Current issue

• 2023 Vol.39 No.15 Published:25 May 2023

  Hd1, Ghd7, and Ghd7.1 for the Improvement of DHX Heading Date LI Lu, LI Ruiqi, DUAN Haiyan, WANG Min, HUANG Hongyv, LU Meiguang, JIANG Gonghao 2023, 39 (15):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0670 Abstract + ( 115 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1656KB )   ( 31 ) This study aimed at improving the heading date of ‘DHX’ to obtain more extensive ecological adaptability. ‘KY131’ was used as the early maturing allele donor of Hd1, Ghd7 and Ghd7.1 genes to control the heading date, and the genetic population was established by crossing with ‘DHX’. The data of the heading date of the population was measured by the method of combining molecular marker-assisted selection with traditional breeding. The results showed that seven genotypes in the population progeny were obtained, namely Hd1, Ghd7, Ghd7.1, Hd1+Ghd7, Hd1+Ghd7.1, Ghd7+Ghd7.1 and Hd1+Ghd7+Ghd7.1. In the population of ‘KY131’ and ‘DHX’, the heading date of rice was between 97 d and 109 d. The heading date of rice was mainly 97 d, 101 d and 109 d. Researches on plant tassel stage showed that the improved plants tasseled significantly earlier, which laid a foundation for further improvement of ‘DHX’.

  Field Management and Nutrient Management of Ratoon Rice: A Review XIAO Jian, ZHANG Jianglin, GAO Yajie, LU Yanhong, LIAO Yulin, NIE Jun 2023, 39 (15):  8-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0839 Abstract + ( 125 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1028KB )   ( 34 ) Ratoon rice is a highly efficient special rice cropping mode that can have another harvest in a short period of time without plowing and transplanting. It has a great significance to improving grain production, ensuring food security and increasing the comprehensive benefits of rice fields because of its advantages of saving time, labor and fertilizer, as well as environmental benign, high efficiency and simplification. In this paper, the development process and research status of ratoon rice were discussed in detail, and the effects of ratoon rice varieties, stubble height in harvest period, water management, plant growth regulators, nutrient management (bud-promoting fertilizer, seedling promoting fertilizer and selenium fertilizer) on the yield and quality of ratoon rice were summarized and analyzed. The innovative integrated field management rice farming models of "green manure +", "full mechanization +" ratoon rice were put forward to improve the soil environment of paddy fields, increase the income of farmers, and realize the green and modern production of ratoon rice. The development trend of ratoon rice was also prospected in order to provide reference for the development and application of ratoon rice.

  Water and Nitrogen Management Under Water-limited Wheat Cultivation: Effects on Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Use Efficiency WEN Guochang, LI Baojun, YANG Pu, LIU Qingfang, HE Weizhao, JIA Jianbin 2023, 39 (15):  14-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0505 Abstract + ( 94 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1186KB )   ( 36 ) In order to explore the effect of water and nitrogen management on wheat yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in medium and low-yield fields in southern Hebei under water limitation, the wheat variety ‘Han 6172’ was used as experimental material, and the effects of the irrigation periods in spring (W1: irrigation at the standing stage, W2: irrigation at the jointing stage) and the base-topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer (N0 0:0, N1 3:7, N2 5:5, N3 7:3) on wheat yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were studied. The results showed that the irrigation period had significant impact on wheat yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency. Compared with those of treatment W2, the wheat yield, irrigation productivity and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of treatment W1 were increased by 3.5%-18.7%, 2.1%-7.0%, and 2.8%-7.5%, respectively, and significant increase was observed when the proportion of basal application of nitrogen fertilizer was low. The base-topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer had significant impact on wheat yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency. Compared with those of treatment N1, the wheat yield, grain nitrogen uptake, straw nitrogen uptake, plant nitrogen uptake, nitrogen apparent use efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity of treatment N3 were significantly increased by 5.7%-9.7%, 5.0%-8.4%, 6.7%-6.8%, 5.5%-24.5%, 6.8%-24.8%, and 5.7%-9.7%, respectively. The wheat yield, grain nitrogen uptake, straw nitrogen uptake, plant nitrogen uptake, nitrogen apparent utilization efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity of treatment N3 were higher than those of treatment N2, but the differences were not significant. Under this test conditions, the irrigation productivity of treatment W1N3 was the highest, reaching 4.8 kg/m3, and the wheat yield was the highest, reaching 7242.0 kg/hm2. To sum up, under the premise of water-saving and stable yield, W1N3 (irrigation at standing stage, the base-topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer as 7:3) can be used as the practice reference for water and nitrogen management under water-limited wheat cultivation in medium and low-yield fields in southern Hebei.

  Seed Quality Indexes’ Models for Cereal Crops in China: Simulation and Application JIN Shiqiao, JIN Fang, LIU Fengze, REN Xuezhen, SUN Quan, XU Naiyin 2023, 39 (15):  22-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0539 Abstract + ( 129 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1438KB )   ( 23 ) The competition in seed industry is essentially competing for seed quality. Simulation analysis of the dynamic change of seed quality indexes aims at optimizing the seed quality standard timely and appropriately, and promoting the high quality development of seed industry. Based on the survey data of cereal crop seed quality inspection from 2016 to 2020, this study constructed and validated a serial of Logistic models of rice, maize and wheat seed quality indexes to simulate the change dynamics of seed quality indexes. The results showed that, all the determination coefficients of the 17 constructed Logistic models of seed quality indexes reached extremely significant level, and the goodness of fit of the models also reached excellent or extremely excellent level. On the basis of the simulation analysis, the purity standard of hybrid rice seed in the current standard was raised from 96% to 97%; the clarity index of rice was raised from 98% to 99%; the clarity index of maize was raised from 99% to 99.4%; the threshold value of maize germination rate was advised from 85% to around 90%; the moisture standard of japonica rice and maize in north China was adjusted to 15.0% and 13.2%, respectively; other threshold values of seed quality indexes of cereal crops were adjusted or only had minor revising. This study can provide reference for seed quality standard revision of cereal crops.

  Study on Assimilation Characteristics of Late-maturing Potato Varieties in Northern China ZHAO Ji, NIE Bihua, FANG Aiguo, JI Lijie, ZHANG Ruijiu, LI Shuangdong, WANG Lihong, MA Hui 2023, 39 (15):  30-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0650 Abstract + ( 95 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1203KB )   ( 29 ) To clarify the assimilation characteristics and yield formation mechanism of late-maturing potato varieties of northern China and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding and promotion of high-yielding potato varieties, the photosynthetic indexes and biomass accumulation indexes of 6 typical late-maturing potato varieties were determined by field planting method with ‘Huayu 5’ as control, and the correlation among assimilation characteristics, plant development and yield formation were analyzed. The results showed that more than 70% of dry matter accumulation and more than 80% of fresh weight accumulation in the aboveground nutrient structure of late-maturing potato varieties were completed at the full-bloom stage, while more than 68% of dry matter accumulation and 60 % of fresh weight accumulation in the underground tubers of late-maturing varieties were completed from the full-bloom stage to the later stage. The final yield of late-maturing potato varieties was significantly correlated with net photosynthetic rate at seedling stage and net photosynthetic rate at full flowering stage, with correlation coefficients of 0.892 and 0.886, respectively. In addition, the final yield was very significantly correlated with the aboveground fresh weight at the flowering stage, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.951. This indicated that the assimilation efficiency at the seedling stage would affect the overall amount of its final aboveground nutrient structure, which in turn could affect the final yield. Therefore, late-maturing potato varieties need to have higher assimilation activity at the seedling stage and establish luxuriant nutritional structure as soon as possible before flowering to obtain higher yield.

  Anthocyanin in Lavender of Two Flower Colors: Analysis of Compositions LAI Ganggang, LI Min, JIANG Xinming, XU Panpan, LI Ziyu, GUO Danli 2023, 39 (15):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0630 Abstract + ( 100 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1527KB )   ( 31 ) The aim is to clarify the composition and content differences of anthocyanin between two kinds of lavender varying in flower color, and to explore the relevance between lavender flower color and anthocyanin. The flower organs of ‘Xinxun No. 2’ (blue flower) and ‘YXA-05’ (white flower) were used as research materials. The composition and content of anthocyanins in flower organs of the two lavender varieties were determined by using the combination technology of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The result showed that the total anthocyanin content in ‘Xinxun No. 2’ and ‘YXA-05’ was 42.24 μg/g and 35.96 μg/g respectively, and both two varieties contained 6 types of anthocyanin, including cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, malyidin and pelargonidin. There were 39 types of anthocyanin in ‘Xinxun No. 2’, and 37 types of anthocyanin in ‘YXA-05’. ‘Xinxun No. 2’ contained 6 types of anthocyanin that were not found in ‘YXA-05’, while ‘YXA-05’ contained 4 types of anthocyanin that were not found in ‘Xinxun No. 2’. It was indicated that in these two lavender varieties, anthocyanin was rich in types and differed in composition and content. The flower color of corolla was related to the composition and content of its anthocyanin.

  Study on Growth Characteristics and Suitable Harvest Period of Amorphophallus konjac Seeds LIU Erxi, HU Zhongli, ZHAO Chufeng, WANG Lin, ZHU Yongyao, YANG Chaozhu 2023, 39 (15):  46-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0393 Abstract + ( 97 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1257KB )   ( 32 ) In order to reveal the relationship between the growth period and the suitable harvest period of konjac seeds, the growth characteristics of konjac seeds were monitored to determine the suitable harvest period of Amorphophallus konjac seeds. The results showed that the growth characteristics of konjac seeds accorded with Logistic growth model. According to the growth characteristics, the growth period could be divided into three stages, including the emergence stage (1 to 30 days after fertilization), the rapid expansion stage (30-70 days after fertilization), and the full ripe stage (70-100 days after fertilization). 110-140 days after fertilization was the overripe stage. The growth period of konjac seeds was 120.8 ± 20.3 days and 100.3 ± 12.8 days in two years, respectively, and there was certain correlation between the growth period and 100-grain weight. Besides, the germination test showed that high level of seed maturity had high germination rate. The suitable harvest period of konjac seeds was the full ripe stage (90-100 days), when the pericarp completely turned orange-red, the seed coat turned black-brown, and the seed water content was 60.8%-62.2%. These results can provide basic data for suitable harvest period of konjac seeds.

  Effects of Exogenous Put on Seed Germination and Resistance of Snap Bean Seeds Under Salt Stress HU Jingyu, FENG Guojun, LIU Dajun, YANG Xiaoxu, YAN Zhishan, LIU Chang 2023, 39 (15):  52-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0719 Abstract + ( 102 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1121KB )   ( 25 ) In order to study the effects of exogenous Put on seed germination of snap bean under salt stress, the snap bean variety ‘P16028’ was used as experimental material. Three treatments, distilled water control (CK), 100 mmol/L NaCl treatment (NaCl) and addition of 1 mmol/L Put under NaCl treatment (NaCl + 1 Put) were used to determine the germination potential, germination rate, germination index and physiological index. The results showed that compared with CK, salt stress led to a significant decrease of the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and a downward trend of the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT. The contents of O2-, MDA, soluble protein, soluble sugar and proline increased, and seed germination was inhibited. The addition of exogenous Put significantly increased the germination potential, germination rate and germination index under salt stress, and also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT, reduced the contents of O2- and MDA, increased the content of osmoregulatory substances, and improved the resistance of bean to salt stress. Therefore, the application of exogenous Put can alleviate the damage caused by salt stress and improve the salt tolerance of snap bean seeds, thus effectively promoting the germination of snap bean seeds.

  Humic Substances Involved in Plant Abiotic Stress Response: A Review on the Mechanism SONG Ge, SHI Feng 2023, 39 (15):  59-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0324 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 29 ) In order to study the mechanism of humic substances (HS), a natural isomeric polymer organic compound, participating in plant abiotic stress response, this study summarized the following main mechanisms, including the HS mediated regulation of (PM) H+-ATPase, the HS mediated interaction of cell signal molecules, the shielding of HS adsorption layer, the chelation of HS chemical functional groups, and the impacts of HS on plant secondary metabolism and rhizosphere microbial community. It is concluded that HS participates in the regulation of abiotic stress response through a variety of complex defense metabolic mechanisms. Given the complexity of HS biochemistry, as well as many problems in the research of physiological activity and defense metabolism mechanism, future scientific research should mainly focus on the analysis of chemical composition and molecular structure of HS, how HS “colloidal stress” participates in metabolic regulation, the cross interference and feedback regulation mechanism of HS promoting and defense metabolism pathways, and the interaction mechanism between HS and soil microorganisms.

  Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Farmland and the Influencing Factors CHANG Junfeng, LIU Ying, LI Chen, LUO Mei, MA Youhua 2023, 39 (15):  69-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0431 Abstract + ( 96 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1118KB )   ( 38 ) Nitrogen and phosphorus loss from farmland is one of the main sources of agricultural non-point source pollution, which can result in a high risk of water eutrophication. The study on the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in farmland will provide a basis for the control and treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution. This paper summarized the loss of farmland nitrogen and phosphorus from the way, the form, the concentration and the amount, and analyzed the influence of fertilization, rainfall, cultivation method, planting structure, field drains, field ditches, etc. on the characteristics of farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss. The effects of new cultivation methods of modern agriculture and the combination of planting and rearing on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in farmland require further research.

  Effects of Different Amounts of Medium and Microelement Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Rice YANG Xiaodan, ZHANG Hongbo, WEI Tingting, WANG Yue, WANG Yu, LIU Xingbin, LI Jiguang, MAO Zhiqiang 2023, 39 (15):  76-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0646 Abstract + ( 92 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1273KB )   ( 28 ) In order to provide a theoretical basis for the rational fertilizer application of rice, this experiment explored the effects of different amounts of medium and microelement fertilizers on the growth, yield and quality of rice. Two rice varieties ‘Tianlongyou 619’ and ‘Yanfeng 47’ were used as experimental materials. And four different medium and microelement fertilizer application treatments were designed, which were CK (0 kg/hm2), T1 (15 kg/hm2), T2 (30 kg/hm2) and T3 (45 kg/hm2). And dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic rate, yield and quality were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the yield, effective panicle number and grains per panicle had an increasing trend with medium and microelement fertilizer treatments, and the yields increased by 19.15% and 18.45% in 619-T2 and 47-T2, respectively, which were significantly different compared with that of CK. Photosynthetic rate of 619-T2 and 47-T2 was significantly different from that of CK, which increased by 8.40% and 10.62% at full heading stage and 9.84% and 8.77% at filling stage, respectively. In terms of rice quality, the brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head milled rice rate had an increasing trend, the amylose content of rice showed a decreasing trend, and the protein content showed an increasing trend compared with those of CK. In conclusion, the application of 30 kg/hm2 medium and microelement fertilizers have significant effects and maximum economic benefits, which can increase plant SPAD value and leaf area index of rice leaves and enhance photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter accumulation of rice plants, thus improving the yield and quality of rice.

  Effects of Different Long-term Fertilization Modes on Photosynthetic Carbon Distribution in Sweetpotato Cropping System WEI Meng, ZHAO Peng, JIA Zhihang, JIANG Wei, ZHANG Jia, TANG Zhonghou, ZHANG Aijun 2023, 39 (15):  85-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0452 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1114KB )   ( 26 ) The 13CO2 pulse labeling technique was used to trace 13C in sweetpotato cropping system and evaluate the effects of 4 fertilization modes (CK: no fertilization, NPK: combined application of N, P and K fertilizer, M: organic fertilizer, MNPK: combination of N, P, K and organic fertilizer) on the distribution of photosynthetic carbon based on 40-year long-term fertilization experiment in Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province. The results showed that fertilizer application significantly increased the biomass and dry matter weight of sweetpotato, and the increasing range of MNPK treatment was higher than that of other fertilization treatments. The carbon was quickly translocated and unevenly distributed in the sweetpotato cropping system on D1 (the first day after labeling), following the order of leaf, petiole>stem, root>bulk soil, and the δ13C value in the aboveground parts under no fertilization was significantly higher than that under fertilization. The δ13C value in various sweetpotato plant organs decreased from D1 to D30 (the 30th day after labeling), with the distribution ratio ranged from 19.38% to 31.44% in the aboveground parts, and from 60.19% to 71.86% in roots; while the δ13C value in bulk soil increased slightly after labeling, with the distribution ratio ranged from 8.05% to 11.11%. Fertilizer application significantly increased the content of 13C in the roots compared with no fertilization. And the content of 13C in roots under MNPK treatment was significantly higher than that under NPK and M treatments, indicating that fertilizer application during the expansion stage of sweetpotato was beneficial to the accumulation of photosynthetic carbon in roots, and the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had significant cumulative effect.

  Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Rice Yield, Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization and Root Morphology MEI Tingting, WANG Xiaoli, DUAN Jianjun, YANG Hongwei, XU Bin, MENG Ruoxi, ZHANG Liwu 2023, 39 (15):  92-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0401 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1209KB )   ( 29 ) To solve the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers, and promote the sustainable agricultural development, a field experiment was conducted. Four treatments were set as PK (P and K fertilizers only, control), NPK (conventional fertilization), 1/2NPKM (50% fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer application) and M (organic fertilizer alone), to study the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and rice root morphology. The results showed that the yield of treatment NPK and 1/2NPKM were significantly increased by 29.53% and 27.58% compared with that of treatment PK, and by 22.11% and 20.28% compared with that of treatment M, respectively. Compared with treatment PK, treatment NPK significantly increased plant height and panicle length by 13.85% and 8.17% respectively, treatment NPK and treatment 1/2NPKM significantly increased the effective panicle number by 37.19% and 26.18% respectively, and treatment M had the highest 1000-grain weight. The accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in each treatment increased with the growth period. Compared with the treatment M, treatment 1/2NPKM significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of rice at tillering stage, heading stage and maturity stage by 36.34%, 31.85% and 22.50% respectively, and increased the nitrogen accumulation of rice by 68.24%, 73.82% and 46.67% respectively. The N utilization rate of treatment 1/2NPKM was 6.74, 5.01 and 8.61 times that of treatment M at tillering stage, heading stage and maturity stage. Different fertilization treatments had significant impact on rice morphology. Compared with treatment M, treatment 1/2NPKM significantly increased the root length, root surface area and root volume of at tillering stage by 62.79%, 51.92% and 57.28%, respectively, increased the root volume at heading stage by 18.52%, and significantly decreased the root length and root surface area at maturity stage by 29.93% and 18.70%, respectively. In conclusion, compared with treatment NPK, 50% reduction of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer ensured rice yield, but reduced nitrogen use efficiency and root growth. The results of this study have certain guiding significance for rational chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application in yellow soil paddy fields of Guizhou Province.

  Study on Spraying Maize Ear Fertilizer by Fungicide-Fertilizer Combination WANG Yan, TONG Chuanhong 2023, 39 (15):  99-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0829 Abstract + ( 75 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1102KB )   ( 30 ) At present, some farmers use the “one bombardment” fertilization method in the early stage of maize, resulting in insufficient nutrient supply in the later stage of maize growth and premature aging, and affecting yield. Most farmers are used to sprinkling urea-based fertilizers as topdressing ear fertilizer one time at the big flare stage of maize. This practice requires good field moisture or irrigation conditions or rainy days, which are difficult to unify. In recent years, maize slow-release fertilizer has been popularized to solve this problem, but it needs to increase the amount of base fertilizer, so studying the techniques of topdressing ear fertilizer application for yield increase is particularly important. Therefore, in the middle and later stages of maize growth and development, an experimental study on ear topdressing fertilizer application was carried out at the same time with pest control. UAV spray plant regulators, new foliar fertilizers, pest agents and other new scientific and technological product combinations were applied to replace urea topdressing ear fertilizer at the same growth and development stage, to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer, save labor and reduce labor intensity, increase chlorophyll content, prolong the duration of green leaves, enhance plant dry matter accumulation, thereby increasing maize yield and efficiency.

  Effects of Organic and Inorganic Compound Fertilizer Combined with Potassium Feldspar Soil Conditioner on Yield, Quality and Nutrient Utilization Rate of Flue-cured Tobacco XU Xingyang, ZHANG Xiaowei, LIU Zhonghua, YU Xiaofen, QIU Xueli, JIAO Zhongyun, ZHANG Lianqiao, YANG Shuming 2023, 39 (15):  104-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0457 Abstract + ( 87 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1170KB )   ( 30 ) The study explored the effects of rapeseed oil cake organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (OICF) combined with potassium feldspar soil conditioner (PFSC) on soil fertility, and growth, yield, quality and fertilizer use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for tobacco field fertilization. Using flue-cured tobacco variety ‘Honghuadajinyuan’ as material, a field experiment was conducted in red soil in Kunming tobacco planting area, and six fertilization treatments were set up, i.e. T1 (CK, conventional dosage of N, P and K, inorganic compound fertilizer of tobacco), T2 (OICF, equal to T1 in N, P and K rate), T3 (OICF combined with PFSC, equal to T1 in N, P and K rate), T4 (OICF combined with PFSC, 20% less N, P and K than those of T1) and T5 (soil conditioner with neither manure nor fertilizer), T6 (neither manure nor fertilizer). The results showed that compared with CK, T2 and T3 significantly enhanced soil pH by 0.51 and 0.69 units respectively, increased the contents of organic matter, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and SOC by 13.02%-43.48%; and T2 increased TN content by 10.98%, and T3 and T4 also enhanced C/N level by 16.02% and 13.23% respectively. Compared with CK, T2 and T3 significantly improved the growth of tobacco, and the leaf area and leaf area coefficient of the tobacco plants were increased by 2.11% and 4.50% under T2, and 7.39% and 23.96% under T3, respectively. Compared with those of CK, the proportion of high grade leaf and output value were increased by 7.87% and 17.66% under T2, and 11.75% and 29.37% under T3, respectively. Meanwhile, T3 and T4 increased the yield by 14.92% and 8.80%, respectively. Furthermore, T2 and T3 improved the tobacco filling value and leaf stalk weight, the tobacco under these two treatments had uniform texture, excellent physical properties, and reached the highest comprehensive score. Besides, compared with those of CK, the total sugar and reducing sugar were decreased by 4.37% and 4.43% under T2, and 23.93% and 10.90% under T3, respectively. Meanwhile, the total nitrogen and nicotine were enhanced by 12.64% and 11.11% under T2, and 15.81% and 8.12% under T3, respectively, and the potassium oxide and water soluble chlorine contents were increased by 27.65% and 35.94% under T2, and 4.76% and 14.29% under T3, respectively, so that the chemical composition of tobacco leaves was more harmonious. Compared with CK, T2, T3 and T4 enhanced apparent N use efficiency by 13.40%-24.14%, and T2 and T3 increased physiological N use efficiency by 5.85% and 10.75%, respectively; T2, T3 and T4 increased apparent P use efficiency by 42.49%, 48.99% and 16.26% respectively, and physiological P use efficiency by 22.68%, 34.88% and 13.53% respectively. Similarly, T2, T3 and T4 raised apparent K use efficiency by 11.88%, 20.30% and 7.67% respectively, T2 and T3 increased physiological K use efficiency by 9.45% and 18.87%, respectively. In summary, the application of rapeseed oil cake organic-inorganic compound fertilizer or organic-inorganic compound fertilizer combined with potassium feldspar soil conditioner could improve soil pH and fertility, and promote tobacco plant growth, tobacco yield and quality, and the utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in flue-cured tobacco.

  Effects of Amendment on Heavy Metals in Moderately Alkaline Farmland Soil and Their Accumulation in Wheat Around Smelting Plants LI Hongliang, FU Yuncong, YUAN Cui, ZHU Xiaolong, GUI Juan, DAI Qingyun, HE Junqiang, DENG Lin, LIU Daihuan 2023, 39 (15):  111-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0418 Abstract + ( 101 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1084KB )   ( 29 ) The effect of amendment 2,4,6-trimercaptotriazine trisodium (TMT) on the accumulation of heavy metals at the late growth stage of wheat in moderately alkaline farmland around the smelting plants were investigated through field experiments. The results showed that in the contaminated soil, adding w=0.10% (mass fraction) TMT55, after 60-240 days, the available cadmium (Cd) content of DTPA in soil was reduced by 18.50%-41.53% compared with that of the controlled, and the available lead (Pb) content of DTPA in soil was reduced by 21.06%-28.43%. Adding w=0.10% (mass fraction) TMT55 to the contaminated soil with available Cd content of 0.97 mg/kg, after 200 days, the Cd content of wheat root, stem and leaf decreased by 32.04%, 27.38%, and 35.39%, respectively, compared with those of the controlled; and after 240 days, the Cd content in wheat root, stem, leaf and grain decreased by 18.12%, 34.86%, 12.39% and 20.81%, respectively. Adding w=0.10% (mass fraction) TMT55 to the contaminated soil with available Pb content of 56.72 mg/kg, after 200 days, the Pb content of the wheat root, stem and leaf decreased by 26.84%, 23.84% and 29.32% compared with those of the controlled; and after 240 days, the Pb content in wheat root, stem, leaf and grain decreased by 14.34%, 46.36%, 19.29% and 42.40%, respectively. TMT55 could inhibit the accumulation of cadmium and lead in wheat at the late growth stage, and can be a potential material for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated alkaline farmland soil around smelting plants.

  Soil Nematode Communities in Apple Orchards in Shaanxi Province: Distribution Characteristics Analysis Based on High-throughput Sequencing TIAN Jia, LI Fei, SUN Chao, SHANGGUAN Yiqing, QI Fan 2023, 39 (15):  118-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0486 Abstract + ( 108 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 2168KB )   ( 30 ) The aim is to elucidate the distribution characteristics of soil nematodes in apple orchards in Shaanxi Province. This study analyzed the composition of soil nematode communities by high-throughput sequencing, using total soil DNA from 179 orchards in three industrial belts. The results show that there are two classes, 12 orders, and 93 genera of soil nematodes in the apple orchards in Shaanxi Province, of which Hexamermis is the dominant genus, accounting for 92.20%, 89.73%, and 88.63% in the mountainous region in northern Shaanxi, northern Weibei and southern Weibei industrial belt, respectively. The ACE and Shannon indexes of nematodes are significantly affected by different industrial belts (latitudes) and altitudes (P<0.05). The cluster analysis shows that the distribution of nematodes in the northern Weibei industrial belt is more similar to that in the southern Weibei industrial belt at the genus level. Soil moisture content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pH are significantly correlated with soil nematode diversity indexes and dominant genera, such as Hexamermis and Paratylenchus (P<0.05). This study reveals that soil nematodes are abundant in the apple orchards in Shaanxi Province, but the dominant genera are fewer. In addition to latitude and altitude, improving soil properties can play a crucial role in optimizing the nematode community structure, and subsequently the soil environment in the apple orchards.

  The Impact of Warming and Wetting of Climate on Production of Winter Wheat in Eastern Gansu Province GUO Haiying, ZHANG Moucao, ZHOU Zhongwen, QI Hongyan, QIN Le, ZHANG Junlin 2023, 39 (15):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0395 Abstract + ( 94 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1160KB )   ( 55 ) Using winter wheat test observation data and synchronous meteorological observation data from 1981 to 2019 at the Xifeng Agricultural Meteorological Experiment Station in Gansu Province, the 39-year trend of climate warming and wetting and its impact on winter wheat production in eastern Gansu (Longdong) were analyzed. The results showed that the annual mean temperature in Longdong from 1981 to 2019 continued to rise at a trend of 0.0644°C/a, with the most pronounced temperature increase in spring, followed by that in winter. Since 1995, the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation in Longdong showed significant increase trend, with obvious warming and wetting characteristics. The warming and wetting had a relatively significant impact on winter wheat production in Longdong: (1) the sowing stage was delayed, the maturity stage was earlier, the full growth period and the overwintering period were shortened, but the number of growing days of the growing season was not significantly shortened; (2) the vegetative growth stage was significantly shortened and the reproductive growth stage was significantly prolonged, which was very conducive to yield formation; (3) water utilization, yield, thousand-grain weight, seed number, dry matter weight of main developmental stages and other yield components tended to increase significantly, and the rate of infertile spikelet and the overwintering mortality decreased significantly; especially since 1995, the trend of climatic yield increase was obvious; (4) the warming and wetting of the climate effectively reduced drought and late frost hazards, allowing the northern expansion of winter wheat planting boundaries and the increase of high-yield and climate suitable varieties.

  Improving the Production of 2,3-Butanediol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using the Theory of Synthetic Ecology: A Review CAO Xinbo, YAN Tingwei, ZHANG Wen, REN Yanxin, PEI Fangyi, KANG Jie, GE Jingping 2023, 39 (15):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0365 Abstract + ( 88 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1202KB )   ( 31 ) 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) is widely used in many fields such as chemical industry, medicine and aerospace, and it is called an important platform compound. In order to solve the problem of huge demand for 2,3-BD and shortage of oil, this paper discusses the top-down and bottom-up construction of engineering microbial populations based on the analysis of the advantages of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in producing 2,3-BD, thus providing strategies to produce 2,3-BD by co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and companion strains. At the same time, from the perspective of synthetic ecology, this paper also summarizes its application in restoration ecology, medical treatment and production practice, and proposes the feasibility of using synthetic ecology theory to promote the production of 2,3-BD by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

  Bacteriocin Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria in Quorum Sensing System Under Co-culture Conditions YANG Zhichao, YAN Tingwei, QIU Wei, SUN Yangcun, LI Na, SONG Gang, GE Jingping 2023, 39 (15):  139-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0366 Abstract + ( 123 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1295KB )   ( 33 ) This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanism of co-culture to promote the production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus bacteriocin is a natural food preservative, which can effectively inhibit the growth of food spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogenic bacteria, so it has received extensive attention from the food industry. At present, studies have shown that co-culture can increase the production of bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria, and quorum sensing also plays an important role in the process of co-culturing bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. In order to clarify the promotion effect of co-culture on the production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria, this paper summarizes the classification of lactic acid bacteria bacteriocins, the biosynthetic mechanism, and the regulation mechanism of quorum sensing system on the production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria co-culture, and analyzes the effects of the above three factors on the co-culture of lactic acid bacteria. The promotion mechanism of culture clarifies that quorum sensing plays an important role in regulating bacteriocin production under co-culture conditions.

  Study on the Growth Characteristics and Nutrient Compositions of Sesame Sprouts SU Xiaoyu, WEI Libin, GAO Tongmei, LI Feng, TIAN Yuan, WANG Dongyong, LU Hailing, WEI Shuangling 2023, 39 (15):  147-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1136 Abstract + ( 87 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1564KB )   ( 27 ) In order to clarify the growth characteristics and nutrient compositions of sesame sprouts, black and white sesame sprouts at different germination periods (0 d, 1.5 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d and 9 d) were used as research objects, the growth characteristics and the contents of crude fat, protein, minerals and vitamins as well as their variation rules were determined and analyzed. The result showed that the fresh weight of sesame sprouts increased continuously. On the 7th day after germination, the maximum biological yield was obtained with a yield ratio of more than 11. Compared with the decreasing contents of crude fat, protein, minerals and vitamins in fresh sesame sprouts, the contents of these nutrients had different change laws under the relative dry weight at different germination stages. The content of crude fat decreased after germination, while collectively, the contents of other nutrients increased. The content of vitamin E in black and white sesame sprouts reached the highest value at 1.5d after germination, which was 1.62 times and 1.17 times higher than that in their seeds, respectively. The contents of protein, phosphorus, iron and selenium in black and white sesame sprouts reached the peak value on the 7th day after germination, and increased by 0.76 and 0.99 times, 0.66 and 1.34 times, 7.26 and 6.67 times and 1.67 and 124.49 times compared with the seeds, respectively. Considering the nutritional quality and economic benefit, the nutritive value and commercial property of sesame sprouts on the 7th day of germination were the best, and the yield of sesame sprouts and the contents of nutrients such as protein, phosphorus, iron and selenium were the highest at this time. In this paper, the growth characteristics of sesame sprouts and the variation rules of the main nutrients’ contents during the growth process were clarified, and the best period for harvesting and eating sesame sprouts was determined, which could provide a theoretical basis for the development of sesame sprouts products.

  Extraction and Detection of Flavonoid Compounds in Scutellaria baicalensis: A Review LI Ke, FENG Linlin, XUE Wanying, TANG Yuyu, HAO Jinghong, YANG Liu 2023, 39 (15):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0506 Abstract + ( 97 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1155KB )   ( 26 ) Scutellaria baicalensis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with high medicinal value. In order to extract and detect flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis, the methods of extracting flavonoid compounds from Scutellaria baicalensis roots and aboveground parts are summarized, such as organic solvent extraction, water extraction, etc. The separation and purification methods of flavonoid compounds in Scutellaria baicalensis roots and aboveground parts are analyzed, such as column chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, etc. The composition determination methods of flavonoid compounds in Scutellaria baicalensis roots and aboveground parts are sorted out, including high performance liquid chromatography and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, etc. We also propose suggestions for improving the practical application of Scutellaria baicalensis, such as combining laboratory research with industrial production, improving experimental equipment and extraction process to provide convenience for industrial production, making full use of Scutellaria baicalensis resources to create social benefits, etc. Based on the analysis of flavonoid compounds, this paper reviews the research progress of extraction, separation and determination methods of flavonoid compounds from Scutellaria baicalensis roots and aboveground parts, thus providing technical reference for the large-scale development and application of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis and laying technical foundation for further research and promotion of Scutellaria baicalensis resources.