Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.7 Published:18 March 2016

  Cuttings Rooting Process and Changes of Endogenous Nutriments During the Rooting of Tamarix taklamakanensis 2016, 32 (7):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090013 Abstract + ( 1252 )   PDF ( 1172KB )   ( 1084 ) In order to explore asexual reproduction rooting mechanism of Tamarix taklamakanensis, under the condition of indoor cuttings cultivation, the morphologic observations were conducted and changes of soluble sugar and protein content in Tamarix taklamakanensis cuttings during rooting were measured. The results howed that the cuttings rooting type of Tamarix taklamakanensis was primordiums rooting, there was no callus on the cut and adventitious roots grew from the surface layer of the cuttings. The soluble sugar content increased firstly, then decreased and became stable in the last during Tamarix taklamakanensis cuttings rooting process, in the meantime, the soluble protein content reduced gently firstly, then had an accelerated rise. IBA could induce the endogenous nutrients formation of Tamarix taklamakanensis cuttings, with the variation range of soluble sugar and soluble protein content was significantly higher than that of the comparison. The variation range of soluble sugar and soluble protein content of one year hard branch cutting was higher than that of the perennial old branch, which was caused by the difference of the branch lignification degree and their metabolism strength.

  Diversity of Root Nodule Endophytes from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Rhizosphere in Saline-alkali Soil 2016, 32 (7):  6-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090039 Abstract + ( 1364 )   PDF ( 877KB )   ( 921 ) This study was designed to evaluate the diversity of endophytes in Elaeagnus angustifolia L. root nodules and AM fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere, located in saline-alkali soil of Heilongjiang Province. Nodule slicing and wet sieve methods combined with molecular biology technology were used to separate, identify and analyze the endophytes and AMF. In total, 27 endophytic strains were isolated and identified, including 4 actinomycetes, 14 bacteria and 9 fungi. The diversity index of endophytic bacteria was the highest while that of the endophytic actinomycetes related to root nodule formation was the lowest. The dominance index and evenness index of Frankia sp. (H01) were both higher than that of others. In addition, 8 strains AM fungi belonging to 5 different genus were obtained in the rhizosphere. Glomus ontained 3 strains, Funneliformis contained 2 strains, Septoglomus contained 1 strain, Rhizophagus contained 1 strain, and Acaulospora contained 1 strain, respectively. Rhizophagus intraradices was the dominant AMF spore with 100% isolation frequency in all soil samples and its spore density was 48.5/50 g. As a result, R. intraradices could be used as an important candidate strain in the process of mycorrhizal seedling and nodulating cultivation of Elaeagnus angustifolia L..

  Technology Research of Greenhouse Seedling Raising and Afforestation in Coastal Saline-alkali Soil of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. 2016, 32 (7):  14-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080047 Abstract + ( 1162 )   PDF ( 528KB )   ( 738 ) To increase the planting area and the output value of Shangdong Binzhou saline-alkali land area, we introduced wild Lycium ruthenicum Murr. from Qinghai Province. The experiment turned out to be successful with an afforestation survival rate of 85% after the greenhouse seedlings and transplanting process. The seeds of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. were soaked in warm water for 5 hours before seeding and began to sprout after 6 days with a survival rate of over 72% . The seedlings remained in greenhouse for 4 months and were transplanted into moderate and severe saline-alkali land area. After 1 month, 95% of the young plants survived and grew in good condition. Our experiments focused on the greenhouse seedling of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and its afforestation in saline-alkali land area and provided technical support and guide for the expansion of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. in saline-alkali land area.

  Research on Potassium Uptake and Accumulation of Drought-Resistant Variety‘Yuyan 6’ 2016, 32 (7):  18-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080082 Abstract + ( 1547 )   PDF ( 515KB )   ( 590 ) In order to study potassium absorption and accumulation characteristics of drought- resistant varieties at seedling stage, using sand and hydroponic culture as methods and three genotypes‘Yuyan 6’, ‘Nongda202’and conventional tobacco variety‘K326’as materials, the authors investigated the roots physiological characteristics, K absorption characteristics, as well as differences in dry matter accumulation of ‘Yuyan 6’. The results showed that dry matter accumulation and potassium content of various organs of ‘Yuyan 6’was similar to that of‘Nongda202’, but significantly higher than that of‘K326’, and‘Yuyan 6’ had greater absorption area and stronger root vigor. K absorption kinetics results showed that the maximum absorption efficiency (Vmax) of‘Yuyan 6’was closed to that of‘Nongda202’, but significantly higher than that of‘K326’. Michaelis constant (Km) and the lowest concentration (Cmin) had no significant difference among different tobacco genotypes. The results showed that‘Yuyan 6’was a potassium-rich variety of tobacco, which had a strong ability on potassium absorption and accumulation.

  The Relationship Between Variety & Cultivation Measure and Style 李春俭 and 2016, 32 (7):  23-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080043 Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 1139KB )   ( 510 ) There were close relationships between ecotope, variety, cultivation measure and style & feature of tobacco leaves. The climate condition from April to June was the key factor for Fujian delicate aroma style formation. With the delay of the tobacco planting time, the temperature increased, and the sunlight became stronger in Fujian，the harvest period of tobacco met higher temperature and stronger sunlight, which caused the tobacco leaf style changed from delicate aroma style to middle or strong aroma style. The temperature was the key factor for style formation of tobacco leaves, and different sunshine hours caused the difference of delicate aroma style between Yunnan and Fujian Province. Among the cultivation measures, seeding and transplantation time were the most important factors which affected tobacco leaves aroma style; nitrogen amount and maturity level mainly affected the quality of tobacco leaves, and affected the style indirectly. Only cold-resistant variety favored early transplantation and early harvest, thus formed Fujian delicate aroma style.

  Physical Characteristic Difference of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves Under Different Light Qualities 2016, 32 (7):  31-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110131 Abstract + ( 796 )   PDF ( 677KB )   ( 508 ) Theaimwastoconfirmtheeffectofdifferentlightqualitiesonthephysicalcharacteristicsofflue-cured tobacco. Different light qualities were obtained with different color films of red, yellow, green, blue and white. ‘K326’was used as material, and the physical characteristic differences of flue-cured tobacco were studied with different light qualities. The results showed that: (1) covering with different colored plastic film could obviously change the composition proportion of visible light wave bands in solar spectrum; (2) compared with the control, the leaf area, single leaf weight, density and water proportion of leaves covered with white filter film increased significantly, and stalk proportion decreased significantly; by adding green and blue light proportion, the thickness, pull value, density and water proportion of tobacco leaves increased significantly, and the leaf area, single leaf weight, stalk proportion and filling value showed an opposite trend; by increasing red light proportion, the thickness, leaf area, single leaf weigh, stalk proportion, density, and water proportion of middle and upper leaves reduced. Therefore, covering with white filter film could be used in production to improve the tobacco quality.

  Research Progress and Perspective in Asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L. ) Cultivation in China 2016, 32 (7):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080119 Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 602KB )   ( 498 ) Asparagus with highly nutritional value and active components is a kind of edible and medicinal vegetable. The planting area and export volume of the asparagus in China have been in the first place worldwide. The traditional production mode including extensive cultivation, labor-intensive, and so on, which has restricted the progress of asparagus industry, with the increase of labor cost. This paper reviewed the research progress of asparagus cultivation in China, includingSseedlings, planting and management in the fields, irrigation and fertilizer application, pest control, protected cultivation pattern. Meanwhile, prospected the development of asparagus in China, put forward the basic way of sustainableSdevelopment, including new variety breeding, pollution-free and standard cultivation, mechanization production and prolonging industry chain.

  Loss Rate of Major Supply Chain Models for Four Kinds of Leaf Vegetables in Beijing 2016, 32 (7):  43-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080059 Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 641KB )   ( 446 ) In view of the serious postharvest loss of leaf vegetables, the key nodes’loss rate of different supply chains of four kinds of leaf vegetables (lettuce, celery, rape, spinach) in Beijing was studied. Through a field survey of 23 large enterprises and cooperatives and vegetable production bases in 8 districts and counties of Beijing, the authors identified four major supply chain models in Beijing at present, including agriculture super-docking model, processing mode, individual-free market model, supermarket own-brand model, and studied the key nodes’loss rate. The results showed that: the average loss rate of the agriculture superdocking model was the highest, which could be up to 36.05%. The second was the supermarket own-brand model, its average loss rate was 32.64%. The average loss rate of the individual-free market model was the lowest, which was only 24.70%. Lettuce had the highest average loss rate in four major supply chain models, which could be up to 45.81%. The second was spinach, the rate could be up to 39.95%. Rape had the lowest average loss rate, which was only 16.58%. In addition, the acceptance standard of leaf vegetable was set, and the loss rate calculation formula was established. The differences of loss rate among the four main supply chain models and four kinds of leaf vegetables were compared. The study has certain significance on reducing postharvest loss rate of leaf vegetables and meeting the consumers’requirement for fresh vegetable.

  Efficiency of Seaweed Fertilizers Prepared by Different Extraction Processes on Pot Rape 2016, 32 (7):  48-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080105 Abstract + ( 884 )   PDF ( 616KB )   ( 438 ) To compare the efficiency of seaweed fertilizers prepared by different extraction processes on rape, pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of acid- extracting, acid- alkali- extracting, Stanley enzyme-extracting and microbe-extracting seaweed fertilizers on rape growth. The results showed that Stanley enzyme-extracting and microbe-extracting seaweed fertilizers had moderate reaction conditions, and could be easily prepared, and the product appearance was fine, smooth and stable. Their effective substance contents, such as alginic acid, gibberellin and indole acetic acid, were higher than those in acid-extracting and acidalkali-extracting seaweed fertilizers. Hence the Stanley enzyme-extracting and microbe-extracting seaweed fertilizers were superior to the other two fertilizers both from the preparation process and the product quality. The plant height and chlorophyll value of rape under Stanley microbe-extracting seaweed fertilizer treatment were significantly higher than those under other treatments. Specifically, the plant height and chlorophyll value were 13.3% and 22.5% higher than those under acid-alkali-extracting seaweed fertilizer, and 23.5% and 26.9% higher than those under acid-extracting seaweed fertilizer treatment. Both the dry mass and fresh mass of rape did not show significant differences between enzyme- extracting and microbe- extracting seaweed fertilizer treatments, but significantly higher than those under other treatments. The fresh mass of rape under microbe-extracting seaweed fertilizer treatment was 12.6% and 15.8% higher than those under acid-alkaliextracting and acid-extracting seaweed fertilizer treatments, respectively. Our study indicates that the fertilizer efficiency sequence of seaweed fertilizers prepared by the four different extraction processes is: acidextracting＜acid-alkali-extracting＜Stanley enzyme-extracting＜ Stanley microbe-extracting.

  Research on the Original Plants of Amaranth and Its Corresponding Plants 刘海明, and 2016, 32 (7):  53-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080131 Abstract + ( 946 )   PDF ( 728KB )   ( 475 ) Amaranth is a usual potherb nowadays. A lot of research work has been conducted on it, which covers macro and micro field, including the genetic resource, seed characteristics, physiologic characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, medical value and pharmacological features. However, the knowledge on the original plants of the name of‘amaranth’is still lacking from the perspective of plant taxonomy. Data on ‘amaranth’were collected from history books and analyzed, the method of comparative morphology was adopted, and the scientific names were given based on the study. The research showed that there were 17 names associated with ‘amaranth’. Comparative study classified the names into three families: Amaranthaceae, Portulacaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Plants in the Amaranthaceae included the Amaranthus albus L. and Amaranthus tricolor L., Achyranthes L. and Celosia cristata L.. The plant in the Portulacaceae was Portulaca oleracea L., and the plant in the Euphorbiaceae was Acalypha L. The research showed that it was in the Han Dynasty that the edible function of‘amaranth’plant had been discovered, and the time when Portulaca oleracea L. was put as an individual group clearly by Chinese was 800 years earlier than that by the European.

  Seedling Quality and Early Productivity of Tomato Test-Tube Plantlet and Seedlings 2016, 32 (7):  59-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090103 Abstract + ( 853 )   PDF ( 487KB )   ( 588 ) In order to understand the difference of seedling quality and yield between tomato test-tube plantlet and seedlings, and ensure the application of tomato test-tube plantlet in practical production, a comparative test on the seedling growth and early productivity of tomato test-tube plantlet and seedlings was conducted. The results showed that, the difference of seedling growth and early productivity between the two kinds of tomato seedlings was significant. Compared to seedlings, the test-tube plantlet displayed faster growth with developed root system, more dry matter accumulation and better seedling quality such as root-shoot ratio, G value, seedling index and root vigor. The relative dry matter accumulation in test-tube plantlet was as follows: leaf＞shoot＞root, while that in seedlings was: leaf or shoot＞root. The relative dry matter accumulation of root in test-tube plantlet was much higher than that in seedlings. The test-tube plantlet showed decreased first flower node, advanced flowering, large number and ratio of fruitlet, higher early productivity and theory productivity. Therefore, the tomato test-tube plantlet would be very suitable in practical production. Since the transplant survival rate of test- tube plantlet was low, the relative skills, such as seedling adaption and transplant, needed to be further studied.

  Study on Physiological Injury of Watermelon Leaves Under Boron Stress by Histological Stain Method 2016, 32 (7):  64-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080134 Abstract + ( 870 )   PDF ( 967KB )   ( 588 ) In order to study the physiological injury to watermelon leaves caused by boron stress, seed-used watermelon, watermelon cultivar‘Heimeiren’and wild watermelon were used to observe the activities of POD, the content of ROC (O2·? and H2O2) and dead cells under 4 boron concentrations by histological stain method. The results showed that there were lots of ROC and dead cells, the activities of POD increased in watermelon leaves under boron stress. The high boron stress led to more ROC and dead cells in the leaves of the three watermelon cultivars. The scavenging reactive oxygen species of wild watermelon was stronger than that of the other two watermelon cultivars. Boron stress led to the active oxygen accumulation in watermelon leaves, the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased and a large number of cells died. The physiological injury to watermelon leaves caused by high boron stress was more serious than that caused by boron deficiency. Stress resistance of wild watermelon was the strongest. Histological stain method is accurate, intuitive, and can be used in the stress physiology research on plants such as watermelon.

  Fruit Development Rule of Flat Nectarine and the Variation of Its Quality-related Factors 2016, 32 (7):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090059 Abstract + ( 946 )   PDF ( 641KB )   ( 456 ) The aim of this experiment was to study the fruit growth-development rule of flat nectarine and the formation and variation of the main quality indexes. With‘Ziyue’,‘Xinyue’and‘Meiyue’as the experimental materials, this paper studied the vertical and horizontal diameter of the fruit, the single fruit weight, the total soluble sugars, the titratable acid, the starch content and the fruit drop during fruit development of flat nectarine. The results showed that the fruit growth rules of‘Ziyue’,‘Xinyue’and ‘Meiyue’were basically in accord with the double“S”curve of the stone fruits. Along with the fruit development, for‘Xinyue’and‘Meiyue’, the content of total soluble sugar displayed a tendency of increase gradually, the titratable acid content increased at first and then exhibited a decline, and the starch content of the fruit had a descending trend. Based on the fruit drop wave observation,‘Meiyue’had three obvious premature drop peaks.‘Ziyue’and‘Xinyue’had two obvious premature drop peaks, respectively, both of them had a longer first drop period, and the reason was probably related to the fact that the fruit development periods of ‘Ziyue’ and ‘Xinyue’ were shorter than that of‘Meiyue’. Overall, the fruit development rules of flat nectarine and the variations of its quality-related factors were similar to that of the normal peach and nectarine.

  Overview of Prinsepia utilis Royle 2016, 32 (7):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080127 Abstract + ( 1571 )   PDF ( 594KB )   ( 921 ) Prinsepia utilis Royle, also known as Prinsepia utilis,is a woody oil plants which belongs to prinsepia of Rosaceae and it is mainly distributed throughout the mountains,slopes arid valley,wasteland and jungle with altitude from 1800-3200m in Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet and Guizhou,etc. People in Northwest Yunnan minority area have thousands of years for the edible and medicinal history of Prinsepia utilis Royle. In order to study the the functional significance of Prinsepia utilis Royle edible in medicine ,eating ,skin care, health care and other aspects, the study reviewed nearly thirty years about Prinsepia utilis Royle and its products as well as it's chemical composition and found that the roots, stems and nuts of Prinsepia utilis Royle contain a variety of the necessary constants and trace elements for the body, vitamins, amino acids, crude fat, polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpene etc.,which can lower blood lipid,improve hypoxia tolerance, maintain biological membrane fluidity and which also have anti-oxidative and antibacterial effects and so on. At the same time, the study has also made great progress in the cultivation, extraction and chemical composition analysis of Prinsepia utilis. However, the study of chemical constituents and pharmacological analysis is inadequate and that the further study of isolation and identification of chemical constituents of Prinsepia utilis and its the application in pharmacology need to be enriched.

  Citrus Fruit Disease and Insect Pest Recognition Based on Linear Combination of RGB Color Model 2016, 32 (7):  79-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080148 Abstract + ( 953 )   PDF ( 745KB )   ( 635 ) The investigation proposed the optimal linear combination of RGB color model which could recognize citrus fruit disease and insect pest accurately and improve the informationalized level of citrus fruit production. First, several points from the damage pattern region and normal region in the representative image were selected and these points of sampling of red, green, blue value and their average values were recorded. Then linear programming objective function was designed and solved based on larger gray difference in damage pattern region and normal region to establish recognition model. Finally, combined recognition model with threshold segmentation method was used to process 96 citrus fruits images, and the recognition accuracy, false detection rate and missing detection rate were found to be 81.25%, 14.58% and 4.17%, respectively, the result was good. Compared with 2R-G-B, G-B and R-B, this method had larger gray difference in damage pattern region and normal region, showed the highest recognition accuracy and lowest false detection rate and missing detection rate. The thesis concludes that the linear combination of RGB color model can be used in the citrus fruit disease and insect pest recognition.

  Starch Degradation and Ethylene Release Content of Musa acuminate L. AAA Cavendish ‘Formosana’Fruits Stored at Different Temperatures 2016, 32 (7):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090012 Abstract + ( 1284 )   PDF ( 741KB )   ( 524 ) In order to investigate the correlation between starch degradation and ethylene release content of banana fruit, banana fruits stored at 25, 20 and 16℃ were used to detect the changes of the ethylene release content, total starch, amylose and amylopectin contents of fruits by physiological and biochemical methods. The results showed that: (1) the ethylene release content at 25℃ was higher than that at 20℃ and 16℃, its content at 25, 20 and 16℃ was 2.480 ng/(g · h) (5 d), 0.505 ng/(g · h) (6 d), and 0.281 ng/(g · h) (8 d), respectively; (2) the degradation rate of total starch, amylose and amylopectin at 25℃ was significantly faster than that at 20℃ and 16℃; the contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin of fruits stored at 25℃ for 7 d were 0.6, 0.36 and 0.24 μg/g, respectively; the contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin of fruits stored at 20℃ for 7 d were 1.69, 0.56, 1.13 μg/g, respectively; and the contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin of fruits stored at 16℃ for 12 d were 2.2, 0.81, 1.39 μg/g, respectively; (3) correlation analysis showed that the ethylene release content at 25℃ had a highly and significantly negative correlation with the change of amylopectin content, while no correlation was found between the ethylene release rate and amylopectin content at 20℃ and 16℃. These results suggested that high ethylene production at 25℃ may promote the amylopectin degradation in banana fruits.

  Analysis of Weeds Species Diversity in Tea Plantations of Anxi, Fujian 2016, 32 (7):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080081 Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 518KB )   ( 547 ) In order to control the weed of tea plantations, in this paper, the species diversity of weeds was investigated and analysed in the 6 tea plantations of the Anxi County, Fujian province, China from 2012 to 2014. The results indicated that there were 35 families, 94 genera, and 140 species of weeds in the investigated tea plantations. They were primarily the poaceae weeds with 27 species and asteraceae weeds with 19 species, accounting for 19.29% and 13.57% of total species, respectively. The most was the dicotyledon-weeds with 28 families, 68 genera, and 103 species, accounting for 80% of total families, 72.34% of total genera, and 73.57% of total species, respectively. The second was the monocotyledon-weeds with 4 families, 23 genera, and 34 species, accounting for 11.43% of total families, 24.47% of total genera, and 24.29% of total species, respectively. And the least was the pteridophyta-weeds with 3 families, 3 genera, and 3 species, accounting for 8.57% of total families, 3.19% of total genera, and 2.14% of total species, respectively. The proportions of the annual- or the biennial-, and the perennial-weeds were 66.43%, 27.86%, and 5.71% of total species, respectively. In conclusion, these results showed that the predominant weeds in the tea plantations of the Anxi county was the poaceae-, dicotyledon- and annual- weeds. These findings supplied a basic data of the species diversity of weeds in the tea plantations of the Anxi County, and would be as the cornerstone of integrated weeds management for tea plantations.

  Soil Toxicity of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus in Grafted Watermelon Cultured in Greenhouse 2016, 32 (7):  97-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090092 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 685KB )   ( 431 ) To clarify the soil toxicity of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in the plough layer for greenhouse grafted watermelon, DAS-ELLSA was used for detecting the disease soil. The topsoil (0-5 cm deep) and deep soil (23-27 cm deep) were taken from roots of the infected plants and the adjacent plants, and 40 cm, 80 cm away from the roots to the edge of the membrane. The results showed that in the toxicity test of rhizosphere soil, healthy plants and plants with hidden disease had no virus. In virus infected plants, five sampling points including roots, edge membrane direction 40 cm and 80 cm from the roots, adjacent plants direction 40 cm and 80 cm from the roots, the topsoil virus carried rate was 100%, 80%, 70%, 40%, 20% in turn, deep soil virus carried rate was 80%, 50%, 50%, 40%, 30% in turn. In toxicity test on soil under different tillage methods, watermelon-rice-taro had no virus, continuous cropping of watermelon for two and three years all had high virus carried rate above 90% . The virus carried rate of topsoil biodegrade for one year, watermelon- rice- watermelon, watermelon- vegetable- watermelon, watermelon- vegetable- spring maize, atermelon- vegetable- rice, watermelon-sugarcane-rice was 50%, 42.86%, 35%, 30%, 24% and 20% in turn. So, topsoil virus carried rate was higher than that of deep soil, higher virus carried rate was found in soil which was closer to the root of the infected plant or with more luxuriant infected vine cover, crop rotation had degradation effect on virus infected soil.

  Effect of Biological Pesticides on Prevention and Treatment of Autumn Tomato Virus Diseases in Greenhouse 2016, 32 (7):  104-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100010 Abstract + ( 1009 )   PDF ( 519KB )   ( 463 ) In order to alleviate the damage of tomato virus diseases, reduce chemical pesticide consumption and residue, and prevent environmental pollution, the methods of forecasting, randomized block design and statistical analysis were used in field efficacy tests of two biological pesticides of Lentinan Gibberellinheteroauxin-rassinolide (GHB) and Ningnanmycin GHB. The results showed that, when the autumn tomato virus disease was serious, 0.5% Lentinan AS 3000 mL GHB WP 600 g and 8% Ningnanmycin AS 900 mL GHB WP 600 g per hectare were applied for 4 times, once in 7 days, and the control effects on the 10th , 17th , 26th and 35th day were above 88%, 87%, 78% and 67%. The difference between the two biological pesticides was not significant, while the control effect of Lentinan GHB was significantly higher than that of moroxydine hydrochloride (CK) GHB, and the control effect of Ningnanmycin GHB was significantly higher than that of moroxydine hydrochloride GHB. These results indicated that Lentinan GHB and Ningnanmycin GHB were the ideal biological pesticides, which could be used not only for controlling tomato virus diseases, but also for realizing modern, pollution-free, green and organic agricultural production.

  Physical Properties of Tea Dust from Different Processes in Refined Tea Factory 2016, 32 (7):  109-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090056 Abstract + ( 922 )   PDF ( 623KB )   ( 563 ) Tea dust, a production waste, can influence tea quality and be harmful to workers’health. It is necessary to analyze the concentration and particle size (φ) composition of tea dust in refined factory, thus to provide relative theories and technical approaches for tea dust control. The experiments were designed as: (1) setting 2 distance levels of around and 1.2 m away from the machines; (2) time setting (4 h and 8 h after working); (3) on-line detection and collection tea dust from 5 processes in black tea making. The results showed that the maximum dust concentration appeared in the vicinity of the screening machine (8 h, φ≤2.5 μm), up to 65.321 mg/m3. The dust density (φ ≤2.5 μm) of 1.2 m away from the machine was also high, which was 47.354 mg/m3 (4 h) and 44.987 mg/m3 (8 h), respectively. When the particle size was from 2.5 to 10 μm, the up-lifting screening machine produced dust most, the figure was 29.667 mg/m3 (4 h) and 26.919 mg/m3 (8 h), respectively. From the perspective of distance, there was more dust at 1.2 m away from the shaking sieve machine and winnowing machine, however it was on the contrary at the screening machine. The dust density from the different distances of the tight door machine was similar. With the special emphasis on respirable dust, we found that 82.1% of the dust was respirable at 1.2 m away from the winnowing machine. The dust density data (φ ≤10 μm) implied that closer distance was polluted more severely than 1.2 m away with the record of 59.7% (φ ≤2.5 μm) and 67.8% (2.5 μm＜φ ≤10 μm), respectively, but this was not applied to the tight door machine. In conclusion, the physical properties of tea dust vary with different technique processes, and the differences of the physical properties are directly related with mechanical performance of the machine, process parameters and space layout.

  Spectrophotometry for the Determination of Diesel in Water 2016, 32 (7):  115-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090107 Abstract + ( 1003 )   PDF ( 454KB )   ( 423 ) In order to find a simple, reliable and applicable method to measure diesel content in water, an experiment to determine the recycling rate of added diesel in water by ultraviolet spectrophotometry was conducted. Key parameters such as the optimum wavelength condition, extraction efficiency of different solvents, different shock extraction time and the amount of the solvent were investigated. The results showed that under the optimum experiment condition, the recycling rate of diesel was 90%-120% with the parallel coefficient of variation less than 10%, which indicated that the recovery test results were fine.

  Land System Vulnerability Analysis Based on Energy Theory：A Case Study of Yingjing County 2016, 32 (7):  118-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100026 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 633KB )   ( 461 ) Land system vulnerability is an important basis of making land system sustainable development policy. It has become the important part of sustainable development studying. Taking Yingjing as a case, the vulnerability was analyzed on the basis of analyzing the energy input-output by using the method of energy analysis. [Objective] The purpose is to seek suggestions and strategies for sustainable development. The results show that：①The total energy input increased from 1.36E 21sej to 2.37E 21sej, total energy output changed from 1.59E 21sej up to 1.96E 21sej; ②The land energy density, per-capital energy and environmental loading ration all have an upward trend; ③Energy input-output ration and sustainable index have a downward trend. [Conclusion] It indicated that people’s living standard of Yingjing has been improved but the environmental pressure and land system vulnerability has become more and more serious.

  Research Progress of Soil Moisture Quantitative Inversion by Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 刘影 and 2016, 32 (7):  127-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090128 Abstract + ( 1116 )   PDF ( 607KB )   ( 736 ) Hyperspectral remote sensing has been widely used in soil moisture inversion because of abundant spectral information. Through summarizing the remote sensing monitoring methods of soil moisture content, the advantages, disadvantages and scope of application of microwave method, thermal infrared method, optical method and hyperspectral remote sensing method were analyzed, the quantitative method of hyperspectral remote sensing was emphatically analyzed, the research process of statistical model and mechanism model were elaborated, radiated transfer model and geometric optics model were described particularly, the research results of soil moisture content based on the mechanism of remote sensing inversion model in recent years were summarized and the existing problems and future research direction were put forward.

  Comparative Study on the Correlation of Two Detection Methods for Soil N, P and K 2016, 32 (7):  135-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080120 Abstract + ( 973 )   PDF ( 664KB )   ( 910 ) In order to solve the problem of soil personalized fertilizer application, the authors tested N, P and K content from 10 soil samples in northern China by fast testing method and conventional method. The results showed that both of the two methods had fine correlation, and the correlation indexes reached 0.966, especially the correlation index of K reached 0.99, which also showed significant differences. Curve regression equation was set up, which could be used in fast conversion to get the content of conventional method to guide fertilization. The fast testing method was fast and convenient, there was no need for the staff to prepare the reagent, the instrument could be operated easily without the involvement of professional experimenter and had low cost for detection, it could be widely used by grassroots technical staff.

  Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Potassium and Its Influencing Factors in Longhui Tobacco Planting Soil 齐绍武 2016, 32 (7):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090051 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 1107KB )   ( 676 ) In order to reveal the higher content of total soil potassium and the lower content of available K and slow available K of soil in Longhui, and explore the influencing factors, traditional statistical method and geostatistics were adopted to analyze 488 soil samples in 2012. Results showed that: (1) the average content of total potassium in Longhui was 27.0 g/kg, which belonged to high level; and the average content of available K and slow available K was 91.8 mg/kg and 254.8 mg/kg, respectively, which belonged to low level; (2) despite the large distribution of suitable content of slow available K in the middle part of Longhui, most of the rest tobacco planting towns had low level of slow available K; (3) available K and slow available K had a highly significant difference among different soil textures and types, the regression equation between available K, organic substance and pH was: Yavailable K=0.788Xorganic substance 65.51, R2=0.9918** and Yavailable K=6.04 XpH 55.40, R2=0.9798**, respectively; (4) K fertilizer effect was better in middle clay, loam soil, lime soil, red soil and paddy soil, and the content of soil organic matter and pH should be improved as much as possible in a suitable range.

  Correlation Analysis and Forecasting Model of Beginning of Flowering Period of Pear Tree and Meteorological Factors 2016, 32 (7):  147-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100013 Abstract + ( 1106 )   PDF ( 570KB )   ( 496 ) The paper aims to supply a method for accurately predicting the beginning of flowering period of pear in Guide Area. By using ground meteorological observation data and data of the beginning of flowering period of peal tree in Guide Meteorological Bureau during 2007-2014, the meteorological factors influencing the beginning of flowering period of peal tree were analyzed. The results showed that: the key factor affecting the beginning of flowering period of pear tree was the accumulated temperature of the temperature stability by 5℃ to the end of March. The prediction model of the beginning of flowering period of local pear tree was established by stepwise regression analysis method based on the principal meteorological factors. Using the established prediction model to back predict the beginning of flowering of pear tree in 2007- 2014, the accuracy was relatively high. By forecasting the data of the beginning of flowering of pear tree in 2015, there was only one day between the predicted value and the measured value, the measured value basically agreed well with the predicted value. The prediction model established in the study could curately forecast the beginning of flowering of pear tree in Guide Area.

  Logistic Regression Analysis of Meteorological Factors of Dry Heavy Freezing Damage of Tea Plant 2016, 32 (7):  152-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080142 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 484KB )   ( 560 ) Heavy freezing injury is an important factor restricting the development of tea industry in northern China. To solve this problem, the author studied the meteorological data of 42 years in Qingdao, Rizhao, Linyi (which are major tea producing areas in Shandong Province), and chose 30 meteorological factors as dependent variable, chose the dry heavy freezing injury as independent variable and made single factor logistic regression analysis. According to the result of single fac tor logistic regression analysis, the author chose 10 meteorological factors with statistical significance to make multivariate logistic regression analysis, established the logistic model of tea plant dry heavy freezing injury. By evaluating the model, the author found out that the average air temperature in January, the average air temperature in last August and the relative air humidity in last November were the main determinants that caused the tea plant dry heavy freezing injury. Conclusions would provide a basis for effectively preventing dry heavy freeze injury of tea plant in Shandong and other northern tea areas.

  The Relationship Between Atmospheric Electric Field and Particulate Matter Under Dusty Weather 赵桂香,康永刚,朱凌云 and 闫世明 2016, 32 (7):  157-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100012 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 1017KB )   ( 461 ) The paper aims to analyze the relationship between atmospheric electric field and particulate matter. Atmospheric electric field is sensitive to the change of various meteorological factors. The study of atmospheric electric field in a region is helpful to analyze the related weather processes and important to the study of climate characteristics in this region. The correlations between atmospheric electric field and atmospheric particles, wind speed, humidity and other related meteorological elements of two weather stations in Taiyuan Area during sandstorm weather were analyzed. The results showed that: atmospheric electric field had obvious differences between dusty and sunny weather, its value decreased rapidly when the dust arrived, and a large negative value was kept for a long time. Atmospheric electric field, PM10 and PM2.5 had dramatic changes on a dusty day, while the change of PM1.0 was relatively small. The absolute electric field value, PM10 and PM2.5 of dusty weather was 3.94-5.74 times, 2.07-5.89 times and 1.28-5.91 times higher that of sunny weather, respectively, PM1.0 of dusty weather was 0.25- 0.75 times lower than that of sunny weather. The different electrified mechanisms of various particle sizes and the different sources of particulate matter led to different correlations between atmospheric electric field and particulate matter, where PM10 and PM2.5 showed highly positive correlation and PM1.0 showed negative and low correlation. Due to the different underlying surfaces in city and suburb, larger coarse particles would be blown away by surface wind with higher speed and dust atmospheric electric field in suburbs was positive in some periods.

  Precipitation Forecasting Verification Based on EC Ensemble Prediction Products 2016, 32 (7):  162-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100023 Abstract + ( 1097 )   PDF ( 861KB )   ( 514 ) The paper aims to test the application performance of EC ensemble prediction products. Based on the 5 products: probability of EC ensemble forecast to match average precipitation, fusion precipitation, median, mode and control forecast precipitation, and with the TS score method, the authors tested the precipitation forecast in flood season in Inner Mongolia in 2014. The results showed that differences existed among product’s ability to grasp the process, there was a high score on ensemble forecast of the precipitation process, for heavy rain and above, there was a large scale precipitation forecast deviation, the forecast effect was poorer. Average TS score results showed that the ensemble forecast products, especially the probability forecast, had certain reference value, the second was control forecast and fusion products.

  Homogeneity Analysis of Historical Meteorological Data and Climate Change Tendency at Wutaishan 张卉 2016, 32 (7):  168-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040009 Abstract + ( 986 )   PDF ( 861KB )   ( 467 ) The paper aims to study the homogeneity of historical meteorological data and climate change tendency at Wutaishan. According to the temperature and precipitation data of Wutaishan Station from 1957 to 2013, homogeneity of historical meteorological data and climate change tendency at Wutaishan was analyzed by using the running T test, one- variate regression method, linear trend analysis and smoothing averages method. The results showed that: the relocation of Wutaishan Station caused significant difference on some meteorological data, but not on the precipitation data from May to October and January. The observed temperature was 4.6℃ higher than that before 1998 and the observed precipitation was 12.5 mm lower than that before 1998, which were caused by the station relocation. The annual average temperature and seasonal temperature were going up, and the rate of temperature rising was 0.32℃/10 a (annual), 0.36℃/10 a (spring), 0.18℃/10 a (summer), 0.31℃/10 a (autumn), 0.50℃/10 a (winter). The annual average precipitation and seasonal precipitation were going down, and the rate of precipitation drop was - 36.8 mm/10 a (annual), -7.9 mm/10 a (spring), -37.3 mm/10 a (summer), -11.4 mm/10 a (autumn) and -3.8 mm/10 a (winter).

  Relationship Between Content of Chlorine and Organic Acids and Sensory Quality in Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves 2016, 32 (7):  174-178.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080093 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 562KB )   ( 417 ) In order to analyze the relationship between chlorine content and organic acids content and sensory quality, 294 samples of flue-cured tobacco leaves from main tobacco-growing areas of China were collected f or analyzing the quantitative characteristics of chlorine and organic acid content of flue- cured tobacco by descriptive statistics, and studying changes of organic acids content and sensory quality at different levels of chlorine content in flue-cured tobacco by clustering method. The results indicated that chlorine content in flue-cured tobacco leaves ranged from 0.08% to 1.60%, with the mean of 0.44% and standard deviation of 0.28% . There were significant differences among different tobacco growing- areas at 5% level, but no significant differences were found among different stalk positions. On the basis of chlorine content, samples were divided into low, medium and high groups by cluster analysis: the group with low chlorine content had the lowest contents of non-volatile organic acid and total organic acids, but medium contents of senior fatty acid and volatile organic acid; the group with medium chlorine content had the highest contents of organic acids; the group with the highest chlorine content had medium contents of non-volatile organic acid and total organic acids, but had the lowest contents of senior fatty acid and volatile organic acid. There existed significant negative correlation between sensory quality and chlorine-content of flue-cured tobacco; the total smoking score gradually decreased with the increase of chlorine-content.

  Correlation Analysis of Main Maillard Reaction Components and Sensory Evaluation Indices of Flue-Cured Tobacco of Different Flavor Types 2016, 32 (7):  179-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090004 Abstract + ( 1015 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 683 ) The study aims to reveal the relationship between the characteristic formation and Maillard reaction components of flue-cured tobacco of different flavor types, and provide theoretical and experimental evidence for investigating and developing more featured and new cigarette blend. Modern instrument analytical technique like the HPLC and continuous flow chemical analyzer were used to determine and analyze the content of rutin, reducing sugar, nicotine and proline of tobacco leaves from various producing areas and different flavor types. Analysis of the correlation was conducted in terms of Maillard reaction components. Results showed that: (1) the content of reducing sugar in each leaf position of clear flavor type and middle flavor type tobacco leaves was extremely and significantly higher than those of strong flavor type; (2) the content of nicotine in each leaf position of strong flavor type tobacco leaves was significantly higher than those of clear flavor type and middle flavor type; (3) both the content of rutin in C3F and X2F leaves and the content of proline in B2F leaves of clear flavor type and middle flavor type tobacco were higher than those of strong flavor type; (4) results of correlation analysis indicated that the increasing content of reducing sugar, proline and rutin contributed to the improvement of aroma quality, amount of aroma, degree of smooth and the sense of mellow, while the content of nicotine of tobacco leaves had double effects on sensory valuation quality, for tobacco leaves of clear flavor type and strong flavor type, too high or low content of nicotine would result in bad influence on sensory evaluation.

  Condition Optimization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging Preservation for Fresh Cut Lettuce 2016, 32 (7):  185-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100017 Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 730KB )   ( 537 ) The purpose of this experiment was to research the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the preservation effect of fresh cut lettuce, lettuce after cleaning, disinfection, dehydration, cutting a series of machining process, with different packaging materials and different proportion of gases to Modified Atmosphere packaging ,refrigerated at 4 ℃, the weight loss rate, VC, chlorophyll, microbial, electrical conductivity, PPO and POD activity of the lettuce were determined every two day, selecting the best material and the best ratio of gas for lettuce. The results showed that the suitable packaging materials and gas ratio of O2 and CO2 were beneficial to extend the shelf life of fresh cut lettuce, under the condition of 4 ℃, using the inflatable proportion of 3%O2 10%CO2 and the packing materials of PE composite nylon for modified atmosphere packaging, was able to maintain the appropriate respiration intensity ,effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms, decrease the activity of PPO, POD enzyme, and reduce VC, chlorophyll and other nutrient loss. The preservation period of lettuce extended from 4-5 days to 14 days, this has strong application value in the actual production and circulation.

  Extraction of Capsaicin from Fresh Red Pepper 2016, 32 (7):  191-195.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100011 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 601KB )   ( 650 ) In order to optimize the extracting process of capsaicin from fresh red pepper in Changsha, a single factor experiment for capsaicin extraction was conducted to investigate the effect of extraction time, extraction temperature, the ratio of solid to solvent and concentration of ethanol. Then an orthogonal experiment was carried out to determine the optimal parameters. The results showed that effect of the four factors was in the following order: extraction temperature＞ratio of solid to solvent＞extraction time＞concentration of ethanol. The optimal condition was extracting capsaicin at 60℃ for 100 min using 80% ethanol with the ratio of solid to solvent of 1:15. And the highest extraction rate of capsaicin was 0.326‰.

  Quality Components Variation and Fermenting Degree Discrimination During Fermentation Process of Congou Black Tea Based on Dynamic Cluster Analysis 2016, 32 (7):  196-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090026 Abstract + ( 1073 )   PDF ( 825KB )   ( 568 ) The study aims to investigate the relationship among quality components, sensory evaluation and the optimum fermentation of congou black tea, and explore the discrimination criterion of the optimum fermentation. We conducted sensory evaluation and tested 10 quality components such as total catechin, EGC, EGCG, EC, ECG, GA, L-C, TFs, TRs, TB and so on. The inner connection of quality components of congou black tea was analyzed via dynamic clustering analysis, the test samples were classified according to the fermentation degree, then the fermentation degree results of sensory evaluation were compared, and the contribution of each quality component was determined through variance analysis. Jaccard coefficients of insufficient fermentation, optimum fermentation and over fermentation samples based on quality components and sensory evaluation were Jb=0.82, Js=0.59 and Jg=0.65, respectively. The contribution of quality components to the classification was: EC＞total catechin＞EGCG＞ECG＞L- C＞GA＞EGC＞TB＞TFs＞TRs. Quality components presented a linear change in different types. It is concluded that, according to the quality components variances of different fermentation degrees of congou black tea, it was feasible to discriminate the optimum fermentation by dynamic clustering method, and the classification results were ideal. The content change of total catechin and its components, as well as theaflavin of different fermentation degrees of congou black tea could be used as the discrimination criterion for the optimum fermentation.