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• 2022 Vol.38 No.31 Published:05 November 2022

  Combined Application of Different Proportions of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers: Effects on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency XU Danyang, LI Hongying, SUN Yixiang, WU Gang, WANG Jiabao, YUAN Manman, WANG Peixuan, ZHANG Xiangming, SHU Xiaohai 2022, 38 (31):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1087 Abstract + ( 331 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 89 ) The study aims to explore the effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer nitrogen in traditional Chinese medicine residue replacing chemical fertilizer nitrogen on rice growth and development, yield and nitrogen utilization, and to provide new approaches for improving the quality and efficiency of rice production and realizing the resource utilization of organic waste. Under the same total nitrogen application amount, taking the organic fertilizer made by traditional Chinese medicine residues as the test material, six treatments were set: no fertilization (CK), organic fertilizer nitrogen replacing chemical fertilizer nitrogen by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer nitrogen replacing chemical fertilizer nitrogen on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were studied. The results showed that under the same amount of nitrogen application, replacing chemical fertilizer nitrogen with a reasonable proportion of organic fertilizer nitrogen was beneficial to improving the seed setting rate, followed by increasing the number of effective panicles. The substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer by 25% achieved the highest yield increase, and the yield was 9.06% higher than that of single application of chemical fertilizer. Under this experimental condition, the proportion of partial substitution of organic fertilizer nitrogen for chemical fertilizer nitrogen was 35.3%, and the yield could reach 9057 kg/hm2. The proportion of organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution could significantly improve the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. In agricultural production, 25%-35% of organic fertilizer is an ideal fertilization proportion under the condition of equal nitrogen substitution.

  Study on Fertilizer Reduction and Efficiency Increase for Japonica Rice in South China FANG Keming, XIAO Xin, QIN Leiying, JIANG Lin, WANG Lu, ZHANG Lu, WANG Meiling, ZHANG Ming, LUO Wenhan, JIANG Hong, HUANG Huaxiang, ZHONG Guomin 2022, 38 (31):  6-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1014 Abstract + ( 285 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1138KB )   ( 81 ) Since 2009, Jiangxi Province has carried out the plan of introduction, demonstration and extension of japonica rice, and to 2016, the japonica rice planting reached a certain scale in the province. In 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture launched a nationwide campaign of zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizers to promote fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase. To develop the technology of fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase in japonica rice planting and promote the ‘early indica-late japonica’ rice planting pattern, a field experiment of four treatments was conducted in Fuliang County in 2016. The four treatments were blank control, farmers’ conventional fertilization method and two recommended fertilization methods. The recommended fertilization methods were the formula fertilization with fertilizer reduction. The results showed that recommended fertilization method 1 was the best among all treatments. Compared with farmers’ conventional fertilization method, the recommended fertilization method 1 saved 123.9 kg/hm2 of N, P and K nutrients, increased rice yield by 608.75 kg/hm2 and net income by 2070.35 yuan/hm2, and achieved significant economic benefits. The recommended fertilization method 1 had a total partial factor productivity of 13.34 and a production ratio of 6.39, which were 38.4% and 36.54% respectively higher than those of farmers’ conventional fertilization method. Additionally, the experiment showed that recommended fertilization methods had obvious effects of fertilizer reduction and yield increase, as well as income increase, which could be popularized in local ‘early indica-late japonica’ rice planting.

  Research Progress and Prospect of Rice-Turtle Farming in China YANG Wuguang, WANG Jun, WEN Kai, QIU Jingtao 2022, 38 (31):  12-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0483 Abstract + ( 339 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1030KB )   ( 114 ) In recent years, the rice-turtle farming has developed rapidly in China. Chinese scholars have carried out a lot of theoretical research and application practice on this technology. For the research on technical theory, it mainly focuses on the impact of rice-turtle farming on diseases, pests and weeds, as well as soil environment and microbial community in paddy field, and rice yield and quality, and has achieved a large number of results. In terms of technology application, different scholars in different regions have carried out a lot of practical work, defined the technical specifications, and formed technical regulations in some regions. Some scholars have also carried out innovations such as ‘rice-turtle-fish-duck farming’ and ‘rice-turtle-fish farming’. On the basis of summarizing the above research, this paper puts forward the research prospects as follows: the innovation of key technologies of rice-turtle farming, the research on the quality of turtle, the cultivation of professional talents, and the regional development of standardization and industrialization.

  Comparison of Peanut Sprout Output Coefficients Under Different Peanut Genetic Backgrounds LI Shuang, ZHANG Xiaojun, WANG Ping, XU Yongju, HOU Rui, ZHU Xunlu, LIU Xing, ZHANG Xiangqiong, YUE Fuliang, LI Wenjun, ZHANG Xiaohong 2022, 38 (31):  17-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1152 Abstract + ( 340 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 455 ) To find out the relationship between the germination yield and biological traits and create more suitable materials for peanut sprout industrialization, this study conducted character statistics and germination experiments on nationwide peanut materials with different genetic backgrounds. A total of 127 peanut materials with different genetic backgrounds, including four testa color materials from five regions of China, were selected to measure the 100-kernel weight, plant height and yield per plant after planting. After 8 days of germination in plant factory, the sprout height, weight coefficient and sprout output coefficient were calculated and compared. The results showed that the 127 peanut materials with different genetic backgrounds had significant differences of 7.75 cm at maximum in sprout height. The sprout height of most varieties was 12-13 cm, accounting for 26.77% of total samples. The extreme value of sprout weight coefficient had a significant difference of 7.85 times, and the average sprout weight coefficient was 4.62. The highest sprout output coefficient detected was 8.24 in YY40 ordinary peanut. The materials with sprout output coefficient above 7 displayed yield ratio greater than 1, accounting for 4.72% of the total. According to the sprout output coefficient analysis with different colors, regions and 100-kernel weight, we found that color and region had no significant effect on the sprout output coefficient. The sprout output coefficient decreased gradually with the increase of the 100-kernel weight, but there was a great difference among peanut varieties with different genetic backgrounds. However, high coefficient of sprout weight and output were still observed in high 100-kernel weight varieties, and vice versa.

  Effects of Spraying Microelement-fertilizer on Physiological Metabolism of Tobacco Plant at Mature Stage Under Localized Fertilization WANG Yuemin, KE Yuqin, XIE Rongrong, LI Chunying, LI Wenqing 2022, 38 (31):  24-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1024 Abstract + ( 247 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1266KB )   ( 82 ) To explore the effect of foliar application of microelement-fertilizer on the maturity of tobacco leaves and improve tobacco leaf quality, ‘CB-1’ was selected as the experimental material. After 10 years’ localized fertilization with pure chemical fertilizer in tobacco fields, the effects of different medium and trace elements on the physiological metabolism of tobacco leaves were determined by foliar application 10 days and 20 days after topping of tobacco plants. The results showed that after spraying different medium and trace elements on leaves, the total content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased significantly, the leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance increased significantly, the fluorescence parameters Fo and Fo/Fm decreased significantly, and Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo increased significantly. Nitrate reductase activity increased significantly. The relative permeability of cell membrane decreased significantly. Both CAT and SOD maintained high activities, while MDA content decreased significantly. The results indicated that spraying medium and trace elements in the late growth stage of flue-cured tobacco in the field with long-term pure chemical fertilizer application was beneficial to improving the stability of cell membrane structure, reducing the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, maintaining the stability of photosynthetic structure, reducing the degradation of chloroplast pigments, improving the efficiency of light energy conversion, and slowing down the damage of reactive oxygen species. Spraying microelement-fertilizer is conducive to improving the photosynthetic capacity of tobacco leaves, alleviating the injury and aging of tobacco leaves, and improving the flue-curing adaptability of upper leaves.

  Screening and Cutting Feasibility of Quinoa Vegetable Varieties MEI Li, HAN Lihong, ZHOU Jihua, ZHOU Jihong, ZHU Ning, WANG Junying, CAO Caihong, HE Bingqing 2022, 38 (31):  31-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1048 Abstract + ( 269 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1987KB )   ( 53 ) In order to select suitable quinoa varieties for vegetable use and explore the feasibility of cutting quinoa seedlings, 11 varieties (lines) of quinoa from Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi were introduced and cultivated in solar greenhouse for 36 days to collect stems and leaves, and plant traits, fresh food yield, palatability, nutrient content and cutting feasibility were compared. The results showed that the fresh food yield of ‘Tiaoli 1’ and ‘Longli 4’ were higher, ‘ZK1’, ‘Longli 4’ and ‘Tiaoli 1’ were richer in nutrition, ‘Longli 4’, ‘Longli 5’ and ‘Longli 3’ had better palatability. Considering yield, nutrition and palatability comprehensively, ‘Longli 4’ could be demonstrated and planted as a vegetable variety. ‘Longli 4’ is suitable for harvesting by cutting, with plant height of 36.0 cm, stem diameter of 6.3 cm, leaf number of 16.7, fresh weight of 7.8 g/plant and direct harvesting yield of 15.10 t/hm2. The cutting yield of ‘Longli 4’ is close to and slightly lower than the direct harvesting yield.

  Effect of Photoperiod on Yield and Quality of Water Dropwort in Plant Factory LI Zhengpu, TONG Jing, WANG Suna, LI Yanyan, WANG Liping, LIANG Hao, WU Zhanhui 2022, 38 (31):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0556 Abstract + ( 278 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1303KB )   ( 74 ) To screen out the optimum growth condition of water dropwort with high yield and better quality, Japan water dropwort was used as the test material, growth experiments were conducted with indoor LED lights under different photoperiods. Four light/dark alternates (3.5 h/2.5 h, 7 h/5 h, 14 h/10 h, and 10 h/14 h) were set, and the growth parameters, such as the content of vitamin C, total flavonoid, soluble protein, photosynthetic pigment and nitrate, were measured to explore the effects of photoperiod on the growth and quality of water dropwort. The results showed that prolonging illumination from 10 h (10 h light/14 h dark) to 14 h (7 h light/5 h dark-7 h light/5 h dark) could promote the plant height, total yield, and leaf quality of water dropwort.

  Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium on Saponin in Momordica charantia GUO Xiaoshan, WANG Linchuang, ZHAO Jianfeng, SUN Yudong, WANG Guolian, QU Haiyong, LUO Dexu, XU Wenzhao, YIN Lian 2022, 38 (31):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1075 Abstract + ( 279 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1275KB )   ( 71 ) To further optimize the application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in Momordica charantia cultivation and increase the saponin content, the low- (‘206’) and high- (‘Youjia 4’) saponin varieties were selected as the test materials, and the medium-saponin variety ‘Gedalv’ was used as the control. The root tip non-invasive detection method was used to detect root absorption of nitrogen and potassium ions. The results showed that the absorption of nitrogen ions by ‘Youjia 4’ roots was significantly higher than that by ‘Gedalv’ and ‘206’ at young fruit stage, while the release of potassium ions was 40% and 63.5% lower than that by ‘206’ at the seedling and young fruit stage, respectively. In the field cultivation, three levels (low, medium and high) of nitrogen and potassium were used as variables to carry out the orthogonal design, and the fertilization verification was carried out. The results indicated that ‘Youjia 4’ had stronger ability to absorb nitrogen and retain potassium and could also produce high saponin under low nitrogen and potassium conditions. The high content of nitrogen and potassium could significantly increase the saponin content of low saponin varieties. To obtain high saponin in Momordica charantia cultivation and production, low nitrogen and potassium fertilization can be applied to high-saponin varieties, and fertilization with high nitrogen and potassium should be selected for low-saponin varieties.

  Research on Phenological Phase and Phenotypic Plasticity of Leaves and Fruits of Walnut HUANG Faxin, SONG Xiaobo, CHEN Lingna, QI Ji, XU Yongjie 2022, 38 (31):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1039 Abstract + ( 274 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1745KB )   ( 137 ) Research on the phenological phase and phenotypic plasticity of leaves and fruits of walnut ‘Qingxiang’ was carried out, to clarify the effect of climate change on walnut phenological phase in large scale and to provide a basis for high quality walnut cultivation and understanding walnut population differentiation. The phenological phase and phenotypic plasticity of compound leaves, multiple fruit rate on single branch and nut surface of walnut ‘Qingxiang’ from different growing regions of warm temperate zone, northern subtropics and southern subtropics in China were observed. The average genetic similarity coefficient of walnut ‘Qingxiang’ from different regions was 0.998, indicating high purity of the test material. The phenological phase of walnut ‘Qingxiang’ was coincident from warm temperate zone to southern subtropics, but the fruit development time increased from 125 d to 150 d. Leaflet number of compound leaf ranged from 5-9 pieces to 5-11 pieces, lateral leaflet edge shape was from elliptic to narrow elliptic, with tip shape changed from sharp point to gentle point. The multiple fruit rate on single branch was from 2.22% to 7.43%, and lines and pits on nut surface became more and deeper. In the migrating cultivation of walnut ‘Qingxiang’ from warm temperate zone to southern subtropics, its growth period becomes longer, the lateral leaflet edge shape is changing from round to long gradually with more sharp tips, the fruit-bearing number on single branch increases, and the smoothness of nut surface is weakened. So, the phenological phase and phenotypic characteristics of leaves, multiple fruit rate on single branch and nut surface of walnut ‘Qingxiang’ show quite strong phenotypic plasticity. From the transformation trend of Juglans regia to J. sigillata, we speculate that the differentiation of the two species may be caused by environmental factors.

  Effects of Supplementary Lighting in Veraison Period on Fruit Quality of Table Grape ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Jumeigui’ ZHA Qian, XI Xiaojun, YIN Xiangjing, JIANG Aili 2022, 38 (31):  55-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1112 Abstract + ( 508 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2211KB )   ( 49 ) Aiming at the poor fruit quality (poor coloring) caused by light and temperature adversity in the production of facility grape, ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Jumeigui’ were treated with daily supplementary lighting (4:00-5:00 and 19:00-22:00) in 2 vineyards during the veraison period. After daily supplementary lighting for 4 hours, the coloring of ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Jumeigui’ were deeper and more uniform. And the color index of red grape (CIRG) value of the grape fruits was increased under the supplementary lighting. After the treatment, the anthocyanin content of the grape peel increased by 5.00-19.42 μg/g; the soluble solid content of grape fruits increased by 0.5-1.7 °Brix; the glucose content increased by 0.42-3.43 mg/g. Then, the maturity period was 5-7 days earlier under the treatment. Above all, treating grapes with supplementary lighting in the veraison period could obviously improve the coloring and the quality of red grapes, and has good application value in the production of high-quality grapes.

  Genetic Diversity and Genetic Relationship Analysis of Longan Germplasm Resources Based on ISSR Markers LIU Xiaoying, WU Bijun, ZHANG Younan, HUANG Feilong, LIU Guoqiang 2022, 38 (31):  60-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1199 Abstract + ( 255 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1564KB )   ( 32 ) In order to clarify the genetic diversity level and genetic relationship of the collected longan germplasm resources, ISSR molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic characterization of 20 longan germplasm resources. The results showed that 113 DNA fragments were amplified from 11 ISSR primers, of which 90 fragments (79.65%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.5487 to 0.8673, and the average value was 0.7758. The ISSR clustering results of the 20 longan germplasm resources showed that the genetic relationship of the tested longan materials was close. The clustering results were affected by the parental relationship and the geographical distribution to a certain extent, which was more consistent with the traditional classification methods. The results provided theoretical and technical support for the classification, conservation and utilization, genetic evolution research and hybrid combination selection of the longan resources.

  Change Characteristics of Microbial Community in the Rhizosphere of Papaya Under Papaya-Leek Intercropping WANG Lixia, YIN Xiaomin, LIU Yongxia, LIAN Zihao, WANG Bizun, HE Yingdui 2022, 38 (31):  66-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1043 Abstract + ( 302 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2996KB )   ( 84 ) The variation characteristics of microbial community in rhizosphere of papaya under papaya-leek intercropping pattern were studied by using volatile substances released in leek habitat to inhibit the pathogenic fungi in the rhizosphere of papaya. Soil microbial DNA was extracted at different intercropping periods, and soil microbial diversity in rhizosphere was analyzed by Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that: (1) the soil bacteria in the rhizosphere were classified into 27 phyla, 64 classes, 146 orders, 272 families and 437 genera, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria, and their proportions were 18.15%, 22.33%, 19.11%, and 25.53%, respectively, accounting for 85.12% of the total bacterial composition; with the increase of intercropping time, the advantages of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were obvious; (2) the soil fungi of rhizosphere were classified into 7 phyla, 24 classes, 64 orders, 126 families and 239 genera, Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant, and their proportions were 93.71%, 3.94% and 1.18%, respectively, accounting for 98.83% of the total composition; and Ascomycota was the dominant; (3) at the genus level of bacteria, the relative abundance of Subgroup _6_ norank of Acidobacteria was the highest at 30, 60 and 120 d of intercropping; at 90 d, the relative abundance of Nitrospira was the highest; at the genus level of fungi, the relative abundance of the genus of Ascomycota was the highest whether papaya was intercropped with leek or not; (4) soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen and soil available phosphorus in the rhizosphere were the key factors affecting the soil microbial community structure and soil microbial diversity in papaya-leek intercropping pattern.

  Effect of Bacterial Enzyme Preparation on Composting of Cow Manure Under Different C/N Conditions LIANG Tian, ZHANG Xiaodong, ZHANG Yu, ZHANG Zuozhong, SI Riguleng, SU Budenggerile, NA Renhua 2022, 38 (31):  77-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1090 Abstract + ( 298 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1276KB )   ( 70 ) In this study, cow dung and wheat straw were used as composting raw materials, and different C/N treatment groups (25/1, 30/1 and 35/1) were set up. The effects of exogenous bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Streptomyces flavus) and enzyme preparations (cellulase and protease) on temperature, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in the process of aerobic composting were studied. The results showed that adding bacterial enzyme preparation under different C/N conditions could increase the average temperature in high temperature period, and the temperature of each group could meet the requirements of Hygienic Standard for Harmless Treatment of Feces (GB 7959—1987). The addition of bacterial enzyme preparation could effectively promote the degradation of organic matter, obviously improve the nitrogen content of the composting pile, and increase the relative content of total phosphorus and total potassium. Through the comprehensive analysis of the change characteristics of various indexes in the composting process, C8 group with C/N of 35/1 (adding Bacillus subtilis+ Aspergillus niger+ Streptomyces flavus) had the best composting effect.

  Methane Oxidation Flux in Volcanic Forest Soil of Different Geological Ages and Its Influencing Factors SHA Gang, YIN Hongbin, CAO Hongjie, XIE Lihong, HUANG Qingyang, XU Mingyi 2022, 38 (31):  83-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1093 Abstract + ( 228 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1707KB )   ( 26 ) Methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, contributes significantly to global warming, and forest soil is an important sink of atmospheric CH4. This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of methane oxidation fluxes in forest soil developed from volcanic rock parent materials of different geological ages, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the study of carbon cycle in temperate forest ecosystems. Three volcanoes of different geological ages in the Wudalianchi Volcanic Reserve were selected as research objects, and a hill of similar elevation in the same area with different genesis in the SKH Reserve was taken as control, to analyze the characteristics of soil methane oxidation fluxes and their influencing factors by using static chamber - gas chromatography method. The results showed that the total soil organic carbon content differed significantly (P<0.05) between the north and south slopes of different sampling sites, while there was remarkable changes between LHS (formed 300 years ago) and DJDB and BGLQ (formed 170000-190000 and 700000-800000 years ago, respectively), which showed a trend of gradual increase. The total soil nitrogen content differed significantly (P<0.05) between the north and south slopes, except that of LHS. Soil available nutrients’ contents of the north slope were higher than those of the south slope at different sampling sites, which showed gradual upward trends with geological ages. The diurnal fluctuation of methane oxidation fluxes, which were measured at LHS, DJDB, BGLQ and SKH, ranged from 44.58-68.35, 108.65-138.23, 74.72-118.05 and 78.26-105.34 µg/(m2·h), respectively; and the methane oxidation fluxes reached the peak from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.. The diurnal average value of methane oxidation fluxes was the highest at DJDB, which differed significantly from that of the other sampling sites (P<0.05). The monthly variation trends of methane oxidation fluxes in the north and south slopes were similar, which showed a single-peak curve pattern, and the peak of methane oxidation fluxes was observed in June. The annual variation of methane oxidation fluxes of DJDB was remarkably higher than that of LHS and BGLQ (P<0.05). Soil methane oxidation fluxes showed a significantly exponential correlation with soil temperature at 0-5 cm, and a linear correlation with soil water content at 0-5 cm. In summary, the differences of volcanic eruption periods determined the differences of soil nutrients’ contents. Pedogenesis processes could lead to the convergence of soil nutrients’ contents and physicochemical properties of different parent materials. The diurnal of methane oxidation fluxes generally manifested a higher value in the daytime and a lower value in the night. The ages of soil development influenced soil CH4 oxidation fluxes which were affected by multiple environmental factors.

  Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Net Nitrogen Transformation Rate and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Cropland Black Soil LANG Man, YUAN Xiaohang, LI Ping 2022, 38 (31):  93-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1078 Abstract + ( 240 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1266KB )   ( 29 ) The study aims to understand the effects of different nitrogen (N) application levels on N transformation and greenhouse gas emissions in cropland black soil, and provide scientific guidance for rational fertilization in cropland. Cropland black soil in Heilongjiang Province was selected to study the responses of net N mineralization rate, net nitrification rate, N2O and CO2 emission rates and cumulative emissions to different N application levels [0 (N0), 40 (N40), 60 (N60) and 80 (N80) mg N/kg] through a laboratory incubation experiment. The results showed that the net N mineralization rate of N0 treatment was 0.03 mg N/(kg·d), while that of N40, N60 and N80 treatments was -0.71, -1.01 and -1.27 mg N/(kg·d), respectively, which indicated the occurrence of net N immobilization in the three treatments. Nitrogen application significantly promoted nitrification in soil, soil net nitrification rate of N0 treatment was 0.32 mg N/(kg·d), while that of N40, N60 and N80 treatments was 15.2, 19.7 and 24.0 times that of N0 treatment, respectively. The N2O emission rate increased significantly with the increase of N application level within 0-60 mg N/kg, however, when the N application level increased to 80 mg N/kg, N2O emission rate was significantly lower than that of N60 treatment. The N2O emission ratio of N0 treatment was 8.11‰, N application significantly decreased the ratio to 1.48‰, 1.72‰ and 1.15‰ under N40, N60, and N80 treatments, respectively, and no significant difference among the three N application rates was observed. Compared with N0 treatment, N application significantly inhibited CO2 emission, whereas, CO2 cumulative emission was not affected by N application level. This study show that N application level significantly affect soil net N transformation rate and greenhouse gas emissions, and the results are of practical significance for deeply understanding the N transformation regularity in cropland black soil and the rational application of N fertilizer.

  Determination of Phthalate Esters in Soil by ASE-GC-MS/MS WANG Guizhen, ZHANG Fei 2022, 38 (31):  101-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1124 Abstract + ( 229 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1251KB )   ( 29 ) To provide reference for determining the residues of phthalate esters in soil and solids, we used the gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to build the purified determination method of 6 phthalate esters in soil. The extract was determined for phthalate esters by acetone and n-hexane (1:1,V:V), PSA/Silica composite packing glass column, purification, drying and concentrating, and analyzed by GC-MS/MS with ASE, and external standard method was applied to quantitative analysis. The results of the 6 phthalate esters showed good linearity, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.9968-0.9995. The recoveries of the 6 phthalate esters were 84.6%-98.3%, the detection limit of the method was 0.2-0.8 μg/kg, and the relative standard deviation (n=6) was 2.7%-12%. This method is accurate, stable, simple, efficient and convenient, and it could save the cost and meet the test requirements of phthalate esters in soil.

  Evaluation of Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in the Yellow River Basin Based on Undesirable Output of Grey Water Footprint WANG Chujue, LI Ang, LI Luji 2022, 38 (31):  105-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1071 Abstract + ( 266 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1371KB )   ( 134 ) Under the background of tighter water resource constraints, this paper selects various panel data of agriculture in the Yellow River Basin from 2013 to 2017 from the perspective of grey water footprint, calculates the agricultural water use efficiency of the Yellow River Basin by using the dynamic super efficiency SBM model, and takes the employment of the primary industry, agricultural water consumption, effective cultivated land irrigation area and total power of agricultural machinery as input indicators. Taking the total agricultural output value adjusted according to the price index in 2013 as the desirable output and the grey water footprint as the undesirable output as the output indexes, through the analysis of SBM model, it is found that the total amount of agricultural grey water footprint in all provinces of the Yellow River Basin is decreasing, and the decline rate is increasing after 2015. The agricultural water use efficiency of each province in the Yellow River basin can be divided into three echelons according to whether it is greater than 1 and whether it is greater than 0.5. Except Sichuan, the agricultural water use efficiency of other provinces is rising. Therefore, the Yellow River Basin should pay attention to the management of grey water footprint and reduce the agricultural grey water footprint from the source, and the government should continuously strengthen investment in agricultural irrigation facilities, upgrade water-saving irrigation technology, adjust the industrial structure and improve the utilization rate of farmland irrigation water.

  Bactericides Screening and Field Application for Banana Bacterial Soft Rot FAN Huacai, ZENG Li, LI Weiyan, DING Yunxiu, GUO Zhixiang, LI Shu, XU Shengtao, ZHENG Sijun, WANG Yongbin 2022, 38 (31):  113-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1140 Abstract + ( 438 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 47 ) To screen effective bactericides against banana bacterial soft rot, indoor inhibitory, pot and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the control effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration method in the toxic medium method was used to determine the indoor inhibitory effect of 11 bactericides including antibiotics and non-antibiotics on the banana bacterial soft rot. Ten bactericides with inhibitory effect were selected for pot control experiment. Four bactericides with good pot control effect were selected for field control evaluation. The results are as follows. (1) Among the 11 kinds of antibiotics, tetramycin had good inhibitory effect, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1.74 μg/mL, followed by streptomycin sulfate, kasugamycin, zhongshengmycin, of which the MIC was 9.10, 29.50 and 89.10 μg/mL, respectively. Among non-antibiotics bactericides’ tests, benziothiazolinone had the greatest inhibitory effect with MIC of 89.55 μg/mL, and the MIC of copper oxychloride and thiodiazole-copper was 445.00 and 595.00 μg/mL, respectively. (2) Pot experiment showed that kasugamycin, benziothiazolinone, zhongshengmycin and thiodiazole-copper had good control effect, with the control effect of 67.97%, 64.58%, 63.53% and 61.83%, respectively. (3) Field experiments showed that the control effect of kasugamycin was 90.19%, followed by that of benziothiazolinone, zhongshengmycin and thiodiazole-copper, which was 89.84%, 84.60% and 74.59%, respectively. In summary, the 4 bactericides have good control effect on banana bacterial soft rot, which could be popularized in production by spraying.

  Tea Saponin: Research Progress on Its Effect of Pest Control and Synergism SONG Yingfang, HONG Huangxi, LI Zhuoli, CHENG Zhiyong, ZHANG Lixiang 2022, 38 (31):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1084 Abstract + ( 283 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2177KB )   ( 117 ) Tea saponin is a natural non-ionic surfactant with good biological activity, which has been used in different production fields. In this study, we reviewed and analyzed tea saponin from its roles as insecticide, fungicide, acaricide and molluscicide, and its synergistic mechanism as a synergistic agent. In addition, we discussed insecticidal range and bactericidal action of tea saponin, and the basic theoretical research on tea saponin, in order to provide reference for its comprehensive utilization.

  Research Progress of Pesticide Residues in Chinese Herbal Medicines CHEN Dandan, WAN Jianchun, LIAN Qi, WANG Jianxiong, WANG Dong, HONG Ting, YANG Yisheng 2022, 38 (31):  125-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1057 Abstract + ( 718 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1184KB )   ( 53 ) Pesticide residues, as one of the key factors affecting the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, seriously affect the efficacy of medication, human health, and the development of the Chinese herbal medicine industry. The authors briefly summarized the status of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, including the types of Chinese herbal medicines examined, the types of pesticides frequently detected, and the types of pesticide residues. The authors also sorted out the advantages and disadvantages of the main analytical detection techniques for pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, and the specific applications of chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry in the domain of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines. The causes of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, such as indiscriminate use of pesticides and incomplete registration, different degrees of contamination in the cultivation and processing, and the imperfect residue limit standards of relevant pesticides, were reviewed, and certain suggestions for improvement were given for different causes, such as building green planting bases to guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines from the source, enhancing pesticide registration management norms, developing pesticide residue detection methods with wide applicability, strengthening the knowledge of growers about pesticides, and improving pesticide residue limit standards.

  The Correlation Between the Starch Content and the Appearance Quality and Sensory Quality of Fujian Flue-cured Tobacco ZHANG Zhiling, LIN Haibin, WANG Xinwang, LIN Long, CHEN Xingfeng, GAO Weimin, LIN Zubin, CHEN Qingwen 2022, 38 (31):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1114 Abstract + ( 283 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1248KB )   ( 88 ) The paper aims to enrich the research on tobacco leaves of different flavor types and provide reference for the development of characteristic high-quality tobacco leaves with sweet or honey sweet flavor. 273 tobacco leaf samples from Fujian tobacco-growing areas from 2013 to 2020 were collected. Then, twenty indicators, such as starch content, appearance quality, sensory quality, etc., were determined and evaluated by using cluster analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that the starch content of Fujian flue-cured tobacco was a little higher than the national average. Starch content of upper leaves and middle leaves were much higher than that of lower leaves. A parabolic relation was observed between the starch content and the appearance quality and sensory quality. The best appearance quality and sensory quality were found in the middle starch content group. Correlation analysis indicated that, in the low starch content group, the starch content affected the appearance quality through indicators of oil and plumpness, and affected the sensory quality through indicators of aroma flavor type, sweetness, aroma quality, aroma quantity, concentration and aftertaste; in the middle starch content group, the starch content affected the appearance quality through indicators of oil, plumpness and glossiness, and affected the sensory quality through indicators of aroma flavor type, sweetness, aroma quality, and offensive odor; in the high starch content group, the starch content negatively affected all the appearance quality indicators, and affected the sensory quality through indicators of aroma flavor type and strength. The starch content of Fujian flue-cured tobacco was relatively high and was significantly different among the samples. Too high or too low starch content will have negative effects on flue-cured tobacco quality, therefore, we should balance the starch content in production to improve tobacco quality.

  Effects of Drying Methods on the Quality of Rose ‘Crimson Glory’ MA Yanzhi, QI Kejia, WANG Xiangdong 2022, 38 (31):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0476 Abstract + ( 293 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1297KB )   ( 223 ) In order to screen the best drying method and provide theoretical reference for the development and utilization of roses, the study used fresh flowers of rose ‘Crimson Glory’ as the materials, treated the roses with different drying methods, and determined the contents of nutrients and bioactive components. Then the membership function method was used to comprehensively evaluate the quality. The results showed that: different drying methods had different effects on the quality of rose ‘Crimson Glory’. The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein of rose treated by microwave low fire were the highest; the polysaccharide content obtained by microwave warm fire drying was the highest; the content of flavonoids was the highest after microwave medium fire drying; the content of polyphenols was the highest after bake drying at 70℃; and the relative concentration of anthocyanins was the highest after sun drying. The comprehensive evaluation by membership function showed that microwave low fire drying was the best in microwave drying, 70℃ drying was the best of bake drying, and shade drying was better than sun drying. The microwave low fire drying was the best of all methods for rose quality.

  Analysis of Research Situation of Rice Salt Tolerance in China Based on Bibliometrics WANG Yang, ZHANG Rui, ZHOU Yuqing, LIU Yonghao, SHAHID Hussain, LIU Gaosheng, DAI Qigen 2022, 38 (31):  147-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1068 Abstract + ( 362 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2601KB )   ( 81 ) To comprehensively understand the research dynamics in the field of rice salt stress in China, this paper, based on bibliometrics and with ‘rice’ and ‘salt stress’ as the keywords, searched the high-quality papers on rice salt stress in the database of the China National Knowledge Network (CNKI) from 1990 to 2020, and retrieved a total of 442 journal papers. The existing research achievements on salt stress in rice in China were analyzed from the aspects of the number of published papers, authors, scientific research institutions, citation frequency, fisheye diagram and emergence analysis. The results show that rice salt stress research has shown a trend of growth and is currently in the stage of explosive increase. Moreover, root growth, metal ion balance research, gene editing and expression are all hotspots in the field. The coastal and saline-alkali land areas have the most research on salt stress, and the research is more in-depth, and the superposition of different abiotic stresses is also a hot research direction. In the future, in addition to bud and seedling stage, the research on salt tolerance of rice should further focus on the goal of yield. Meanwhile, it is necessary to strengthen the cooperation between research teams and institutions, and promote the transformation of achievements and technology extension, so as to better serve agriculture, increase grain yield and ensure food security in China.

  Agroecology Meta-analysis Based on Bibliometrics: A Review YANG Ruizhe, CHEN Lanlan, LIU Xuejian, ZHENG Yiming, ZHENG Wei, ZHAI Bingnian, WANG Zhaohui, LI Ziyan 2022, 38 (31):  154-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1011 Abstract + ( 254 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2319KB )   ( 2907 ) To understand the development and application of meta-analysis in agroecology research and provide reference for relevant research, 718 valid literature was obtained with ‘meta’ as the keyword, and quantified by CiteSpace visualization software and Web of Science (WOS) literature analysis tool. The results show that the total number of international publications in agro-ecological meta-analysis has increased significantly. University of California, Davis (UC Davis), China Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Wageningen University have high international influence in the field of agro-ecological meta-analysis. The research topics of agroecology meta-analysis are diverse. The assessment of ecological and environmental effects of farmland management measures, land use change, climate change on biodiversity and greenhouse gases, the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen nutrient cycling, and the changes and interaction difference of different ecosystems are the main application fields at the present stage. As an important tool for agro-ecological research, meta-analysis provides a new way to verify hypotheses and develop new theories for large-scale comprehensive research, but it is still difficult to fully meet the needs of practical work by simple meta-analysis. A comprehensive meta-analysis based on big data fusion, machine learning model algorithms and expert knowledge assessment will be the focus of future research.