Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.30 Published:25 October 2012

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  Prokaryotic Expression of P2 protein of Rice Grassy Stunt Virus, and Preparation and Application of Its Polyclonal Antibody 2012, 28 (30):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2714 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 1263944KB )   ( 814 ) P2 gene of Rice grassy stunt virus was amplified from the infected rice leaves by RT-PCR, and it was cloned into prokaryote expression vector pDEST17. The 29 kDa HIS6-tag fusion protein was obtained with induction of IPTG from E.coli Rosetta cells, which was used to immunize the healthy rabbits as an antigen. The antiserum of P2 was prepared after injections and used to establish the Immunocapture RT- PCR and Dot-blot ELISA method to detect the RGSV

  Interannual Change of Temperature Conditions During Wheat Over-wintering in Cangzhou Area 2012, 28 (30):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3444 Abstract + ( 1100 )   PDF ( 572116KB )   ( 748 ) In order to understand the occurrence regularity and influence factors of winter wheat freeze injury in Cangzhou area, by methods of consulting the temperature history data and statistical analysis, the interannual variation regularity of temperature conditions during wheat over-wintering stage was studied in Cangzhou area for 1970-2009. The results showed that, the indicators, including accumulated temperature before winter, autumn temperature cooling rate, annual negative accumulated temperature, January extreme high temperature and spring temperature cooling rate, differed significantly. In some years, adverse extreme values of one or several indicators might trigger a wheat freeze injury. Except the significantly positive correlation between annual negative accumulated temperature and January extreme high temperature, the other correlation between indicators was not significant. The fluctuation of accumulated temperature before winter and autumn temperature cooling rate occurred in different decades. These results had a certain reference value for in-depth understanding of wheat freezing injury regularity in this area.

  Role of ‘Tianda 2116’ in Enhancing Resistance to Chilling Injury in Winter Wheat 2012, 28 (30):  11-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3491 Abstract + ( 1070 )   PDF ( 825553KB )   ( 696 ) The leaves of ‘Jimai 22’, a winter wheat variety, were sprayed by ‘Tianda 2116’ under 2℃ to study the effects on its physiological property to resist chilling injury. Whinter wheat were cultivated until 13 days and then suffered from 2℃ chilling injury in growth cabinet. The leaves of ‘Jimai 22’ were separately sprayed by ‘Tianda 2116’ before and after the chilling injury. Five physiological and biochemical indicators (chlorophyll contents, SOD activity, MDA contents, soluble protein contents and soluble sugar contents) were respectively detected with UV-Vis, NBT method, TBA method, Bradford method and anthrone colorimetric method in different groups. The results showed that, the effects of chlorophyll contents and SOD activity in chilling injuried whinter wheat leaves by ‘Tianda 2116’ were significant; MDA contents and soluble sugar contents increased after chilling injury, but the two indicatores descent obviously by ‘Tianda 2116’. Whit the extention of chilling injury time, both MDA contents and soluble sugar contents decreased first and then increased. The chilling injury had littile influence on soluble protein contents. Winter wheat leaves were protected from chilling injury by ‘Tianda 2116’ positively and the ability of resistance to chilling injury was improved obviously.

  Study on Comprehensive Drought Monitoring model of Winter Wheat in Hebei Province 2012, 28 (30):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0550 Abstract + ( 1124 )   PDF ( 764764KB )   ( 740 ) Drought is one of the main hazards for winter wheat production in Hebei Province. Aiming at the service demand of monitoring the winter wheat drought in Hebei Province, in order to objectively identify and monitor the occurrence and development of winter wheat drought, we designed the wheat drought monitoring model. Based on the analysis of the limitations of single drought index, the soil relative moisture index, crop water deficit departure index and precipitation departure index were applied in the model of winter wheat drought monitoring, because they could reflect the drought of soil, crop and atmospheric respectively. The weight coefficient of the three drought indexes were defined by analytic hierarchy method. Data were selected to analyze the accuracy of the composite index in characterizing winter wheat drought, while those data came from eight representative stations in Tangshan, Zhuozhou, Dingzhou, Huanghua, Shenxian, Luancheng, Nancheng and Feixiang in Hebei Province from 1981 to 2010. The results showed that: first, while there was no drought condition, the single index and composite index can reflect the situation, and the case was 17.6% of the total. Second, when the drought situation existed, composite drought index was able to reflect both the situation of irrigation, while the precipitation departure index could not reflect, and the situation of prophase drought, thus it could reflect the drought situation, and the case was 67.6% of the total. Negative precipitation departure index and crop water deficit departure index were too sensitive to precipitation, and little precipitation would cover the real drought situation, as a result, they could not truly reflect the drought situation. The composite index could not only reflect the influence of precipitation on drought, but also reflect the influence degree, and the case was 17.6% of the total.

  Effects of Super Absorbent Polymers Polyacrylamide on Soil Moisture and Autumn Waxy Corn Growth 2012, 28 (30):  22-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2157 Abstract + ( 971 )   PDF ( 701430KB )   ( 661 ) Effects of water-keeping from super absorbent polymer PAM in hilly red soil upland were studied under the condition of dry autumn in order to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and good-quality of waxy corn. The research took ‘Huyunuo 3’ fresh-eating waxy corn as experimental material with seed dressing, furrowing and holing to study the effects of super absorbent polymer PAM different application amount and methods on the growth. The results indicated that, the soil moisture content in 0-40 cm heightened with the super absorbent polymer PAM increasing in soil layer. Among 5 treatments, the treatment of 60 kg/hm2 super absorbent polymer PAM furrowing application had the best water-retaining and yield-increasing effects; 30 kg/hm2 PAM under different conditions of application, the effects of holing treatment were better than that of furrowing treatment, but the difference was not significant. On the whole, the PAM application could enhance corn fresh corncob yield and aboveground biomass through increasing the moisture content of soil, and improving the yield components of corn.

  The Safety Leaf Age of Spraying Chemical Control Agent Jindele in Summer Maize Along Yanhuai River 2012, 28 (30):  28-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0567 Abstract + ( 1337 )   PDF ( 521945KB )   ( 651 ) Field experiments were carried out in 2010 and 2011 to investigate the best leaf age when to spray chemical control agentn Jindele of summer maize along Yanhuai River. In this study, spraying chemical control agent Jindele 450 mL/hm2 plus 225 kg of water during the period of 6 leaf age to tasseling stage were examined to investigate the effects of spraying control agent Jindele on plant height, ear height, three-ear-leaves, yield, ear row number, grain number per row and 1000-grain weight. The results showed that, spraying chemical control agent Jindele during the period of 6 leaf age to tasseling stage, with the increase of leaf age, the plant height, ear height, three-ear-leaves, yield, ear row number, grain number per row and 1000-grain weight decreased first and then increased. Plant height decreased to minimum at 14 and 16 leaf age, ear height reached minimum at 14 leaf age, three-ear leaves and grain yield reached minimum at 12 leaf age, ear row number minimized at 9 leaf age, grain number per row and 1000-grain weight minimized at 12 leaf age. Spraying chemical control agent Jindele during 10 to 18 leaf age could significantly decreased plant height, and ear height decreased significantly during 8 to 16 leaf age. There was no significant difference between spraying chemical control Jindele agent treatment and control of grain yield when to spray chemical control agent at 6, 7, 8, 16, 18 leaf age and post tasseling stage. The results indicated that, 6 to 8 leaf age were the safety leaf age to spray chemical control agent Jindele, and 8 leaf age was the best leaf age to spray chemical control agent Jindele.

  Effects of Various Pollination Methods on Seed Setting Rate of Distant Crossing Between Corn and Teosinte 2012, 28 (30):  32-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0304 Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 525461KB )   ( 747 ) In order to improve the seed setting rate between corn and teosinte, the author analyzed the effects of various cross pollination methods on the seed setting rate of distant crossing between corn and teosinte by variance analysis method, multiple comparison method, and so on. The results showed that, the seed setting rate of distant crossing between corn and teosinte would be significantly different if the acceptor material (the female parent) genotypes or the cross pollination methods were different. The repetitive pollination, pollination after cutting the bracts, pollination after treating the thrum with gibberellin could improvement the seed setting rate of distant crossing. The seed setting rate by repetitive pollination, pollination after cutting the bracts and filaments were higher than by pollination after treating the thrum with gibberellin high significantly. Consequently, the selections of the female parent genotypes should be emphasized, repetitive pollination, pollination after cutting the bracts and filaments as well if we wanted to improve the seed production yield of forage grass corn bred by crossing corn with teosinte.

  Effects of Seaweed Extract in Maize Seedling Stage 2012, 28 (30):  36-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3435 Abstract + ( 1191 )   PDF ( 578139KB )   ( 700 ) Three types of seaweed extract in maize seedling by Hydroponic culture trail, by measuring the corn root activity and nitrate reductase, draw the conclusion: three types of seaweed extract could all increase dry matter accumulation of maize, fermentation seaweed extract, ordinary seaweed extract treatment with contrast of differences were significant level, nitrate reductase activity in intermediate level fermentation seaweed extract in was the highest of 74.42 μg/(g?h), followed by ordinary seaweed extract in the treatment of 72.32 μg/(g?h). The amount of seaweed extract in the fermentation of root vigor highest 1.576 mg/(g?h), high level and intermediate level fermentation seaweed extract common root vigor of the seaweed extract take second place were 1.505 mg/(g?h), 1.503 mg/(g?h). the effect of sodium alginate was less than others.

  Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Ammopiptanthus Mongolicus Cheng f. and Its Microbial Inhibition Activity 2012, 28 (30):  40-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2435 Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 633822KB )   ( 798 ) In order to explore the resource diversity and microbial inhibition activity of endophytic fungi from endangered medicinal plant Ammopiptanthus Mongolicus Cheng f., the endophytic fungi were isolated from root, stem and leaf of the host by tissue inoculation culture and five pathogenic fungi and four bacteria strains used as indicators to test microbial inhibition activity by agar plate antagonistic action and modified agar gel diffusion methods. The results indicated that forty-one endophytic fungi strains were isolated from the host, most of them coming from root, then leaf and stem the least; The isolated strains attribute to nineteen genera, six families, and five orders based on morphological characters; for the isolated strains thirty-one strains were found to have some microbial inhibition activities against 2 or more indicators, making up 75.6% of the total isolated strains , fifteen isolated strains had antibacterial activity against 1 or more indicating bacteria to some degree, amounting to 36.6% of the total isolates, among which five endophytic fungi strains isolated showed evident inhibition activity against 4 indicating pathogenic fungal strains respectively, which was 12.2% of the isolated strains, eight strains isolated exhibited evident inhibition activity against 1 indicating bacteria, respectively, which was 19.5% of the total isolates, there were four strains showed evident antifungal and antibacterial activity with broad spectrum, belonging to Penicillium sp., Ozonium sp., and Ectostroma sp.. The endangered medicinal plant Ammopiptanthus Mongolicus Cheng f. showed abundant endophytic fungal resource, and its development and application is of ecological and economic significance.

  Effect of Microbial Diversity and Alfalfa Biomass in Different Soil Improvement Measures in Saline-alkali Soil in Ningxia 2012, 28 (30):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1134 Abstract + ( 1081 )   PDF ( 634165KB )   ( 699 ) In order to know the response of soil microbial characteristics and grass growth on different improvement measures in saline-alkali soil in Ningxia, the effects of soil microflora, microbial community diversity and the correlation analysis among soil microbial diversity, microorganisms number, and alfalfa biomass were studied in a field experiment after applied with straw, organic fertilizer, flue gas desulfurization waste and saline-alkali soil amendment in saline-alkali soil in Ningxia. The results showed that: four improvement measures had a clear role in promoting the alfalfa plant height and yield, alfalfa plant height increased by 13.8% to 33.3%, alfalfa dry weight increased by 21.9% to 125.0%, the order followed by the performance of organic fertilizer > straw > improved agent desulfurization waste > control. The four improvement measures increased the soil microbial community carbon source utilization capacity, richness and diversity index, principal component analysis showed that, the greater impact carbon source on soil microbial were 2-hydroxy acid, alpha-cyclodextrinrefined, D-xylose, phenylethylamine, glycogen, etc. Desulfurization waste, conditioner and organic fertilizer treatments increased the proportion of bacteria in the soil microbial amount, reducing the proportion of actinomycetes and fungi. The positive significant correlation existed between soil microbial quantity, microbial diversity and the alfalfa plant height, yield of each treatment. That mean the saline-alkali soil bacteria amount, actinomycetes amount, microbial diversity can be used as biological indicators of the effects evaluation in saline-alkali soil improvement.

  Study on the Microbial Activity of Rhizosphere Soil for Three Dominant Plant in Pb-Zn Wastelandin Eastern Guangdong Province 2012, 28 (30):  56-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0241 Abstract + ( 1614 )   PDF ( 692003KB )   ( 809 ) This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the dominant plant species in Pb-Zn wasteland and rhizosphere soil microbes, soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme on the basis of vegetation survey and determination of heavy metal content in eastern Guangdong Province, provide the scientific basis for soil environmental quality assessment in mining area and guide the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the mine ecosystem. The microbe amount, enzyme activity, physical and chemical properties in rhizosphere soil of three dominant plant in Bingcun Pb-Zn mining wasteland, Mei County, Guangdong Province were measured by conventional experimental methods and analyzed in comparison with those in non-rhizosphere and non-contaminated soil, the results showed that: (1) the heavy metal contents of soil in this wasteland tailings soil were much higher than the national soil quality standard value, and the polluted degree reached above the level 3 pollution. The different capacities to absorb heavy metals of three dominant plants, Neyraudia reynaudiana, Vitex negundo, Rhus chinensis, growing in the contaminated regions, resulted in different heavy metal contents of the rhizosphere soil. (2) the alkali N content, available K, and pH value of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in contaminated region were lower than those in non-contaminated regions, but the available P content was higher; in non-contaminated regions, there were no significant differences in alkaline N and available K content between these three plants, but in the contaminated regions, the alkaline N content of N. reynaudiana was significantly higher than that of V. negundo and R. chinensis, the available K content of V. negundo was lower than that of N. reynaudiana and R. chinensis. The available P content of rhizosphere soil for these three plants in contaminated regions was lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil, but was lower in non-contaminated areas. The pH value of rhizosphere soil in contaminated and non-contaminated areas of N. reynaudiana, was higher than that of V. negundo and R. chinensis, and higher than that of the non-rhizosphere soil. (3) in non-contaminated regions, the actinomycetes was the most in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil for three plant, followed by bacteria, fungi was the least; the total microbe amount of rhizosphere soil for N. reynaudiana was more than that for other plants; in the contaminated regions, the bacteria, fungi, actinomyces of rhizosphere soil were less than those of non-rhizosphere soil; the total microbe amount of rhizosphere soil for R. chinensis was larger than for other plants. In most cases, whether in contaminated or non-contaminated regios, the enzyme activity of rhizosphere soil were significantly higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil for the three plant; in the contaminated area, the activity of invertase, polyphenol oxidase, urease, phosphatase of rhizosphere soil were higher than those in non-contaminated areas for the three plant. (5) due to being influenced by plant species, study area, the nature (single or combined pollution) and the and extent of pollution, there presented complex correlation between soil microbes, nutrients (alkaline solution of N, available K, quick-P) and enzyme activity.

  Effects of Straw-returning on Root Activity and Physiological Characteristics of Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism of Flue-cured Tobacco 2012, 28 (30):  65-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0344 Abstract + ( 1251 )   PDF ( 694386KB )   ( 666 ) In order to solve the problem caused by continuous cropping and chemical fertilizer application,this research studied the effects of rice and peanut straw-returning on the activities of root and some physiological characters of carbon-nitrogen metabolism of flue-cured tobacco in northern Guangdong tobacco-planting area. The results showed that: rice and peanut straw-returning effectively improved the activities of root of flue-cured tobacco, made root aging speed slower in mature stage, the maximum activity of root happened at 2500kg/ha peanut straw-returning. Rice and peanut straw-returning could obviously improve the activities of amylase and nitrate reductase of tobacco leaf before topping stage(55 days after transplanting), the activities of amylase reached their peaks 10 days earlier than that of control. The activities of amylase, nitrate reductase and invertase of tobacco leaf decreased, the Inv/NR increased during mature stage. In our experiment，the activities of nitrate reductase of rice straw-returning treatments were higher than that of peanut straw-returning treatments, and also higher when the amount of straw applied more before topping stage.

  Study on Spatial Distribution of Available Microelement in Soil in Luliang Tobacco Farming Area 2012, 28 (30):  71-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0009 Abstract + ( 1243 )   PDF ( 719901KB )   ( 624 ) In order to investigate the spatial distribution of soil available micronutrients and its influencing factors, and to provide a theory basis for management of micronutrients and fertilizing reasonably on tobacco, spatial distributions and patterns of 6 available microelements in soil in Luliang were analyzed based on geostatistics methods. The results indicated that: anisotropic structure of available microelements in tobacco soil varied evidently, and was auto-correlated to a moderate degree, spatial variability of 6 available microelements were caused by structural factors and random factors. Spatial distribution maps showed that, available B and available Zn were moderate in soil in Luliang County, available Cu, available Fe and available Mn were extremely high in the whole extension, available Mo was widely deficient in soil.

  Spatio-temporal Variability of Soil Nutrient in Huantai County in North China 2012, 28 (30):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0338 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 1518612KB )   ( 677 ) In order to realize precision fertilization and prevent soil fertility degradation, the author studied the effects of farming management and excessive fertilisation by means of monitoring soil nutrients variation in space and time. The method of combination of geographic information system (GIS) and geostatistics was conducted to investigate the space distribution of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, rapidly-available phosphorus and potassium in 1989 and 2006 in Huantai County, north China. The results suggested that the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in soil were generally increased compared with that in 1989, the area over the middle level (>91 mg/kg) occupied 21.23% percent of the whole research area, the area with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen contents between 61 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg increased by 7.05%, while the area with low content (<60 mg/kg) decreased by 8.07%. The contents of rapidly-available phosphorus were also significantly increased, which was mainly resulted from transformation from lower to higher level. This conversion had two traits as follows: the area of rapidly-available phosphorus in high concentration(>21 mg/kg) increased by 26.92%, and that in low concentrations was decreased by 52.75%. Additionally, the contents of rapidly-available potassium in soil had been general improved and the average contents were 118 mg/kg in 2006. Especially the contents of rapidly-available potassium (101 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) increased by 25.18%. The soil nutrient contents were all increased significantly. In conclusion, the present study provided guidance on making decision of high efficiency fertilizer utilization and might be beneficial for sustaining agricultural development in Huantai County.

  Analysis on the Characteristics of Transportation and Conversion of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Irrigation-scale 2012, 28 (30):  82-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0994 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 810871KB )   ( 682 ) In order to know China's agricultural non-point source pollution in the soil of the residual migration into law and special, as field trials in Qianguo Irrigation Area, and through the 10 groups of testing processing and district field experiment, extracted water samples at different depths, doing water quality observation and data processing, mainly ammonium, nitrate and phosphate in the soil profile to start on the migration and transformation of analysis. The results showed that, there was a peak which the experimental plot of ammonia concentration in surface water for some time after fertilization, and then appeared attenuation trend. The greater the amount of irrigation and fertilization in the greater volume of cases, the greater the amount of nitrogen with the downward migration of water, (in the irrigation water NI treatment than dealing with many SI 2.2 kg/hm2, fertilizer treatment processing more than SF NF 1.5 kg/hm2). In the case of fertilizer evenly, the water down the nitrogen migration ammonium was smaller (which F1 deal with less than F2 deal with 0.7 kg/hm2). The test area of surface water and ammonium nitrate nitrogen concentration had nitrogen similar change trend, the greater the irrigation water and fertilizer in the greater the fertilizer and condition of uneven, the bigger into the groundwater nitrate nitrogen (irrigation water which NI treatment more than SI 1.12 kg/hm2, fertilizer treatment processing more than SF NF 0.55 kg/hm2, fertilizing, F1 processing proportion than F2 dealing with many 0.4 kg/hm2), so as to the groundwater. The test area of surface water in the first fertilization phosphate concentration (e-jing-za no.3) presented a huge spike, then fell back quickly and stable in a smaller level (no more than 2.5 mg/L).

  N-release Characteristics of Controlled Release Urea Coated with Natural Organic Material and Its Biological Efficiency on Chinese Cabbage 2012, 28 (30):  90-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3919 Abstract + ( 1274 )   PDF ( 647288KB )   ( 739 ) In order to study the nutrient controlling release effect of controlled release urea coated with natural wood flour, three kinds of controlled release urea were examined by water-extraction method at room temperature. Pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of controlled release urea on the leaf chlorophyll content, yield, nutrient absorption, nitrogen utilization rate and quality indexes of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that, coated urea presented good performance with slow release, and the N-release model changed with the amount of coat material. Pot experiment proved that, equal amount coated urea treatment (CRU1) promoted the Chinese cabbage’s growth, yield (fresh weight) and nitrogen utilization of urea increased by 17.7% and 12.4% respectively, compared with the common chemical urea treatment (CCU), and the statistic difference was significant (P<0.05). The reduction amount treatments of 10% and 20% (CRU2 and CRU3) had no significant difference with the common chemical urea treatment (CCU) in cabbage production (fresh weight). There was no significant difference between all the nitrogen treatments in the quality of Chinese cabbage. Coated urea could match with the nutritional needs of Chinese cabbage, and improve nitrogen use efficiency.

  Based on the comprehensive consolidation is medium low yield cropland division research 2012, 28 (30):  95-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0340 Abstract + ( 901 )   PDF ( 2605968KB )   ( 820 ) The purpose of this paper is to divide cropland of the low yield in Henan province level in a comprehensive perspective, in order to build the grain core area to provide support. Methods employed are the method of comparative analysis, the GIS spatial analysis method, empirical analysis. The results indicate that(1)in low yield cropland level dividing results to be integrated into the grain yield, soil fertility, soil fertility and other factors;(2)according to the comprehensive factors of Henan province high school low yield cropland area ratio of 49 : 31: 20.It is concluded that (1)food production is still the main factor division of cropland of the low yield in, the factors on the high school division of cropland of the low yield the greatest impact, the difference between the results of minimum rate; It is the biggest to use of soil fertility factors classification result difference rate; It is best to use of farmland index factor classification results of equilibrium, it can use farmland index (particularly the use of index ) as a division of cropland of the low yield in a method.(2) Using single factor or focusing characteristics of farmland a divided the results are limited;(3) The factors for the standards of high school low yield cropland classification, the result collection effect is better than the factor.

  Selection of Solid-state Fermentation Substrates and Optimization of the Fermentation Condition of Coniothyrium Minitans 2012, 28 (30):  101-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3926 Abstract + ( 948 )   PDF ( 606285KB )   ( 691 ) In order to study solid fermentation conditions in Coniothyrium minitans and improve its biocontrol effect, the effect of six natural substrates on solid-state fermentation in C. minitans was compared. Spore of C. minitans was tested at different fermenting media, temperature, initial moisture and inoculation rate. The results showed spore was most in wheat grain and corn grain media and better in wheat bran and cotton seed hulls media. Being cheaper, wheat bran and cotton seed hulls acted as fermentation materials of following test. When substrates contained wheat bran, cotton seed and inorganic salt, the temperature was 20℃, initial moisture of fermentation substrates was 60%, inoculation rate was 7%, spore could reach 1×109 conidia/g at last. Fermenting conditions were further optimized. It showed that rate of wheat grain and corn grain, light, contents of mannose and glycine obviously influenced spore.

  Correlation Study on the Plumule Ratio and Protein Content of Rice 2012, 28 (30):  106-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3420 Abstract + ( 1004 )   PDF ( 1135728KB )   ( 728 ) To investigate the correlation between the plumule ratio and protein content of rice, the brown rice of ten varieties which were uniform planting and harvesting was used as the experimental materials. Plumule ratio of the milled rice with different milled time was counted. Then the protein content of the brown rice and milled rice with different milled time was measured by Kjeldahl determination and Bradford determination to study the correlation of plumule ratio and protein content. Finally, the differences were compared between various protein components of the varieties with SDS-PAGE analysis. The results showed that the plumule ratio was different between different varieties and decreased with prolonging the milled time. The protein content has correlation with the plumule ratio of milled rice. Generally the protein content of milled rice loses less if the plumule ratio changes slightly, although the exception existed. Besides, the percentage of glutelin and gliadin increased and albumin and globulin decreased with the extension of milled time.

  The Optimal Screening of Reference Varieties for Characteristics of Visual Observation for Rice New Plant Variety DUS Testing 2012, 28 (30):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0276 Abstract + ( 1455 )   PDF ( 554641KB )   ( 827 ) In order to screen stable and reliable reference varieties for rice new plant variety DUS testing, 117 representative rice varieties of common knowledge from China, Japan and South Korea were used in the field testing experiment for 2 years observation continuously and the reference varieties for 106 expression statuses of 27 characteristics were screened systematically. The results showed that, the 16 varieties which were screened provided not only reference varieties for the characteristics represented by the original 23 reference varieties in the testing guideline, but also the reference varieties for several other characteristic expression statuses which had no reference varieties in the testing guideline. ‘Yuanzizhan’, ‘Tanzi’, ‘Hanlundao’, ‘Qijin’ and ‘Wuzuinuo’ had comparatively strong ecological adaptability and priority should be given for the screening of rice reference varieties in other ecological area. The means of clustering statistical method was very useful for the screen of reference varieties of visual observation characteristics and might be considered as the method in the screen of reference varieties of visual observation characteristics for other plant species.

  Effects of Different High Temperature Treatment on Flowering Characteristics and Seed Setting of Rice During Heading and Flowering Period 2012, 28 (30):  116-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0305 Abstract + ( 1299 )   PDF ( 723777KB )   ( 1002 ) In order to ascertain the damage mechanism of high temperature stress on rice, two early rice cultivars were treated with different high temperature treatment during heading and flowering period in the controlled environment chamber, flowering characteristics and seed setting were determined. The results showed that, with the increase of temperature treatment, daily number of spikelet flowering and the daily flowering peak value decreased, glume opening angle, anther dehiscence, pollen vigour, stigma vigour decreased, pollen diameter significantly increased, seed setting decreased. According to the correlation analysis, seed setting ratio of two cultivars showed a significantly linear correlation with pollen vigour, anther dehiscence and stigma vigour, respectively. A significantly difference of different high temperature treatment effects on flowering characteristics and seed setting during heading and flowering period existed among different cultivars, high temperature tolerant cultivar 996 was lower than high temperature sensitive cultivar 4628.

  Effect of Variety Density and Additional Fertilizer Amount on Maize Yield in Heilongjiang Province 2012, 28 (30):  121-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1990 Abstract + ( 886 )   PDF ( 523190KB )   ( 716 ) In order to find out the most suitable planting density and fertilizer of some stable corn varieties of high yield in the central-south part of Heilongjiang Province, and provide scientific guidance and reference for large scale production and application, the yield of different maize varieties planted at different levels of density and the amount of fertilizer was studied by this three factors randomized experiment. The results showed that, the difference of the yield among different maize varieties and different levels of density was very significant and mutual effect between density and the amount of fertilizer was significant, while the difference of the yield among different fertilizer was not. The results of experimental analysis suggested that, the most outstanding variety was ‘Zhengdan958’, followed by ‘Dongnong250’;the yield of 71500 plants/hm2 was the highest, but had no significant difference with the 57000 plants/hm2;the optimal combination of density and fertilizer application was 57000 plants/hm2 and 225 kg/hm2. In conclusion, the optimal treatment: ‘Zhengdan958’, 57000 plants/hm2, 225 kg/hm2, the second was ‘Dongnong250’, 57000 plants/hm2, 225 kg/hm2, and no significant difference between them.

  Identification of Drought Resistance of Different High-yield Maize Cultivars 2012, 28 (30):  125-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1225 Abstract + ( 907 )   PDF ( 568997KB )   ( 877 ) The drought tolerance analysis of nine popularized maize cultivars in Shandong Province was studied under rain-shedding water control condition for 2010-2011. The drought tolerance of different cultivars was assessed based on indexes of subordinate function values (SV) of drought resistance and drought index (DI) of yield. The results showed that, compared with control, the yield of maize decreased obviously, the height of plant, ear position, stem diameter, ear length and grain weight per ear all declined, while bald length increased under water stress condition. The plant character, ear character, dry weight of aboveground and yield in 2011 were all performed better than that in 2010. Attached to the subordinate function values for the assessment of average standard, ‘Denghai 701’ was drought-tolerant cultivar, ‘Lai-nong 14’, ‘Nongda 108’, ‘Jinhai 5’ were medium drought-resistant cultivars, ‘Denghai 662’, ‘Zhengdan 958’, ‘Zhongke 11’, ‘Jundan20’ were drought-sensitive cultivars, while the drought resistance of ‘Qingnong 105’ would be further studied because of its subordinate function values was inconsistent between two year experiments.

  The Influence of Alfalfa′s Planted Years on Soil Nutrients and the Yield of Subsequent Maize 2012, 28 (30):  131-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3832 Abstract + ( 1241 )   PDF ( 735401KB )   ( 702 ) In order to reveal the influence of alfalfa's planted years on the temporal and spatial variation of soil nutrients and the yield of subsequent maize, using adjacent four-year, five-year and seven-year of alfalfa (uniform digged stubble in autumn of 2009 and planted maize in the spring of 2010 by the same method) as the test materials to study the influence of alfalfa's planted years on soil nutrients and the yield of subsequent maize. The results showed that: with increasing year of previous crops planted alfalfa, maize made after soil organic matter, total nitrogen and nitrogen content showed an increasing trend, but there was some differences between the soil, in 0-20 cm of soil, available phosphorus, potassium content of alfalfa declined with the increasing year of preceding alfalfa, 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm of soil, pH of soil were declined with increasing years of preceding alfalfa. Maize yield, effective spike, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight increased with increasing years of preceded alfalfa, indicated that the longer years the alfalfa planting, made the more obvious effects on the subsequent maize.

  The Effect of Zn on Physiological Characteristics and Grain Zn Concentration in Different Varieties of Rape 2012, 28 (30):  135-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3424 Abstract + ( 986 )   PDF ( 582874KB )   ( 622 ) In order to study the influence of different Zinc (Zn) levels on physiological characteristics, Zn accumulation in grains of rape, the plant growth, physiological characteristics, concentration and accumulation of Zn in grain for five varieties (LPJCZ, ENW, SYKC, NTHYC and H33) were compared at Zn (0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) treatments in pot experiments. The dry weights of roots, leaf, straw, grain and plant, physiological characteristics, concentration and accumulation of Zn significantly differed among different varieties and Zn levels. The activities of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and dry weights of plant, straw, leaf and grain increased at Zn≤5.0 mg/kg. Zinc concentration of roots, straw and leaf for five varieties, and grain Zn concentration for LPJCZ and SYKC increased by increasing of Zn, but grain Zn accumulation for five varieties, and grain Zn concentration for ENW, NTHYC and H33 increased at Zn≤5.0 mg/kg, then decreased at Zn>5.0 mg/kg. The high concentration and accumulation of Zn in grain were observed in ENW by 172.34 mg/kg (2.932 mg/pot) and 164.10 mg/kg (2.575 mg/pot) at 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Zn treatments.

  Effects of Different Density to the Agronomic Traits and Yield of Transplanting Rapeseed in the Hilly Area of Sichuan Basin 2012, 28 (30):  142-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0451 Abstract + ( 946 )   PDF ( 548710KB )   ( 693 ) In order to research the optimum density of transplanting rapeseed in the Hilly Area of Sichuan Basin, the effects of different density to the stress resistance, agronomic traits and yield were studied by field experiment under growing field condition. The results showed that, the different density had an influence to the growth of rape. With the increasing planting density, the resistivities of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, aphid and lodging level were declined. At the same time, the primary branch height raised, the length of main inflorescence, the total branches and total siliques of single were decreased. Both the total branches, total siliques and yield of total amounts were increased first and decreased later with increasing density. When the density was 105000 plants/hm2, it could reach the maximum yield, it was 2715.52 kg/hm2. The difference between 82500 plants/hm2 and 105000 plants/hm2 was not significantly. The optimum density of transporting rapeseed in the Hilly Area of Sichuan Basin was 82500 plants/hm2 to 105000 plants/hm2, the resistivities of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, aphid and lodging level were better.

  Application of Micronucleus Test Technology to Vicia faba L. under the stress of NaCl or Na2CO3 2012, 28 (30):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3495 Abstract + ( 1246 )   PDF ( 1364772KB )   ( 702 ) To explore the application approach of applying the micronuclear testing technology to NaCl stress and Na2CO3 stress in Vicia faba L.. The seeds were soaked under the concentration of 0.5%~4.0% NaCl and 0.5%~3.0% Na2CO3 respectively, for contrast with distilled water treatment. And then, the germination rate, the micronucleus frequency, the relative salinity-injury rate and salt-sensitivity index of the seeds were calculated. And the variance analysis and multiple comparisons were used to study relation in treatments. The results showed that: (1) The germination rate and the relative salinity-injury rate of Vicia faba were reduced with the increasing concentration of NaCl and Na2CO3, while the micronucleus rate of Vicia faba root-tip cell increased firstly and then decreased, the peak value appeared in 2% NaCl and 2% Na2CO3 respectively. (2)There were significant differences (p<0.05) and very significant differences (p<0.01) in germination and micronucleus rate among different treatments of NaCl concentration and Na2CO3 concentration. (3) Under the same concentration value of NaCl and Na2CO3, the treatment of Na2CO3 stress showed higher influence in the germination rate, the relative salinity- injury rate, the micronucleus rate and the relative salinity-injury rate compare to the treatment of NaCl stress. Therefore, the suitable concentrate range of applying the micronuclear testing technology to NaCl stress or Na2CO3 stress in Vicia faba L. both was 0.5%-2%.

  The Correlation Analysis and Gray Correlation Analysis Between Banlangen Active Ingredient Content and Soil Factors 2012, 28 (30):  151-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0127 Abstract + ( 1178 )   PDF ( 551873KB )   ( 819 ) The correlation between soil factors and the quality of radix was studied, of which the leading affecting factor was also screened out. HPLC method was applied to determine the content of active ingredients from different origins in Gansu, including nucleosides, epigoitrin. Physico-chemical analysis used to detect soil factor, including organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium. The application of correlation analysis and gray correlation analysis were made to complicate a comprehensive analysis. The results showed that correlation coefficient of uridine and available potassium was -0.828*; adenosine and total potassium was 0.863**; epigoitrin and total nitrogen was -0.800*, epigoitrin and ammonium nitrogen was -0.772*; the maximum correlation coefficient was ammonium nitrogen in vernine and epigoitrin that were 0.9444 and 0.9559, respectively; pH in uridine was 0.9505; total nitrogen in adenosine reached 0.8609; of all the compositions, the correlation coefficients of total P, total K followed. Therefore, special attentions should be paid to the effects of N, P and K conditions on the quality of radix in the choice of soil and fertilizer.

  Effects of Several Fertilizers on the Spore Production of E7 Strain of Paecilomyces lilacinus 2012, 28 (30):  155-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2011-3785 Abstract + ( 1201 )   PDF ( 616583KB )   ( 676 ) In order to understand the influence of several fertilizers on the spore production of E7 strain of Paecilomyces lilacinus, two chemical fertilizers (F1, F2) and two organic fertilizers (F3, F4) was used to treat with E7 strain. The results showed that, all fertilizers adaptability of the E7 strain were well. F3 had most significant facilitation effect on spore production of E7 strain, and F4, F2, F1 had significant facilitation effect on spore production of E7 strain when they reached at a certain concentration.

  Advances in the molecular mechanisms of phospholipase D mediating signal transduction pathway in plant stress 2012, 28 (30):  159-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0628 Abstract + ( 1207 )   PDF ( 805794KB )   ( 1207 ) In this review, the classification of the PLD gene family, the structural characteristics of different PLD isoforms, and the important bio-chemical properties, such as activity regulation and substrate specificity, were introduced. Thereafter, advances in the mechanism of PLDs mediating stress responses of plants were reviewed from the view of lipid degradation and stress signal transduction mediated by phosphatidic acid (PA), a product of PLD activated. Based on the analysis, some conclusions were made that the PLD isoforms possess different structure properties, thus have distinct bio-chemical characteristics, and it was which determines their distinct functions and the mechanisms in plant stress responses. Finally, the problems to be resolved in the progress of PLD study were discussed, and research focus in the future was also prospected.

  Application of Modern Biological Technology on Taxonomy of the Genus Fusarium 2012, 28 (30):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0586 Abstract + ( 1208 )   PDF ( 572861KB )   ( 866 ) This paper summarizes the applications of modern biological technology, such as vegetative compatibility groups (VCG), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), rDNA-ITS, translation elongation factor1-α (EF-α) sequence analysis in the research of classification system and an identification method of Fusarium, and obtains molecular biology such as RFLP and ISSR were used to analysis the correlation between individuals and geographical origin strains, rDNA-ITS, EF-α sequence analysis had provided the basis for classification and identification about Fusarium at the level of species and subspecies, the VCG was used for distinguish different genetic structure of the group that lack teleomorph. The future direction was discussed.

  High-fluxed DNA Sequencing Technology and Its Application in Agricultural Science Research 2012, 28 (30):  171-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0857 Abstract + ( 1395 )   PDF ( 636572KB )   ( 2003 ) High-throughput sequencing is a major breakthrough in DNA sequencing technology development, the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technology provided an unprecedented opportunity to modern agricultural scientific research. This paper summarized the principle of the 454, Solexa and SOLiD second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology and the latest progress of the HeliScope and Pacific Biosciences SMRT, as represented by the single-molecule sequencing technology. On this basis, the high-throughput sequencing technology was summed up in genome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, small RNA molecules and digital gene expression profiles and other research areas in agricultural research. Finally, the characteristics and development prospect of high-throughput sequencing technology was noticed.

  RNA Isolation and Yeast Two Hybrid Library Construction of Cotton Fibers 2012, 28 (30):  177-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0750 Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 1070823KB )   ( 704 ) A high quality of RNA was essential for construction of yeast two hybrid library. In this work, four methods were performed to extract total RNA from samples of 9dpa (day post anthesis) and 19dpa cotton fibers. RNA integrity and purity was detected by using agarose gel and spectrophotometer. As a result, the hot borate method worked well for 9 and 19dpa cotton fibers, whereas CTAB-PVP was applicable only for 9dpa fibers. As a comparison, both guanidinium thiocyanate and high ion-density methods were not suitable for the samples with high proteins and polysaccharides. The total RNA was extracted by hot borate extraction, the purified mRNA was reverse transcripted to cDNA. Then, the amplified cDNAs were inserted into pGADT7-Rec vector through highly efficient recombination system. Hence, the titers of the 9 and 19dpa fibers cDNA library could respectively reach to 1.01×107 cfu/mL and 8×106 cfu/mL, and the cDNA insertions varied from 250 to 2500 bp. The two libraries with high quality could be used for the research of cellulose synthesis and regulation.

  Identification of miRNAs in Cassava by Solexa Sequencing 2012, 28 (30):  184-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0815 Abstract + ( 1002 )   PDF ( 1542098KB )   ( 818 ) In order to identify miRNA (microRNA) in Cassava, to understand its mechanism of accumulation in cassava. In this study, lots of miRNAs were identificated in Cassava by Solexa sequencing。By using a new PCR based assay platform (Multiplexed RT assay), miRNAs were verified in cassava. 93 conserved miRNAs comprising 19 families and 74 novel miRNAs were verified through sequencing and bioinformatics analysing three small RNA library, 83 miRNAs were verified by Multiplexed RT assay. 6 of miRNA, miR172d, miR396c, miR398a, miR398b, miR399e and miR399f, were specifically expressed in Arg7 tuber; 13 in leaves; and 3 in fibrous roots. These miRNAs provides a new perspective to intensive study tuber development and the mechanism of starch accumulation in the cassava.

  Cloning and Expression for Novel vip3Aa Gene and Its Bioassay 2012, 28 (30):  191-195.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0137 Abstract + ( 1181 )   PDF ( 716446KB )   ( 582 ) In order to provide more gene resources for biological control, identify vip3 gene-types of 100 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates collected from Heilongjiang Province by PCR, perform cloning, expression and bioassay of vip3 gene for cry gene reserves. Identification used universal primer of vip3 gene, perform Cloning, expression and bioassay of full-length gene. The results showed that, LB73 contains vip3Aa gene. The gene full-length sequence was 2370 bp. Coding 789 amino acid residues, MW 88 kD. Registered in GenBank with accession number JQ228436 and was designated vip3Aa46 by International Nomenclature Committee of Bacillus thuringiensis. LC50 of vip3Aa46 against Spodoptera exigua was 4.02 μg/g; LC50 of vip3Aa46 against Helicoverpa armigera was 387.72 μg/g. The results of bioassay showed soluble protein of vip3Aa46 had high activities for Spodoptera exigua and certain activities for Helicoverpa armigera .

  Construction of food-grade inducible expression system for recombinant plant sweet protein MabinlinⅡ in Lactococcus lactis 2012, 28 (30):  196-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0407 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 983599KB )   ( 1113 ) In this study, in order to directly use MabinlinⅡ in functional food, the MabinlinⅡ gene was reconstructed and then the recombinant MabinlinⅡ gene was inserted into the food-grade expression vector. After electroporation and lactose utilization screening, the food-grade inducible expression system for recombinant plant sweet protein MabinlinⅡ in L. lactis was constructed. The expression of the induced recombinant MabinlinⅡ was in a low level. The western blotting results demonstrated that the recombinant MabinlinⅡ protein was successfully expressed by the recombinant food-grade L. lactis when the inducible expression system was induced by Nisin. This research showed the feasibility of constructing a food-grade L. lactis dairy product strategy by removing the need for addition of sugar and contributing to the value of functional food.

  Selection of Internal Control Genes for Real-time RT-PCR Data Normalization in Phytophthora cactorum 2012, 28 (30):  201-207.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1707 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 759988KB )   ( 789 ) To select proper internal control genes for gene expression analysis in mycete plant pathogen Phytophthora cactorum, the expression patterns of 4 housekeeping genes encoding ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Ubc), β-tubulin (Tub-b), 40S ribosomal protein S3A (WS21) and a protein of the BAR-domain family (WS41) were investigated by real-time RT-PCR during the developmental and strawberry infection stages of P. cactorum in this study. Their expression stability was also compared to each other using the softwares geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. The results showed that the designed primers of 4 housekeeping genes based on the sequences deposited in the public databases and the homologous sequences in other Phytophthora species worked well with high amplification efficiency, effectivity and specificity to P. cactorum. It was found that Ubc was the most stable gene across the investigated developmental (mycelium, sporangium, zoospore and cyst germination) and strawberry infection stages (3, 5 and 7 d post-inoculation), and the combination of Ubc and WS41 could be served as internal control combination genes for normalization of real-time RT-PCR data. The results of this study provided important internal control genes for gene expression analysis of P. cactorum by real-time RT-PCR and valuable clues to the similar studies in other Phytophthora species.

  Exploration of Sonication Conditions during Chromatin Immunoprecipitation 2012, 28 (30):  208-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0979 Abstract + ( 1366 )   PDF ( 795836KB )   ( 1746 ) This study intended to identify suitable ultrasonic conditions of ChIP which would provide appropriate fragments for the precipitation of antibody in Arabidopsis seedlings (Columbia ecotype). Arabidopsis thaliana tissues were fixed with 1% concentrations formaldehyde for protein to DNA cross-linking, sonicated to shear the DNA into fragments of appropriate size. The results showed that the optimal sonication conditions for ChIP of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings turned out to be 8 rounds of 20 seconds each time at 65% power, interval of 4 min each time which was sufficient to obtain 400-800 bp size DNA fragments for the subsequent experiment. Suitable ultrasonic conditions of ChIP were identified through the present study. It laid the foundation for the subsequent experiments.

  The Advances on Triazole Fungicides Regulating Plant Growth Against Environmental Stresses 2012, 28 (30):  213-217.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0126 Abstract + ( 1602 )   PDF ( 858809KB )   ( 1849 ) Triazole fungicides have double functions in the agriculture. In addition to be the efficient and harmless specific fungicides, they also have function as non-traditional plant growth regulators which protect plants against various environmental stresses. In this paper, the specificity and superiority of triazole fungicides have been clarified by summarizing the regulatory function to plants growth and their influence on promoting stresses tolerance of plants including enhancing plant photosynthesis and the anti-oxidation potential, improving cell membrane lipid stability and the level of ABA. Triazole fungicides have resistance to various environmental stresses efficiently by promoting plant photosynthesis, improving the concentration of antioxidants including enzymatic and nonenzymatic, decreasing the level of MDA, increasing the accumulation of proline, and enhancing the level of ABA. There are scanty reports on the molecular mechanism of fungicides promoting plants stress resistance. Thus valuable references for the research and development of novel agriculture chemicals will be provided.

  Development and Application of Labeled Immunoassay in Pesticide and Veterinary drug Residues Analysis 2012, 28 (30):  218-225.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2424 Abstract + ( 990 )   PDF ( 786749KB )   ( 1048 ) To understand the development and application of labeled immunoassays in the determination of pesticide and veterinary drug residues, the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of five common labeled immunoassays including radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, luminescent immunoassay, fluorescence immunoassay and colloidal gold immunoassay were introduced and summarized in this paper, and their applications in determination of pesticides and veterinary drugs in recent years were described as well. Additionally, some existing problems and future trends of these immunoassays for pesticides and veterinary drugs analysis were discussed. The results showed that the described above immunoassays were proved to be simple, rapid, accurate, and of high specificity and sensitivity. It is believed that in the near future they will probably become one of the most promising methods for detecting residual pesticides and veterinary drugs and provide powerful technical support for the edible security of agricultural products.

  Pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina to mature plant tissues of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) 2012, 28 (30):  226-230.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0249 Abstract + ( 1578 )   PDF ( 801302KB )   ( 697 ) The pathogen causing sesame charcoal rot were collected, isolated, purified and identified (including phenotype analysis, molecular characterization and pathogenicity identification in the sprouting stage), and the Macrophomina phaseolina with strong pathogenicity was obtained in this study. Then the M. phaseolina pathogencity was evaluated in the inoculated tissues of mature plants with infecting toothpick pieces. In sesame stems, M. phaseolina caused brown-black necrotic streaks along vascular tissues, and then the streaks began to shrink radioactively and undergo local necrosis. Finally, M. phaseolina caused extensive necrosis. Sclerotium can also be found in the stems inoculated with pathogenic bacteria. All isolates of M. phaseolina were isolated from the inoculated stems and grown in pure culture again. These results fulfilled Koch’s postulates for M. phaseolina as a pathogen of mature sesame in China. These findings lay an important foundation for sesame resistance research.

  Preliminary Studies on Biological Activity of Extracts from Foeniculum vulgare to Pieris Rapae L. 2012, 28 (30):  231-234.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0865 Abstract + ( 1048 )   PDF ( 509416KB )   ( 617 ) This paper objective was to explore biological activity of extracts from Foeniculum vulgare to Pieris rapae. Extract volatile matter was extracted from stem and leaves of Foeniculum vulgare Mill by steam distillation. Biologial activity of antifeedant effect and oviposition repellent on Pieris rapae L was tested with extraction of Foeniculum vulgare. The results showed that extracts of Foeniculum vulgare have strong antifeedant effect on Pieris rapae 3-instar larvae, which the antifeeding activities of Pieris rapae L. of non-choice was higher than that of choice tests. Moreover, that extracts of Foeniculum vulgare had strong effect of repellent effect on Pieris rapae.

  Study on Bioactivity and Effect of 18% 2,4-D ME against Alien Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha 2012, 28 (30):  235-238.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0395 Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 650950KB )   ( 664 ) The bioactivity and effect of 18% 2,4-D ME against Mikania micrantha were investigated through the potting and field tests in this paper, which was helpful for screening more effective herbicides against this species of alien invasive weed. The value of ED90 inhibited 90% of M. micrantha growth was calculated through the measurement of inhibition rate in the potting test, and the coverage control and fresh weight effectiveness was calculated to indicate the effect of 18% 2,4-D ME under field condition. The results of potting test showed that ED90 value in the 30th day was 125.9 mL/667 m2, which indicated 18% 2,4-D ME restrained the growth of M. micrantha’s stem and leaf, and ED90 about M. micrantha fresh weight of overground part and roots were 99.3 mL/667 m2 and 141.3 mL/667m2, respectively. The results in field experiment showed that the coverage control effects were more than 90% against M. micrantha after 15 and 30 days treatment with 18% 2,4-D ME from 60 to 180 mL/667 m2, which were significantly higher than that of 70% sulfometuron methyl WP in 262.5 g a.i./hm2, and were more than 90% after 45 days treatment with 120, 180 mL/667 m2 of 18% 2,4-D ME, which had no significant difference with that of 70% sulfometuron methyl WP in 262.5 g ai/hm2. All these results indicated 18% 2,4-D ME in this test had obvious choice on M. micrantha, which could kill M. micrantha and protect other weeds. The tested 18% 2,4-D ME could deserve to be applied to control M. micrantha in forest land, non-cultivated land and urban green land to protect and recovery of the ecological environment damaged by M. micrantha.

  tudy on the Microbial Species Diversity of Rhizosphere and Non-rhizosphere Soils from Different grades Infected by Banana Fusarium Wilt 2012, 28 (30):  239-248.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1176 Abstract + ( 1170 )   PDF ( 901640KB )   ( 611 ) In order to understand the characteristics of microbial communities in the soil ecosystem of banana plantations infected by banana fusarium wilt and the correlation between the infection degrades of banana plants and soil microbial community structure, 30 rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples were collected from three typical plots (Jianfeng, Shiyuetian, Chongpo) infected by banana fusarium wilt of Hainan province in 2010. The microbial species diversity of 3 plots infected by banana fusarium wilt was studied using the traditional microbial counting method. The results indicated that: the numbers and species of culturable bacteria, Actinomyces and fungi in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil from different susceptible level plants in same banana plot were lower than healthy plants, declined with increasing of susceptible level of banana plants. The numbers of pathogenic bacteria in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil were increased with plant susceptible level increasing in three plots infected by Fusarium wilt of banana. The numbers of cultured microorganism in rhizosphere soil from three different banana plots significantly higher than those of non-rhizosphere soil, which reflected the rhizosphere effect that was the most significant for infected plants for bacteria and actinomycetes.

  The Impact of Refrigeration on the Emergence Rate and Life of Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) 2012, 28 (30):  249-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1393 Abstract + ( 927 )   PDF ( 673986KB )   ( 624 ) The paper researched that different temperatures, rigescent levels and icedstorage influenced on the emergence rate and life of D. rapae in order to define the best refrigeration condition. We refrigerated rigescent insect state of D. rapae under different temperature (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ℃) and different rigescent stage (about 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days). The results showed that the emergence rate of D. rapae dropped with the extension of refrigeration period. The insect stage about 4, 5 days of rigescent stage was more suitable to refrigerate under 4-5℃. At 6 ℃, parts of samples made eclosion during refrigeration. When the refrigeration period was 5, 15 days, it could live about 2-3 days. If the refrigeration period was 25 days, its life was about 1-2 days. So D. rapae pupa of rigescent stage about 4-5 days was the most suitable to refrigerate under 4-5℃.

  Composite mutation breeding of antagonistic bacteria GF-312 2012, 28 (30):  254-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0679 Abstract + ( 1089 )   PDF ( 982722KB )   ( 598 ) In order to improve the antibacterial activity of antagonistic bacteria has been screened, as a initial strain, Pseadomonas fluorescens GF-312 was mutated by UV and MW. Based on the lethal rate, the positive mutation rate and the antagonistic activity, the best optional time of UV and microwave irradiation were determined. Combining with the genetic stability of strains selected, the high efficient strain named GF-16 was obtained. The result of antifungal activity showed that the diameter of inhibition reached up to 30.4 mm, and the activity increased by 18.8%.

  Effect on Qualitative Traits of Tobacco by Diverse Curing Techniques 2012, 28 (30):  259-262.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0708 Abstract + ( 1003 )   PDF ( 500572KB )   ( 639 ) In order to improve the quality and increase industrial availability of flue-cured tobacco, the trial studied the effect of different curing techniques on tobacco exterior quality, main chemical composition, aroma and smoking quality. The results indicated that it significantly increased the proportion of superior tobacco and average cost, reduced the content of starch, and improved the quality and aroma of flue-cured tobacco by the improving quality and enhancing fragrant baking technology, which would help to improve the aroma and inner quality of flue-cured tobacco.

  Research on the Extraction Technology of Pu-erh tea Polysaccharide by Response Surface Analysis 2012, 28 (30):  263-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0939 Abstract + ( 1073 )   PDF ( 1049509KB )   ( 708 ) In order to solve in the Pu-erh tea polysaccharide extraction process the parameter hypothesis question, use the single factor experiment to analyze three main factors: extraction temperature, extraction time, ratio of materials and liquid influence on the extraction yield of tea polysaccharide, use central design composite design combined with response surface methodology (RSM), confirm the optimum extraction conditions of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. The results of RSM showed that the optimum extraction process was that the extraction temperature was 80℃, the extraction time was 78.5 minutes, the ratio of material and liquid was 1:17, the yield of tea polysaccharide was 12.72%. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) to carry on the optimization to the Pu-erh tea polysaccharide extraction process to be feasible, the tea polysaccharide's extraction rate increased obviously.

  Analysis of Substrates and Products of Non-enzymatic Browning in Chinese Chestnut 2012, 28 (30):  267-271.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0701 Abstract + ( 1103 )   PDF ( 603450KB )   ( 735 ) The substrates and the products during the non-enzymatic browning in chestnut were studied in this paper in order to research on the main reaction type and browning product characteristics. Glucose, fructose, reduced sugar, 15 kinds of amino acids, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), melanoidins, anthraquinones in chestnut were determined before and after the processing. The results were showed as followed: after the non-enzymatic browning in processing, the contents of glucose and fructose were decreased by 53.25% and 32.07%, the content of reduced sugar was decreased by 35.78%, 15 kinds of amino acids were decreased also, the content of ascorbic acid was decreased by 41.85%, the content of polyphenols was decreased by 40.50%, 5-HMF and melanoidins was significant increased by 100%, anthraquinones was improved by 70.11%. Therefore, maillard reaction, ascorbic acid oxidation reaction and polyphenols oxidation reaction were the main reactions that resulting in the non-enzymatic browning of cooked chestnut. Besides, 5-HMF, melanoidins and anthraquinones was considered as an important browning product in the cooked chestnut.

  Study on Components Analysis and Stability of Pigment from Walnut Green Husk 2012, 28 (30):  272-276.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0745 Abstract + ( 1449 )   PDF ( 710818KB )   ( 735 ) For development and utilization of natural pigment, the conditions for extracting a natural pigment from walnut green husks were explored: extracting the pigment by ultrasonic extraction under suitable conditions, and then the pigment was separated out with adding acid, dried for powder. Content of tannin and flavonoids which were main dyeing composition were determined, and stability of the pigment was studied. The result showed that the average content of tannin and flavonoids were 28.07%, 4.86% respectively. The pigment was heat-resistant and lightfast. There was sediment when the pigment was in acid condition, and the color became darker in alkaline condition. H2O2 had a certain impact on the stability of the pigment while Na2SO3 had not. Na+, K+ had no significant impact on the color of pigment, but Ca2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Fe3+ could form the complex with the molecules of pigment.

  HACCP Management and Quality Control in Bee Pollen Production 2012, 28 (30):  277-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0671 Abstract + ( 1102 )   PDF ( 815353KB )   ( 604 ) By way of hazard analysis, critical control points (CCP) were found out, and effective measures were adopted in order to decrease the possibility of the pollution in the whole process by harmful matters. The system was with the character of putting prevention first. Hazard analysis was carried out in the whole process by the HACCP work group, which included harm of chemistry, physics and biology. After determination of the CCP, critical limit value of the Bee Pollen was found out. And the process of production was monitored according to the CCP. The errors ought to be corrected solution regulated in time. The HACCP system was verified according , and the keep of records was necessary. Therefore, the application of HACCP bee pollen production, not only could regulated business production, but also to prevent damage from happening, and ensure food safety and quality of bee pollen.

  Studies on the Flavor Components of Dehydrate Green Pepper Powder 2012, 28 (30):  283-288.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2121 Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 613122KB )   ( 606 ) The headspace aroma compounds in dehydrate green pepper powder (Piper nigrum L.) of 40, 60 and 80 screen were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The headspace volatiles were sampled by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME). The total ion chromatographic peak area normalization for quantitative analysis of the flavor components. A total of 34 volatile compounds were identified, the caryophyllene (18.43%-30.07%), 3-carene(17.32%-21.84%), β-pinene (7.61%-15.21%), limonene (3.28%-14.77%), α-pinene (4.39%-9.61%), caryophyllene oxide(2.13%-6.20%), δ-elemene (3.32%-4.96%) and copaene (2.01%-2.63%) were the main flavor components. And the dehydrate green pepper powder particles were tinier, the content of 3-carene and copaene were higher.

  Technical Parameter Optimization for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Limonin from the Kumquat Seeds by Response Surface Methodology 2012, 28 (30):  289-295.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0715 Abstract + ( 1115 )   PDF ( 1315029KB )   ( 551 ) Technical parameter for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of limonin from kumquat seeds were optimized, it can provide theoretical basis for the development of limonin. The single-factor experiments were used to investigate the effects of different co-solvent, co-solvent concentration, temperature, time, pressure and CO2 flow rate on limonin extraction rate. Based on the single-factor experiment, a quadratic-multinomial-mathematical model was established by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The applicability of the model and interaction involved factors on extraction of limonin was verified. The results indicated that when the pressure of 33 MPa, temperature of 50℃, exaction time of 2.5 h, the highest exaction rate of limonin was 3.98 g/kg. Under the optimum condition, the results showed the model fitted well the experimental data and the model was feasible. The utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology was beneficial to the industrialization promotion and application of limonin extraction.

  Research on the Optimization of Hydrolyzing Casein Using Alkaline Protease to Prepare for Casein Antibacterial Peptide by Response Surface Methodology 2012, 28 (30):  296-300.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0848 Abstract + ( 1176 )   PDF ( 648084KB )   ( 728 ) Casein antibacterial peptide was a novel antibacterial agent, which has characteristics of molecular weight, thermal stability, good solubility in water, no immunogenicity, non-toxic side effects on people and other, so it could be widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, feed industry. We hydrolyzed casein using alkaline protease and based on alkaline protease concentration, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature viewed as influence factors. We used single factor experiments and centure-composite design center combination method of three factors and three levels experimental design to further opitimaze hydrolysis condition. The results showed that the effect of enzyme concentration, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature were significant. The conditions of casein antibacterial peptide preparation were optimized as following: enzyme concentration 0.67%, hydrolysis temperature 55.73℃, and time 66.07 min. Regression equations predicting casein hydrolysate antibacterial ring diameter could reached 21.66 mm, the average degree of antibacterial ring diameter of three experiments could reached 21.67 mm, which was close to the theoretical maximum, showing that the model could predict the optimal conditions of casein antibacterial peptide preparation.

  Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Technology of Seed Oil from C.grandis Osbecko 2012, 28 (30):  301-305.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1703 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 640923KB )   ( 711 ) In order to optimize the ultrasonic extraction process of C. grandis osbecko seed oil, according to single-factor experiments, four independent variables, namely: the time of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process, liquid ratio, ultrasonic power ratio and temperature, had been determined by RSM experiment. The results showed that, the optimal conditions were as follows: extraction solvent: isopropanol; extraction time 40.8 min; ultrasonic power ratio 73.77%; liquid ratio 5.9:1 (mL/g); extraction temperature 47.39℃. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction yield of C. grandis osbecko seed oil reached at 38.82%.

  Optimum Technique of Extracting Total Alkaloids From Bulbus Fritillariae ussurionsis by Supersonic Wave Using Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology 2012, 28 (30):  306-311.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0178 Abstract + ( 1444 )   PDF ( 975208KB )   ( 964 ) To optimize the extraction technique for total alkaloids from Bulbus Fritillariae ussurionsis, the effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic extraction time, the liquid to solid ratio and their interaction on extraction rate were studied by central composite design. The predictive model and reliability were developed by SAS software and response surface analysis. The optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions were achieved and listed as follows: ethanol concentration 81.4%, ultrasonic extraction time 74.9 min, the liquid to solid ratio 30.9 mL/g, through ridge analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction yield of total xanthones was 0.158%. The necessary technical support was provided by this experimental study for the industrial production of total alkaloids from Bulbus Fritillariae ussurionsis.

  Analysis on Food quality and safety supervision based on Evolutional Game Theory 2012, 28 (30):  312-316.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0244 Abstract + ( 990 )   PDF ( 1211695KB )   ( 822 ) Abstract: The paper analyzes food quality and safety supervision based on evolutional game theory. By building and analyzing the evolutional game model of food quality safety, it discuss the strategic space and evolutional trend of producers, business operators and supervisions. it can conclude the evolutional phase of food quality safety and evolutional stability at each equilibrium point. The evolutional progress of food quality safety supervision will be presented well. it will provide some scientific viewpoints of efficient policy to safeguard food quality safety.