restricting the production of the pear. The study on frost index of pear could provide effective reference for frost forecast, monitoring, early-warning, frost risk assessment as well as disaster prevention. Here, we conducted simulated frost experiment of the critical temperature and time of frost suffering duration in full blossom and young fruits of pear using plant growth chamber. The results showed that: lethal temperature of pear floral organ was -4℃. For pear blossom, light frost would happen when temperature lasted 2 hours at -3℃, and then became medium frost when the time reached 2.5 hours; heavy frost would happen when temperature lasted above 3 hours at -3℃, or above 0.5 hour at -3.5℃ or when temperature was below -4℃. The cold resistance of‘Manao’was better than‘Ganquan’ and‘Xingao’. For young fruits of pear, there were the little differences between three varieties. Light frost would happen when temperature lasted 2-3 hours at -2℃ or 1 hour at -2.5℃; it could become medium frost when temperature lasted 2-3 hours at -2.5℃ or 1 hour at -3℃; heavy frost would happen when temperature lasted 4 hours at - 2.5-- 2℃ or above 1 hour at - 3℃ . In addition, before temperature reached lethal temperature, young fruits of pear would suffer more seriously when its diameter was smaller or the time of low temperature was longer.

  Effects of Different Dormancy-breaking Treatments on H2O2 Content and Activity of Related Enzymes of Dormant Nectarine Buds 2014, 30 (28):  128-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1331 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 665KB )   ( 529 ) In order to further explore relationships between bud dormancy release and H2O2 metabolism, changes of H2O2 level, CAT activity and POD activity of‘Shuguang’nectarine buds during artificial dormancybreaking process were studied. High temperature of 50℃(HT), hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and TDZ (TDZ) were selected as dormancy-breaking treatments. Both HT and HC treatments significantly breaking bud dormancy, inhibited CAT activity and induced H2O2 accumulation, but showed little effects on POD activity. TDZ showed poor dormancy-breaking efficiency and no significant effects on H2O2 content, CAT activity and POD activity. Inducing H2O2 accumulation through CAT inhibition might be an important part of dormancy- breaking mechanism induced by HT and HC.

  Separation of Corosolic Acid from Eriobotrya japonica Leaves with Macroporous Resin 2014, 30 (28):  133-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1363 Abstract + ( 891 )   PDF ( 687KB )   ( 884 ) The study aims to optimize the purification technology and parameters of macroporous resins to separate corosolic acid from Eriobotrya japonica leaves. Taking Eriobotrya japonica leaves as raw material, the content and purification of corosolic acid were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), corosolic acid was extracted from loquat leaves by ethanol. Decolorizing was conducted with activated carbon and corosolic acid was separated by macroporous adsorptive resin. Results showed that the yield of corosolic acid was 7.76 mg/g. The optimum condition of decoloring with the activated carbon was: sodium hydroxide dosage of 0.2%, the activated carbon ratio of 1.5%, the temperature of 70℃ and the time of 20 minutes. 90% of pigment was eliminated, 91.2% of CA could be reclaimed. The results of macroporous resin separation static test showed that NKA9 resin was suitable for the separation, the static adsorption rate and desorption rate was 96.3% and 80.9%, respectively. The dynamic test indicated that the corosolic acid was separated by 90% ethanol, 7 BV of dosage and 3 BV/h of flow rate, 43.12% purity of corosolic acid was obtained.

  Effects of Glyphosate on Ultrastructure of Ficus tikoua Bur Epidermal Cells 2014, 30 (28):  139-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1199 Abstract + ( 705 )   In order to provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Ficus tikoua Bur on greening and farmland weed control, by using scanning electron microscope, the authors studied the microstructure of Ficus tikoua Bur, which was dealt with by glyphosate. The experiment results indicated that glyphosate could cause a periodical damage to the vegetative organ of Ficus tikoua Bur.; wither appeared at different degree of green leaf after certain time. Under the action of glyphosate, leaf epidermal cells were damaged; stomatal closure caused a serious effect on the leaf physicological function, such as photosynthesis and transpiration. The effect of glyphosate was more obvious to the tender leaves than the older ones. The research, which proves that glyphosate of bur, has certain killing effect, will guide the application of Ficus tikoua Bur. in landscape of urban areas.

  Relationship of Tea Tree Canopy Temperature and Meteorological Factors in Spring and Its Forecast 2014, 30 (28):  144-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1383 Abstract + ( 977 )   PDF ( 945KB )   ( 780 ) In order to evaluate the spring tea frost disaster with meteorological data, tea tree canopy temperature observation data and the meteorological observation data of tea plantations in 2009 and 2010 were used to analyze the relations of the lowest temperature differences of the tea tree canopy, the weather patterns and the micro meteorological factors. A fitting model of different tea tree canopy temperatures was built to evaluate the spatial distribution of the lowest temperature of the tea tree canopy in the frosting process combined with the intensive automatic weather station data. The results showed: the weather type was the main factor that affected the lowest temperature difference between the lowest air temperature and the lowest temperature of the tea tree canopy, while the lowest difference was also affected by the wind, humidity and other micro meteorological factors, but the lowest temperature difference between the lowest air temperature and the lowest temperature of the internal leaves in the tea tree canopy was less affected. The relations among weather type, micro meteorological factors and the lowest temperature difference between the lowest air temperature and the lowest temperature of the tea tree canopy were non-linear, and the supporting vector machine model could achieve a better imitative effect. As for the same kind of tea tree canopy, the imitative effect of the lowest temperature in external canopy would be superior to that in the internal. The weather station data, GIS technology and the fitting model of the lowest temperature difference between the lowest air temperature and the lowest temperature of the tea tree canopy were utilized to evaluate the spatial distribution of the tea frosted.

  Induction and in Vitro Culture of Hairy Roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch 2014, 30 (28):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1417 Abstract + ( 921 )   PDF ( 877KB )   ( 2639 ) To obtain medicinal components and protect the wild resource of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, two Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834 and A4 were used to induce the hairy root from cotyledons, hypocotyls and seedlings of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Hairy root was obtained successfully and the system of hairy root induction was established. There were about 248 bp-rolA gene and 490 bp-rolC detected from the hairy-root by PCR and capillary gel electrophoresis which indicated that the gene segments of Agrobacterium rhizogenes had been integrated and expressed in hairy root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. The hairy root induction rate was 79.5% by needle stabbing. The hairy roots grew faster and with much more branches in 1/2MS medium. When cultured for 25 days, the average fresh weight growth rate was 19.13 times. Establishment of hairy root culture system of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch provided a foundation for the industrial production of active drug component in bioreactors.

  Study on Tissue Culture of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim 2014, 30 (28):  159-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0054 Abstract + ( 1054 )   PDF ( 543KB )   ( 683 ) In order to resolve the insufficient quantity of high quality seeding of Trichosanthes kirilowii, virusfree, higher seed setting and strong sprouts were selected as explants in tissue culture. In this paper, the technology of tissue culture was studied, including the selection and sterile techniques of the explants, different explant callus induction and buds induction and proliferation, root induction of tube plantlets of T. kirilowii. The main results showed that: buds germinated from the roots of female T. kirilowii between April and May were suitable for tissue culture explants. Explants were immersed in 75% ethanol for 30 s, washed by sterile water three times, then immersed in 0.31% ClO2 for 5 min and washed by sterile water 4-5 times again had a better result. The MS medium with different plant growth regulators for buds induction was MS 1 mg/L 6-BA 0.3 mg/L NAA, MS 0.3 mg/L 6-BA 0.1 mg/L NAA and MS 0.4 mg/L 6-BA 0.2 mg/L NAA were suitable for propagation, MS 0.1 mg/L IBA and MS 0.1 mg/L NAA were suitable for roots induction in T. kirilowii tissue culture.

  Study on Cryopreservation of Alpinia officinarum Hance Seeds 2014, 30 (28):  164-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1267 Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 645KB )   ( 709 ) In order to solve the problem of long-term preservation of Alpinia officinarum Hance seeds, the mature seeds of Alpinia officinarum Hance were used as materials, to study the effect of moisture content and vitrification on their vigor, as well as the effect of rapid freezing and vitrification freezing method for seeds cryopreservation. The results showed that: (1) when the seed moisture content was in the range of 10.77%-27.25%, the viability still remained at more than 60%, however, when the seed moisture content decreased from 10.77% to 7.86%, the viability dropped to below 40%; (2) seed vigor after vitrification treatment was lower than that without vitrification treatment; (3) after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, the seed vigor dropped to below 50% or even 0% when the seed moisture content was in the range of 21.10%-27.25%; the seed vigor remained at more than 60% when the seed moisture content was in the range of 10.77%-15.61%; furthermore, the seed vigor was the highest when the moisture content was 13.58%; finally, the seed vigor of vitrification freezing (72.67%) was higher than that of rapid freezing (65.81%). The results demonstrated the feasibility of cryopreservation for long-term storage of seeds of Alpinia officinarum Hance.

  Study on the Grade Indexes of Sugar-cane Chilly Injury or Frozen Injury and Loss 2014, 30 (28):  169-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0744 Abstract + ( 1075 )   PDF ( 690KB )   ( 1189 ) The aim of the study is to clarify the change characteristics of sugar-cane and its yield and sugar content loss after different types of freezing injury，so as to improve the grade indexes of sugar-cane chilly injury or freezing injury. The author investigated the sugar-cane field disasters in the winter from 2007/2008 to 2010/2011 and analyzed injury effect on the main sugar-cane varieties in different climate zones in Guangxi Province and the relationship between sugar-cane yield, sugar content loss and meteorological data in typical cold disaster years. The grade indexes of sugar- cane chilly injury or freezing injury and its loss were established or improved, and its apparent affected symptoms were formulated. The results had positive significance on the dynamic monitoring of sugar- cane chilly and frozen injury, early warning and loss evaluation, as well as the sugar-cane disasters investigation and prevention measures.

  The Effects of Intercropping and Dual Inoculation on Maize and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth 2014, 30 (28):  182-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1428 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 625KB )   ( 622 ) In order to estimate the feasibility of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)/maize intercropping applied on the actual production and the influence of dual inoculation (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium) on them, by using pot experiment, some physiological indicators were measured under different cultivation methods and inoculation. The main physiological indicators were the beans and maize’s biomass, the NPK content and absorption, chlorophyll SPAD value, mycorrhizal infection rate and other indicators. The results indicated that, when inoculated the rhizobia alone, the total biomass of maize and bean under the monoculture condition are respectively 3.26 times and 1.25 times higher than that under the intercropping condition; under the dual inoculation condition, the total biomass of maize and bean reached 3.08 times and 1.25 times. While for the nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of each pot, the crops under intercropping condition was respectively 1.11 times and 1.05 times higher than the monoculture condition when they all inoculated with rhizobia alone; and when dual inoculated, the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus under the intercropping condition were both 1.16 times higher than the monoculture condition. There were no significant differences for the biomass, content and uptake of NPK, chlorophyll content et al. when the crops were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but the number of nodules was decreased. Experimental studies showed that: the intercropping promoted the NP absorption to some extent. The mycorrhizal fungi had no role in promoting the growth of corn and bean and the uptake of NPK elements but also suppressed the rhizobium infect beans.

  Phytotoxicity and Accumulation of Oxytetracycline from Soil in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica chinensis var. chinensis) with Different Growing Stages 2014, 30 (28):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1062 Abstract + ( 1355 )   PDF ( 480KB )   ( 773 ) In order to understand the phytotoxicity and accumulation of oxytetracycline from soil in Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis var chinensis) at different growing stages, a pot soil culture experiment was conducted to study the toxicological effects of oxytetracycline pollution (at concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 mg/kg) on the growth of Chinese cabbage and uptake of oxytetracycline by the plant. The results showed that soil oxytetracycline pollution with concentrations of ＜30 mg/kg had no significant effects on seed germination and plant growth of Chinese cabbage at the vegetative and mature growing stages of the crop. However, at pollution levels of 10 and 30 mg/kg, oxytetracycline had significant effects on root elongation, shoot length, and biomass of vegetable seeding. Accumulations of oxytetracycline in aboveground compartment of the plant at 20 days after application of the antibiotics were relatively higher at the seed emergence or vegetative growing stages than that at mature growing stage. And for plant harvested 60 days after seed sowing, residues of the antibiotics in the plant increased with decreasing of the time interval from addition of oxytetracycline to plant harvest. The residues increased with increasing pollution levels of oxytetracycline in the soil. The results suggested that the plant growth at earlier stage was more susceptible to antibiotics pollution than that at later stage. Accumulation of antibiotic in harvested plant was higher in plant polluted by antibiotics at later stage than that polluted at earlier stage.

  Effects of Applying Amino Acids on Root Active of Chinese Cabbage and Soil Biological Activity 2014, 30 (28):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1005 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 491KB )   ( 729 ) A field experiment with Chinese cabbage was conducted for investigating impacts of amino acids on yield, root activity, soil enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass. Results showed that with increasing application of amino acids on the base of chemical fertilizer, the yield of Chinese cabbage was improved by 2.62%-11.50%, and the root activity and nitrate reductase were increased, and the nitrate content decreased. However, the soil enzyme activities of urease and sucrase during three growth stage were improved with the increase of amino acids application rate, whereas, the acid phosphatase activity was improved only at later growth period. Furthermore, the soil microbial biomass C and N were increased with the increase of application rate. It was suggested that amino acids could increase the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage, improve soil biological activity.

  Influence of Comprehensive Climatic Resource at Different Growth Periods on the Apple’s Yield ——A Case of Qinzhu District, Tianshui City 2014, 30 (28):  199-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1080 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 650KB )   ( 468 ) In order to study the influence of climatic resource on the apple’s yield, based on the data of apple’s yield in Qinzhou district and the data of mean temperature, precipitation, sunshine in apple’s main growth period from April to August at Tianshui weather station, we analyzed the variation characteristics of meteorological factors and their effects on production and established the comprehensive climatic resource index. The result showed that the variation range of heat resource in early stage was larger than that in the later stage of apple’s growth period in recent 30 years. The chilling damage before the fruit setting period had strong effect on apple’s production. The variation of precipitation during April to June had a downward trend and that during July to August had no obviously liner variation from 1981 to 2010. It also showed that the sunshine duration from April to June increased from 1981 to 2010 and had no obviously liner variation from 1981 to 2010. The relationship between the yield and comprehensive climatic resource index were remarkably consistent. It indicated that the comprehensive climatic resource was not suitable for apple’s production in 1990’s and had good effect in early 21th century. We supposed that the variation trend of climate would be beneficial to the apple’s production in the future.

  Comprehensive Effect Evaluation of Irrigation Volume on the Water Use Efficiency and Fruit Quality of Zizyphus jujuba‘Junzao’by Subordinate Function 2014, 30 (28):  204-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0944 Abstract + ( 869 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 559 ) The paper aims to study the effect of irrigation volume on water use efficiency and fruit quality of Zizyphus jujuba‘Junzao’under drip irrigation. Analyzing water consumption of the 7 years old Zizyphus jujuba ‘Junzao’under different irrigation volume, the author discussed effect of different irrigation volume on fruit character, yield and quality by drip irrigation, and determined low limit of soil moisture content which was suitable for Zizyphus jujuba‘Junzao’growing in typical arid desert area. The result indicated: (1) the production efficiency and water use efficiency of irrigation reached the highest when the soil moisture content was about 65% of the field water holding capacity; (2) the highest yield could be obtained when the low limit of soil moisture content controlled as 55% of the field water holding capacity; (3) within certain range, the less the irrigation volume, the higher the soluble sugar content and the fruit quality level; (4) comprehensive evaluation of the effect indexs of correlation on irrigation volume by subordinate function showed that, when the soil moisture content was controlled at about 65% of the field water holding capacity, water demand in the growth and development of Zizyphus jujuba‘Junzao’could be ensured, and maximum production efficiency of irrigation and the best quality of fruit could be achieved in arid desert area.

  Effects of Different Planting Methods on the Growth of Iris pseudacorus, Scirpus validus and Acorus calamus 2014, 30 (28):  210-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1096 Abstract + ( 968 )   PDF ( 707KB )   ( 1443 ) The author systematically analyzed the planting methods among Iris pseudacorus, Scirpus validus and Acorus calamus with normal planting density but different planting models which were pure plantation, mixed by group plants, and mixed by individual plant. The results showed that I. pseudacorus and A. calamus possessed relatively higher elongation rate (ER) under the mixture plantation method than pure plantation. The average growth rate (AGR) of I. pseudacorus was somewhat higher than that under pure plantation. However, it was the contrary for A. calamus. When I. pseudacorus and A. calamus was planted with S. validus respectively, the ER of S. validus under the mixture plantation model was statistically higher than that under pure plantation, while I. pseudacorus and A. calamus exhibited relatively lower ER than that under pure plantation. In addition, when mixed by individual plant, the AGR of I. pseudacorus and S. validus were lower than that under pure plantation. The AGR of A. calamus was lower under the model mixed by group plants than that under pure plantation, but turned to equals between the planting methods of mixed by individual plant and pure plantation. These results indicated that when I. pseudacorus and A. calamus were mix-planted with each other, they could promote a relatively higher rapid ratio in the elongation of the stem and faster accumulation of biomass, showing facilitation. On the contrary, when these two species were planted with S. validus separately, the latter would exhibit a faster elongation in the stem to restrain the former two.

  Evaluation on Cold Resistance of Land Race Pears in Xinjiang 2014, 30 (28):  217-225.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0887 Abstract + ( 1413 )   PDF ( 593KB )   ( 1565 ) In order to provide a scientific basis for cultivation, breeding and identification of cold varieties of land race pears in Xinjiang, 25 kinds of land race pears were taken as the experimental materials, electrolyte (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein, soluble sugar and free proline (Pro) contents as well as other physiological indices under the low temperature stress (-18, -21, -24, -27 and -30℃) were measured, and comprehensive evaluation of the cold-resistance of 25 kinds of land race pears was conducted by correlation analysis and subordinate function. The results showed that: REC increased with low temperature stress, the MDA content level had an overall increasing trend; MDA content in some varieties were increased at the beginning and then decreased. The soluble protein, soluble sugar and Pro content levels increased first and then decreased. According to the method of subordinate function and the subordinate function values, the cold resistance of 25 kinds of land race pears were as follows: Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Aiwenqieke’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Huochengjujuli’＞ Pyrus bretshneideri‘Huochengbayueli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Hesejujuli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Jujuli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Luntaijujuli’＞ Pyrus communis‘Yiningwanduxiali’＞ Pyrus bretshneideri‘Sha02’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Akesujujuli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Zhuxuanyihao’＞Pyrus communis‘Hongxiangli’＞ Pyrus communis‘Daguokuikeamute’＞ Pyrus bretshneideri‘Sha01’＞Pyrus sinkiangensis‘lvli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Heisuanli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Naixipute’＞ Pyrus bretshneideri‘Kuerlexiangli’＞ Pyrus bretshneideri‘xinliqihao’＞Pyrus communis‘shachedongxiangli’＞Pyrus bretshneideri‘Sha03’＞ Pyrus communis‘Kukeamuteyihao’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Kucheamute’＞Pyrus communis‘Kekeamuteerhao’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis‘Kuerlehuangsuanli’＞ Pyrus sinkiangensis ‘Shachewanhongxiang’.

  The Fourth Round of the National Tea Varieties Regional Trial of Guilin 2014, 30 (28):  226-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1156 Abstract + ( 837 )   PDF ( 487KB )   ( 521 ) Through tests of agronomic trait, yield trait, quality trait, stress resistance and adaptation of the chosen tea varieties, the trial aims to clarify suitable planting range, the kinds of tea- making and the precaution of disaster in cultivation, and provide the basis for identification and the popularization of tea varieties. The fourth round of tea varieties regional trial of Guilin indicated that among the 8 kinds of the testing green tea,‘Xiangfeicui’and‘Huaqiu 1’were the best, the average output and quality were higher than that of the contrast, and the yield of‘Xiangfeicui’was remarkably higher than those of the contrast. In experiment, amongst 3 oolong tea varieties,‘Hongyan 13’had the best comprehensive performance. Compared with the contrast,‘Hongyan 13’had significantly higher yield and higher quality score. The phenological period of the testing tea varieties were mainly the early sprouting variety and their stress resistance was very strong. They were suitable for planting in Guilin and the similar green tea and oolong tea planting areas.

  Research Reviews on Social Service Function and Evaluation of City Green Space System 2014, 30 (28):  233-237.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1148 Abstract + ( 962 )   PDF ( 485KB )   ( 2582 ) The important value of city green space system and its social service function has drawn widespread attention in the world, the studies on this subject have made some achievements from several aspects. But the research review found that the relationship between planning, construction, protection and management of the city green space system and its social service function had been rarely explored, which led to the deficiency of its practical significance. Studies on the evaluation of city green space system and its social service function had the deficiencies of less research index and single research scale so that they could not reflect the various social service function of city green space system truly and comprehensively. Therefore, we should set up the quantitative and qualitative index system, adhere to the principles such as comprehensive, multi- level, independence, maneuverability, easy access etc., to reflect the social service function of city green space system objectively.

  Ecological Benefits Evaluation on Different Landscape Plant Configuration Patterns in the Iron and Steel Industrial Estate ——Take Shaosteel as An Example 2014, 30 (28):  238-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0910 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 736KB )   ( 568 ) In order to explore how to maximize the ecological benefits in limit landscape system, 5 typical landscape plant configuration patterns in 3 districts of different contaminated levels in Shaosteel were studied, and 4 indexes (lowering temperature, increasing humidity, reducing noise and dissolving TSP) were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the ecological benefits of landscape were directly related to its plant configuration pattern, the sequence of the comprehensive benefits of different plant configuration patterns was as follows: arbor shrub herb＞ arbor shrub＞ arbor＞ arbor herb＞ shrub herb, the arbors played the leading role in producing ecological benefits. Ecological benefits of multiple layer configuration patterns were better than the single layer configuration pattern, the ecological benefits of arbor and shrub were superior to herb’s. According to the results, corresponding suggestions of improving the ecological benefits of landscape were put forward.

  Research Progress in Pathogenic Mechanisms of Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen 2014, 30 (28):  245-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1538 Abstract + ( 1029 )   PDF ( 585KB )   ( 3377 ) The latest research progress in pathogenic mechanisms of rice sheath blight pathogen was summarized mainly in three aspects including the infection process, toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani. The pathogenic mechanism of the two factors, i.e. toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes, was analyzed and compared, which would provide a theoretical basis for in- depth research and effective control of rice sheath blight.

  The Eco-physiological Function of Alkaloid and Factors Influencing the Alkaloid Formation 2014, 30 (28):  251-254.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1584 Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 541KB )   ( 5557 ) Production of plant secondary metabolite is the result of long-term interaction between plants and environment, and the alkaloid plays an important role in the process of growth and development of plants as one of the secondary metabolites with higher medicinal value. This paper summarizes the eco-physiological function of alkaloid in terms of regulating of plant growth, responding to environmental stress and defending plant diseases and insect pests, as well as the ecological factors and genetic factors that affecting the formation of alkaloids in plants, and further discusses the interaction between plants and environment. It may provide new approaches for completely and deeply comprehending correlations between plants and environment, and producing high quality traditional Chinese medicine.

  Genetic Diversity and Stripe Rust Resistance of Wheat Regional Trial Cultivars in Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Sichuan in 2007-2008 2014, 30 (28):  255-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1143 Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 775KB )   ( 674 ) In order to investigate the genetic diversity and resistance to wheat stripe rust of the regional trial wheat cultivars in Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Sichuan in 2007-2008, the pedigree information of 75 regional cultivars was traced and the coefficient of parentage (COP) between the parents and cross combinations was calculated. The cluster analysis was conducted based on the COP value. 75 regional cultivars were inoculated with mixed races of Puccinia striiformis. Among 284 of the 2775 combinations, the range of COP value of all cultivars was 0.0000 to 0.5000 and the sum of COP value was 216.4531; cluster analysis suggested that 75 cultivars could be divided into 10 groups. Yumai 2 and its derived varieties were mainly used as parents in most of regional trial cultivars, which maybe the main reason of the highest similarity in Henan cultivars. While local and other districts resources were mainly used in Sichuan, the similarity was the lowest and the level of stripe rust resistance was the highest, relatively. So it is important to enhance the utilization of novel wheat with distant relationship. It can improve the genetic diversity of wheat cultivars and create more excellent germplasm.

  Efficacy Evaluation of the Prevention and Control Fungicides and the Compounding Pesticide of Wheat Scab in Jiangsu 2014, 30 (28):  264-269.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1603 Abstract + ( 982 )   PDF ( 538KB )   ( 1029 ) To evaluate the control effect of current fungicides on wheat scab and verify the differences of control effect with different types of fungicides used in the area of heavy and light wheat scab, the control effect was measured through two simultaneous plot trails by 13 pesticides on wheat scab. The test results showed that all the fungicides had good control effect in the area with the weather conditions that were not conducive to wheat scab with the low incidence; the fungicides had poor performance and control effect was lower than 70% in the areas with weather conditions that were suitable for wheat scab with high incidence. Carbendazim and its compounding pesticide had a high control effect on wheat scab while tebuconazole and its compounding pesticide had poor control effect on scab.

  Preparation and Application of Polyclonal Antibodies Against P6 Protein of Southern Rice Black Streaked Dwarf Virus 2014, 30 (28):  270-274.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0775 Abstract + ( 1108 )   PDF ( 968KB )   ( 759 ) To establish a method that allowing fast and efficient detection of SRBSDV, a fragment comprising the N- terminal 993 bp of P6 ORF of SRBSDV was cloned into the vector pDEST17 using Gateway recombination technology. Antiserum was obtained by injecting the bacterially expressed peptide to healthy rabbits. Western blot experiments showed that the antiserum could detect P6 specifically in rice plants infected by SRBSDV. The fluorescence antibody could also be used to detect P6 in WBPHs using immunofluorescent labeling technique. These results indicated that P6 antibodies prepared here could be used for efficient and accurate detection of SRBSDV in diseased rice plants and viruliferous vectors by immunofluorescent labeling techniques, which was important for the monitoring and forecasting of SRBSDV occurrence.

  Isolation, Identification and Antagonistic Activity of Biocontrol Bacterium Against Northern Corn Leaf Blight 2014, 30 (28):  275-279.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1635 Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 688KB )   ( 635 ) To identify strains of bacteria with strong antagonistic activities to Exserohilum turcicum, plate confrontation and tube plate methods were used to select the bacterium strains isolated from the corn leaves collected from various sites. The bacterium strains were identified based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. Fermentation filtrate from this bacterium was then used to investigate the effect on pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination. The result showed that one bacterium strain, SCG- 02, was selected from two hundred and sixty- seven bacterium strains, which showed strong antagonistic activities to E. turcicum. This strain of bacterium was then identified as Burkholderia cepacia. Different concentrations of SCG-02 fermentation filtrate showed different degrees of inhibition for the pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination in the antagonism experiment. The mycelium of E. turcicum turned to be moniliform after SCG-02 fermentation filtrate treatment and the strongest inhibiting effect was observed at the concentration of 60%, at which the spores cannot germinate completely and bubbles cystic structure was produced at the end of spore germinal tubes. In conclusion, this selected bacteria strain, SCG-02, displayed strong antagonistic activities to E. turcicum, which indicated a positive potential in the application of E. turcicum control.

  Colonization of NJQG-3A1 Strain of Endophytic actinomycetes and Its Control Effect on Banana Fusarium Wilt 2014, 30 (28):  280-285.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1001 Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 702KB )   ( 496 ) The colonization capacity of NJQG- 3A1 strain in banana plants and the rhizosphere was investigated, and the control efficacy of NJQG-3A1 against banana fusarium wilt was also studied, which will provide a theoretical basis for ecological control of the disease. The colonization trends of NJQG- 3A1 in banana plants and the rhizosphere was examined with the method of antibiotic-resistance. Furthermore, the effect of NJQG-3A1 against banana fusarium wilt was investigated by using pot experiment method. Results showed that NJQG- 3A1, tagged by the resistance of‘Ampicllin (100μg/mL)- Potassium dichromate (100μg/mL)’, could colonized in roots, corms and pesudostems tissue of banana and rhizosphere soil stably. The population of NJQG-3A1 in different part was: rhizosphere soil＞roots＞corms＞pesudostems＞leaves. It was also found that the population colonied in the rhizosphere and the banana plant was 1×105 cfμ/g, 1×102 to 1×103 cfμ/g respectively. In addition, the pot experiment result showed that the banana plant height, steam circumference, fresh weight were increased by 99.22%, 44.60%, 218.67% respectively, significantly different from the control (P＜0.05), when treated with the strain NJQG-3A1 fermentation liquid strain NJQG-3A1 also showed obvious biocontrol effect on banana banana fusarium wilt, the disease indexes of leaves and root-steam were 15, 10 respectively, and the control efficacy were 81.82% , 88.98% , respectively. NJQG- 3A1 could colonize in the banana plant and the rhizosphere. The strain NJQG- 3A1 fermentation liquid showed strong disease biocontrol effect on banana fusarium wilt, as well as promotion effect on banana plant growth.

  Inhibition Effects of Induced Resistance on Tobacco Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum 2014, 30 (28):  286-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0736 Abstract + ( 897 )   PDF ( 640KB )   ( 468 ) The objectives of this study were to investigate the inhibition effects of induced resistance on tobacco resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. The effects of disease index, relative control effect, enzyme activities and content of water-soluble protein were studied after the tobacco leaves had been treated with salicylic acid (SA), riboflavin and oxalate acid, and inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum the next day. The results showed that after leaf treated with the three induced-resistances, the activities of PAL, POD and PPO, the content of soluble protein were increased while CAT activities were inhibited in leaves. The three resistant inducers could induce the tobacco to produce resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. At earlier stage (5 d), the riboflavin had the best induced resistance effects, the effective percentage was 55.71% , and there were no significant differences with SA. At mid-term (8 d), SA had the highest induced resistance effects, the effective percentage was 42.20% , and significantly higher than the other two. At later stage (11 d), SA had the best induced resistance effects; the effective percentage was 33.67%.

  Preliminary Investigation of Mechanism of Action of Z4 Endophytic Strain Separated from Wild Liquorice for Botrytis cirerea 2014, 30 (28):  291-294.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1049 Abstract + ( 764 )   The study aims to investigate the antifungal mechanism of the supernatant fermentation from Z4 strain in vitro. The action mechanism of Z4 strain was surveyed by inhibiting the mycelial growth ratio and spore germination, combining scanning electronic microscope, transmission electronic microscope and potted plant. The results indicated that the fermentation extracts exhibited antifungal activities to mycelium growth of Botrytis cinerea. The fermentation extracts could inhibit the spore germination and the bud growth of Botrytis cinerea. Also the sample had a series of marked morphological and structural alterations of the mycelium under the light microscope and electronic microscope, such as prayer beads swollen of part of mycelium and malforming septa under scan electronic microscope, the cell wall dissolution and the cell liquid seepage under transmission electronic microscope. In addition, disease index of potted cucumber after treated by rootirrigation and spread on leaf were reduced from 82.3 to 28.05 and 83.11 to 30.60, respectively. Control efficiency of the fermentation products of Z4 strain against the Botrytis cinerea were 63.12% and 60.28%, respectively. The cytological changes above were resulted in the necrosis of mycelium cell wall. In addition, the conductivity of the sample displayed in internal of cucumber.

  Isolation, Identification and Fermentation Optimization of An Antibiotic Bacillus subtilis 2014, 30 (28):  295-300.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1187 Abstract + ( 1053 )   PDF ( 809KB )   ( 719 ) In order to screen strains of antagonistic bacteria against cucumber fusarium wilt, one bacteria strain was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cucumber by the methods of plate confrontation, and the inhibitive efficiency on the hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumeris was tested. The results showed that the antagonistic bacteria strains Th-1 had significant inhibition effect on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumeris. By the homology analysis of 16S rRNA sequence together with morphological, physical and biochemical characteristics, Th- 1was identified as Bacillus subtilis and its fermentation conditions was optimized. The optimal fermentation conditions were composed of the following factors: seed age, 10 h; inoculum, 4% (v/v); fermentation temperature, 32?C; liquid volume, 50 mL/250 mL; rotation speed, 180 r/min; incubation time, 36 h. This optimization strategy enhanced the fermentation liquid colonies nearly 1.72 times of the initial value.

  Preliminary Study on Physiological and Biochemical Features of the Pathogen of Mango Bacterial Black Spot in Hainan Province 2014, 30 (28):  301-305.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1059 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 575KB )   ( 565 ) In order to understand the physiological and biochemical features of Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae and provide theoretical basis for scientific control of mango bacterial black spot, thirteen physiological and seven biochemical indexes of twelve Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae strains from four cities (or counties) of Hainan Province were identified in this study. The results showed that nine out of thirteen physiological features were identical, including NaCl tolerance, pH tolerance, tween-80, acetate, sucrose, galactose, lactose, maltose and mannite, while the utilization of fructose, glucose, rhamnose and xylose was obviously different. Among seven tested biochemical features, oxidase, catalase, and amylase reaction, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis and gelatin hydrolysis were identical except H2S. Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficients were calculated and dendrograms were constructed by the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic average (UPGMA) using the NTSYS-pc version 2.10. Different cluster analysis of physiological and biochemical tests indicated that strains from different cities or counties could share the same class, which showed that there were some diversities among Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Hainan Province.

  The Detection of Mulberry Mosaic Dwarf Viroid and Analysis of Its Sequence Polymorphism 2014, 30 (28):  306-309.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1075 Abstract + ( 894 )   PDF ( 654KB )   ( 547 ) To detect the polymorphism of mulberry mosaic dwarf viroid, the sequence of mulberry mosaic dwarf viroid isolates in Ankang were investigated by RT-PCR, cloning and sequence analysis. The results showed that 4 variants of MMDVd were obtained, and the length was from 356 nt to 357 nt. The GC content was about 51% for all. There were about 58% pairs in MMDVd secondary structure predicted in Mfold web, and the two end of it were both branched.

  Population Dynamics of Plutella xylostella (L.) in Spring Cabbage Fields 2014, 30 (28):  310-314.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1107 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 548KB )   ( 586 ) Based on a systematic field investigation, the methods of the fuzzy cluster analysis and the relationship analysis of temporal-dynamic spatial niche breadth with population density were used to study the population dynamics of Plutella xylostella (L.) in spring cabbage fields in Hefei, in order to provide basis for scientific management of diamondback moth. The research results showed that the population dynamics of Plutella xylostella (L.) in spring cabbage fields could be divided into three development periods: dot and patch occurrence period (low population density and high patchiness), expansive occurrence period (medium population density and low patchiness) and rampant occurrence period (high population density and low patchiness). The damage of diamondback moth to spring cabbage was quite complicated. Diamondback moth attacked the heart leaves of cabbage mainly in low population density and dispersed gradually to inner and outer leaves of cabbage with the growth of cabbage and the rise of its population density and led to the damage of whole cabbage plant eventually. The dot and patch occurrence period of diamondback moth population in spring cabbage fields was the critical control time.

  Potential distribution of Scirtothrips aurantii in china and the world as predicted by MaxEnt 2014, 30 (28):  315-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1016 Abstract + ( 1278 )   Scirtothrips aurantii is an important pest of citrus and object of cosmopolitan plants quarantine. Determination of the potential geographical distribution of Scirtothrips aurantii is an important factor for effectively controlling the spreading of this pest. In this study, niche model MaxEnt and Arc-Gis were applied to analyze and predict the suitable distribution area of Scirtothrips aurantii, ROC was used to evaluate the prediction model and the prediction results, and Jackknife analysis was made to analyze the most important environmental factors affecting the occurrence of Scirtothrips aurantii. The results showed that, south of Africa, mid-east of southern America, mid of Mexico, east coast of Australia, south of India, mid of southeastern Asia and Yemen were the main suitable areas for Scirtothrips aurantii in the world. In China, the high risk areas were in Hainan and the mid of Yunnan, the secondary risk areas were in Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, southeast of Fujian and south of Sichuan. The important environmental factors affecting the occurrence of Scirtothrips aurantii were temperature seasonality, isothermally and temperature annual range.