Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.31 Published:20 November 2014

  Study Rana dybowskii fence sheds and greenhouses of sheds climate characteristics. The results showed that the the: fence pens effective temperature, soil temperature, the average maximum temperature and average minimum temperature below greenhouses sheds . Rainfall on the dybowskii pens air humidity has a significant impact, lower than the greenh 2014, 30 (31):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2349 Abstract + ( 1138 )   PDF ( 1039KB )   ( 876 ) In order to prove Ranady bowskii fence and greenhouse microclimate features, the author studied Rana dybowskii fence sheds and greenhouses sheds climate characteristics. The results showed that: the fence sheds effective temperature, soil temperature, the average maximum temperature and average minimum temperature were all below that of greenhouses sheds. Rainfall significantly influenced the fence sheds air humidity, which was lower than that of the greenhouses sheds. Light in greenhouses sheds and fences sheds was affected by the weather. Fence sheds ventilated was caused by natural ventilation. Greenhouse sheds could regulated fence sheds ventilation.

  The Temporal and Spatial Variation Analysis of Soil Moisture of Interdune Lowland in Inland Sandy Areas 2014, 30 (31):  9-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0713 Abstract + ( 1124 )   PDF ( 766KB )   ( 427 ) Soil moisture is the most important factor for the survival and growth of desert psammophytes. Under different types of terrain, spatial distribution of soil moisture has significant differences. Using smart neutron moisture meter timing measurement of soil moisture, different terrain 0-200 cm deep soil moisture of 10 levels of spatial and temporal variation characteristics were measured and analyzed in southeast edge of Badain Jaran desert. The results showed that: soil moisture spatial distribution of the southeastern margin of the Badain Jaran desert had a certain regularity: lower interdune lowland＞middle interdune lowland＞upper interdunal lowland＞the upper, middle and lower of dunes. And the annual variability of sand dune was overall in a steady state; soil moisture of interdune lowland changed than other terrain. In spring, soil moisture was not very rich, soil moisture had little fluctuations; In summer, plant growth were limited by transpiration and rainfall, there was significant differences of temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture, soil moisture above 20 cm increased and 40-180 cm were the active layer of the performance of moisture of change; moisture content increased in the overall fall. The southeast edge of the Badain Jaran desert soil moisture temporal and spatial variation in topography study provided a scientific basis for the massive desert ecological balance governance, ecosystem artificial restoration and sandy areas of sustainable development.

  Sap Flow Variation of Armeniaca vulgaris‘Kuchebaixing’Under Different Weather Conditions and Its Correlation with Several Environmental Factors 2014, 30 (31):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1151 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 703KB )   ( 578 ) The paper aims to study the relationship between variation characteristics and environmental factors of the liquid flow rate in Armeniaca vulgaris‘Kuchebaixing’under different typical weather conditions, and to investigate the effects on the liquid flow rate in tree trunk by different environmental factors. With Armeniaca vulgaris‘Kuchebaixing’as test material, we determined and analyzed the variation of the liquid flow rate in tree trunk from March to August. The results showed that the liquid flow rate in Armeniaca vulgaris‘Kuchebaixing’trunk changed more obviously in the sunny weather conditions while changed gently in the rainy days from month to month. The total solar radiation and air temperature were the main environmental factors which influenced the change of the liquid flow rate in Armeniaca vulgaris‘Kuchebaixing’tree trunk. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the total solar radiation, air temperature and the liquid flow rate.

  Effects of Different Types of Sands on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus pinea L. 2014, 30 (31):  19-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1281 Abstract + ( 1168 )   PDF ( 642KB )   ( 444 ) A container experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of germination and seedling growth characteristics of Pinus pinea L. seeds under different types of sandy soil conditions. The results indicated that: (1) the average germination rates under 3 kinds of sandy soil (sand, river sand and soft sand) were 58%, 83% and 75%, respectively; (2) the average germination rates under 3 kinds of sandy soil were 57%, 75% and 39%, respectively, and the average survival rates were 52% , 68% and 28% , respectively; (3) the average plant heights were 9.0, 10.4 and 9.3 cm, and the average root lengths were 16.0, 27.7 and 16.5 cm; (4) per seedling average fresh weights were 0.48, 0.69 and 0.58 g, and dry weights were 1.79, 2.38 and 1.99 g. The results showed that: the most suitable type of Pinus pinea L. planting soil was river sand, under which, the germination rate was 83%, survival rate was 68%, fresh weight and dry weight were 2.38 g and 0.69 g, respectively.

  The Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Based on Pear Yield Loss 2014, 30 (31):  23-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2141 Abstract + ( 1110 )   PDF ( 571KB )   ( 534 ) Hazard assessment is a new research topic, especially for the perennial fruit crops, because the data of the actual investigation and observation is very little, many natural disaster mechanisms are still not clear, therefore, the evaluation is very difficult, risk assessment of meteorological disasters is still in the initial stage of exploration and research. Assessment of meteorological disasters based on pear yield loss can provide scientific basis for meteorological disaster risk assessment, prevention and mitigation of meteorological hazard on fruit tree production and formulating the relief measures. Using statistical methods and risk theory, the authors identified three different climate zones, including Weibei Dryland Mountain Area, Weihe river valley plain area and Guanshan Mountain Area in Tianshui, clarified effect of main agricultural meteorological disasters on pear yield formation and built a risk assessment model of agricultural meteorological disaster risk assessment based on the pear yield loss. As to the three different types of microclimate in Tianshui, major severe agricultural meteorological disasters on pear yield formation are: early spring drought in March, summer drought in July and freezing injury in April florescence. Assessment of disaster (including small disaster, secondary disaster, catastrophe and catastrophic disaster) marks 18 a as disaster year and evaluation of accuracy was 94%; among them, assessment accuracy of the secondary disaster and catastrophe reached 100%. The evaluation accuracy is high and the effect is ideal. Study of meteorological disaster assessment can provide reference for perennial fruit trees and have guiding significance for agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

  The Research on Calligonum mongolicum Population Characteristics of Different Habitat in Minqin Desert Oasis 2014, 30 (31):  28-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1794 Abstract + ( 723 )   PDF ( 580KB )   ( 538 ) Calligonum mongolicum is a main sand- fixation plant and widely distributed in northwest arid desert area. It is significant to research population characteristics, spatial distribution pattern, seedling regeneration of Calligonum mongolicum for ecological restoration and rehabilitation in Minqin desert oasis marginal. Minqin Shajingzi oasis-desert transitional zone in Shiyang River Basin would be selected research areas, and field investigations and laboratory surveys were carried out to research the correspondence between population characteristics, quantitative character of seedling regeneration and soil water and spatial distribution pattern on three geomorphic types (semi- fixed dunes, shifting dunes, inter- dune lowland) and micro-geography (windward slope, top, leeward slope of semi-fixed dunes and windward slope, top, leeward slope of shifting dunes). The results showed that population density, coverage of Calligonum mongolicum showed semi- fixed dunes＞inter- dune lowland＞shifting dunes. There was significant difference between semi- fixed dunes, inter- dune lowland and shifting dunes. There was significant in plant height between shifting dunes and inter-dune lowland, plant height of shifting dunes was the biggest, but plant height of interdune lowland was the smallest. There was no significant in basal diameter and new shoots among 3 geomorphic types. There was no significant in density, plant height, coverage among all parts of shifting dunes, but there was significant of inter-dune lowland, and density, plant height, coverage of top was higher than windward slope and leeward slope. Seedlings amount was shifting dunes＞semi- fixed dunes＞inter- dune lowland, seedlings amount correspond to soil water in 5-30 cm. Spatial distribution pattern was dumped in Minqin desert oasis marginal.

  Soil Enzyme Activities Among Different Vegetation Types in the South of Shiwan Mountain, Guangxi Province 2014, 30 (31):  33-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1775 Abstract + ( 1775 )   PDF ( 757KB )   ( 523 ) The paper aims to reveal the characteristics of soil enzyme activity and the relationship between soil nutrient and enzyme activity among different vegetations in typical monsoon forest in the south of Shiwan Mountain, Guangxi Province. Using an approach of spatial sequence instead of time successional sequence, we chose the soil of secondary broad- leaved forest, masson pine forest, shrub- grassland and wasteland as the study object. The number of microorganisms, soil nutrient and the change of soil enzyme activities were investigated. The results showed that the number of total microorganisms in the same soil layer followed the way of secondary broad-leaved forest＞masson pine forest＞shrub-grassland＞waste land, and it decreased with the increasing of soil depth. Microbe group showed the pattern of bacteria＞actinomycetes＞fungi. The SOC content in soil surface of secondary broad-leaved forest was the highest about (19.61±0.48) g/kg, and the AN content in masson pine forest was the highest，but the other soil nutrient content showed that secondary broad- leaved forest＞masson pine forest＞shrub-grassland＞waste land. The vertical distribution of soil enzyme activities in each vegetation type showed that the enzyme activities of soil surface were higher than that of the lower soil. And there was a great significant difference between different vegetation types. Besides, the activities of soil urease, invertase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase in secondary broad-leaved forest were obviously higher than that of masson pine forest, shrub-grassland and waste land. There were different correlations between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients under the same vegetation type. However, the urease activity showed negative correlation with soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus content in the waste land. The number of soil microorganism and soil enzyme activity could be the indices to evaluate the soil fertility, expecting to provide a more reasonable evaluation system for the natural recovery and reconstruction of vegetation in Guangxi Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve.

  Relationship Between the Biodiversity and Soil Biological Characteristics in the Abandoned Croplands of Minqin Oasis 2014, 30 (31):  41-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1820 Abstract + ( 654 )   PDF ( 663KB )   ( 486 ) In order to study the certain relations between the species diversity and biology characteristics in vegetation restoration, in this paper, the abandoned croplands in Minqin oasis, the lower reaches of the Shiyang River were chosen as research object and the relationship between its biodiversity and soil enzyme activity was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) with the restoration continues, the species Margalef index, Simpson index and Shanon- wiener index showed decreasing trend, while the community dominance index first increased and then decreased; (2)influenced by salinization process in the abandoned lands, the contents of soil catalase was significantly higher than that of phosphatase, urease and invertase, the contents of phosphatase, catalase and invertase showed fluctuating increase trend with the abandoned cropland restoration, while the content of urease had a decreasing trend which maybe caused by the less material source and decreased biodiversity following cropland abandonment; (3) there was correlation between soil enzyme activity and biodiversity indexes, urease had the most significant correlation with the biodiversity indexes, followed by phosphatase, while catalase and invertase had weak correlation with the biodiversity indexes.

  A Method of Ploidy Identification in Pear Using Flow Cytometry 2014, 30 (31):  46-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1432 Abstract + ( 630 )   PDF ( 2011KB )   ( 531 ) Although it has been widely used in the polyploid breeding of fruit trees, ploidy identification by flow cytometry facilitated in pear trees has not been well reported. In this study, key links in flow cytometry experiment were systemically optimized using pear leaves as materials. The results showed that the young leaves from the third-to-fifth leaf of the spring shoots, especially grew in greenhouse, were better for flow cytometry test. Before xperiment, successively washing young leaves with water and distilled water, and then immersing in distilled water for 10 min was also benefit for the test. In addition, the processes using WPB buffer to extract cell nucleus, twice filtrating the solution with 500 mesh filter membrane and once centrifugation of cell lysis solution were optimal for the ploidy identification by flow cytometry. In total, a simple, rapid and efficient method of flow cytometry suitable for pear ploidy identification was established and could be generally used for pear polyploid identification.

  Review on the Quantitative Analysis Methods of Polyphenols and Flavonids in the Leaf of Persimmon 2014, 30 (31):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1527 Abstract + ( 740 )   PDF ( 594KB )   ( 664 ) Persimmon leaves are the fresh or dried leaves of the plant in Ebenaeeae Diospyros. Being one of the traditional herbal medicines in China, persimmon leaves have the health care functions of antioxidant, anticancer, antibiosis, preventing and curing of cardiovascular cerebrovascular diseases due to main material bases of polyphenols and flavonids. The determination methods of total polyphenols and flavonoids for persimmon leaf mainly include the titration method, spectrophotometric method, HPLC method and so on. However, these methods have various advantages and disadvantages respectively, and their results show huge differences. So, the key task is to establish and prefect the quantitative analysis methods of polyphenols and flavonids in the leaves of persimmon. The current research status of quantitative analysis methods of polyphenols and flavonids of persimmon leaves are summarized in this paper with the aim to lay foundation for establishing methods which are rapid, simple and accurate.

  Research Advances in Tobacco Bioreactor for Production of Therapeutic Proteins 2014, 30 (31):  57-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1855 Abstract + ( 707 )   PDF ( 532KB )   ( 619 ) This article reviewed three main kinds of therapeutic proteins produced by tobacco bioreactors, concluded the expression systems producing exogenous recombinant protein including nuclear expression, chloroplast expression and transient expression, and highlighted oral tolerance induction using tobacco expressing autoantigens, accordingly this article raised the problems to be solved in tobacco bioreactor research and the solutions. From above analysis, prospect was made for further improvement of tobacco bioreactor for production of pharmaceutical proteins and its application in China's tobacco control programs.

  Response of tobacco δ13C value and carbon-nitrogen metabolism to increased UV-B radiation Jinhan Yang,Zongyu Chen, and 2014, 30 (31):  64-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0682 Abstract + ( 591 )   PDF ( 783KB )   ( 401 ) The paper aims to study the effect of enhanced UV- B radiation on δ13C value, carbon- nitrogen metabolism and chemical composition of tobacco leaf. Flue-cured tobacco variety‘K326’was taken as test material for enhanced UV-B radiation in field experiment in Zhaowei experimental base of Hongta District, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The results showed that 13 leaf position had a range of δ13C values of -26.77‰~-25.16‰under different treatments and 16 leaf position had a range of δ13C values of -26.00‰~ -24.99‰. In the natural environment, the measured value of UV-B radiation and the changed trend value of δ13C results indicated that the tobacco δ13C values decreased with UV-B radiation enhancing. Except the total carbon content of T1 reduced obviously, the rest of the total carbon content changed little. Total nitrogen content increased with ultraviolet radiation, especially obvious in T2. The UV-B radiation and total nitrogen content were significantly positive correlated (P＜0.05), and the UV-B radiation and carbon-nitrogen ratio had significant negative correlation (P＜0.05). The chemical compositions of the two leaf positions were scored as T2＞T1＞T3＞CK, and T2 had the best chemical composition coordination in the overall evaluation. Correlation analysis result showed that UV-B radiation was positively correlated with nicotine, total nitrogen and potassium, while negatively correlated with the total sugar, reduced sugar and chlorine, and had significantly negative correlation with reduced sugar (P＜0.05).

  Distribution of Chlorine Contents of Flue-cured Tobacco and Its Influencing Factors in Qianxinan 2014, 30 (31):  71-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1595 Abstract + ( 687 )   PDF ( 628KB )   ( 514 ) The distribution of chlorine contents of flue-cured tobacco and its influencing factors were analyzed in order to understand their characteristics in Qianxinan. The results showed that the range of variation of chlorine content in the flue-cured tobacco leaf was 0.24%-0.43%, the mean content was 0.30% and belonged to good-chlorine tobacco-planting areas. The chlorine content of flue-cured tobacco in Zhenfeng Country was significantly higher than that of other counties. The spatial distribution of chlorine content had a tendency of decreasing gradually from the northeast to southwest. The chlorine content of‘Xingyan1’was significantly higher than that of‘K326’. The chlorine content in flue-cured tobacco had an increasing trend along with increasing of soil clay content and soil organic matter content. When soil pH was 5.2-6.8, along with soil pH rising, the chlorine content in flue-cured tobacco had an increasing trend; when soil pH was 6.8-7.5 or below 5.2, along with soil pH rising, the chlorine content in flue-cured tobacco had a falling trend.

  Analysis of Nutrient Level and Microorganism Amounts of Tobacco Field in Nanping, Fujian 2014, 30 (31):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1368 Abstract + ( 632 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 499 ) The soil pH value, nutrient level and microorganism amounts of tobacco field in Nanping, Fujian were analyzed. The results showed that the pH value of representative soil samples was less than 5.5, the concentration of organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali- hydrolyzale nitrogen were the highest in clay. The amounts of bacteria were higher than fungi and actinomyces. The correlation between bacteria and total phosphorous, available phosphorous, total potassium and available phosphorous were close; the fungi had negative correlation with total phosphorous, available phosphorous and total potassium, and had positive correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali- hydrolyzale nitrogen and available potassium; actinomyces had significant correlation with available phosphorous; phosphate- solubilizing bacteria had positive correlation with soil nutrient; potassium-solubilizing bacteria had significant correlation with available phosphorus and had extremely correlation with total phosphorous; the cellulose-utilizing bacteria was highly related to alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen. The correlation between nutrient and microbes amounts in Nanping soil samples was not as strong as some other studies, which suggested that the weather condition, fertilization methods, especially the tobacco-rice crop rotation should be also important factors related to microbes growing. This study supplied more information about Nanping soil and also contributed to the better use of the microbiological fertilizer.

  Correlation Analysis of Appearance Characters and Intrinsic Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco 2014, 30 (31):  82-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1598 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 493KB )   ( 466 ) In order to find out the relationship of appearance characters with its main chemical components and smoking quality of flue-cured tobacco, 96 samples of flue-cured tobacco were sampled from tobacco planting bases of Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co. Ltd. Their appearance characters and smoking quality were evaluated and their main chemical components were determined. The relationship between appearance quality indexes of tobacco leaf samples and inner quality was studied, including the preliminarily quantified overall appearance quality status of tobacco leaf and the quantitative relationships between tobacco quality indexes. The results showed that the relationship of tobacco leaf quality indexes were different among different tobacco planting bases. Relationship between appearance quality indexes of tobacco leaf in Yanyuan, Yongan and Guizhou Province was apparent. And stalk position, color, oil and chrominance had closer correlation with other appearance indicators. The appearance structure of tobacco leaf in Guizhou Province showed significant correlation with other appearance indicators. However, the relationship between structure and other appearance indicators of tobacco leaf in Yanyuan and Yongan was not obvious.

  Major Gene Analysis of Resistance to Tobacco Bacterial Wilt 2014, 30 (31):  89-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1971 Abstract + ( 736 )   PDF ( 455KB )   ( 672 ) In order to provide evidence for resistance breeding scheme, the major gene of resistance to tobacco bacterial wilt was analyzed. The individual plants of 19 tobacco F2 populations were identified in disease field of Anhui Province in China in 2010 and mixed inheritance model (single-step-method) was used. The results showed that the inheritance of the resistance to tobacco bacterial wilt accorded with the major genes model which was additive - dominant - epistasis model (B-1 model) or additive - dominant model (B-2 model). The value of generalization heritability of major genes was among 52%-97%. The effect value order of major gene types was AABB ≥ AABb ≥ AAbb ≥ AaBB ≥ AaBb ≥ Aabb ≥ aaBB ≥ aaBb ≥ aabb. The epistasis effect was existed among major genes.

  Bioinformatics Analysis of Chitinase Class Ⅰ in Tobacco 2014, 30 (31):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2117 Abstract + ( 613 )   PDF ( 2192KB )   ( 358 ) The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ChiⅠ (chitinase classⅠ) in tobacco by using bioinformatics methods and tools. This research laid foundations for further research of ChiⅠ on disease of tobacco. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict and analyze the ChiⅠ (chitinase classⅠ) from NCBI of Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Phaseolus vulgaris in sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. The results demonstrated that the molecular weight of the ChiⅠ with signal peptide from the four plants were 28-37 kDa. The ChiⅠ had a glycoside hydrolase family 19 domain and N-terminal chitin binding domain, which was highly conservative among chitinases from several different plant species. The phylogenetic relationship of Nt-ChiA, Nt-ChiB and Nt-ChiC, and the relationship between ChiⅠ from Nicotiana tabacum and one of ChiⅠ from Arabidopsis thaliana and Phaseolus vulgaris was closer than that from Oryza sativa. The result implied the properties of ChiⅠ in tobacco were almost the same as that of other plants. This study provided the basis for further research on tobacco disease resistance proteins.

  The relationship of tobacco δ13C value and photosynthetic pigment and chemical constituents in different ecological zones Zongyu Chen,,, and 2014, 30 (31):  100-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0863 Abstract + ( 1670 )   PDF ( 875KB )   ( 438 ) To study the formation of tobacco aroma style in different ecological zones, we chose flue- cured tobacco‘K326’which was planted in three different ecological zones (Yunnan, Fujian and Henan) as the test sample. The first sampling was processed after 70 days from tobacco transplanting by collecting mature leaf in 7th position. Then after every 12 days, we collected mature tobacco leaves in position #10, #13, and #16 successively. δ13C value, photosynthetic pigment and chemical constituents variation of tobacco leaves were analyzed in our experiments. The results showed that δ13C value with chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids content with chlorophyll were negatively correlated. The δ13C value of Fujian and Yunnan had significant negative correlation with the total chlorophyll a and chlorophyll (P＜0.05). The δ13C values of Henan had weak positive correlation with chlorophyll carotenoids ratio and chlorophyll a/b ratio. The same value in Fujian and Yunnan were positively correlated to chlorophyll and carotenoids ratio, while negatively correlated to the chlorophyll a/b ratio. In Fujian and Yunnan chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, overall chlorophyll content and carotenoid content (except leaves in position 13th) had no significant differences (P＞0.05). The average δ13C value was positively correlated to nicotine, nitrogen and potassium, and had weak negative correlation with total sugar, reducing sugar and chlorine. Intuitive comparison of total sugar, reducing sugar, nitrogen and potassium among samples from three areas showed that Henan’s was significantly different from Fujian’s and Yunnan’s, while no obvious difference was found between Fujian’s and Yunnan’s. As to δ13C value, Henan’s was the minimum (the average value of four leaf position was -29.67‰), which was significantly different from Fujian’s (-26.32‰) and Yunnan’s (-25.6‰). Meanwhile the value was not significantly different between samples from Fujian and Yunnan. Generally speaking, the δ13C values were different among regions, not only changed roughly identical with photosynthetic pigment content, but also had similar trends with chemical composition. δ13C value, photosynthetic pigment and chemical composition of tobacco leaf from three different regions had different styles. This conclusion provided idea that using δ13C as threshold we could determine planting districts of tobaccos with different aroma style.

  Regulation Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on the Content of Fluoride in Fresh Tea Leaves 2014, 30 (31):  108-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1418 Abstract + ( 616 )   PDF ( 693KB )   ( 401 ) 3-year field experiments were conducted on two yellowish red earth tea plantations in Xuancheng and Xiuning, which were mechanical plucking tea garden and artificial plucking tea garden respectively, to study the dynamic of fluoride content in the fresh tea leaves under different nitrogen levels in tea gardens located on the yellowish red earth. The results showed that, the content of fluoride in fresh tea leaves decreased year by year, and decreased with the increase of nitrogen rates in both mechanical plucking tea garden and artificial plucking tea garden. The regulation equations of Xuancheng tea garden and Xiuning tea garden were y=2.7072x2-36.641x+305.73 (R2=0.9827) and y=-0.4235x2-6.7592x+118.48 (R2=0.9815), respectively. The fluorine content in one bud with three leaves shoot increased rapidly with the delay of plucking time, but it began to decline in August. Applying nitrogen in tea garden had some regulatory effects on the fluoride content in fresh leaves of spring tea, summer tea and autumn tea. The fluoride contents decreased in the following order: summer tea＞autumn tea＞spring tea, and decreased by 27.75%, 15.41% and 12.37%, respectively, comparing to that under the control treatment. The nitrogen application benefit results showed that N180 was the best nitrogen level to reduce fluoride content in tea leaves in Xiuning and Xuancheng. The fluorine content in fresh tea leaves decreased by 1.73% and 0.45% with per kilogram N application, comparing to the control treatment. Therefore, long-term rational application of nitrogen fertilizer in tea garden can effectively reduce the fluoride content in fresh tea leaves.

  Clustering Analysis of Ancient Tea Plants in Yunnan Baiying Mountain Based on Morphological Identification and Leaf Anatomical Structure 2014, 30 (31):  114-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1939 Abstract + ( 843 )   PDF ( 1123KB )   ( 481 ) In this study, the morphology and leaf anatomical structure of 12 kinds of ancient tea plants including 60 germplasms were identified and analyzed. On this base, a dendrogram of these ancient tea plants was established and genetic relationship among them was analyzed, which would provide morphological and cytological evidences for lucubrating their origination and evolution, as well as accelerating their development and utilization. The results indicated that, 12 kinds of gemplasms were clustered into two main groups and four subclasses. Group Ⅰ consisted of one wild type (Benshan) and three semi-wild types (Heitiaozi, Ergazi and Dayebenshanbaiyakou), which were tall arbors or semi-arbors with absent or sparse young shoot pubescences, large leaves, thicker cuticles, one lay of palisade cells and many bulky sclereids. Four cultivated types (Menkudaye, Menkuxiaoye, Baiyazi and Doumie) belonged to group Ⅱ-a, which were semi-arbors or shrubs with denser young shoot pubescences, one to two layers of palisade cells, as well as few small sclereids. Three semi-wild types (Liuye, Heqing and Tengzi) were classed into group Ⅱ-b, which were horizontal spreading shrubs with medium young shoot pubescences, medium leaves, one to two layers of palisade cells and few small sclereids. Group Ⅱ-c had only one member, Hongya, which was semi-wild shrub with bright reddish violet young shoots, large leaves, and diversifying sclereidsin morphologyand size.

  Nutrient of Grafted Seeding of Camellia oleifera Under Different Water Conditions and Nitrogen Content 2014, 30 (31):  122-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1909 Abstract + ( 590 )   PDF ( 507KB )   ( 405 ) The nutrient content of leaves and roots of Camellia oleifera grafted seeding was studied under different water conditions in order to provide a basis for reasonable fertilization and improve resistance of Camellia oleifera seedling. The content of C, N and P content of biennial Camellia oleifera grafted seeding under different water (soil moisture content: 28%-31%, 15%-18%, 9%-12%) and nutrient (0, 0.375, 0.75 g per seedling) conditions was investigated by physiological and biochemical tests. Results showed that low nitrogen (0.375 g per seedling) application made for C, N, P and K accumulation under soil water stress condition. Low and high nitrogen application made for C, N and P accumulation, but had no effect on K accumulation under light water stress. Low nitrogen application prompted C, N, P and K accumulation of leaves as well as C, N and K accumulation of roots under severe degree soil water stress. However, high nitrogen application could not prompt C accumulation of leaves but prompted C and N accumulation of roots instead.

  Sensory Quality Evaluation and Biochemical Composition of Luokeng Black Tea 2014, 30 (31):  126-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1910 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 717KB )   ( 507 ) In order to deeply understand the physiological and biochemical characteristics of wild tea germplasm resources in Guangdong and effectively use wild tea germplasm resources for breeding black tea, eighteen amino acid components, eight soluble sugars, six kinds of catechin components in 14 black tea samples were detected with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology, and combined with sensory quality evaluation, to screen black tea germplasm in Luokeng tea group. The HPLC results showed that EGC had an absolute superiority in catechin, between 15-60 mg/g, and LX4-1, LX4-2 and JG5-1 had higher contents of the total six catechins, they were 118.8, 88.2 and 106.2 mg/g. Maltose was the main component in soluble sugars, between 7-18 mg/g, NJW6-2, SK1-2 and LX4-2 had higher contents of the total eight soluble sugar components, they were 64.1, 40.1, 41.0 mg/g; theanine was the main component in the amino acids, between 10.3-23.0 mg/g, and LX4-1, DBT9-1 and FSP7-2 had higher contents of the total 18 amino acids, they were 42.0, 41.2, 42.5 mg/g. The sensory quality evaluation results showed that HJY3-1 and LX4-1 were rich in almond fragrance, JG5- 1 had special bitterness, NJW6- 2 had very strong sweetness. The results showed that different wild black tea had high diversity in biochemical component content，and HJY3-1, LX4-1, JG5-1, NJW6-2 were excellent germplasms to black tea breeding.

  Research on Sugarcane Seedling Physiological Response to Drought Stress 2014, 30 (31):  132-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1800 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 542KB )   ( 449 ) The study was conducted to research six sugarcane varieties’response to drought stress in seedling period in Yunnan, to determine their drought resistance. The tested sugarcane varieties were planted with pots by using artificial water control to cause drought stress condition, the physiological indices such as soluble sugar, praline content, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content (MDA), moisture content and plasma membrane permeability were measured. Fuzzy membership functions and the cluster analysis method for multiindex comprehensive analysis were adopted to evaluate the drought resistance of the six sugarcane varieties. The results indicated that‘Mintang69-421’showed strong drought resistance,‘ROC22’and‘Guitang11’ showed moderate drought resistance,‘Yuetang93- 159’,‘Yuetang86- 368’and‘Dianzhe01- 58’showed weak drought resistance.

  Specific Molecular Assay for the Detection of Greenhouse Vegetables Meloidogyne spp. in Shaanxi 2014, 30 (31):  136-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1162 Abstract + ( 682 )   PDF ( 858KB )   ( 441 ) In order to identify the species of vegetable root-knot nematodes in Shaanxi Province，the reported specific primers of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal.) Chitwood, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold & White) Chitwood, Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) were served as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay primers respectively to detect Meloidogyne spp. of greenhouse vegetables that obtained from twenty four sampling areas that distributed in twenty cities and counties in Shaanxi. Our study showed that M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. hapla and M. javanica were detected, and M. incognita was the dominant species; most sampling areas were infected by single population, however, specific sampling areas were infected by two populations.

  Inheritance of Anthocyanin Contents in Purple Leaves of Non-heading Chiness Cabbage 2014, 30 (31):  141-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2178 Abstract + ( 649 )   PDF ( 540KB )   ( 1033 ) In order to study the inheritance of the purple leaves in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee), a hybridization combination and its respective six-generations, Fl, F2, backcrosses Bl and B2 and their parents Pl and P2，were made with a purple and a green leaves in non-heading Chinese cabbage varieties. The content of anthocyanin in non-heading Chinese cabbage was determined by using the method of spectrophotometry at 540 nm, and the inheritance anthocyanin was analyzed by the segregation analysis of quantitative traits in multiple generations. The results showed that relative anthocyanin contents in leaves of crosses were between the parents, displayed one asymmetry peak or multimodal distribution，and it was much closer to the purple leave parent. The heritance of anthocyanin contents in leaves of non-heading Chinese cabbage fitted the pattern of E-0 mode1, which was additive- dominance- epitasis major gene plus additive- dominance- epitasis polygene. The major gene heritability was 59.17% and polygene heritability was 27.58% in F2 generations in the crosses, while the environmental variance accounted for 19.48% of the phenotypic variance. In the B1 (F1×purple) the major gene heritability reached 74.12% , so it was suggested artificial selection of purple leaves trait of non- heading Chinese cabbage could be carried out in the separation of the early generation on an ample light and suitable temperature day in fall, and it was more efficient in B1.

  Water and Nitrogen Utilization and Nitrogen Leaching of Different Irrigation Mode in Cabbage 2014, 30 (31):  147-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1546 Abstract + ( 639 )   PDF ( 487KB )   ( 498 ) In order to reduce excessive irrigation and fertilization in cabbage cultivation, field experiment was conducted to study water and nitrogen utilization and leaching in different water- saving irrigation modes, irrigation and fertilization amount. The result showed that the highest yield of cabbage was 57135 kg/hm2, obtained in mulched drip irrigation and application of nitrogen 300 kg/hm2. The water utilization efficiency in mulched drip irrigation was significantly higher than that in the treatment of ridge cultivation with mulched irrigation. And water utilization efficiency was the highest when the application of nitrogen was 300 kg/hm2. The nitrogen utilization efficiency in mulched drip irrigation was higher than that in the treatment of ridge cultivation with mulched irrigation. The amount and depth of nitrogen leaching in ridge cultivation with mulched irrigation were higher than that in the treatment of mulched drip irrigation. After the harvest, the content of mineral nitrogen in the 200 cm soil layer ridge with the treatment of cultivation with mulched irrigation was higher compared with mulched drip irrigation.

  Effects of Exogenous SO2 on Seed Germination of Perilla frutescens 2014, 30 (31):  151-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2258 Abstract + ( 578 )   PDF ( 684KB )   ( 679 ) The study aims to investigate the implantation of exogenous SO2 on Perilla frutescens seeds germination and seedling membrane physiology and biochemical. The research used various concentrations of SO2 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mmol/L) to treat Perilla frutescens seeds to germinate under appropriate conditions, and determine its seeds germination rate, germination potential and germination index, as well as chlorophyll, MDA (malondia idehyde), POD (peroxidase), PPO (polyphenoloxidase), soluble sugar content of seedlings. The results showed that with the SO2 concentration increased, the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, POD activity and soluble sugar content were first increased and then decreased, the maximum reached 1.5 mmol/L. Chlorophyll content generally showed a gradual upward trend with the increase of SO2 concentration. MDA content, PPO activity along with the increase of SO2 concentration, a generally upward trend after the first fall, were lowest in 1.5 mmol/L. What the figure showed that in the SO2 concentration of 1.5 mmol/L was most favorable for Perilla frutescens seeds germination and growth, and could improve seeds antioxidant stress capacity.

  Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships Analysis of Cowpea Germplasm Resources by SRAP and SSR 2014, 30 (31):  156-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1615 Abstract + ( 891 )   PDF ( 830KB )   ( 576 ) The paper aims to reveal the genetic relationship of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) germplasm at molecular level and provide some theoretical basis for germplasm collection, identification, utilization and genetic improvement. The authors studied the genetic diversities and phylogenetic relationships of forty-one cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) germplasms from China and Malaysia based on SRAP and SSR markers. Thirtyone SRAP primers and five SSR primers with polymorphism and repeatability were selected from 65 SRAP primers and ten SSR primers for PCR amplification in 41 samples, respectively. A total of 230 bands were generated by SRAP-PCR and SSR-PCR. Thirty one SRAP primers generated 196 bands with an average of 6.3 bands per primer pair, of which 161 were polymorphic and PPB was 82.14%. Five SSR primers generated 34 bands with an average of 6.8 bands per primer pair, of which 25 were polymorphic and PPB was 73.53%. The result showed that genetic diversity of the 41 cowpea germplasms in this study was relatively rich. Cluster analysis with UPGMA method based on SRAP and SSR markers revealed that the genetic similarity among cowpea germplasms ranged from 0.1667-0.9516, and most of which were higher than 0.674. The result herein showed that 41 samples could be clearly distinguished by SRAP and SSR markers and the genetic distance among partial cowpea germplasms were high. The study will provide a reference for utilization and new variety selection of cowpea resources.

  Effect of Foliage Spraying Exogenous Materials on Quality of Tomato Fruit 2014, 30 (31):  164-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2115 Abstract + ( 620 )   PDF ( 671KB )   ( 741 ) In order to investigate the effect of foliage spraying exogenous materials on the apparent properties and quality of tomato fruits, the experiment of tomato cultivation in solar greenhouse was conducted using KCl, MnSO4, abscisic acid (ABA) and the above 3 kinds of mixture solution as the foliage spraying exogenous materials. The yield, size and the content of lycopene, soluble sugar, vitamin C and organic acid in tomato fruits were detected after the experiment. The results showed that the exogenous materials spraying could dramatically approve the quality and size of tomato fruits, especially the content of soluble solids. However, the mixture of KCl, MnSO4 and ABA addition could be significantly improved the soluble solids content in tomato fruits with increment of 32.09%. In addition, different exogenous materials had no significant influence on fruit height, yield per plant, lycopene, vitamin C and organic acid, but it significantly influenced the fruit diameter, fruit weight and soluble sugar of tomato fruits, respectively.

  Studies on PhosphorusAbsorption, Utilization and Environment pH Characteristics of Five Apple Rootstocks on AlPO4 Stress 2014, 30 (31):  169-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1725 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 510KB )   ( 436 ) Orchard soil acidification is increasingly serious with the over-application of fertilizer in these years. The aluminum in acid soil may destroy the root tips and decrease the elongation of root, therefore inhibit the tree growth. Thus, five kinds of one- year- old apple rootstocks [Malus hupehensis Rehd., M. micromalus Makino, M. baccata Borkh., M. prunifolia (Willd) Borkh. and M. sievesii (Ledeb.) Roemer] were used to study the phosphorus acquisition and utilization characteristics under AlPO4 stress. The results were as follows: organ biomass and plant dry weight of five rootstocks from high to low were Malus hupehensis Rehd.＞M. micromalus Makino＞M. sievesii (Ledeb.) Roemer＞M. prunifolia (Willd) Borkh.＞M. baccata Borkh. Under AlPO4 stress, phosphorus acquisition efficiency (PAE) of Malus hupehensis Rehd. was the highest (8.85 mg/plant), then followed M. micromalus Makino (6.93 mg/plant), while the PAE of M. baccata Borkh. was the lowest (2.22 mg/ plant). Organ dry weight and plant dry weight of five rootstocks increased significantly after the induction of low volume phosphorus, whereas significant difference could be seen among the five rootstocks M. baccata Borkh. had the most vigorous growth on biomass and PAE, which was increased by 2.17 and 2.27 fold respectively, and then followed by M. prunifolia (Willd) Borkh. (1.55 and 1.74 fold), while that of Malus hupehensis Rehd. increased the minimum, with the biomass and PAE increased 0.44 and 0.38 fold respectively. However, no significant difference was found on the phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) of the five rootstocks. In consequence, the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. was the best under AlPO4 stress, then followed by M. micromalus Makino, while the adaptability of M. baccata Borkh. was the worst. AlPO4 stress lowered the environment pH of the rootstocks compared to adding phosphorus treatment, and the pH declined of Malus hupehensis Rehd. was 1.52, then followed by M. micromalus Makino (0.59), while the pH of M. baccata Borkh. lowered only 0.22.

  Optimizing of ISSR-PCR System in Pyrus and General Research in SRAP and SSR Markers 2014, 30 (31):  174-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1467 Abstract + ( 586 )   PDF ( 1451KB )   ( 547 ) The study aims to optimize ISSR-PCR reaction system in Pyrus and verify its universality in other markers. Taking‘Shinseiki’בChonghuadali’F1 hybrid generation as the experimental material, the L25(56) orthogonal design was used to optimize 4 factors in ISSR-PCR amplification, including DNA template, primer, dNTPs and Taq polymerase. The result of PCR was analyzed, the most suitable ISSR-PCR system for Pyrus was established, which was 20μL reaction system, containing DNA 3 ng/μL, dNTPs 0.20 mmol/L, primer 0.5μmol/L and TaqDNA polymerase 0.03 U/μL. Optimization of the reaction system also applied to SRAP and SSR markers. The study can provide theoretical basis for future genetic diversity analysis, evaluation of germplasm resources and genetic map construction in Pyrus, and cut the cost and raise the efficiency of the experiment.

  Influence Evaluation of Continuous Rain to Peach Production in Spring and Summer in Tianshui 2014, 30 (31):  181-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1655 Abstract + ( 582 )   PDF ( 581KB )   ( 461 ) To effectively determine the effect of continuous rain in spring and summer on the production of peach in Tianshui, statistical method and risk principle were used to extract the main disaster factors and even construct the model of meteorological disaster risk assessment. The main disaster factors affected the production significantly when peach began fruit- setting in early May and peach began fast growing and inflating to mature from late July to early August. The continuous rain occurred in early May was the worst factor and the contribution rate was up to 83%. Among these two periods, the mild disaster occurred most. The results showed that mild and major disaster evaluation accuracy were 75% and 83% , and the evaluation accuracy of moderate and severe disaster were up to 100%. The disaster evaluation result was ideal and had reference value in agricultural disaster prevention and reduction.

  Study on the New Two Crops A Year Rotation Cultivation Model of Konjac and Fritillaria 2014, 30 (31):  186-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1727 Abstract + ( 571 )   PDF ( 802KB )   ( 451 ) To explore the new two crops a year rotation cultivation model of konjac with winter crops such as fritillaria, the author studied the growth period, yield, diseases and insect pests, economic benefit and cultivation physiology. The results showed that, growing period of the two crops could be completed in one year, yield was 12377.85 kg/hm2 and benefit was 61889.25 yuan/hm2 by single cropping, yield of konjac and fritillaria were 12489.00 kg/hm2, 8889.00 kg/hm2 respectively by rotation, total benefits were 151335.00 yuan/hm2. Compared with the control, there was no significant difference in disease, increase rate of konjac yield was 0.89% , although pests increased 1.92% and the comprehensive benefit increased 107.66% . Meanwhile, physiological problems of konjac planting rhizomes was reported firstly, the important relationship was discovered between growth period and safe storage, the growth period of 184 days or longer was the basic guarantee condition for the physiological maturity. The new cultivation model could solve the problem of less tillage land in mountains, overexploitation of wild resources, and achieve both biodiversity conservation and economic benefits.

  Effects of Intercropping Different Zingiberaceae Crops in Mature Rubber Plantation on Soil Nutrients and Soil Enzymes 2014, 30 (31):  192-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1610 Abstract + ( 766 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 491 ) The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of intercropping zingiberaceae crops with mature rubber on soil nutrients and soil enzymes. Soil nutrients and soil enzymes of mature rubber plantation with different intercropping Zingiberaceae crops were determined by conventional determination method. Results showed that effects of intercropping different Zingiberaceae crops in mature rubber plantation on total potassium, NO3-N (except intercropping ginger), pH value (except intercropping ginger), soil acid phosphatase activities, soil catalase oxidase activities (except intercropping Alpinia katsumadai) were little (P＞0.05). The organic matter content, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and total nitrogen (except intercropping Alpinia katsumadai) content and soil urease activities in mature rubber plantation soils significantly decreased after intercropping 3 species of Zingiberaceae crops. However, the NH4+-N content (except intercropping Amomum villosum), available potassium content and soil sucrase activities increased significantly. These results demonstrated that intercropping Zingiberaceae crops could improve the soil nitrogen and potassium supply capacity and decrease soil phosphorus supply capacity in short time. At the same time, these findings showed that in order to achieve the long-term success of intercropping in mature plantation, people must strengthen the crop fertilization to make soil nutrient balance, maintain soil function and protect soil quality.

  Assessment of Accumulation Characteristics and Pollution of Lead and Cadmium in Soil-Ligusticum chuanxiong System Under Different Tillage Methods peng pei hao and 2014, 30 (31):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1495 Abstract + ( 588 )   PDF ( 566KB )   ( 543 ) In order to clarify the effect of different tillage methods on heavy metal content in different parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong, four types of soil with different previous crops as vegetable-herb, rice-no tillage, riceconventional tillage and dry land (with other crops) were studied to explore characteristics of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) accumulation in soil- Ligusticum chuanxiong system and the pollution status. Three evaluation methods, including Nemerow index (P) method, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) method and enrichment factor (EF) method, were adopted in the study. The results showed that the current situation of soil was out of danger by Pb but in danger by Cd in varying degrees. Contents of Cd and Pb in soil were significantly different in vegetable-herb planting pattern than in the other three planting patterns, and contents of Pb had a decreasing tendency with the increase of soil pH value. The content of Pb in the four planting patterns showed an order as vegetable-herb ＞ rice-no tillage ＞ rice-conventional tillage ＞ dry land. Contents of Cd in Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizomes and leaves were up to the standard of WM/T 2-2004 (except in vegetable-herb pattern), showed an order as vegetable-herb ＞ rice-no tillage ＞ rice-conventional tillage ＞ dry land. Contents of Pb exceed the standard with average concentration of 6.16 mg/kg in rhizomes and 8.63 mg/kg in leaves, and increased with the rise of soil pH value. Among different parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong, the leaves had a higher enrichment capacity of Cd and Pb than the rhizomes, the herb has a higher enrichment capacity of Cd than Pb, too.

  High Functional Ingredients Screening in Begonia Resources 2014, 30 (31):  205-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1252 Abstract + ( 640 )   PDF ( 459KB )   ( 514 ) Begonia fruit is rich in sugar and acid, vitamins, tannins and other functional ingredients, and has broad application prospect in the development of functional food. The study selected 48 hybrid Begonia strains of fruit, investigated the main appearances of the fruit and determined the functional components: total soluble sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C and tannins content. According to the performance of the comprehensive character, the author screened out superior system of high functional ingredients and good appearance quality. The results showed that the functional ingredients in Begonia fruit were significantly higher than those in apple fruit. And the contents of total soluble sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C and tannins could reach 1.86, 2.23, 6.72 and 33.4 times of that in apple fruit respectively. The selected strains can be regarded as hybrid parents with apple, to improve the nutrition and taste of apple fruit, and also have certain reference value for cultivating comprehensive agronomic characters of fine varieties.

  Application of Different Plant Growth Regulators in‘Summer Black’Grapes 2014, 30 (31):  210-213.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1408 Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 473KB )   ( 582 ) The effect of different plant growth regulators on the quality of four- year- old‘Summer Black’grapes under protected culture was studied. It was indicated that 3 plant growth regulators could promote enlargement of grapes. The effects of CPPU and TDZ on enlargement of fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter were better than that of GA3. Furthermore, soluble solids content dropped significantly when treated with 3 plant growth regulators. Soluble solids content treated with CPPU and TDZ was lower than that treated with GA3. On the whole, it was appropriate to treat‘Summer Black’grapes two times with GA3. It was recommended to apply 25 mg/L GA3on full-bloom stage and 50 mg/L GA310 days later in production. Key words:‘Summer Black’grape; GA3; CPPU; TDZ; fruit quality

  Research of the Rapid Identification System for Purity and Authenticity of Sugarbeet Variety by Using SSR Markers 2014, 30 (31):  214-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1577 Abstract + ( 588 )   PDF ( 742KB )   ( 523 ) The study aims to establish an experimental system of rapid identification of beet variety purity and authenticity, to optimized extraction, detection of DNA, PCR reaction system, program, electrophoresis and the method of developing multiple aspects, and finally to set up a set of simple, rapid, economical and less polluted identification system for sugarbeet variety purity and authenticity. With 96- hole PCR plates, alkali decomposition method was used to extract DNA from dried seed (or leaf powder). Using nontoxic Gelred substitute carcinogenic EB, DNA concentration was extracted with λDNA. PCR reaction system was 5 μL, using multiple PCR to replace a single PCR; PCR reaction procedure was 94℃, degeneration 15 s, annealing 15 s, extension 72℃ for 30 s, 30 cycles and extended at 72℃ for 5 min finally. Separation of the PCR products was conducted using 8% of Native-PAGE, and rapid argentation was used to develop polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis. Using the optimized program, a skillful laboratory operator can complete 192 samples of detection within one day.

  Impact of Hydraulic Retention Time on Wetland Running 2014, 30 (31):  219-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0621 Abstract + ( 730 )   PDF ( 635KB )   ( 927 ) A simulated horizontal subsurface-flowed constructed wetland was set up in laboratory to study the water quality out from the wetland in horizontal distribution uniformity condition. Four scenarios were set to analyze the removal efficiency of COD, TN and TP in order to determine the optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT). Results showed that the average removal rate of wetlands to COD, TN and TP was 54.04%, 65.83% and 80.79% when the HRT was 3 days; the average removal rate of wetlands to COD, TN and TP was 75.93%, 74.97% and 77.34% when the HRT was 2 days, the average removal of constructed wetlands to COD, TN and TP were 73.19%, 56.20% and 73.36% when HRT was 1 day; the average removal of constructed wetlands to COD, TN and TP was 46.46%, 34.91% and 47.04% when HRT was 0.5 day. If only concerning wetland water quality, the HRT of 2 days would guarantee effluent quality meet the standard Ⅴ class of‘Surface Water Quality Standard (GB 3838-2002)’.

  Effect of 3 Afforestation Vine Species on Decreasing Temperature and Increasing Humidity 2014, 30 (31):  224-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1741 Abstract + ( 680 )   PDF ( 571KB )   ( 482 ) By measuring diurnal photosynthesis and transpiration, three afforestation vine species in Shandong Province of China, including Euonymus fortunei, Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus tricuspidata, were studied in order to appraise their effect on decreasing temperature and increasing humidity by taking an observation of the carbon dioxide absorbing capacity and oxygen producing. Results showed that the capacity of carbon dioxide absorbing and oxygen producing of E. fortunei, L. japonica and P. tricuspidata were 7.32 and 5.32, 6.87 and 5.43, and 4.99 and 3.95 g/(m2·d), respectively. Moreover, the effect of decreasing temperature and increasing humidity was different among 3 vine species, the effect of L. japonica was the best, followed by E. fortunei, and the effect of P. tricuspidata was the least.

  Analysis of Variation Characteristics of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Gonghe Basin from 2000 to 2012 2014, 30 (31):  229-234.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1752 Abstract + ( 583 )   PDF ( 972KB )   ( 472 ) In order to analyze the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) in Gonghe Basin and to provide the basis for vegetation resource management and environment protection policy establishment, based on GIS technology, a quantitative analysis was conducted on the spatiotemporal characteristics of vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) in Gonghe Basin. Average annual vegetation NPP data of MOD17A3 dataset from 2000 to 2012 were used. Results showed that the Basin average annual NPP was 103.3 g C/(m2·a), ranged from 369.3 g C/(m2·a) to 482.1 g C/(m2·a) during the 13 years. In terms of the average annual NPP of the main vegetation types in the Gonghe Basin, meadow had the highest value of 128.8 g C/(m2·a), and the lowest NPP value 34.9 g C/(m2·a) was found in shrub. Compared with that in 2000, the annual NPP in most part of the basin in 2012 increased，the area with decreased NPP value only accounted for 0.68% of the total area of the basin. The increase of the annual NPP in the basin was mainly in linear type, and the area with NPP decrease only occupied 0.7% of the territory of the basin. The result proved that the vegetation was improved in the basin from 2000 to 2012.

  The Design Model of Outdoor Landscape to Housing Relocation of Harbin Farmers 2014, 30 (31):  235-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1314 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 1278KB )   ( 602 ) The housing relocation was one of the products of urbanization. The lifestyle and physical environment of residents here had many conflicts compared to the original states, made them uncomfortable, had a great negative impact on the lives and psychology of farmers. This article took Harbin suburban land-lost and cartilage-lost farmers as the research object, through field investigation of Harbin housing relocation, summed up the aesthetic specificity and behavioral activity needs of the farmers and main problems of outdoor space environment, finally proposed strategies about the design of outdoor space to housing relocation of Harbin farmers, which meet the aesthetic demand and behavior needs of Harbin suburban land- lost and cartilage-lost farmers, ensure farmers have certain home feeling and sense of belonging.

  Recent Progress of Interactions between Rice and Pathogens 2014, 30 (31):  241-249.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2012 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 539 ) Rice blast and blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) respectively, are the most destructive diseases of rice in the world. The interactions between rice-M. oryzae and rice-Xoo have become model systems in the study of plant- pathogen interactions. In this review, the author summarized recent research on the structure and function of isolated resistance genes to M. oryzae and Xoo, a number of novel identified pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors related to M. oryzae and Xoo, and PAMP- and effector-triggered rice immunity responses and signaling transduction mediated by M. oryzae or Xoo, suggesting that the interactions between avirulence effectors and their cognate resistance proteins could provide new insights into the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions, especially useful for rice breeding against M. oryzae and Xoo.

  A Preservation Method of Cassava Germplasm in Vitro 2014, 30 (31):  250-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2139 Abstract + ( 839 )   PDF ( 482KB )   ( 495 ) The study aims to investigate the preservation methods of cassava germplasm in vitro. The authors used cassava tissue culture plantlets as the main material to observe the survival rate of transplanting plantlets in green house, the growth change of plant height and stem in test tube, and to compare the effect of cassava germplasm preservation in different tissue culture medium. Results showed that, in the culture room of temperature (25±2)℃, light intensity 3000 lx and photoperiod 16 h/8 h, cassava germplasm tissue culture plantlets in medium with pH 5.8 and MS 0.2 mg/L NAA 80 mg/L Kan 30 g/L sucrose 9 g/L agar could well survive for 22 to 24 months, the survival rate of transplanting plantlets in green house was more than 90%, 5-8 times of the survival rate in normal medium without any kanamycin. The study developed a good method to preserve cassava germplasm in vitro for remarkable cost saving of labor, reagents, water and electricity energy. It could also provide good quality of tissue culture plantlets for further utilization.

  Screening of Straw Cellulose Degrading Microorganisms and Construction of A High Efficient Complex Microbial System 2014, 30 (31):  254-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2018 Abstract + ( 942 )   PDF ( 1108KB )   ( 443 ) This article aims to screen an efficient cellulolytic mixed strain from the soil and rotten stalk, and study its application to natural cellulose. Congo red stain was used to primarily screen the isolated strains, and DNS method was used to measure all strains’CMC enzyme activity. A complex microbial system capable of degrading cellulose with high efficiency was constructed by mixed cultured of strains of high enzyme activity and no antagonism. The results showed that, the enzyme activity of 3 fungus mixed culture was higher than that from the fermentation of single fungus. Strain F1 was identified as Botryosphaeria, F2 was identified as Rhizopus oryzae and F5 was identified as Fusarium oxysporum by morphological and molecular technology. When the carbon source was straw, the CMC enzyme activity of F1, F2, F5 was 39.2 μmol/mL, 31.4 μmol/mL, 40.6 μmol/mL respectively. The cellulase produced by mixed fermentation of F1 F2 F5 showed a strong enzyme activity of 50.12 μmol/mL. The enzyme activity of fungus community was 23% higher than that of F5 single fungus. The experiment results indicated that the enzyme activity of the microbial community was higher than that from the fermentation of single fungus, and fungus F1, F2 and F5 had tremendous potential value for microbial fertilizer.

  Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes from A New Pilidium concavum Tan-brown Leaf Spot of Strawberry 2014, 30 (31):  261-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1768 Abstract + ( 847 )   PDF ( 975KB )   ( 448 ) Pilidium concavum tan-brown leaf spot of strawberry was a new disease in China. The disease can cause leaf necrosis and fruit rot. In order to clarify pathogenesis of the pathogen causing tan-brown leaf spot of strawberry, the activity assay and the study on pathogenicity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) of Pilidium concavum from strawberry were conducted. The types and activity of CWDEs produced by P. concavum were analyzed by the 3,5-two nitro salicylic acid method (DNS) and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method. The results showed that a series of CWDEs including polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylgalacturonase (PMG), polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase (PGTE) and pectin methyl trans-eliminase (PMTE) were detected in artificial culture of P. concavum, but without celluase (Cx). Among the four CWDEs, the activity of PG and PMG were significantly higher than that of PGTE and PMTE. And the optimal culture time of PG and PMG was 6 days, the optimal culture temperature of PMG was 23℃ and of PG was 28℃, shaking alternating culture was good for the production of PG and PMG. In addition, fruit rot and leaf necrosis in strawberry were caused by pectinase (PG and PMG), which indicated that the pectinase from P. concavum played an important role in the process of pathogenicity.

  The Antibacterial Effect of Different Molecular Weight of Chitosan on Four Bacterial 马海宾,,, and 2014, 30 (31):  267-271.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2007 Abstract + ( 1231 )   PDF ( 550KB )   ( 823 ) In recent years, with the development of research on chitosan, its unusual antibacterial activity attracted wide attention of scholars. In this study, in order to obtain the antibacterial effect of chitosan on eucalyptus Ralstonia bacteria and its antagonistic bacteria, the inhibition effect of different molecular weight of chitosan on 302- Paenibacillus polymyxa, 199- Bacillus cereus, 76- eggplant Ralstonia Lal coli and RSeucalyptus Ralstonia bacteria were researched. The method of disc agar diffusion was used to study antibacterial activity of different molecular weight of chitosan. The method of serial dilution was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different molecular weight of chitosan. At the same time, the antibacterial effect of the molecular weight of 2200 chitosan under different pH value was also explored. The results showed that the inhibition effect of different molecular weights of chitosan on 76-eggplant Ralstonia Lal and RS-coli bacterial wilt pathogen was significant; especially the molecular weight of 2200 and 50000 chitosan has the best inhibition effect. With the increasing of chitosan concentration, the inhibition effect on the two bacteria above gradually increased, the Mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) was above 0.05%. The inhibition effect of different molecular weight chitosan on 302-Paenibacillus polymyxa and 199-Bacillus cereus was weaker comparing to 76-eggplant Ralstonia Lal and RS-coli bacterial wilt pathogen, the Mic was 0.1%. The best antibacterial effect was obtained on pH 5.5-6.5. So far, the antibacterial effect of different molecular weight of chitosan on the bacterial strain above had not been reported.

  Funneliformis mosseas on Soybean Seedling Root Rot Fungi Diversity of Continuous Cropping 2014, 30 (31):  272-279.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2048 Abstract + ( 623 )   PDF ( 884KB )   ( 504 ) In this study, the author inoculated F.mosseas to the three soybean varieties of different continuous cropping years to analyze the diversity of fungi during the high-incidence of seedling root rot. In order to inhibit the fungi infect the root of soybean and to reduce the incidence of root rot. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR- DGGE) was used to analyze the diversity of fungi in the seedling of continuous cropping and the abundance, dominance and index of diversity from DGGE profiles. The results showed that: inoculated F.mosseas had a significant effect on the diversity of fungi and decreased the index of diversity significantly. The study stated that F.mosseas could inhibit the growth of the root rot fungi in the continuous cropping. Therefore, the study has a practical significance on exploring AMF prevention of the incidence of root rot fungi in the continuous cropping.

  Germination and Rapid Propagation from Seed of Rhynchotechum obovatum (Griff.) Burtt 2014, 30 (31):  280-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2151 Abstract + ( 630 )   PDF ( 641KB )   ( 492 ) The research aims to develop rapid propagation system from seed of Rhynchotechum obovatum (Griff.) Burtt via tissue culture. The seed of Rhynchotechum obovatum acting as explants were germinated and cultured on MS supplemented with different concentrations of hormone in order to select the optimum medium for different phases. The results showed that, the seeds and capsules were efficiently sterilized by 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min. The optimum medium for germination and buds induction was MS 1.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.2 mg/L NAA. The suitable multiplication medium was MS 0.5 mg/L 6-BA 0.2 mg/L NAA and the suitable rooting medium was 1/2 MS 0.2 mg/L NAA. Using the methods obtained in this experiment, in vitro rapid propagation of Rhynchotechum obovatum could be achieved at the multiplication rate of 13.5 per 20 days, which could develop more seedlings in short time and provide guidance for the conservation and sustainable development of the resource.

  Study on Spatial Pattern and Sampling Technique of overwintering larvae of Scythropus yasunatsui Kono et Morimoto 2014, 30 (31):  285-289.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1929 Abstract + ( 776 )   PDF ( 587KB )   ( 420 ) The study aims to clarify the spatial distribution and sampling technique of overwintering larvae of Scythropus yasumatsui Kono et Morimoto and provide theoretical basis for making forecast and integrated control of the pest. Spatial distribution and sampling technique of the overwintering larvae of this weevil in soil were investigated by using 8 aggregation indexes, Taylor′s power law and Iwao’s regression analysis methods. The results showed that the overwintering larvae had an aggregated spatial pattern, the basic component of distribution was individual group and the aggregation of the overwintering larvae of this weevil was due to the environmental factors. The sequential sampling formula and the most suitable theoretical sampling number could be calculated by the Iwao’s m*-m. It was necessary to take actions when the weevil larva numbers were more than 342 heads/10 plants and the control threshold of larva was 30 heads per plant. The model can be used to survey, forecast and control of the pest.

  Proportion of Soil Remedies of the Lead-contaminated Soil in Guangxi 2014, 30 (31):  290-294.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2172 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 523KB )   ( 546 ) In this paper, research of influence of different types of soil remedies on high lead-contaminated soils in Guangxi Huanjiang and Yangshuo was carried out. In view of the selected physical and chemical properties of soil, the effects of pH, total Pb, DTPA-Pb and H2O extractable-Pb in soil were studied by using water or DTPA one step extraction test. The results indicated that with the applied level increasing, the effects of different remedies on soil pH increased as the order: organic fertilizer ＞ ground phosphate rock ＞ calciummagnesia phosphate fertilizer ＞ lime, and phosphate rock powder and organic fertilizer could greatly improve the soil pH. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium superphosphate (high, medium and low) significantly reduced soil DTPA-Pb content by 32%-72% and 31%- 57%, respectively. By contrast, potassium dihydrogen phosphate had opposite effect on water soluble lead and increased water soluble lead content 1-3.4 times. Calcium superphosphate (high) significantly reduced water soluble lead content by about 88% . Organic fertilizer could reduce the amount of water soluble lead in the soil, and increase the leaching rate of DTPA. For tested soil S-1, lime, organic fertilizer and phosphate rock powder significantly reduced the amount of soil water extracted lead, soil water extracted lead content in low concentration treatment was higher than that in high concentration treatment; for tested soil S-2, organic fertilizer and phosphate rock powder significantly reduced water soluble lead content by 41%-55% with different applied concentrations.

  QuEChERS-HPLC Residue Analysis Method of Alachlor in Corn 2014, 30 (31):  295-299.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1310 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 721KB )   ( 592 ) A simple, fast, and environmental-friendly determination method of alachlor residue in corn was established using QuEChERS- HPLC equipped with UV detector. Samples were extracted by a little acetonitrile, purified by N- propyl ethylenediamine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The concentration of alachlor was detected by HPLC-UV. The analytical column was C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm×5.0 μm) and the mobile phase was acetonitrile mixed with water (70:30 V/V). With a significant linear relation (R2≥0.994) of standard samples measured by this method, the average recovery rates of different alachlor doses (0.2-10 mg/kg) were 96.7%-113.8% and RSD were 3.2%-15.3%. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were 0.015 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity and precision of this method can meet the requirement of pesticide residue analysis.

  Effects of Four Pesticides on Yield and the Occurrence Degree of the Rice False Smut 2014, 30 (31):  300-303.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1379 Abstract + ( 566 )   PDF ( 461KB )   ( 422 ) In order to explore the relationship of the sowing period, the occurrence degree of rice false smut and control pesiticides, and choose suitable sowing period and effective pesticide, a split plot was designed. Four pesticides, namely Amure, Jingangmyc, ketotriazole and propiconazole were applied to control rice false smut at different sowing time as April 26th, May 4th and May 13th. The results showed that the occurrence of rice false smut increased and the yield of rice decreased with the delay of the sowing period. But the false smut of rice occurrence was more lower and the yield was more higher when sowing time was April 26th and May 4th , and Amure, Jingangmyc were applied to control rice false smut. The theoretical yield per hectare was 9.05% and 13.23% higher than that without using pesticide respectively. The actual yield per hectare was 9.95% and 13.12% higher than that without using pesticide. The conclusion: early sowing can reduce and control the occurrence of rice false smut. Amure and Jingangmyc that applied to control rice false smut at sowing period April 26th-May 4th can increase the yield.

  Application of ARMA model and Regression Model to Pesticide Usage Forecasting 2014, 30 (31):  304-307.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1608 Abstract + ( 906 )   PDF ( 617KB )   ( 463 ) In recent years, the environmental pollution has become more and more serious, plagues of pests happen in many areas, which arouse great concern about the safety of agricultural products. In order to quantitatively predict the demand of pesticide, this paper, based on the prediction model, established a residual ARMA model to adjust the predictive model. First, a regression model was established, then identified whether the residuals belonged to the white noise, and established the ARMA model for non-white noise residuals. The results showed that, the mean square residual of single regression model was 25.39, the mean square residual of the combination of ARMA model and regression model was 13.79, reduced by 11.60 and the prediction accuracy was improved. The model was significant, the parameters were very appropriate. What’s more, this model’s mean square residual was reduced by 17.73 compared with the Logistic model, effectively improved the prediction accuracy. From 2012 to 2014, the amounts of pesticide forecasts are 181.068×104 t, 183.64×104 t and 187.96×104 t.

  Effects of Leaf Fertilizer Penshibao on the Pesticide Residue and Activities of Antioxidases in Brassica albograbra Bailey 2014, 30 (31):  308-315.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1637 Abstract + ( 586 )   PDF ( 854KB )   ( 450 ) In order to investigate the effect of leaf fertilizer Penshibao on pesticide residue and activities of antioxidant enzyme in vegetables, the study investigated the effect of such fertilizer on three pesticide residue (imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and beta-cypermethrin) and the activities of superoxidedismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase(POD) in Brassica albograbra under outdoor cultivation conditions. The results showed that, compared with control, the leaf fertilizer Penshibao could promote degradation of imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and beta- cypermethrin in the vegetable while the extents were affected by the concentration and time of application. Penshibao increased activities of CAT and SOD in Brassica albograbra under the stress of betacypermethrin as well as activities of CAT under the stress of chlorpyrifos while no significant effects of the same fertilizer on activities of POD appeared under the stress of chlorpyrifos. Under the stress of imidacloprid, Penshibao increased activities of POD in Brassica albograbra significantly while its effects on activities of SOD under the same pesticide were not significant.

  Biology Characteristics of Botrytis cinerea Pathogens on Amorphophallus Konjac 2014, 30 (31):  316-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1946 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 786KB )   ( 589 ) In order to clarify the pathogenesis of konjac Botrytis cinerea, the symptom, pathogen and biology characteristics were studied systematically. The results showed that, Botryotinia was pathogen of konjac Botrytis cinerea, and the conidia germination temperature was from 10 to 30℃. The optimum temperature was 20-25℃. pH of conidia germination was from 4 to 9, and the optimum pH was 5. Conidia could germinate in various nutritive liquid. 2% of sucrose solution was the best, followed by 2% of glucose or konjac glucomannan solution. Lethal temperature of conidia was 57℃ for 5 min. Botrytis cinerea could grow in 4 kinds of medium. PDA was the most appropriate medium for mycelia growth, and PDA plus konjac mannan was the best medium for sporulation. Pathogen could grow and sporulate at 5-30℃ and pH from 4 to 9, and the optimum condition was at 20-25℃ and pH 5.