Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.14 Published:15 May 2023

  Effects of Planting Density on Plant Growth and Yield of Maize in Maize-Soybean Strip Intercropping System ZHOU Ping, CUI Ling, WANG Haiyan, QIAN Suju, CUI Yakun, CHEN Yanping, YUAN Jianhua 2023, 39 (14):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1029 Abstract + ( 182 )   HTML ( 32 )   PDF ( 1177KB )   ( 85 ) In order to determine the suitable planting density of maize in maize-soybean strip intercropping system in Jiangsu coastal areas, three planting densities (60000, 67500 and 75000 plants/hm2) were set up with ‘Sukeyu 1705’ and ‘Jiangyu 877’ as the experimental materials to study the effects of planting density on the growth and yield of maize. The results showed that the effects of planting density on plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaf traits and yield traits were similar between the two varieties. With the increase of planting density, the plant height, ear height, lodging rate, folding rate and empty stem rate of maize increased gradually, while the stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, leaf angle and yield decreased gradually. Under the density of 60000 plants/hm2, ‘Sukeyu 1705’ and ‘Jiangyu 877’ achieved the highest yield of 6299 kg/hm2 and 5431 kg/hm2 respectively, and had the lowest lodging rate, folding rate and empty stem rate. Under the density of 67500 plants/hm2 and 75000 plants/hm2, the lodging rate and folding rate of the two varieties both increased, which lead to the increase of yield risks. Compared with ‘Jiangyu 877’, ‘Sukeyu 1705’ achieved higher yield with lower leaf width, leaf area, leaf angle, folding rate and bald tip length, and higher ear length and grain weight under the same planting density. In summary, ‘Sukeyu 1705’ and ‘Jiangyu 877’ can achieve high yield under the planting density of 60000 plants/hm2 in maize-soybean strip intercropping system of Jiangsu coastal area.

  Screening of High Zinc Efficiency Genotypes of Summer Maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region ZHANG Panpan, HE Guanhua, LI Chuan, ZHANG Meiwei, NIU Jun, QIAO Jiangfang, HE Jiawen 2023, 39 (14):  6-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0437 Abstract + ( 106 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1375KB )   ( 29 ) Zinc (Zn) insufficient is one of the limiting factors for the normal growth and development of summer maize in the calcarious soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Zn fertilization is very important for high and stable yield in maize production. To screen high Zn efficiency genotypes in this region, a field experiment was conducted using 10 main cultivated maize genotypes. Four foliar spraying Zn stages were set to analyze the variation of bare tip length, grain yield and Zn content, and screen the high Zn efficiency genotypes according to the Zn responsivity. The results indicated that foliar spraying of 4.5 kg ZnSO4·7H2O/hm2 could decrease the bare tip length significantly. The grain yield and Zn content under the foliar spraying Zn at the jointing and flaring stage by 1:1 could be increased by 7.5% and 34.3%, reaching 8.73 t/hm2 and 43.94 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with no Zn addition, under the foliar spraying Zn at the jointing and flaring stage by 1:1, the reduced margin of bare tip length of ‘DK653’ and ‘LP638’, the yield growth margin of ‘GSY66’ and ‘ZD958’ and the grain Zn content of ‘ZD958’ were the maximum, respectively. The result of cluster analysis of Zn responsivity showed that ‘GSY66’ and ‘ZD958’ were high Zn efficiency genotypes, and they could be planted in the Zn insufficient soil of Huang-Huai-Hai region, and the treatment of foliar spraying of 4.5 kg ZnSO4·7H2O/hm2 at the jointing and flaring stage by 1:1 could increase grain yield and Zn content in this region.

  Response Characteristics of Cotton Dry Matter Accumulation and Transportation to Density and Row Spacing Configuration LIU Jintao, CHEN Guodong, WAN Sumei, ZHAI Yunlong, MAO Tingyong, LUO Lei, HU Qiang, MA Yunzhen, LI Yabing, FENG Lu, YANG Beifang, CAO Juan, ZHOU Xiang, LIN Feng 2023, 39 (14):  12-19.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0414 Abstract + ( 102 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1428KB )   ( 27 ) In order to clarify the response mechanism of dry matter accumulation and transportation and yield traits to the difference of planting density and row spacing, and promote the popularization of cotton varieties and the innovation of planting technology, in this study, ‘Zhongmiansuo 641’ was used as the experimental material, and the planting patterns of 76 cm equal row (SP) and (66 cm+10 cm) wide and narrow row (DP) were adopted. Three planting densities were set, including I: low density of 1.2×105 plants/hm2; II: medium density of 1.8×105 plants/hm2; and Ⅲ: high density of 2.4×105 plants/hm2. The Logistic curve equation was applied to analyze the data. The ∆T of cotton treated with SP Ⅱ in 2020 and 2021 was 54.7 days and 55.6 days, respectively. The duration of rapid accumulation of dry matter in vegetative organs in 2020 and 2021 was 33.3 days and 38 days, respectively, and the maximum accumulation rate was 1.13 g /(plant·d), higher than that of other treatments. The duration of rapid accumulation of dry matter in reproductive organs was 35.26 days and 25.79 days in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and the maximum accumulation rate was 1.05 g/(plant·d). The two-year experimental data showed that the dry matter conversion per plant of cotton treated with SP Ⅱ was the highest before and after anthesis. The yield of seed cotton treated with SP Ⅱ was 5359.48 kg/hm2 and 5151.00 kg/hm2 in 2020 and 2021 respectively, and the number of bolls per plant was 6.12. The response of yield to row spacing difference is stronger than that to density difference. The equal row spacing planting mode of 1.8×105 plants/hm2 is conducive to making full use of light and heat resources, promoting dry matter accumulation and transportation, and improving the yield of seed cotton.

  Types, Distribution and Ultrastructure of Head, Proboscis and Mouthparts Sensilla of Adult Curculio dieckamanni Faust. MA Xiaoqian, SHANG Eryu, GAO Yu, SUN Yan, SHEN Guotao 2023, 39 (14):  20-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0416 Abstract + ( 138 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 3121KB )   ( 21 ) The purpose of this study is to clarify the type, quantity, distribution and morphological characteristics of head, proboscis and mouthparts sensilla of the female and male adults of C. dieckamanni. Scanning electron microscope was used for the observation. Three types of sensilla were found in the heads of both male and female adults, namely sensilla squamiformia, dimples sensilla and cuticular pore. There was no dimorphism in the types of head sensilla in males and females. The number of sensilla squamiformia was significantly higher in females than that in males (P<0.05). The number of dimples sensilla was not significantly different between males and females (P>0.05), and there was only one cuticular pore in the head of both males and females. We found only one type of sensilla in the proboscis of male and female adults - the sensilla coeloconica, the number of which was significantly higher in females than that in males (P<0.05). Four types of sensilla were found in the mouthparts of both male and female adults of C. dieckamanni, namely sensilla basiconica, sensilla cylindric, fin sensilla and bearing short basiconic sensilla. There was no dimorphism between males and females in the types of mouthparts sensilla of C. dieckamanni, and their numbers were the same. In this study, we observed and analyzed the type, quantity, distribution and morphological characteristics of the head, proboscis and mouthparts sensilla of adult C. dieckamanni, and these results can provide a basis for further research on the behavioral ecology and physiology of C. dieckamanni.

  Breeding Capsium with Main Disease Resistance: Research Progress HAN Meimei, DUAN Qingqing, Tan Yanxiao, ZHANG Shaoli, LI Tengfei, LI Hua, ZHANG Chao, CHANG Peipei, Wang Jingjing, ZHANG Zikun 2023, 39 (14):  27-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0438 Abstract + ( 127 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1103KB )   ( 102 ) Capsium diseases are the obstacles in Capsium production. In this study, four major Capsium diseases, including viral disease, Phytophthora, anthracnose and Leveillula taurica, were reviewed from the aspects of resistance identification, resistance genetic rule, resistance gene location and resistant variety breeding, aiming to provide reference for Capsium resistance breeding in the future.

  Effects of Combined Amendments on the Availability of Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic and Trace Elements in Acidic Soils ZHOU Qingyun, WANG Hui, XU Chao, WU Meiyan, LUO Zunchang, ZHANG Quan, ZHU Qihong, ZHU Hanhua, HUANG Daoyou 2023, 39 (14):  33-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1004 Abstract + ( 99 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1174KB )   ( 36 ) Screening out combined amendments, which can simultaneous immobilize cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and have little effect on the availability of medium and trace elements, can provide a scientific basis for the remediation the acidic multi-heavy metals contaminated soil. A soil culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of sepiolite (S), ferro-manganese ore powder (F) and biochar (B) and their combinations on the availability of Cd, Pb, As, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in acidic multi-heavy metals contaminated soil at the same dose (6 g/kg soil). The results showed that sepiolite, Fe-Mn ore powder, biochar and their combinations increased soil pH and decreased the available concentrations of Cd, Pb and As in soil. The effectiveness of combined treatments on reducing the availability of Cd, Pb and As was better than that of single treatments. The three amendment materials and their combinations reduced the availability of Zn to a certain extent, and the three amendment materials and most of their combinations reduced the availability of Fe and Mn. The efficiency of simultaneous immobilization of Cd, Pb and As by S5F1B0 combination was relatively high. Compared with the control, the concentration of available Cd, Pb, As, and Zn in soil treated with S5F1B0 was reduced by 30.9%, 84.5%, 60.2% and 32.5%, respectively, while the concentration of available Mn was increased by 19.9%. The concentration of available Cd, Pb, Zn, and Mn were significantly negatively correlated with pH. The combination of S5F1B0 had a high efficiency of simultaneous immobilization of Cd, Pb, and As in the multi-heavy metals contaminated soil, which could appropriately improve the Mn availability, and Zn should be properly supplied when the combination is applied.

  Comparative Study on Remediation of Slight and Moderate Cadmium Contaminated Paddy Fields by Energy Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) LI Baizhong, HUANG Daoyou, XU Chao, ZHU Hanhua, ZHANG Quan 2023, 39 (14):  41-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0498 Abstract + ( 111 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1208KB )   ( 40 ) To clarify the remediation ability of energy sorghum in paddy fields, five energy sorghum varieties were used to carry out phytoremediation comparative experiments in paddy fields with slight and moderate cadmium (Cd) contamination. The Cd accumulation amount, enrichment coefficient, transfer coefficient and the soil Cd concentration change were measured, the correlation among these indexes were analyzed. The results showed that in slightly Cd contaminated paddy field (the total Cd concentration of soil was 0.59 mg/kg), the shoot Cd accumulation of five energy sorghum varieties was 13.62-34.70 g/hm2, the enrichment coefficient was 1.53-3.38, and the transfer coefficient was 0.25-0.68. The shoot Cd accumulation of ‘Alto 2’ (V4) was significantly higher than that of ‘Alto 601’ (V1), ‘Alto 901’ (V2) and ‘Alto 1’ (V3) by 154.71%, 64.90% and 30.68%, respectively. The shoot Cd accumulation of V3 and ‘N51M4264’ (V5) was significantly higher than that of V1 by 94.89% and 141.42%, respectively. In moderately Cd contaminated paddy field (the total Cd concentration of soil was 1.89 mg/kg), the shoot Cd accumulation of the five energy sorghum varieties was 14.78-53.35 g/hm2, the enrichment coefficient was 0.72-1.65, and the transfer coefficient was 0.24-0.43. In addition, the shoot Cd concentration of V3, V4 and V5 were significantly higher than that of V1 and V2 by 148.26%-260.98%. The enrichment coefficient was significantly and positively correlated with the transfer coefficient (P<0.01), but was negatively correlated with soil total Cd and soil available Cd concentration (P<0.05). The results showed that all the five energy sorghum varieties had better biological yield. ‘Alto2’ could be used for the remediation for moderately Cd contaminated paddy fields because of its higher biological yield, and good enrichment and transfer capacity. ‘Alto 601’ could be used for the safe production in slightly Cd contaminated paddy fields because of its relatively low Cd enrichment and transfer capacity.

  Effect of Biological Bacterial Fertilizer on Pseudostellaria heterophylla Growth JIANG Yuanbin 2023, 39 (14):  48-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0602 Abstract + ( 104 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1246KB )   ( 56 ) By studying the effects of three kinds of biological bacterial fertilizers on the growth of Pseudostellaria heterophylla, this study used traditional fertilization as the control and screened out suitable bacterial fertilizer. The results showed that adding bio-bacterial manure as the base fertilizer could significantly promote the growth of Pseudostellaria heterophylla, and there was no need to add compound fertilizer. The suitable base fertilizer combination was: compound microorganism inoculant 2400 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥200 million)+ soybean meal microorganism inoculant 2400 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥200 million)+ customized package fertilizer 600 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥100 million) + soil conditioning bacteria agent 600 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥200 million). Biological bacterial fertilizer as a base fertilizer could significantly increase the yield and efficiency of Pseudostellaria heterophylla production, while excessive fertilization was not conducive to the growth of Pseudostellaria heterophylla. Excessive base fertilizer combination was compound microorganism inoculant 2400 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥200 million)+ soybean meal microorganism inoculant 2400 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥200 million)+ customized package fertilizer 600 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥100 million)+ soil conditioning bacteria agent 600 kg/hm2 (effective viable count≥200 million)+ compound fertilizer 750 kg/hm2.

  Investigation on Soil Environment and Pear Fruit Quality in Pinggu Pear Orchards of Beijing LI Yanping, XU Jingying, WEI Hao, WU Shufeng, JIN Jing, PENG Qichao, ZHOU Shilong, DENG Zuke 2023, 39 (14):  54-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0597 Abstract + ( 116 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1200KB )   ( 15 ) To understand the status quo of soil nutrients, irrigation water quality and pear fruit quality of Pinggu pear orchards in Beijing, the soil pH and mineral nutrient contents of 100 representative pear orchards, the quality of 1 irrigation water sample and the quality of 30 pear fruits were investigated and analyzed. The results show that the soil pH of Pinggu pear orchards is pH 5.99-7.72, the average value is pH 6.99, the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed N, available Fe and available Mn are relatively low, while the content of soil available P, available K and available Cu are relatively high. The pH of irrigation water is pH 7.90, and other water quality indexes are all up to standards. The single fruit weight, fruit hardness, soluble solid content, solid-acid ratio, and the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe of Pinggu pear are higher than those of the reference values, and only the total acid content does not increase compared with the reference value. Therefore, it is suggest to ameliorate the orchard soil, adjust soil pH, pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer or bio-organic fertilizer, supplement nitrogen fertilizer and iron fertilizer, reduce the use of zinc fertilizer, properly adjust the pH of irrigation water, and strengthen the integrated management of soil, fertilizer, water and cultivation methods of pear orchards, so as to improve the quality of ‘Fojianxi’ pear of Pinggu.

  Abundance-deficiency Index of Soil Nitrogen and Appropriate Fertilizer Application Rates for Peach Planting in China ZHANG Ming, LV Zhiwei, SUN Hongren, ZHANG Jiping, LV Yucai, LIU Yuanqing 2023, 39 (14):  60-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0951 Abstract + ( 98 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1269KB )   ( 19 ) To lay a theoretical basis for peach soil testing and nitrogen fertilizer recommendation in China, the method of “scattered experimental data integration” and the method of “nutrient balance and target yield minus soil fertility yield” were employed to study the rich-lack index (RLI) of soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and organic matter and the recommended soil fertilizer application rates (RSFAR) for peach planting in China. The results showed that the RLI of soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen for peach planting in China from the first to the sixth level was ≥206, 125-206, 76-125, 46-76, 28-46 and <28 mg/kg, respectively; the RLI of soil organic matter from the first to the fourth level was≥53, 32-53, 12-32 and <12 g/kg, respectively. When the N fertilizer use efficiency was 40% and the target yield was 15-60 t/hm2, the range of the RSFAR of N for the first to the sixth level soil was 0-0, 20-80, 40-159, 60-239, 80-318 and 99-398kg/hm2, respectively. The recommended fertilization system of N in China’s peach soil was established preliminarily, which could provide a scientific basis for peach soil testing and fertilization.

  Determination of Soil Alkaline Hydrolytic Nitrogen by Automatic Kjeldahl Azotometer: Questions and Verification YANG Shuang, YANG Chunlei 2023, 39 (14):  67-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0363 Abstract + ( 92 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1447KB )   ( 26 ) With the developing of modern analytical instruments, a new method was adopted to analyze the value of soil alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen by using the Kjeldahl apparatus instead of alkali solution diffusion method. The similarities and differences between the results of the two methods should be clarified. So the verifying experiment in which automatic Kjeldahl nitrogen azotometer was used to determine the value of alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen of soil was carried out. The content of alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen in soil was determined by both automatic Kjeldahl azotometer and the traditional method, and the correlation and difference of the two methods, as well as the accuracy of nitrate nitrogen determination were analyzed. The results showed that over 75% of the soil samples had significantly different testing values with or without reducing agent under the two methods. Meanwhile, there was a significantly positive correlation between the results of the two methods. The results obtained by automatic Kjeldahl azotometer had higher correlation with the content of nitrate nitrogen than the traditional method. In summary, the soil alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen measured by automatic Kjeldahl azotometer could not be equated to that measured by alkali solution diffusion method, but the testing result still can be taken as a new index for measurement and applied in actual soil analysis.

  The Impact of Soil Moisture Control on Crop Coefficient and Water Use Efficiency of Drip-irrigated Alfalfa TONG Changfu, LI Heping, NIU Hai, LIU Jianfeng, LUO Penghuai 2023, 39 (14):  74-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0325 Abstract + ( 92 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1349KB )   ( 17 ) In this paper, field irrigation experiments were carried out for two consecutive years, and the effects of four soil water treatments under drip irrigation of alfalfa (70%θfc, 60%θfc, 50%θfc and 40%θfc) on crop coefficient (Kc) were studied, to explore a path to improve alfalfa water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that branching to budding stage were the critical period of water demand for alfalfa; the relationship between ETa of alfalfa and yield was a quadratic parabola (R2=0.9433). The Kc of alfalfa was 0.61-0.88 in greening-jointing stage, 0.68-0.79 in jointing-branching stage, 1.07-1.16 in branching-budding stage and 0.57-0.96 in budding-flowering stage, and the crop coefficient of the whole growth period was a quadratic parabola. Under the conditions of different soil water contents and precipitation, the irrigation volume had a significant effect on the WUE of alfalfa in the years with less precipitation; while on the contrary, the irrigation volume had no significant effect on the WUE of alfalfa.

  Variation Characteristics and Zoning of Heat Resource in Xing’an League of Inner Mongolia from 1991 to 2020 ZHANG Xiaolei, GAO Hongxia, LIU Yang 2023, 39 (14):  80-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0525 Abstract + ( 190 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1798KB )   ( 52 ) Based on the daily average temperature data of 8 meteorological observation stations in Xing’an League of Inner Mongolia from 1991 to 2020, this paper analyzed the variation characteristics of 10℃ active accumulated temperature in Xing’an League during the 30 years. At the same time, combined with the daily average temperature data of 10 meteorological observation stations in Hulunbeier City, Tongliao City and Jilin Province, the refined calculation model of each heat element in Xing’an League was constructed. Finally, combined with the geographic information data of Xing’an League, the refined zoning map of heat resource was drawn. The results showed that the climate tendency rate of the 10℃ average active accumulated temperature in Xing’an League from 1991 to 2020 was 103.64 (℃·d)/10 a. Its change could be roughly divided into four stages. Compared with the previous generation, the average value of 10℃ active accumulated temperature at each station increased from 1991 to 2020. The area of ≥2800℃·d increased by about 5553 km2, and the area of 10℃ active accumulated temperature at other levels decreased in varying degrees, and the boundary of 10℃ active accumulated temperature of each grade moved to the northwest.

  Analysis of Precipitation and Circulation Characteristics of Autumn Flood in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River in 2021 JIN Lijun, LIU Jing, WANG Peng 2023, 39 (14):  85-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0356 Abstract + ( 95 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 2571KB )   ( 32 ) To improve the ability of precipitation forecasting in autumn in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, so as to provide reference for agricultural production and even disaster prevention and mitigation in this area, this study used the daily precipitation data of hydrological and meteorological stations, the daily subtropical high ridge line and west extension ridge point data of the National Climate Center, and the reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR, to analyze the characteristics of autumn precipitation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in 2021 and the daily evolution characteristics of the circulation situation. The results showed that the autumn flood in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in 2021 was caused by six strong precipitation processes, with the characteristics of long lasting days, stable rain band, strong rain intensity and high overlap of falling areas. During the autumn flood season, the ridge line of the subtropical high was relatively stable. The seasonal southward fall of the subtropical high was abnormally late, and the west extension ridge was westward. The blocking situation prevailed in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia. The heavy precipitation process in the middle reaches of the Yellow River mainly occurred in the situation of double resistance height in the weakening collapse period when the resistance height of Ural Mountain reached the peak period, and in the situation of single resistance height formed by Ural Mountain. The stronger strength and easterly position of the South Asian high were the main reasons for the formation of the jet stream at 40°—45° N and 110°—140° E of 200 hPa. The low-level jet was not significant in the early stage and its location was southerly, but it expanded northward after late September. The appropriate configuration of high and low-level jet provided a favorable circulation background for the development of upward movement during the occurrence of sustained heavy precipitation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. In the autumn flood season, the water vapor mainly came from the Western Pacific, which was transported by the abnormally strong easterly air flow on the south side of the subtropical high and the strong southwest air flow on the northwest side of the subtropical high.

  Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Seasonal Frozen Soil in Shanxi Province and Their Response to Climate Warming WU Sufen, MA Ziping, LI Zhicai, HAN Dianchen, LI Yajun, YAO Caixia 2023, 39 (14):  95-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0359 Abstract + ( 267 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2082KB )   ( 43 ) The study of seasonal frozen soil change in Shanxi Province has important application value for revealing the response of seasonal frozen soil thawing to climate change and the direct impact of land degradation caused by frozen soil change on agricultural production, irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure and road construction in the Loess Plateau under the background of climate warming. Based on the frozen soil data from meteorological observation records at 108 stations in Shanxi Province from 1981 to 2018, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the ground freezing date, thawing date, the number of frozen days and annual maximum depth of frozen soil, and the interannual and interdecadal variation characteristics of the annual maximum frozen soil depth, and the responses of the above factors to climate warming. Results showed that soil freezing in northern Shanxi began in September, and the frozen soil subsided in May at the latest. The depth and area of frozen soil reached the maximum at the end of winter and the beginning of spring. The date of ground freezing was postponed and the date of ground thawing was earlier, and the number of frozen days was reduced accordingly to various degrees in most parts of the province from 1981 to 2018. The annual maximum depth of frozen soil gradually decreased from north to south. The annual maximum depth of frozen soil decreased in the middle and southern parts of the province, and increased in the northern part, which might be related to the warming and wetting of winter climate in north Shanxi. Under climate warming, winter precipitation and 0 cm ground temperature had complex response relationship with the annual maximum depth of frozen soil. The annual maximum depth of frozen soil was negatively correlated with 0 cm ground temperature under the background of excessive winter precipitation. The decreasing trend of the maximum frozen soil depth was a direct response to the increase of the annual average temperature, and the response of the maximum frozen soil depth to the annual average temperature was more significant than that to the annual precipitation.

  Study on Variation Characteristics and Forecasting Methods of the Initial Flowering Period of Apricot Blossoms in Hami Oasis YANG Yanling, PAN Cunliang, CHEN Yanli, SHI Kan, BAI Songzhu, SIDIKE Maimaiti 2023, 39 (14):  105-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0941 Abstract + ( 105 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1339KB )   ( 29 ) Using the phenological observation of apricot blossoms and ground meteorological data from 1991 to 2020 at Hami National Reference Climatological Station, the variation trend, climatic causes and main influencing factors of the initial flowering period of the apricot blossoms in Hami Oasis were analyzed. The results showed that from 1991 to 2020, the initial flowering period of apricot blossoms in Hami Oasis had tended to occur early, while the average initial flowering period was April 3 to 4 (April 2 to 3 in leap years). The initial flowering period of apricot blossoms had a significantly negative correlation with the average minimum temperature in January, and the average maximum temperature in the middle of January and March. It had a significantly negative correlation with the average temperature, average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature and average ground temperature in March and mid to late March. It had a significantly negative correlation with the average sunshine duration in early March. The initial flowering period had a significantly positive correlation with the relative humidity in March and mid to late March. It had a significantly positive correlation with precipitation in late January and March. It had a significantly positive correlation with the beginning date of daily average temperature ≥5℃. The prediction model of the initial flowering period of apricot blossoms was established by stepwise regression analysis, and the good experimental results of the back-substitution test and prediction test showed that it could provide certain reference for the prediction of the initial flowering period of apricot blossoms.

  Control Effect of 20% Saflufenacil Suspension Concentrate on Annual Broadleaf Weeds in Sorghum Field SONG Weifeng 2023, 39 (14):  110-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0390 Abstract + ( 185 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1213KB )   ( 23 ) The resistance of broadleaf weeds in sorghum field to herbicides is becoming increasingly serious, and the limited varieties of herbicides that can be used in sorghum field make it difficult to control broadleaf weeds, and the yield of sorghum has been greatly affected. Therefore, there is an urgent need to screen out herbicides with good control effect on resistant broadleaf weeds in sorghum production. This experiment discussed the control effect of different dosages of 20% saflufenacil suspension concentrate on broadleaf weeds in sorghum field, such as Polygonum bungeanum Turcz., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L.. The results showed that the medium and high dosages (60, 90 g a.i./hm2) of 20% saflufenacil herbicide suspension concentrate had good control effect on broadleaf weeds in sorghum field. The maximum control effect on the fresh weight of broadleaf weeds could reach 97.75%, and the duration of the effect could be about 30 days. In addition, the herbicide was safe for sorghum, did not affect the yield, and had the characteristics of reducing application and increasing efficiency. The experiment results can provide a theoretical basis for the rational control of broadleaf weeds in sorghum fields.

  Lethal Effect of Spinosad Combined with Mung Bean Water Content Control on Callosobruchus chinensis CHENG Zhiyong, WANG Qi, ZHOU Hang, WU Meihui, ZHANG Lixiang 2023, 39 (14):  115-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0428 Abstract + ( 133 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1282KB )   ( 17 ) In order to reduce the dosage of spinosad and delay the generation of drug resistance, the lethal effect of spinosad on Callosobruchus chinensis was tested by being combined with water content control of mung bean. The seed dressing method was used to determine the lethal effect of spinosad on adults and eggs of C. chinensis. The results showed that the mortality of the eggs and adults increased with the increase of spinosad concentration and the decrease of mung bean water content. The eggs of C. chinensis were more sensitive to spinosad, the mortality of eggs treated with adult sublethal LC10 concentration was as high as 65%. It is recommended to control the water content of mung bean in the range of 9.5%-11.5% when using spinosad to control C. chinensis. This study can provide reference for the environment-friendly management of mung bean storage.

  Effects of Reduced Aphid Feeding on Oviposition Characteristics of Harmonia axyridis CHEN Hezhu, ZHU Jin, XU Xiang, LEI Min, XIAO Kejun, PENG Yingli, LU Qiucheng, CAI Peng, FANG Chao, LI Yuejian, PU Deqiang 2023, 39 (14):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0467 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1336KB )   ( 21 ) In order to clarify the effect of different proportions of aphid feeding on the oviposition characteristics of Harmonia axyridis, and lay a theoretical foundation for the follow-up study of artificial diet of H. axyridis, five treatments were designed in this experiment, which were fed with aphid reduction of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0%, namely group A, B, C, D and E. Group A was fed with artificial diet and group E was fed with aphid. The quantity, hatching rate, mortality and location of oviposition under each treatment were recorded in this experiment. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of eggs laid between group D and group E, the amount of eggs laid by ladybugs fed with aphid reduction of 50% or more was significantly lower than that of the control group. The number of collectable egg masses and egg grains in each treatment was significantly higher than that of non-collectable egg masses and egg grains, and the number of collectable eggs in group A, B and C was significantly lower than that in group E. The oviposition amount of ladybugs in each treatment fluctuated significantly with time, with an average peak of 4 days. The hatching rate of group B, C and D was slightly higher than that of group E, but there was no significant difference. The mortality rate of females was generally higher than that of males, the mortality rate from high to low was Group E>A>B>C>D. This study showed that the reduction of aphid feeding by 25% did not reduce the quantity of effective oviposition of H. axyridis, and the reduction of aphid feeding by more than 50% significantly reduced the quantity of effective oviposition of H. axyridis, thus clarifying the effects of different proportions of aphid reduction feeding on the oviposition characteristics of H. axyridis.

  Effects of Sustained Release of Medium on Water Quality and Microbial Metabolism of Tilapia Culture Water YANG Yong, SHI Leilei, CHU Yuyao, CHEN Jiazhang, FAN Limin, MENG Shunlong 2023, 39 (14):  125-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0408 Abstract + ( 81 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1274KB )   ( 17 ) The paper aims to study the effect of heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria on the water quality and microbial metabolism of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under the condition of sustained release carbon source in the medium. Through the tilapia culture experiment, the effects of the medium slow-release carbon source and different nitrifying bacteria on the tilapia culture water were studied; through the Biolog-ECO technology, the effect of the medium slow-release condition on the metabolic diversity of microorganisms in the culture water was studied. The research results showed that the medium slow-release condition could effectively improve the eutrophication trend of tilapia aquaculture water, reduce the concentration of CODMn and chlorophyll in the aquaculture water, and increase the transparency of the water body. At the same time, the medium also significantly enhanced the ability of microorganisms to utilize carbon sources, and the microbial activity of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The sustained release of medium has a certain positive significance for the study of water quality and microbial metabolic diversity of tilapia aquaculture, and provides a certain theoretical basis for its subsequent application in aquaculture.

  Effects of Three Debonding Reagents on the Hatching of Fertilized Eggs of Mastacembelus armatus LIU Yinhua 2023, 39 (14):  133-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0406 Abstract + ( 140 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1376KB )   ( 18 ) This paper aims to find a rapid and effective method of debonding and improve the efficiency of artificial breeding of Mastacembelus armatus. Yellow-earth slurry (A), talcum powder (B) and papain (C) were used for debonding fertilized eggs of Mastacembelus armatus, and the papain reagent was formulated in four recipes (C1, C2, C3, C4), and four debonding time (15s, 30s, 45s, 60s) were set, then the effects of three debongding reagents on hatching were assessed. The results showed the effect of talcum powder was better than that of yellow-earth slurry, but both of them were not good, the hatch rate of A group and B group was 30.71%±4.41% and 60.18%±10.12%, respectively. Papain was a new debonding reagent, the highest hatching rate was C3-15s group, which was 96.26%±4.61%, followed by C3-30 s group, and the hatching rate was 92.12%±3.32%. Therefore, the hatching rate of the fertilized eggs can be effectively improved by controlling the debonding recipe and time appropriately, and the optimal debonding recipe is Na2SO3 (0.25%) +L-cysteine monohydrochloride (0.125%) + papain (0.05%), the optimal debonding time is 15-30 s.

  Acute Toxicity of Potassium Ferrite (K2FeO4) to Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Juveniles and White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei ZHONG Liqiang, ZHOU Liying, ZHANG Shiyong, JIANG Hucheng, CHEN Xiaohui, WANG Minghua 2023, 39 (14):  139-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0403 Abstract + ( 308 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1241KB )   ( 20 ) To confirm the safety of K2FeO4 to aquaculture organisms, the acute toxic effects of K2FeO4 to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus juveniles and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated with static bioassays. The results showed that the toxicities of K2FeO4 to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus juveniles and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were different, but the toxicities were both low, with 96 h LC50 values of 95.01 mg/L and 609.45 mg/L, respectively. The toxic effect to I.punctatus juveniles occurred in 24 hours after contacting the toxic substance, while the cumulative death rate of L.vannamei was proportional to exposure time. The present study will be helpful for the application of K2FeO4 in the culture of channel catfish and white shrimp.

  Effects of Dietary Rhodiola rosea on Antioxidant System Function and Salinity Sudden Change Adaptation of Litopenaeus vannamei ZHOU Wenchuan, WANG Yun, DUAN Yafei, WANG Jun, ZHOU Chuanpeng, HUANG Zhong 2023, 39 (14):  144-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0443 Abstract + ( 130 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1324KB )   ( 17 ) To investigate the effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on antioxidant system function and salinity change adaptation of Litopenaeus vannamei, four diets were prepared with R. rosea inclusion at 0 (control diet), 0.3, 1 and 3 g/kg and fed to shrimp for 28 days. Then low salinity (10) change adaptation test was conducted and antioxidant system function including total antioxidant status (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) in serum as well as gene expression of GSH-Px and CAT in hemocyte of shrimp were analyzed. Two-way ANOVA analysis results showed that R. rosea extract levels and times (rearing and salinity change time) both played a significant role on the effect of GSH-Px and CAT activities in serum and gene expression levels of GSH-Px and CAT in hemocyte of shrimp (P<0.001). There was a significant interaction between the effects of two factors (R. rosea extract level & rearing and salinity sudden change times) on the activities of T-AOC, GSH-Px, CAT and gene expression levels of GSH-Px and CAT. Simple effect analysis indicated that the effect of rearing and salinity change times on T-AOC activity in serum of shrimp was the lowest when 0.3 g/kg R. rosea extract was added into feed (F=2.338，P<0.001). Moreover, the effects of rearing and salinity change times on the activities of GSH-Px (F=5696.236, P<0.001), CAT (F=0.314，P<0.001) in serum and gene expression levels of GSH-Px and CAT in hemocytes were relatively low. Diets containing 0.3 g/kg R. rosea extract are more suitable for maintaining the stability in the antioxidant defense system of L. vannamei and its adaptability to salinity sudden change.

  Climatic Characteristics and Prediction of Ulcerative Disease Syndrome of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in Spring LIU Kequn, WEN Zhourui, DENG Aijuan, YANG Qingqing, HAN Yuzhang 2023, 39 (14):  152-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0419 Abstract + ( 86 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1468KB )   ( 22 ) In order to make early warning and forecast of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco disease, and reduce the risk of fish disease outbreak, the characteristics of weather changes before and during the occurrence of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco disease were analyzed based on the investigation of the diseases of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in spring in 2020 and 2021. The fish disease incidence grade standard and the mathematical method of climate stress index (CSI) of fish diseases were put forward, and the relationship between them was analyzed by statistical method. The index of disease prediction of climate stress was established by using rank sum test and percentile threshold method. The results showed that the rapid change of weather, such as sharp cooling and precipitation in spring, could result in low temperature and less oxygen environment of fish pond water, which was the catalyst of P. fulvidraco disease outbreak. There was a significant correlation between the disease grade (DG) and CSI ( D G = 0 . 215 · e^{0.0251\times CSI}, P<0.001). According to the analysis, the corresponding CSI of mild, moderate and severe ulcerative syndrome occurrence were 60, 80 and 100, respectively. The conclusion could provide a basis for the weather forecast of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco disease in spring.

  Interannual Variations of Carbon Absorption and Emission of Farmland Ecosystem in Tianjin LI Mengqi, ZHANG Hui, ZHAO Jie, WANG Liyan, DONG Yuchen, XIAO Hui 2023, 39 (14):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0424 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1310KB )   ( 23 ) Based on the statistics of main crop yield, commonly cultivated area, effective irrigation area, and the application amount of fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural film and diesel oil in Tianjin farmland ecosystem from 2010 to 2020, we estimated the carbon absorption and emission, in order to provide reference data for carbon sequestration and emission reduction in Tianjin farmland. The results indicated that the total carbon absorption of Tianjin farmland ecosystem was relatively stable from 2010 to 2020, with an annual average of 4.34 million tons. Among food crops, maize and wheat accounted for the highest proportion of carbon absorption, and showed a gradual increasing tendency. The total carbon emissions from farmland decreased year by year, from 328800 tons in 2010 to 142500 tons in 2020, with a total decrease of about 57%. Among the carbon emission sources, fertilizers accounted for the highest proportion of carbon emission, and basically decreased year by year. Diesel and agricultural film were the second largest emission source after fertilizers, and their carbon emissions decreased year by year. The carbon absorption of Tianjin farmland ecosystem was significantly higher than the carbon emission, indicating that the ecosystem had a strong carbon sink function. The annual change of the net carbon sink was not significant, with an annual average of 4.08 million tons.