Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.29 Published:15 October 2012

  23

  Advance in the Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in the Regulation of Animal Iron Metabolism 2012, 28 (29):  1-4.  Abstract + ( 1327 )   PDF ( 513870KB )   ( 882 ) As the rearing environment changed and the level of production rose, the importance of iron nutrition became more important. The regulation of iron metabolism has been one of concerns in recent years. In this paper, the nutritional status of iron in animal production, the regulation mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid on iron metabolism and its application in animal feed were reviewed. The bioproduction of 5-aminolevulinic acid is the rate-limiting reaction of heme biosynthesis process. The heme synthesis and utilization efficiency of iron was promoted by the dietary supplementation of 5-aminolevulinic acid. It provides a new approach for the regulation of animal iron metabolism.

  Study on the Species and Dynamics of Pest Insects and Their Natural Enemies on Medicago sativa L. in Jinan 2012, 28 (29):  5-9.  Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 662489KB )   ( 742 ) In order to control the damage of pest insect on Medicago sativa L., and improve the yield and the quality of Medicago sativa L.. In this paper, the species and population dynamic of main insect pests and their natural enemies on Medicago sativa L. in Jinan were investigated. The results showed that the species of insect pests were abundant from May to August 2011, including 7 orders, 14 families and 33 species. The dominant species of insect pests were Aphididae, Thtipidae, Cicadellidae and Miridae, and the main species of natural pest enemies were Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Syrphidae. Aphididae caused severe damages to Medicago sativa L. from May to June, and fewer damages from July to August. Thtipidae invaded alfalfa throughout plant growing season. Two occurrence peaks existed in the invasion of Cicadellidae and Miridae were mid-June and mid-July. The data above provided useful information for controlling the pest insects on Medicago sativa L.

  Effects of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on Seeds Germination & Bud Seedling Growth of Cichorium intybus L. Under Salt Stress 2012, 28 (29):  10-14.  Abstract + ( 792 )   PDF ( 710314KB )   ( 672 ) The aim was to investigate the protective effect of exogenous glycine betaine (GB) solution (0-10.0 mmol/L) on seeds germination and bud seedling growth of Cichorium intybus L. under salt stress. Seeds germination test were carried out by treated seeds with the combination of different concentrations of NaCl (0-280 mmol/L) and 0-10.0 mmol/L GB. The results showed that germination of seeds was inhibited by salt solution. 280 mmol/L NaCl completely inhibited the seed germination. Exogenous GB could markedly alleviate salt stress with an obvious dose-dependent effect. Among them, 2.5 mmol/L GB was the optimium dose, which could significantly promote germination percentage, germination potential and germination index under the solution of 210 mmol/L NaCl significantly (P<0.05). However, exogenous GB could not alleviate the inhibitory action of salt stress on bud seedling growth. Exogenous GB could alleviate the inhibition effects of salt stress on seed germination of Cichorium intybus L.

  Comparative Study of Different Mixed Seeding on ‘White Oats No.2’ and Vetch in Lhasa of Tibet 2012, 28 (29):  15-19.  Abstract + ( 1117 )   PDF ( 726766KB )   ( 624 ) In order to improve the pastoral areas of the Tibetan alpine forage yield, ease the contradiction between the pasture and livestock. The study was to assess the different mixed proportion of seeding grass between ‘White oats No.2’ and Vetch in Lhasa of Tibet, was to carry out the comparative study of forages in appropriate cutting time. The results of the proportion of mixed seeding showed significant difference among plant yield, protein, fat, crude fiber, crude ash, Ca and P content and it significantly improved the plant yield and forage quality; also with the increase of the proportion of the Vetch, protein content increased too. The highest content of Unicast vetch reaches 22.58%. The optimal mixed seeding proportion was H4, Fresh yield reaches 7.71 kg/m2, protein content reaches 13.66%, fat content reaches 1.99%, crude fiber content reaches 35.99%, crude ash content reaches 6.77%, Ca:P 5.36. Thus, ‘White oats No.2’ and Vetch could be promoted according to the above proportion (Vetch 40%+ White oats No.2 60%) in the favorable climate region in Tibet, in order to improve the quality of forage grass.

  Expression of Wnt-3a on the Pre-implantation of Both Mouse Parthenogenetic and Normal Embryos 2012, 28 (29):  20-24.  Abstract + ( 766 )   PDF ( 1114666KB )   ( 1002 ) This experiment was aimed to investigate the expression of Wnt-3a on the pre-implantation of both mouse parthenogenetic and normal embryos. In this study, Wnt-3a protein and mRNA be detected and analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results of laser scanning confocal microscope were shown that Wnt-3a protein was only detected on trophoblast cell of both normal and parthenogenetic embryos. The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR were shown that the transcription level of Wnt-3a have no distinct difference between normal and parthenogenetic embryos. Collectively, it could be concluded that there was expression of Wnt-3a on both normal and parthenogenetic embryos, and there exists no distinct difference of transcription level between normal and parthenogenetic embryos.

  Analysis on the Supplementary Feeding of Goats, Grass-livestock Balance and System Economic Benefits 2012, 28 (29):  25-28.  Abstract + ( 763 )   PDF ( 544933KB )   ( 626 ) Studies on changes of supplementary feeding of goats, grass-livestock balance and economic benefits of animal husbandry production under different grazing treatments were conducted. The goat supplementary feeding concentrate, its compositions, the costs and goat weights under different grazing rates were measured and the economic benefits of grazing systems were calculated. The lamb daily gains of heavy-and low-grazing after supplementary feeding were 153.8 g and 140.2 g respectively and the difference was significant (P＜0.05). In most cases, there would be overgrazing with heavy-grazing and lack-grazing with low-grazing, resulting in the waste of forage resources. The economic benefits of heavy- and low-grazing were 113315 Yuan and 64590 Yuan, and gross benefits per goat were 2060 Yuan and 1845 Yuan respectively. There was a big difference in economic benefits between heavy- and low-grazing after supplementary feeding.

  Domestic and Foreign Prevalence of Tularaemia & the Research Progress of the Diagnosis 2012, 28 (29):  29-33.  Abstract + ( 764 )   PDF ( 592274KB )   ( 706 ) The review introduced the epidemic situation both in home and abroad on tularemia, for the purpose of better detection and prevention. Here, we would summarized and analyzed the recent progresses of research on the testing methods of tularemia, such as bacteriology inspection, immunological test, molecular biological detection, in order to provide ideas and scientific basis for the in-depth study of tularemia.

  Purification and Properties of SOD in Different Physiological Period of Sika Deer Blood 2012, 28 (29):  34-38.  Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 712074KB )   ( 986 ) Purification SOD in the blood of Sika Deer with in antler developing period and study on properties of SOD, were studied for developing anti-aging resources of deer blood and laid a theoretical basis. SOD has been purified from Sika Deer blood by chloroform-ethanol fractionation, thermal denaturalization, acetone precipitation, DEAE-32 chromatography and the SDS-PAGE was used to measure its subunit molecular weight. The results showed that SOD initial specific activity was 12.84 U/mg and 0.16 mg/mL-purified SOD was achieved. Finally, specific activity was 4122.74 U/mg ，and 321.2 times purification rate and 66.38 percent recovery rate were achieved. The relative molecular weight of subunit for SOD was 17.32 KD and 16.28 KD. The results demonstrated that the 60℃ and 0.002 mmol/L Cu2+ was the best condition for SOD purification.

  Establishing an Effective Way to Co-culture the in-vitro Bovine Blastocysts from Different Methods With Their Uterine Endometrium Cells 2012, 28 (29):  39-43.  Abstract + ( 843 )   PDF ( 1060200KB )   ( 614 ) In this study, it was initiated to establish an effective way to co-culture the bovine blastocysts and their uterine endometrium cells in vitro. Here, total 7 days in vitro fertilized (IVF) or 7 days parthenogenetic (PA) bovine blastocysts were put into the quadripuntal broad with p5 uterine endometrium cells. The results showed that, after being co-cultured with the uterine endometrium cells for 48 h, the hatching rate of IVF blastocysts was significantly higher than that of PA group (40±5)% vs (25±5)%, P＜0.05), but after being co-cultured for 72 h, there was no significant differences of hatching rate between them (70±8.66)% vs (65±5)%, P>0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that such kind of in vitro co-culture system between those in vitro produced bovine blastocysts and the uterine endometrium cells, be a potential and effective way for further investigating the quality of bovine embryos.

  Prevention and Treatment of Yinqiaotiangan against Pathologic Model for streptococcus suis SerotypeⅡin Kunming mice 2012, 28 (29):  44-48.  Abstract + ( 679 )   PDF ( 688044KB )   ( 756 ) In order to investigate antimicrobial effect to Streptococcus suis serotype Ⅱ on Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan in vivo. The prevention and treatment test was carried with Kunming mice about 18-22 g weight. In the prevention trial these mice were attacked by the Streptococcus suis serotype Ⅱ, at the same time, taken orally 0.5 g/mL, 1.0 g/mL and 2.0 g/mL Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan respectively. And then the incidence, mortality, and protective rate were detected after 7 days when the Chinese herbal preparation was continuous used 3 d, once a day. In the treatment test, the Streptococcus suis serotype Ⅱ disease model was established in Kunming mice. Then these mice were taken orally 0.5 g/mL, 1.0 g/mL and 2.0 g/mL Chinese herbal preparation of Yinqiaotiangan respectively. The cure rate, effective rate and incidence were detected after 7 days when the preparation of Yinqiaotiangan was continuous used 3 d, twice a day. The prevention trial results showed that the protective rate in experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control (P<0.01), the incidence and mortality were significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.01). The treatment test results showed that the incidence of the Chinese herbal preparation groups was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.01), the cure rate of low dose group were higher than that of middle and high dose group (P<0.01), and the effective rate of low dose group was significantly higher than that of middle and high dose group (P<0.05). So the pathologic model of Streptococcus suis serotype Ⅱ could be effectively prevented and treated by oral the low dose Yinqiaotiangan preparation in Kunming mice.

  Protective Immunity Induced by a Chimeric Porcine Circovirus in Piglets 2012, 28 (29):  49-53.  Abstract + ( 820 )   PDF ( 560514KB )   ( 711 ) To explore the immunity efficacy of a Chimeric Porcine Circovirus (PCV1-2) to piglets, the protective immunity induced by the PCV1-2 against porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection in piglets were investigated. A total of 10 healthy conventional piglets were randomly and equally assigned to two groups of 5 piglets each. Piglets in group 1 were vaccinated by intramuscular injection with 106.05 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of the Chimeric PCV1-2 live virus. Piglets in group 2 were not vaccinated and served as controls. By 28 days post-vaccination (DPV), all piglets had seroconverted to PCV2 ORF2 antibody. At 28 DPV, all piglets were challenged orally and intranasally with 5?106.25 TCID50 wild pathogenic PCV2 viruses. All vaccinated piglets remained clinically healthy after challenge, while unvaccinated animals developed clinical signs relative to PCV2 diseases. The PCV2 DNA loads in sera and lymphoid tissues were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in vaccinated piglets. Moderate-to severe lymphoid depletion and histiocytic replacement were detected in most lymphoid tissues of unvaccinated piglets but none in vaccinated piglets. These data indicated that the Chimeric PCV1-2 induced protective immunity against PCV2 infection and could potentially serve as an attenuated PCV2 vaccine candidate.

  The Study of Glycyrrhiza Flavonoid on Staphylococcus aureus 2012, 28 (29):  54-57.  Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 800865KB )   ( 781 ) The study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of glycyrrhiza flavonoid versus S. aureus, and further investigate the impact of subinhibitory concentrations of glycyrrhiza flavonoid on the production of α-hemolysin in S. aureus. A broth microdilution method was employed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of glycyrrhiza flavonoid against 6 S. aureus strains. Hemolysis assay, Western-blot and Real-time RT-PCR assays were performed to the study the influence of subinhibitory concentrations of glycyrrhiza flavonoid on the production of α-hemolysin at phenotypic, expressional and transcriptional levels, respectively. The data shown that glycyrrhiza flavonoid has great anti- S. aureus activity with MICs ranged from 4 to 16 μg/mL; and subinhibitory concentrations of glycyrrhiza flavonoid inhibit the expression of α-hemolysin in a concentration-dependent fashion.

  The Infrared Spectrum Compared Study of Analysis of Viverra zibetha and Viverricula indica Straight Guard Hair 2012, 28 (29):  58-61.  Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 602387KB )   ( 686 ) To study the infrared spectrum application of animal’s hair on species classification. The Viverra zibetha and Viverricula indica straight guard hairs have been observed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The results showed the straight guard hair infrared spectrum had obvious difference from hair point to hair root, which indicated the same keratin that was controlled by identical gene existed in different part and the amount of keratin was different in different part. The FTIR of Viverra zibetha and Viverricula indica straight guard hairs middle part had distinct interspecific difference for the peak area and strong peak’s point of The Viverra zibetha and Viverricula indica straight guard hairs’ FTIR were clearly different in the range of 626-655 cm. The stretching vibration M-shaped adsorption peak of N-H group at 640.3 cm and 646.1 cm showed that isomerism keratin existed in the Viverra zibetha. FTIR analysis hold better applied foreground in the detection and analysis of animal hairs and it could be provided for wildlife taxonomy and identification.

  Establishment and Preliminary Application of a Single-tube Nested PCR Assay for Detection of Goat Theileria annulata 2012, 28 (29):  62-65.  Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 764247KB )   ( 700 ) To develop a single-tube nested PCR assay for detection of goat-derived Theileria annulata. According to the published Theileria annulata Tams1 gene sequence in Genbank, two pairs of primers were designed to develop nested PCR assay for detecting the disease caused by goat Theileria annulata. The results of verification experiments were shown that the targeted gene fragment was 476 bp in length and homology of nested PCR product was 93%~98%, and this detection method had no cross reaction with Toxoplasma, Neospora caninum, Eimeria, Eperythrozoon suis, and the sensitivity of the assay reached to 12 fg of DNA. The 40.4% of positive rate in 127 clinical sample were detected by the single-tube nested PCR assay, higher than those by routine PCR and microscopic examination. The results revealed that the single-tube nested PCR assay had higher specificity, sensitivity and it could be an effective detection method of goat Theileria annulata.

  Detection of Different Age Blood Physiology and Biochemistry Indexes of BMY 2012, 28 (29):  66-70.  Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 573718KB )   ( 874 ) In order to learn the law of change about blood Physiology and Biochemistry Indexes with age, 30 heads of BMY at different age stage were chosen to detect 49 Blood Physiology and Biochemistry Indexes by Automatic analyzer. The results showed as follow: some indexes, such as WBC, RBC, P and ALP were tended to be decreased with the age. Some indexes, such as PLT, TB, Crea, LDH and ALT were tended to be increased with the age; some indexes, such as URIC, Ca, AMY and AST had no significant regularity at the stage of deferent ages. All the indexes were within the normal range.

  Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Feline Calicivirus and Their Identification of Biological Characters 2012, 28 (29):  71-74.  Abstract + ( 839 )   PDF ( 1028459KB )   ( 890 ) To prepare Monoclonal Antibodies against Feline Calicivirus and identify their basic biological characteristics. By saturated ammonium sulfate method, differential centrifugation and chlorinated cesium density gradient centrifugation to Purify Feline Calicivirus (FCV), BALB/c mice were immunized by the purified Feline Calicivirus, the hybridoma cells secreting anti-feline Calicivirus monoclonal antibody were established by cell fusion and hybridoma screening technique. The results showed that: two Hybridoma Cells which could stably secret Monoclonal Antibody against FCV were obtained and named D8 and E5, the isotype of both two monoclonal antibodies was IgM, the two monoclonal antibodies had no cross-reaction with canine parvovirus (CPV), Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV). Successfully prepared the Monoclonal Antibodies against Feline Calicivirus, which laid the foundation for the establishment of relevant diagnostic method.

  Optimization of Preparation Technology for the Cuiqingzhuyunye Liquid by Orthogonal Experiment Design 2012, 28 (29):  75-78.  Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 587853KB )   ( 948 ) To optimize preparation technology of the water extract and alcohol precipitation for Cuiqingzhuyunye liquid, volume of water, the time and frequency of decoction, the concentration and frequency of alcohol precipitation were investigated with the content of the icariin as an indicator, by orthogonal design. The results showed that the optimum technology was as follows：extracted for 3 times with water 10 times of the amount of the crude drug and 1 hour every time，then alcohol precipitation for 1 time by using 75% alcohol. The content of the icariin in Cuiqingzhuyunye liquid was 0.98892 mg/mL，which indicated that the optimum technology was stable and feasible.

  Rapid Detection for Mink Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification 2012, 28 (29):  79-82.  Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 897679KB )   ( 673 ) In order to establish a rapid detection technique for mink Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification. A set of specific primers were designed based on conserved region of PEA gene (Pseudomonas aeruginosa 240 bp), and amplified DNA for mink Pseudomonas aeruginosa by LAMP. The results were observed by turbidity, SYBR Green staining and agarose gel electrophoresis, meanwhile specificity and sensibility experiments were done too. The results showed that reaction was finished in 60 min, showed a high specificity and the detection limit was 1 ng/μL. The techniques were simple, rapid, high specificity and sensibility, so it could applied to base course and had comprehensive clinical prospect.

  Clone and Construction of Secretory Expression Vector of Porcine OGP 2012, 28 (29):  83-86.  Abstract + ( 776 )   PDF ( 936636KB )   ( 563 ) The OGP protein was important in the in vitro fertilization of pig. In order to produce the recombination OGP protein, the OGP secretory expression vector was constructed. The total RNA was extracted from porcine oviduct and coding sequence of porcine OGP was amplified using RT-PCR method. The OGP CDS was cloned into the pET22b vector and then identified by restriction enzyme analysis, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The results showed that the pET22b-OGP vector was constructed successfully, which provided advantage for further study of OGP function at the porcine in vitro fertilization.

  Advances on the Application of Periphyton in Water Quality Monitoring and Purification 2012, 28 (29):  87-91.  Abstract + ( 834 )   PDF ( 555718KB )   ( 793 ) In recent years, the water pollution problem has increasingly attached the attention of people. Application of ecological environment engineering inspecting and repairing the water quality was widely used. Periphyton was widespread in the water environment and extremely sensitive to the change of water quality, so it could be used more comprehensively to monitor water quality change and detect both physicochemical property of the water and the change of periphyton community. This monitoring method has been widely used in our country. Meanwhile, because periphyton was able to bear or endure corrupt sex or sensitivity differently, and was also particularly sensitive to some special chemical composition change, it could exert the indicative functions. In addition, periphyton has good adsorption and effectively removed water pollutants such as the nitrogen, phosphorus and some heavy metal ions, suggesting that periphyton also has a high potential in water purification. This paper reviewed the role of periphyton in water quality monitoring.

  The Population Discrimination of Synechogbius ommaturus Using Otolith Morphology 2012, 28 (29):  92-97.  Abstract + ( 746 )   PDF ( 844570KB )   ( 695 ) To verify the effectiveness of sagittate shape indices in population discrimination, sagittate of Synechogbius ommaturus from Yantai, Qingdao, Tianjin and Dandong were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), discriminant analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods. The one-way ANOVA showed that there was significant difference in 9 sagittate shape indices between the populations of Yantai and Qingdao, Yantai and Tianjin, Tianjin and Dandong. The results of discriminant analysis revealed that the average discriminant accuracy was 81.3%. In principal component analysis, three principal components were constructed, with their contributory ratio being 50.927%, 24.179%, 12.321%，respectively. The cumulative contribution ratio was 87.427%. Cluster analysis showed the populations from Qingdao and Tianjin was classified as a group, the populations from Yantai and Dandong were classified as a group. The results of 4 statistical methods showed the differences among 4 populations and confirmed that sagittate shape indices could be an effective tool for population discrimination of S. ommaturus. The results provided basic data for the study of fishery resources.

  Flavor Improvement of Hydrolysate from Intestines and Gonads of Sea Cucumber 2012, 28 (29):  98-103.  Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 820408KB )   ( 830 ) The Maillard reaction was used to improve the flavor of hydrolysate from intestines and gonads of sea cucumber, which were poor of taste. Flavor improvement of hydrolysate from instestines and gonads of sea cucumber was investigated by Maillard reaction according to the results of sensory evaluation and electron nose. The reaction parameters to sea cucumber gonads hydrolysate was: temperature of 120℃, reducing sugar (glucose:xylose=5:1) 6%, amino acid (glycine:arginine=3:1) 3%, pH 8.5, the reaction time of 20 min. The reaction parameters to sea cucumber intestines hydrolysate were as follows: temperature of 115℃, 6% of reducing sugar (glucose:xylose=1:1), 3% of amino acid (glycine:arginine=1:1), pH 8.5, the reaction time of 30 min. Flavor of hydrolysate from instestines and gonads of sea cucumber could be improved by Maillard reaction, which could be accepted by sensory.

  Analysis and Research on Plankton in Partitioned Pond 2012, 28 (29):  104-108.  Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 719266KB )   ( 1036 ) To purify water, and improve the environment of growth and reproduction of ground fish, in this experiment, we used a new culture model named partitioned pond, meanwhile we did a comparative study about plankton between partitioned pond and ordinary pond. The results showed that: to zooplankton, in terms of the type, zooplanktons in the 1st and 2nd pond had 42 species, four phyla; zooplankton in the 3rd and 4th had 43 species, four phyla. There were no significant differences among four ponds, the number of species of protozoa and rotifers were the majority, followed by cladocera, copepods was the least; As for density and biomass, there was a significant difference among four ponds, in which the 2nd pond (traditional ponds) had the largest number and biomass of zooplankton, zooplankton abundance and biomass were the smallest in the 3rd pond (zoning pond). To Phytoplankton, in terms of the number of species, four ponds had no significant difference. The phytoplankton identified from the pond belonged to 43 species, 7 phyla. The sequence of all species were Chlorophyta>Bacillariophyta>Cyanophyta>Other. In which, the proportion of Xanthophyta, hidden algal door, Pyrrophyta and Euglenophyta were all 2.0%; in terms of its density and biomass of four ponds, there existed significant differences, within different sampling dates, abundance and biomass of phytoplankton in the 2nd pond were the largest, the 3rd pond was the lowest. The results showed that: the plankton biomass in partitioned pond was significantly less than traditional pond, it was suitable for fish farming who preference for lean water quality.

  Effects of Compound Chinese Herbs on Growth Performance and Nonspecific Immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei 2012, 28 (29):  109-114.  Abstract + ( 1010 )   PDF ( 715959KB )   ( 1102 ) In order to improve the growth performance and disease resistance ability of Litopenaeus vannamei, Compound Chinese herb composed of equal Radix astragalus, Rheum officinale, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Radix scutellaria was supplemented into shrimp diets to investigate its effects on growth performance and non-specific immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was randomly divided into three treatments: control treatment was fed with basic diet; D1 group was fed with basic diet supplemented with 1% compound Chinese herb continuously; 6D1-6D0 group fed with herb-containing diet for 6d and then with basic diet for 6 d. The growth performance and the activities of hydrolymph phenoloxidase (PO), lysozyme (LSZ) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at different sample time were measured. The shrimps were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at the 14th day and 28th day respectively. The results indicated that the growth rate and weight gain rate of shrimp in D1 group increased significantly than that in control group (P＜0.05); there was no significant difference of growth rate and weight gain rate between 6D1-6D0 and control group (P＞0.05). The activities of immune enzymes were improved significantly when shrimp was fed diets supplemented with 1% compound Chinese herb. The challenge test demonstrated the immune protective rate of treatment D1 and 6D1-6D0 was 68.3%, 27.2% at the 14th day, and 91.6%, 45.8% at the 28th day respectively. The results indicated the compound Chinese herb could improve the disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei to V. parahaemolyticus.

  Correlation and Path Analysis to Quantitative Traits of Mactra chinensis in Different Sexs 2012, 28 (29):  115-119.  Abstract + ( 847 )   PDF ( 796568KB )   ( 905 ) In order to clarify correlation among quantitative traits and compositions influencing production clarify the correlation index and determinant coefficients between phenotypic traits and body-tissue weight of Mactra chinensis in different sexes, five metric traits including shell length (X1), shell height (X2), shell width (X3), live body weight (X4) and body-tissue weight (Y) were measured and analyzed from 115 chosen individuals at two-years-old. The results showed that the difference on phenotypic characters of the Mactra veneriformis in different sexes was not significant (P>0.05); The correlativity among the five measured traits in both females and males was significant (P<0.01); Determinant coefficients analysis showed that the mean characters that effect body-tissue weight were different; In females, shell height which had the largest direct effect was the key effective factor on body-tissue weight, and shell height had significant indirect effect on body-tissue weight through shell length; Shell height gave predominant effects on body-tissue weight in males, and gave indirectly predominant effect via live body weight body-tissue; The multiple regression equation of both females , (P<0.01) and males , (P<0.01)) was established by using the stepwise regression method. This study provided a theoretical basis and measure indicatrix for the breeding of Mactra chinensis.

  Influence of Dried Earthworm Powder on Growth, Digestive Abilityand Immunity of Juvenile Sea Cucumber Apostichopus Japonicus 2012, 28 (29):  120-124.  Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 1604099KB )   ( 937 ) To investigate the influence of dried earthworm powder (DEP) on growth performance, activity of digestive enzymes and immunity of juvenile Sea Cucumber Apostichopus Japonicus (SCAJ), five kinds of feeds at the same protein level (18.6%) were prepared by using DEP to replace fish meal at four levels of 20% (20DEP), 40% (40DEP), 60% (60DEP) and 80% (80DEP), with 100% fish meal as a control group. A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the feeding effect of juvenile SCAJ fed with the five formulated feeds. The results showed that SGR (specific growth rate) and RS (survival rate) of juvenile SCAJ in the control group were significantly lower than those of juvenile SCAJ in the other groups (P<0.05); Activity of protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase and ACP, AKP, T-SOD of juvenile SCAJ fed with 20DEP and 40DEP was all extremely higher than those of juvenile SCAJ in control group (P<0.01); Along with the percents of DEP substituting for fish meal increasing gradually, all of the evaluation indexes fell back, and in contrast with the control group, 60 DEP substitution for fish meal suppressed greatly T-SOD activity of juvenile SCAJ (P<0.05); what's more, 80 DEP substitution for fish mea impaired observably activity of protease and immunoenzyme of juvenile SCAJ (P<0.05). The results indicated that to juvenile SCAJ, 20% DEP substitution for fish mea can promote growth, improve activity of digestive enzymes and enhance disease resistance.

  Cloning and Expression Profiling of MyoG Gene of Myogenin 2012, 28 (29):  125-130.  Abstract + ( 995 )   PDF ( 709608KB )   ( 742 ) In order to obtain the (Myogenin) MyoG gene sequence of grass carp and its expression pattern in the different muscle tissue. PCR primers were designed according to Cyprinus carpio MyoG gene sequence (AB012881). Using RT-PCR method, we amplified MyoG gene sequence. The analysis and acquired sequences. We also analyzed the mRNA expression character of MyoG gene, using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, in grass carp different tissue. The results showed that grass carp MyoG gene cDNA was 789 bp (GenBank accession No. JQ793897), with an ORF of 762 bp. The cDNA encoded 253 amino acids peptides, with typical MyoD gene family structure trait of Basic helix-loop-helix (b-HLH). Compared with Zebrafish, common carp, rainbow trout and atlantic salmon, the homology of amino acid sequences were higher (73%-95%), but lower in some mammals and poultry (53%-57%). The MyoG gene expression was observed in red muscle, white muscle, fat, hepatopancreas, kidney, brain, intestines, heart and gill and the expression level of MyoG gene in white muscle was significantly higher than that of other tissues studied (P＜0.05), and in brain, hepatopancreas and gill also have a high level expression. We successfully obtained the MyoG gene sequence of grass carp, and its expression level in white muscle was significantly higher than that of other tissues. We offered a initial value for the role of MyoG on the muscle tissue development of grass carp.

  Amino Acid Analysis of Anguilla Marmorata Muscle 2012, 28 (29):  131-136.  Abstract + ( 694 )   PDF ( 610849KB )   ( 787 ) In order to explore the nutritional efficacy of Anguilla Marmorata Muscle in different sizes, and assist person take reasonable consumption concept, the amino acid composition model in Anguilla marmorata with different sizes (3 groups: A: 360-420 g; B: 250-300 g; C: 200-250 g) were analysed. The results showed that Anguilla marmorata muscle content 18 kinds of amino acids, the proportion of them are 14.4%, 18.30% and 18.16% in group A, B, C separately. The contents of Glu was the highest in all groups. And the order of essential amino acid and EAA/TAA was similar in 3 groups. The contents of amino acid with different function in 3 groups were as followed: sweetness amino acids (A:6.91%, B:8.73% C:9.37%), bitterness amino acids (A:5.46%, B:6.96%, C:6.94%), tartness amino acids (A:3.71%, B:4.87%, C:4.87%), delicious amino acids (A:3.22%, B:4.22%, C:4.19%), drug-effective amino acids (A:9.33%, B:11.93%, C:12.56%). The conclusion was that Anguilla marmorata was a aquatic product having medicine and food function. And Anguilla marmorata with body weigt 250-300 g have better food function, the ones with body weigt 200-250 g have better medicine function.

  Studies on the Elimination of Mequindox in Cyprinus carpio 2012, 28 (29):  137-141.  Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 630401KB )   ( 856 ) In this article, elimination of mequindox residue in Cyprinus carpio muscle tissue was studied so as to provide basic data for the quality and security of aquatic products. The experiment was conducted at 15℃. After oral treatment at a single dose of 10 mg/kg, the fish was sampled at certain time and the concentrations of mequindox in muscle were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the concentration-time data of mequindox was analyzed with the pharmacokinetics software DAS 2.0. Rosenblueth method of non-compartment model was used to calculate the parameters of mequindox. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) was 0.17 h. The times of peak concentration (Tmax) was 0.50 h. The maximum concentration (Cmax) was 761.75 μg/L. The body clearance of the drug was 42.59 (L?h/kg). The mequindox concentration was below detection limits after 1.5 h. The drug concentration versus time curve showed an innormal double-peak phenomenon. The double-peak of concentration meant that there might be hepatoenteral circulation or stomach intestine circulation during the metabolism process. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the mequindox in Cyprinus carpio were as follows: fast absorption, wide distribution, rapid elimination and low drug residues.

  The Factors Affecting Cannibalism in Takiugu Rubriges Young Fish 2012, 28 (29):  142-146.  Abstract + ( 822 )   PDF ( 635726KB )   ( 611 ) The cannibalistic behavior was serious in Takiugu Rubriges young fish. Seedling survival rate was decreased, taking effective measures to prevent cannibalistic behavior of Takifugu rubriges. From April to July of 2011, laboratory experiments were conducted with T. rubriges young fishes (total length 9.8-24.9 mm) in different treatments, the factors including the stocking density, the turbidity of water, hungry, feeding method, body sizes. The results showed that: T. rubriges young fishes (total length 9.8-24.9 mm) bited from head and swallowed the prey basidly. The cannibalistic behavior of the young fish became furious. The differences in body sizes, feeding method, hungry, the stocking density had influence on the cannibal behavior of the young fishes. It was suggested that insufficient diet was a main reason causing the cannibalism among T. rubriges young fishes, and at the time of the high stocking density, the rate of cannibalistic death was 58%; The differences in body sizes and high stocking density could induced and stimulated the cannibalism. But the turbidity of water had no significant effect on cannibalism. At the stage of the averal tolal length 10.8-20.0mm, cannibalism was worst.

  The Relationship between the Area of Fish Pond and Purification Pond in the Model of the Water Circulation Pond Aquaculture System 2012, 28 (29):  147-151.  Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 1150080KB )   ( 1034 ) To provide a detailed computational mode on the relationship between the area of fish pond and purification pond, and realize the hierarchical use of nitrogen/phosphorus, and the recirculation use of water resource, In this paper, referred to the absorption ability of aquatic plants to waste water, the ratio of produce to discharge of the pollutants in fish pond, and the water quality management in freshwater aquaculture, a mode was provided to explain that the construction of the water circulation pond aquaculture system was feasible. Taken the nitrogen in grass carp aquaculture for example, the results computed by this mode, showed that, the basic area ratio between fish pond and purification pond was 15:1; in the term of the absorption ability of aquatic plants to waste water, the area ratio was 7.5:1; and in the term of the ratio of produce to discharge of the pollutants in fish pond, the area ratio was 27.8:1. Different aquaculture yield and variety would influence that ratio. It was feasible to reduce the area of purification pond by increase the absorption ability of aquatic plants to waste water. This computational model could also reduce the cost to construction of the model, and realize the balance of the ecological benefit and the economic benefit.

  Isolation and Identification of an Unexpected Strain of Denitrifying Bacteria in the Intensive Ponds Sediment 2012, 28 (29):  152-156.  Abstract + ( 917 )   PDF ( 764435KB )   ( 626 ) In this study, an intensive pond in which GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were cultured and used as the experimental site. And sediments sampling were done in the pond. After that, enrichment and elective cultures were prepared anaerobically on these samples in 30 centigrade with the medium (named medium a) whose composition proved to be eminently satisfactory for Thiobacillus denitrificans, however sterilized in different ways. Through spread plate method, large numbers of round, brown and slightly uplift colonies were obtained which were different from the colonies of Thiobacillus denitrificans reported. And with the appearance of the colonies and the shape of the strain observed, the physiological and biochemical indicators detected, the sequences of 16SrDNA of the strain analyzed, and the phylogenetic tree based on the strain set up, the strain was proved to belong to the genera of Alicycliphilus and was named as the strain ADCF001. After being inoculated into the liquid medium referred above for 15 days, the strain cannot be found in growth. Through detailed analysis, the results of the study could be presented as follows: (1) The reason for that the strain can be enriched and elective cultured with the “medium a” however cannot be observed in growth after being inoculated into “medium a” again could be ascribed to such factors as that the sterilizing way of all compositions sterilized all together made the chemical reactions happen, some components in sediments and the components in “medium a” composited another medium suitable for the strain ADCF001, and the “new medium” were transferred to the plates during the process of plate spreading and plate streaking. (2) The strain ADCF001 might be one of the decomposers of the aromatic compounds in ponds.

  Investigation of Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic and Mercury in Marine Sediments 2012, 28 (29):  157-160.  Abstract + ( 790 )   PDF ( 657491KB )   ( 871 ) To promote improvement of detection efficiency, the method was investigated for the simultaneous determination of arsenic and mercury in marine sediments with microwave digestion by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The influence of instrument parameters and digestive system were optimized. 15 g/L KBH4 was selected as reducing agent. The influence of NO2- was avoided by 200 g/L amido-sulfonic acid. The results showed that, two elements exhibited good linearity and the regression coefficients were all over 0.999. The developed method showed limits of detection of 0.02 mg/kg for arsenic, 0.002 mg/kg for mercury and relative deviatiaons of 2.63% for arsenic, 2.84% for mercury. The improved method, its simplicity, rapidity and accuracy had good suitability for the simultaneous determination of arsenic and mercury in marine sediments.

  The Toxic Effect of Ammonia Nitrogen on Juveniles of Tawny Puffer 2012, 28 (29):  161-164.  Abstract + ( 819 )   PDF ( 691382KB )   ( 844 ) The acute toxicity test was carried out, in order to study the toxicity symptom of juveniles of tawny puffer, so as to provide scientific basis for scientific research and production. In this experiment, the acute toxic effect of ammonia nitrogen on juveniles of tawny puffer (Takifugu flavidus) was studied under the conditions of normal salinity (20‰) and pH 8.30. The results showed that the 48 h and 96 h LC50 with 95% confidence limits of ammonia nitrogen for tawny puffer were 3.855 mg/L (3.356-4.385 mg/L) and 2.824 mg/L (2.672-2.987 mg/L). The safety concentration of ammonia nitrogen on juveniles of tawny puffer was 0.282 mg/L.

  Investigation on Formaldehyde Contained in Usual Fresh Seafood in Bohai Bay Region 2012, 28 (29):  165-168.  Abstract + ( 875 )   PDF ( 567832KB )   ( 753 ) This paper was to find out the background concentration of formaldehyde in fresh seafood through determining the concentration of formaldehyde in usual fresh seafood in Bohai Bay region. [Methods] 222 samples of 4 kinds and 23 species were collected randomly from fishing vessels at Qinhuangdao Port, Tangshan Port and Huanghua Port in Bohai Bay Region from April 2011 to October 2011, which contained 7 kinds of fish, 6 kinds of crustacea, 8 kinds of shellfish and 2 kinds of mollusk. This paper was used acetylacetone spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of formaldehyde. The results showed that there was some content of formaldehyde in all fresh seafood, and the average value was 1.798 mg/kg. The background concentration of formaldehyde in fish was 1.284 mg/kg. The background concentration of formaldehyde in crustacea was 2.950 mg/kg. The background concentration of formaldehyde in shellfish was 1.387 mg/kg. The background concentration of formaldehyde in mollusk was 0.845 mg/kg. There was some background concentration of formaldehyde in fresh seafood. This investigation was to provide sciscientific basis for formulating the limit standard for formaldehyde concentration in seafood and enforcing the law of food hygiene.

  The typical survey and thinking about the economic development model of Beijing mountainous valley gully 2012, 28 (29):  169-175.  Abstract + ( 802 )   PDF ( 712061KB )   ( 759 ) the model of mountainous valley economic has Significant effect to the economic development of Beijing mountain areas and the realization of the urban and rural development. To Research the successful experience, the problem faced and the relevant policy demand of the typical mountainous valley regional economic development will provides referential experiences and references for economic construction in the mountain areas. It was the first survey key valley that Start to constructed in Beijing 2011 by the way of adopted visit, questionnaire and discussion. The result shows that the key mountainous valley regional economic construction has achieved remarkable results in choosing the leading industry, improving the ecological environment, constructing new villages and promoting the economic development of mountainous area and so on, but there still exist some inadequate aspects in the theory explore, mode innovation, ecological protection, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas and so on, these aspects are still need to be constantly strengthen the theory study, develop leading industries, promote agricultural system efficiency and improve land management policy.

  Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of Recycling Agriculture in Beijing 2012, 28 (29):  176-180.  Abstract + ( 618 )   PDF ( 680565KB )   ( 700 ) The recycling agriculture is the practice of recycling economy on the agriculture, also is the necessary choice to realize the ecological culture in the rural construction and the alteration of agricultural EGP. According to the "3R" principles of recycling economy, this paper constructed the evaluation index system and measuring model of the recycling agricultural development, and then applied the model to have a comprehensive evaluation about the process of recycling agricultural development in Beijing. The results show that the development of recycling agriculture in Beijing is still in its infancy.

  On Problems, Attribution and Countermeasures of Current Ideological and Political Education in Agricultural and Forestry Universities 2012, 28 (29):  181-185.  Abstract + ( 709 )   PDF ( 518883KB )   ( 590 ) The mainstream of the current students’ ideological and political situation in agricultural and forestry universities is healthy, positive and upward. However, it is facing many new problems: diversification of students’ ideological and political quality, weakening effects of ideological and political theory courses, and the complication of educational environment, and so on. This can be attributed to the reasons of college student, education level and social situation. To seek countermeasures, we should renew educational concepts, enhance cultural connotation, innovate the system of educational contents, expand educational approaches, and optimize the environment of ideological and political education in agricultural and forestry universities.

  The Construction of Agricultural Product Quality Tracing System: the Situation, the Problems and the Way-out 2012, 28 (29):  186-189.  Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 498310KB )   ( 922 ) Nowadays, the current situation and existing problems of quality traceability system construction of agricultural products in China has become a hot topic of government and academia concerned. This article has analyzed the current situation and problems of quality traceability system of agricultural products in China, and summarized the achievements and shortcomings of construction of Chinese quality traceability system. Through research and analysis of quality traceability system of agricultural products in developed countries, it has pointed out that the effect of government and large-scale production, and traceability system from livestock as starting point are the characteristics of traceability system construction in developed countries. Based on the research, we have proposed the countermeasures for improving the Chinese quality traceability system of agricultural products.

  The Study of Ultrasonic and Coagulation to Deal with Pharmaceutical Wastewater 2012, 28 (29):  190-194.  Abstract + ( 743 )   PDF ( 688682KB )   ( 638 ) In order to study the removal rates of the COD and NH3-N of pharmaceutical wastewater with the separate ultrasonic degradation, coagulation and combined two treatments, the removal rates of the COD and NH3-N with ultrasonic radiation time, power and coagulant species were studied. The results showed that: (1) the removal rates of the COD and NH3-N of the pharmaceutical wastewater by ultrasonic increased at the beginning and then finally tended to be decreased. In regard to the removal rates of COD and NH3-N, the best treatment time was 1000 s, the removal rates of COD and NH3-N were 27.80% and 45.34%, separately. When ultrasonic radiation time was 1000 s, he removal rates of the COD and NH3-N of the pharmaceutical wastewater by ultrasonic power increased at the beginning and then decreased. (2) The removal rates of COD and NH3-N of the pharmaceutical wastewater by coagulation (0.1-0.6 g/L) increased at the beginning and then decreased. The best treatment was 0.3 g/L of PAC. The removal rates of COD was 40.10% ,but the average removal rates of the NH3-N is about 5%. (3) In the most condition, ultrasonic treatment then combined with coagulant was better than coagulant then combined with ultrasonic treatment, the removal rates of COD and NH3-N were 61.2% and 58.6%, separately. Removal rates of COD and NH3-N with ultrasonic treatment, then combined with coagulant was better than coagulation then combined with ultrasonic treatment.

  Study on Microclimate Forecast Technique of Sunlight Greenhouse 2012, 28 (29):  195-202.  Abstract + ( 882 )   PDF ( 1004522KB )   ( 907 ) In order to improve the service level and promote the protected agricultural development, it is critical for establish microclimate forecast models through observation inside and outside meteorological elements, using of BP nerve network, stepwise regression and energy balance theory. Results showed that: forecasting model based on BP nerve network was of high accuracy, but it was not appropriate for application. The forecasting model set up on energy balance theory was low accuracy and long computing time. Compared with the two above models, greenhouse temperature forecasting model adopting stepwise regression method was of comprehensive advantage and is properly applied to routine operation service.

  Investigation on Diversity of Species of Common Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff) Population in Hainan Island 2012, 28 (29):  203-207.  Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 611462KB )   ( 651 ) The purpose of our research was to study the species constitution and amount of in situ conserved populations of Oryza rufipogon Griff, further to analyze the composition and characteristics of the associated species in situ conserved populations of Oryza rufipogon Griff. Based on the investigation statistics to the in situ conserved community of Oryza rufipogon Griff in Hainan Island, a total of 119 plant species, distributed in 28 families were discovered and documented. The plants were classified into three ranks, arbor, shrub and herb levels. There were 5 species fell into 5 families at arbor level, 13 species into 9 families at shrub level and 101 species into 14 families at herb level. The research indicated that the species of the population had mainly herb layer and rare arborous layer, less shrub layer. The species richness and diversity index of the tree was obviously higher than that of the arborous layer and less shrub layer. The herb layer was consisting of Gramineae and Cyperaceae; moreover, exotic species’ aggression and reasonless economic activities of human beings are the main factors to affect the in situ Oryza rufipogon Griff protection in Hainan Island.

  Study about the Comprehensive Evaluation Index System and Methodology of Ecological Carrying Capacity in Beijing Mountainous Valley Areas 2012, 28 (29):  208-211.  Abstract + ( 687 )   PDF ( 630915KB )   ( 575 ) On the basis of the ecological carrying capacity connotation and to realize the coordinated development of economics and environment in Beijing mountainous valley areas, the comprehensive evaluation index system was built which included ecosystem elasticity level，bearing capacity index and stress index of ecotourism. The comprehensive evaluation method was constructed, which could provide the technical basis for the evaluation of ecological carrying capacity in Beijing mountainous valley areas.

  Evaluation of Farmland Productivity in Pingchang County Based on GIS Technology 2012, 28 (29):  212-220.  Abstract + ( 842 )   PDF ( 1229287KB )   ( 560 ) In order to understand the current situation of county cultivated land, provide the scientific basis for the efficient and sustainable use of arable cultivated land resources, based on GIS technology, using the scale of 1:50000 administrative zoning, 1and utilization map and oil distribution map into the evaluation method for unit, this research selection of site conditions, physical and chemical properties, soil management were three aspects influencing factors and establish the cultivated land fertility evaluation system and its model, expert scoring and Delphi method were used to determine the influence factor of membership functions by using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematical method to evaluate the Farmland Productivity in Pingchang County, and analyzed the space distribution. The results showed that, 40952 hm2 of arable land, the fertility of the grade first to sixth account for 8.2%, 20.3%, 19.6%, 35.4%, 8.2%, 8.3%, which were in line with the 1oca1 situation of the county.

  Analysis on Farmland Changes and the Driving Forces in Shijiazhuang 2012, 28 (29):  221-225.  Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 685173KB )   ( 642 ) In order to draw up viable farmland protection measures and intensive land use standards of urban and rural settlements, farmland changes and the driving forces were analyzed by comparative analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that: total arable land and per capita farmland showed a decreasing trend; the reducing rate of cultivated land in fast economic development year was bigger than that of in slow development time, and the counties with high levels of economic development had higher reducing rate than the counties with low levels of economic development; among the factors of farmland reduction, economic development was the fundamental driving factor, population growth was an important one, technological progress and ascension of multiple cropping index compensate for the loss of production capacity of arable land, and the national policy had an important impact on the reduction rate of farmland; protection of farmland should be enhanced from population controlled, the construction land planned scientifically and controlled strictly, and the protection of basic farmland strengthened, etc so that the relationship between human and land coordinates develop in Shijiazhuang.

  The based on the AHP method of the evaluation of land use analysis 2012, 28 (29):  226-229.  Abstract + ( 752 )   PDF ( 610839KB )   ( 610 ) Based on the Markov model prediction method, to study the changes of land use structure in Jilin city.The research results: to land use change trend undertook systems analysis, basic knowledge of its dynamic characteristics, constructing the land use changes in the driving mechanism of model. prediction model combined, constructing the land demand prediction model combined model. the analysis of regional land utilization potential of each type. application of prediction model method, has carried on the empirical analysis, prediction of regional land demand; to predict the effect of regional land use change and the main driving factors: land use structural adjustment, economic growth and population growth, thus obtains the land use supply and demand balance policy recommendations. the results show that the prediction model is a kind of new more effective land demand forecasting method, effect of land use change in Jilin city the main driving factor is the rapid economic development and government decision-making and other social factors.

  Short-term Changes of Soil Surface Roughness under Different Tillage Treatments 2012, 28 (29):  230-234.  Abstract + ( 760 )   PDF ( 1132699KB )   ( 689 ) For studying the short-term changes of soil surface roughness under different tillage treatments, an experiment was conducted to obtain the soil surface roughness of three tillage treatments, which are ripped, harrowed and rolled surface, within 45 days after tilled. Each 5 days, the soil surface roughness was measured by a laser profile meter. The changes of soil surface in this short term were investigated with two roughness indices which are root mean square (RMS) and autocorrelation length (ACL). The results showed that, there was obvious correlation between roughness indices and day after tilled with exponential model. The R2 between RMS and day after tilled was 0.88-0.93 under three tillage treatments. The R2 between ACL and day after tilled was more than 0.94 under three tillage treatments. This study indicated that, the short-term changes of soil surface roughness after tilled, which would be valuable to improve the precession agriculture.

  Review on land use balance 2012, 28 (29):  235-241.  Abstract + ( 697 )   PDF ( 588651KB )   ( 689 ) Based on the review on researches on land use balance，the developing trend and key—stone of land use balance research which should be enhanced in the future have been discussed in this paper. It can be concluded following research contents: ①Strengthen the balance of factors affecting land use study. Especially related to land use stakeholders in the process of behavioral tendencies and game behavior analysis.②Strengthen the system of land use balance. Rural land reform is the core of the current land reform, balanced system of land use, breaking the bottleneck of land resources for regional economic and social development of more space.③Innovative ways to strengthen the balance of land use studies. The results and conclusions in this paper will provide scientific basis for accelerating the study of land use balance in region．

  Research Progresses of Soil Fauna 2012, 28 (29):  242-246.  Abstract + ( 796 )   PDF ( 563955KB )   ( 653 ) In order to master the research progress of soil sauna and get to know the research emphasis and weak link, the author analyzed the research results at home and abroad, introduced the development and evolution of soil fauna abroad and the research results on classification and distribution, ecological characteristics of community, and the interaction between soil fauna and environment. On the basis of summarizing, the author forecasted that research on how global environmental change would affect soil fauna and other fields should be strengthened.

  Effects of Turning Frequency on Chemical and Physical Properties in Windrow Composting of Spent Chinese Herbal Medicine 2012, 28 (29):  247-252.  Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 786567KB )   ( 773 ) In order to investigate the effects of turning frequency on composting process and chemical and physical properties of spent Chinese herbal medicine, a pilot scale windrow trial was run for 80 days to test the variations of temperature, total contents of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, C/N ratio, pH, GI and apparent properties and compost quality during composting process of spent Chinese herbal medicine at different turning frequencies. There were six treatments: no turning (A1), once per five days (A2), once per ten days (A3), once per fifteen days (A4), once per twenty days (A5) and once per twenty-five days (A6). The results were obtained as following: the longest duration of high temperature (≥50℃) was found in A3, up to 44 days. Compared to A1, carbon contents of A4, A5, and A6 were reduced by 0.35%, 1.73% and 1.61%, respectively. Total nitrogen contents of A2, A3, A4 and A6 reduced by 5.32%, 8.40%, 5.25% and 1.44%, respectively; while total phosphorus contents of A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 increased by 4.82%, 9.64%, 6.83%, 8.03% and 2.01%, respectively, and total potassium content of A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6 increased by 6.18%, 5.38%, 2.96%, 8.33% and 8.03%, respectively. GI increased by 35.15%, 33.23%, 31.3%, 28.89% and 17.01%, respectively, but variations of C/N and pH in six treatments had small differences. Carbon content of matured compost of spent Chinese herbal medicine was 36.0%, and nitrogen content was 25.97%, 17.12%, 28.81%, 41.20% and 41.91% higher than swine manure, chicken manure, sheep manure, duck and goose excrement, respectively. In comprehensive analysis of the factors evaluated, our research concluded that the turning frequency of once per ten days should be recommended for a pilot scale of windrow composting of Chinese herbal medicine.

  Comparative Analysis of the Land Surface Temperature Product of MODIS Date and the Measured Date in Liaoning 2012, 28 (29):  253-258.  Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 2043080KB )   ( 721 ) In order to timely and accurately retrieve land surface temperature changes from the remote sensing image data, to develop planting plan for Liaoning region, determine the structure of cultivation and provide technical support, the author took the Liaoning Province as the test field, measured the ground surface data with the EOS/MODIS thermal infrared remote sensed data and relevant practical and established the land surface temperature retrieval model. Split window algorithm using two-factor model and universal single-channel algorithm, Liaoning Province, the surface temperature inversion. Meteorological stations measured by the ground temperature and the temperature inversion to obtain the fitted regression equation, reuse of the temperature inversion simulate the real surface temperature. Comparison of the two algorithms, the author derived split-window algorithm was more suitable for the surface temperature of the Liaoning region inversion.

  A System of Qualitative Evaluation Indicators for Groundwater Environmental Capacity and Its Application 2012, 28 (29):  259-265.  Abstract + ( 745 )   PDF ( 1814719KB )   ( 582 ) In order to utilize the groundwater resources in a scientific and rational way, and provide water resources guarantee for water-deficient area, it was very necessary to carry out the research of groundwater environmental capacity. On the basis of analyzing connotation of groundwater environmental capacity, the concept of groundwater environmental capacity was defined, and the comprehensive environmental capacity was put forward. The QVLTE index system and R index were established by comparing current indexs of the groundwater environmental capacity and the concept of comprehensive environmental capacity. Groundwater quality and water volume were the main impact factors by applying the system of QVLTE to Jingsheng basin. The results closely meet the actual situation. Research results would provide basis for the conservation of groundwater and the healthy development of agriculture.

  Gray Relation Analysis of the Impact of Main Meteorological Factors on Evaporation in Benxi Mountainous Area 2012, 28 (29):  266-270.  Abstract + ( 890 )   PDF ( 930577KB )   ( 562 ) In order to explore characteristics of change of the water surface evaporation in Benxi mountainous area and the main meteorological factors affecting the evaporation of water surface, based on climate data of E601 evaporation tank, temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, relative humidity, wind speed and vapor pressure in Caohekou weather station in Benxi from 1953 to 2010, by using gray relational analysis and statistical analysis of the main meteorological factors affecting evaporation.. The results showed that the evaporation of water surface and temperature, precipitation and vapor pressure relations were more closely, and sunshine hours, relative humidity and wind speed related to poor in Benxi mountainous area. The evaporation of water surface in the main meteorological factors in descending order as follows: temperature＞vapor pressure＞precipitation＞sunshine duration＞relative humidity＞wind speed. If the annual average temperature increases 1℃, the annual evaporation of water surface would increase by 66 mm; annual precipitation increased by 10 mm, the surface evaporation would reduce 2.7 mm; 1% annual relative humidity increased, the evaporation of water surface would be reduced by 16 mm; annual average wind speed increased to 1 m/s, and surface evaporation would be reduced by 154 mm. This study revealed the main meteorological factors on the degree of influence of surface evaporation in Benxi mountainous area, water resources for further rational development and utilization to provide a scientific basis.

  Precipitation Variation Characteristics of Xilinhot City for 50 Years 2012, 28 (29):  271-278.  Abstract + ( 991 )   PDF ( 1180766KB )   ( 890 ) In order to estimate the region’s future evolution trend of precipitation and the development of watershed management planning and the rational exploitation and utilization of water resources to provide a theoretical basis, using climate trend analysis, wavelet analysis and M-K mutation testing methods, such as analysis of Xilinhot 50 years rainfall from 1961 to 2010, the multi-time scale variations. The results showed that: weakly decreasing trend of annual precipitation, summer and autumn showed a decreasing trend, especially in summer, but summer precipitation for the largest contribution to annual precipitation; spring and winter, although weakly increasing trend, and in the spring than in winter. The monthly rainfall above normal and below normal fluctuations showed a trend, which was the largest decrease in August, followed by July. Historical annual precipitation maxima was in 1974, the minimum in 2005, and the range of 359.9 mm. Rainy period in the late 1960s-late 1970s and 1990s, the dry period in the 1960s and the 2l century. More obvious changes in precipitation time scale variations, changed in cycle changes in small scale high frequency, while in a large scale was relatively low, respectively, 2-5 years and 10 years around the cycle performance significantly. 50 years annual precipitation in 1999 was a significant change in mutation point, by the rainy period to dry period.

  Evolution Characteristics of Drought at Different Time Scales in Hubei Province in the Past 50 Years 2012, 28 (29):  279-284.  Abstract + ( 839 )   PDF ( 1074444KB )   ( 644 ) Drought has significant impact on hydrological cycle, ecosystems, agricultural production and social life, thus requiring special attention. The characteristics of drought over a range of time scales were examined in Hubei Province in the past 50 years, using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) as an indicator of drought severity. The results showed that the frequency, duration, intensity and spatial extent of drought at different time scales were notably different, while the evolution characteristics of drought from different years were similar. At the time scale of 6 months or longer, wet periods were recognized in the early 60s, early 70s, 80s and early 90s in the 20th century, while since the late 90s especially the 21st the frequency of wet periods has decreased and of dry periods increased significantly. At the seasonal timescale, there was a drying trend for spring and autumn and minor wetting trend for summer and winter, among which the drying trend in autumn was statistically significant at 0.05 levels of significance. At the time scale of 1 month, the SPEI was so unstable that no trend or periodical characteristic was found. Over all the time scales, drought intensity has experienced an increasing tendency over the past 50 years, with the most severe droughts occurring in the last 20 years; drought spatial extent has changed in accordance with the variation of dry periods, but with a more distinct increase of large scale extreme drought in the last 10 years than in the past 40 years.

  23

  The Study of Meteorological Disaster Risk Assessment System of Northern Henan: Taking An Example of Huixian 2012, 28 (29):  285-291.  Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 1626305KB )   ( 561 ) In order to establish a meteorological disaster risk evaluation index system, establish the meteorological disaster risk zoning map, the meteorological disaster risk zoning, in the Huixian, northern Henan 1961-2009, meteorological data and the 1961-2009 geological hazards data, the use of meteorological materials, methods and evaluation, from 4 areas of heavy rain, hail, high winds, and geological hazards, hazard analysis, and comprehensive consideration of the hazard, disaster, environmental hazard bearing body. The results showed that the mountainous area of northern Henan heavy rain, hail, the probability of geological disasters was greater than the plains, the opposite gale probability, the occurrence probability of the plains strong winds above the hills and mountains, which provided for local defense meteorological disasters, technological support and theoretical basis.

  Diagnostic Analysis of Snowstorm in Shanxi Province in November 28-29, 2011 2012, 28 (29):  292-298.  Abstract + ( 654 )   PDF ( 3602407KB )   ( 532 ) In order to research the circulation background and influence system which brought about the snowstorm process and the favorable configuration of physical space structure during the strong snowfall in Shanxi, so the snowstorm, which occurred on November 28-29, 2011, was analyzed from the 500 hPa circulation background, the altitude system disposition, the mutual configuration of middle-lower system influence, the evolution of the fy-2c satellite cloud picture, the spatial vertical section of physical quantity field (vertical velocity, divergence, relative humidity). The result showed that the storm weather was formed in the 500 hPa west wind trough, 700 hPa shear and 850 hPa easterly wind continued, 700 hPa shear was closely related with the evolution process of fy-2c cloud pictures, especially a phase change was consistent, they were the directly affect system of snowstorm. The strong rise movement, deep wet layer and the smooth allocation of upper radiation and lower convergence formed the snowstorm favorable conditions. This research of snowstorm weather process would give an instructive reference information of snowstorm forecast in the future.

  Research for Integration of Remote Sensing Information and Rice Model on Rice Acreage and Estimate Production in Zhenjiang Yield 2012, 28 (29):  299-304.  Abstract + ( 1037 )   PDF ( 872735KB )   ( 893 ) This research using the combination of remote sensing information and crop model for the estimation of the rice acreage and production in Zhenjiang yield, to monitor rice growth in this area. Integrate remote sensing data and rice production model (ORYZA2000) to establish remote sensing numerical simulation model, to the point and the surface area of rice estimation. Using remote sensing data (8 days synthesis MODIS and HJ1A/1B) to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Establishing the relationship of vegetation index and rice leaf area index (LAI) with the measured LAI in test area, and identify rice of Zhenjiang through temporal remote sensing data, it could be forecast within a certain region of rice cultivation and production. The research results showed that, the simulation biomass and LAI during the period of rice growth and development was on a high accuracy, and rice LAI was better fit with EVI. This correlation pattern could be applied to identify rice and improve the region-wide rice yield estimation accuracy, it also demonstrated, the combination of remote sensing information and crop model could monitor the growth of rice, and achieved a better estimation results.

  Design and Development of Monitoring and Early Warning System for Low Temperature Disaster of Crop in Fuzhou 2012, 28 (29):  305-309.  Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 963673KB )   ( 627 ) Low temperature disaster is one of the main meteorological disasters on some crop in Fuzhou. The low temperature disaster monitoring and early warning system based on remote monitoring technology integrated with the disaster index of some crop, and preliminarily validated and applied in production in Fuzhou in late January 2012, which showed the monitoring and early warning distribution consistent with actual after the disaster survey. The results showed that this system could provide the range of low temperature monitoring and early warning distribution diagram and early warning information by automatically, which was important to the final decision service products, and could prove wide applicable perspective in low temperature monitoring and early warning.

  Empirical Study on Tourist Satisfaction and Post-purchase Behaviors in Service Context：Evidences from Leisure Farm Industry in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Group 2012, 28 (29):  310-316.  Abstract + ( 864 )   PDF ( 658347KB )   ( 629 ) While the research on tourist satisfaction and its antecedents has been widely discussed, the topic of tourist post-behaviors is less concerned. Based on service performance and fairness theory, a conceptual model with 12 hypotheses explaining the relationship between customer satisfaction and post-purchase behaviors under leisure tourism contex were derived and subjected to empirical assessment. SPSS11.0 was used for reliability/validity testing and hypothese testing. Consistent with most of the previous researches, we concluded that while tourist satisfaction had positive effect on positive post-purchase behaviors, dissatisfaction had positive effect on negative post-behaviors. Furthermore, our research indicated the impacts of post-behaviors on tourist satisfaction. In theory, the results verified the effects between post-purchase behaviors and customer satisfaction on each other. In practice, this study highlighted the importance of customer relationship management and service recovery strategies in leisure tourism industry.