Current issue

• 2017 Vol.33 No.7 Published:16 March 2017

  Vinegar Residue and Coal Ash: The Effect on Sorghum Growth and Photosynthetic Rate 2017, 33 (7):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050008 Abstract + ( 718 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 421 ) This study takes vinegar residue in Shanxi as the research object. By analyzing the influence of different ratios of vinegar residue and coal ash on the growth and photosynthetic rate of sorghum seedling, the authors aim to achieve resource utilization of vinegar residue in Shanxi. The test set 4 treatments of vinegar residue and coal ash and took chemical fertilizer as the control, and used randomized block design. The results showed that different ratios of vinegar residue and coal ash mixture could improve the photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and seedling growth of sorghum, among which, treatment 2 (vinegar residue: coal ash=1:1 ratio) had the best effect, the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content was 12.07% and 6.47% higher than that of the control respectively; the stomatal conductance and the transpiration rate reduced by 17.39% and 9.10% respectively compared with that of the control. In summary, the vinegar residue and coal ash mixture can effectively improve the growth and photosynthetic rate of sorghum seedlings.

  Different Boron Fertilizer Application Methods and Amounts Affecting Rice Growth 2017, 33 (7):  5-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050023 Abstract + ( 1431 )   PDF ( 501KB )   ( 371 ) The aim of this study is to explore the effect of boron fertilizer application on rice in boron deficiency soil in south China. Using field plot test, effects of different boron fertilizer application methods and amounts on the growth period, tillering, chlorophyll content of flag leaf, biomass and yield of rice were analyzed. The results showed that the basal application of boron fertilizer and combination of basal application and foliar application of boron fertilizer could make rice growth period early, especially full heading stage which was 1-3 days earlier. And they could also accelerate tillering, increase chlorophyll content of flag leaf, rice biomass and yield. In conclusion, conventional fertilization basal application of 11.25 kg/hm2 boron fertilizer and conventional fertilization basal application of 7.5 kg/hm2 boron fertilizer foliar application of 0.45 kg/hm2 boron fertilizer had relative better effect, and are worthy of popularization and application in rice production in south China.

  Different Potassium Application Methods Affecting Potassium Absorption and Accumulation of Maize in the East of Jilin Province 2017, 33 (7):  9-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050020 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 515KB )   ( 371 ) The experiment aimed to find the best application period and the best allocation proportion of potassium fertilizer for the super high yield maize and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient application of the super high yield maize potassium fertilizer in the east of Jilin province. This study was to investigate the different application method and allocation proportion of potash fertilizer impact on the maize yield, potassium uptake and accumulation, potassium absorption and utilization efficiency under the same conditions of K, P and K for the field test method. The results was indicative of the yield of maize reached the level of difference between each treatment in the eastern part of Jilin province. The yield of the most productive treatment was 15535.6 kg/hm2. The yield of 3 treatments increased by more than 30% compared with no potassium treatment, which reached the level of super high yield. The accumulation of dry matter increased linearly while the potassium accumulation first increased and then decreased and reached the peak at the grain filling stage. During the accumulation of dry matter in the late growth stage of maize, the potassium is not stored in the plant, but gradually with prolonged leaching. The utilization rate of potassium, potassium uptake efficiency and partial productivity of potassium of the best production treatment was 66.9%, 1.7 kg/kg and 111.0 kg/kg, the each index was higher than other experimental treatments. It was showed that the proper potassium application could effectively improve the potassium uptake and accumulation of vegetative organs at different stages of plant, and the ratio of potassium in the vegetative organs of the later stage of the growth of the growth of the late growth stage was the best in order to obtain a higher utilization rate of potassium, potassium uptake efficiency and partial productivity of potassium. The best way of applying potassium fertilizer for super high yield maize province under certain conditions of N, P and K in eastern Jilin province: 75% of the potash is the base fertilizer, 25% of the potash is the after manuring (N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 140 kg/hm2和K2O 140 kg/hm2), at this time can be achieved the highest yield and potassium utilization efficiency.

  Effects of S3307 and KT on Carbon Metabolism of Maize Leaves and Yield 2017, 33 (7):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050042 Abstract + ( 844 )   PDF ( 673KB )   ( 351 ) The effects of foliar spraying uniconazole (S3307) and kinetin (KT) on carbon metabolism of maize leaves and yield were studied in order to provide theoretical foundation for maize production. In the filed experiment, using‘Demeiya 1’and‘Demeiya 2’as test materials, S3307 and KT was sprayed at 7 leaves expansion stage, water was sprayed as control. The effects on the carbon metabolism of maize leaves and the yield were studied. The results showed that S3307 and KT increased panicle weight, grain weight, number of rows, kernels per row and single grain weight, and then raised the grain yield. The regulating effect of KT treatment on the yield of‘Demeiya 1’was better than that of S3307 and the regulating effect of S3307 treatment on the yield of‘Demeiya 2’was better than that of KT. After 21-30 days of spraying regulators, the two regulators decreased the starch content and starch amylase activity. The starch content and amylase activity of‘Demeiya 1’ was decreased by the range of 0.16%- 31.10% and 7.58%- 45.83% , respectively. The starch content and amylase activity of‘Demeiya 2’was decreased by the range of 2.68%- 42.01% and 3.97%- 39.82% , respectively. After 21 days of spraying regulators, the order of sucrose and soluble sugar contents in leaves of the two varieties was KT＞S3307＞CK. Compared with the control, the sucrose and oluble sugar content of ‘Demeiya1’increased by 84.64%, 31.28%, 67.38% and 52.74% by foliar spraying KT and S3307, respectively; the sucrose and soluble su ar content o‘f Demeiya2’increased by 14.21%, 3.92%, 49.34% and 37.50% by foliar spraying KT and S3307, respectively. S3307 and KT could significantly enhance physiological activities and delay the senescence of maize leaves during middle- late growth stages. Thereby, they were effective to increase the yield of maize.

  Effect of Sowing Date on Soybean Growth and Yield 2017, 33 (7):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050021 Abstract + ( 688 )   PDF ( 566KB )   ( 394 ) To understand the effect of different sowing dates on the growth and yield of soybean is important for seeking suitable sowing date, improving quality and achieving efficient production. The main soybean cultivar in Harbin, Heilongjiang was used as test material, and three sowing date treatments (S1 was May 1st, S2 was May 10th and S3 was May 21st) were conducted to study soybean growth and yield under different sowing dates. The results showed that the growth duration of S1 and S2 treatment was lengthened, dry matter accumulation and allocation and growth rate of S1 and S2 treatment were significantly higher than that of S3 treatment during seed filling period to mature period, transfer amount of dry matter accumulation to fruit was increased, the yield increased by 230.6 and 317.7 kg/hm2, respectively; S2 was the optimum among the three treatments, the utilization degree of climate resources such as water and heat was higher. The suitable sowing date of soybean was May 8th to May 10th in Harbin, but soil moisture or the first saturating rain in spring should be considered for the optimum sowing date, to promote soybean growth and development and improve the yield.

  Peanut Production: Two Crops a Year in Henan 2017, 33 (7):  27-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050002 Abstract + ( 960 )   PDF ( 495KB )   ( 347 ) In order to solve the technological problems of low propagation coefficient and low promotion speed of new peanut varieties, the authors studied some two crops a year methods in peanut production in Henan, verified the feasibility of two crops a year peanut production in Henan and selected the optimum sowing date and planting pattern. The normal big fruit peanut variety‘Yuhua 9326’and pearl bean shapes small fruit peanut variety‘Yuanza 9307’were used as materials, 3 planting patterns (greenhouse, double tunnel greenhouse and plastic mulching) were used to study the effect of different sowing date combinations on two crops a year peanut production. The results showed that the above 3 cultivation methods could all achieve two crops a year, and the propagation coefficient was 23.85- 226.51. Among those results, the propagation coefficient reached the highest of 179.14 by the first season double tunnel greenhouse method and the second season sowing at June 25th; the propagation coefficient was the lowest of 37.46 by the first season plastic mulching and the second season sowing at June 25th. The optimum sowing date for the first season of greenhouse and double tunnel greenhouse was late March and that of plastic mulching was early April, and the optimum sowing date for the second season was late June. The results showed that those three planting pattern could all achieve two crops a year peanut production in Henan, but the effect of double tunnel greenhouse was much better.

  Nutritional Quality and Sowing Quality of Cottonseed of Major Cotton Cultivars in China 2017, 33 (7):  33-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050035 Abstract + ( 532 )   PDF ( 675KB )   ( 453 ) The paper aims to clarify the situation of nutritional and sowing quality of Chinese major cotton cultivars, reveal current status of cotton breeding in China, and guide rational use of cotton by-products and specific target breeding. The characters of seed nutritional quality (protein, oil content), sowing quality (germination rate) and three physical characters (seed index, kernel index and kernel index/seed index ) of 142 major cultivars from three main cotton regions were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the seed nutritional quality of current major cultivars was very close. The oil content and protein content were separately concentrated in the ranges of 27.1%-33.0% and 41.0%-45.0%; the cotton cultivars with high oil content and high protein content were few; the variation of protein content and oil content was slight and they showed significantly and negatively correlation. The average value of four necessary- inspection items (moisture content, purity, percentage germination and varietal purity) was 9.6% , 100.0% , 87.8% and 97.1% , respectively. The qualified rate of moisture content and purity reached 100% in supervision and random checking for three consecutive years, the unqualified items were mainly in varietal purity and germination percentage. The results truly reflected the current situation of nutritional and sowing quality of cotton seeds, therefore, it was very necessary to carry out the multi-target breeding of cotton, but it was still a tough task to simultaneously improve the seed oil content and protein content.

  The Insolationan and Screening of A High Lactate-producing Lactic Acid Bacterium 平文祥,,,, and 2017, 33 (7):  41-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040180 Abstract + ( 733 )   PDF ( 789KB )   ( 711 ) Lactate is widely used in food, textile, chemical and pharmaceutical industries as a natural organic acid. A high lactate-producing bacterium, strain 11MZ-5-1 was isolated from the liquid sample of pickle Chinese cabbage. The concentration of lactate produced by strain 11MZ-5-1 was 24.88±0.21 g/L at 72 h. The strain was identified according to morphological, physiological and biochemical methods. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic tree was conducted based on its partial 16S rDNA sequence. The results showed that strain 11MZ-5-1 could grow at 20-45℃, with the optimum temperature range 30-37℃. The salt-tolerance range was 0-12%. The tolerance of pH was 3.5-7.5 with the optimum pH was 5.5 to 6.5. Its partial sequence of the 16S rDNA was 1438 bp which was 99% similar with Lactobacillus. casei str. Zhang. Strain 11MZ-5-1 was identified as L. casei. The results suggested its great application potential in industrial production due to the short fermentation period and high lactate production.

  Screening of High Yield Antibiotic Producing Strptomyces cavourensis Strain by Ribosome Engineering Technology 2017, 33 (7):  48-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050063 Abstract + ( 704 )   PDF ( 976KB )   ( 385 ) To increase antibiotic production, the rifampicin resistant was conferring on a Strptomyces Cavourensis strain which was screened in the early. Ribosome engineering technology was used to enable the strain to get rifampicin resistance by ropB gene mutation of strain TJ430. Positive and negative mutant strains was screened by high throughput screening model combined with HPLC. Liquid fermentation was used to further confirm the preliminary screening results. The mutation site of ropB gene was confirmed by gene sequencing. A high throughput screening model was constructed to screen the mutant strains accurately and rapidly. Five positive and two negative mutant strains were isolated. A point mutation was found in the 280bp of the negative mutant ropB gene, but no mutation was found in the sequenced fragment of the positive mutant. The partial sequence of ropB gene can be sequenced by the primer sequence. Compared with the original strain, the yield of the strain was increased more than two and a half times, and the morphological changes of the hyphae were greatly changed thus it can be seen, the mutation site of the positive mutation strain should be located in the other fragment of ropB gene which was not sequenced. Based on the whole genome sequencing of the original strain, the whole ropB gene of the strain could be sequenced by redesigning primers to search for the mutation site.

  Light Matrix Container Seedling Raising Test of 4 Kinds of Landscape Tree Species Such as Elaeocarpus apiculatus Masters 2017, 33 (7):  54-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16080060 Abstract + ( 627 )   PDF ( 856KB )   ( 361 ) The impacts of different media ratios on growth and physiological characteristics were investigated in order to screen out the favorable media ratio for every landscape tree species. In this test, 15 groups of different proportions of light media were set, 4 growth indexes of Elaeocarpus apiculatus Masters, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir., Ilex rotunda Thunb. and Lysidice rhodostegia Hance were detected. The optimal media ratio was evaluated and chosen by subordinate function comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that, M3 (coco coir) and M10 (yellow soil: peat soil =1:4) had better effects on the seedling of Elaeocarpus apiculatus Masters. M4 (yellow soil: peat soil =1:1) and M9 (yellow soil: coco coir: mushroom residue =2:1:1) had better effects on the seedling of Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir.. M9 (yellow soil: coco coir: mushroom residue = 2:1:1) and M8 (yellow soil: peat soil: mushroom residue =2:1:1) had better effects on the seedling of Ilex rotunda Thunb.. M12 (yellow soil:mushroom residue =1:4) and M8 (yellow soil: peat soil: mushroom residue = 2:1:1) had better effects on the seedling of Lysidice rhodostegia Hance.

  Effects of Phosphorus Level on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Moringa oleifera 2017, 33 (7):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050031 Abstract + ( 518 )   PDF ( 686KB )   ( 348 ) The paper aims to explore the effects of phosphorus level on the growth and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of Moringa oleifera, and provide a scientific basis for clarifying the law of nutrient requirement and phosphorus application amount for Moringa oleifera. The mixed matrix of raw soil and coconut chaff were employed to plant Moringa oleifera, the authors observed the differences of phosphorus levels (0, 125, 250 and 375 mg/kg) on the plant height, stem diameter, dry matter ccumulation and root-shoot ratio and analyzed the content and accumulation amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plants. The results showed that: the plant height, stem diameter and dry matter accumulation of Moringa oleifera increased with the phosphorus level increase; each growth index of Moringa oleifera reached the maximum when the phosphorus application amount was 375 mg/kg, the plant height, stem diameter and dry matter accumulation amount was 2.9, 2.6 and 13.8 times as much as that of the non-phosphorus treatment, respectively; besides, phosphate fertilizer could promote root growth and biomass of Moringa oleifera; phosphate pplication level was highly correlated with the growth indexes, the nutrient content and the cumulative amount of nutrient. As a result, 375 mg/kg was the optimal phosphorus level under the experimental conditions, but the optimal dosage of the phosphate fertilizer in production should be further discussed.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Street Trees in Xi ’an Based on AHP Method 2017, 33 (7):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040142 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 581KB )   ( 486 ) This paper aims to provide an application basis for good street trees in Xi’an. Through field investigation and information consultation, 20 kinds of main street tree species in Xi’an were determined. Using the method of AHP, comprehensive evaluation of trees was done with 15 indexes, including the green period, view the flowers, leaf ornamental value, fruit ornamental value, lush foliage, maintenance difficulty, planting survival rate, resistance to pruning, cold resistance, drought resistance, barren resistance, disease and pest resistance, anti pollution ability, dust removal ability, and noise reduction ability. According to the evaluation results, the authors recommended the trees according to 3 levels, the number of first level trees was 10, that of the second level was 6, and that of the third level was 4. The fist level was a priority in romoting street trees, followed by the second level, the third level was the last.

  Investigation of Nutrient and Heavy Metals in Tea Garden Soil in Hangzhou 2017, 33 (7):  75-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040175 Abstract + ( 672 )   PDF ( 505KB )   ( 404 ) In order to understand soil fertility and the present situation of environment quality, the nutrients contents in typical tea gardens were investigated in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. The results showed that soil pH was suitable for tea tree growth and the content of organic matter was also rich. In general, the contents of all available nutrients were rich, while there were great variations. Fertilizer retention capacity was above average. Moreover, complex pollution index of soil was less than 0.7, indicating the overall nvironment quality was good and suitable for the development of organic tea. Enrichment coefficient analysis showed that the content of heavy metal in tea was Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Cd＞Hg＞As. The concentration coefficient of copper, zinc and cadmium in tea was more than ten times compared with other heavy metals. However, tea pollution index was still below 1, indicating the overall quality was good.

  Influencing Factors of Combustibility of Tobacco Leaves Produced in Luliang 2017, 33 (7):  81-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050026 Abstract + ( 589 )   PDF ( 450KB )   ( 298 ) The combustibility of tobacco leaf samples from Luliang production area (Luliang County of Yunnan Province) in 2013 was not good. To analyze this problem, soil, irrigation water and tobacco leaf samples were taken from the Luliang production area in 2014 and 2015. The samples were tested in laboratory. The results indicated that the chlorine content in all soil samples was in the normal level, and did not exceed the upper limit which is 45 mg/kg. The test results also showed that the chlorine content in irrigation water samples was higher than upper limit. One sample from Longtan village reached 138 mg/kg. The chlorine contents in tobacco leaf samples of X2F, C3F and B2F in 2014～2015 indicated that 75.01% samples was among normal range (from0.3% to 0.8%), 10.41% was below normal (<0.3%), 14.58% was above normal (>0.8%). The chlorine content of control samples from Malong was in the normal range. In 2014 the analysis results found that the potassium content of8.33% samples was higher than 2%,91.67%samples was among 1～2%. And in 2015, the potassium content of 25% samples was over 2%, 75%samples was among 1～2%.The analyzed data of the two years indicated that the ratio of potassium to chlorine in most samples was lower than 4. The main reason is that the potassium contents of tobacco leaves are lower. On the other hand several samples had higher chlorine contents which resulted in lower ratio of potassium to chlorine. In future tobacco production, we should pay great attention to using potassium fertilizer and increase the efficiency of potassium fertilizer.

  Industrial Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus Based on Rice Straw and Wheat Straw: Changes of Physical and Chemical Characteristics 朱燕华,王倩,宋晓霞,张津京 and 黄建春 2017, 33 (7):  86-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040168 Abstract + ( 768 )   PDF ( 772KB )   ( 568 ) In order to investigate the differences between industrial cultivation of Agaricus bisporus by rice straw and wheat straw, physical and chemical characteristics (pH, electric conductivity, water content, ash content, carbon and nitrogen content, C/N) and lignocelluloses content of spawn running compost were investigated during the industrial cultivation of A. bisporus based on 60% rice straw formula and 100% wheat straw formula. The electric conductivity, ash content of 60% rice straw formula’s compost were less than that of 100% wheat straw formula, but the degradation of carbon content and nitrogen content after second flush increased rapidly. Compared with 100% wheat straw formula, 60% rice straw formula mainly reduced the degradation rate of cellulose and lignin, and had little effect on the degradation rate of hemicelluloses. This study preliminarily revealed the physical and chemical characteristics differences of substrate during cultivation of button mushroom, provided the theory basis for utilizing the rice straw for industrial cultivation of A. bisporus.

  Effect of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Lemon 2017, 33 (7):  92-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050033 Abstract + ( 681 )   PDF ( 600KB )   ( 306 ) In order to study the effect of different organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the yield of lemon and quality of lemon flowers and fruits, andStoSselectSsuitable formulaSofSfertilization for lemon production inSDehong Yunna, we chose 3 common chemical fertilizers and 2 organic fertilizers to apply in Eureka lemon trees. The results showed that combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in proper ration was able to improve lemon yield, higher than that of organic fertilizer by 0.53-7.16kg per plant and that of chemical fertilizer by 0.43-9.80kg per plant. Application of mixture of zhoujia-organic fertilizer and special fertilizer helped lemon bear more flowers and fruits；treatments of mixture of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer could improve the quality of lemon fruits and could reach excellent effects applied by zhoujia-organic fertilizer and special fertilizer. The second year after the treatment, the rate of juice, vitamin C, acids and total solid sugars of lemon were 0.02%-4.93%, 0.75-5.74 mg / 100g, 0.16-1.76 g/kg and 0.07%-0.63% higher respectively than before. The mixed application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is beneficial for the promotion of lemon’s yield and quality, and it can beSpopularizedSin theSproduction of lemon applied by houjia-organic fertilizer and special fertilizer to reach the best effects．

  Variety Resources Preservation and Industrial Development of Dahlia pinnata in China——Take Lintao as an Example 2017, 33 (7):  98-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050012 Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 631KB )   ( 452 ) Lintao of Gansu Province, as an important plant base of Dahlia pinnata, got the leading position in D. pinnata breeding, extension and industry development. Meanwhile, Lintao D. pinnata had not only the widest cultivated area, more practitioners, own varieties system and overseas sales, but also been the protection products of Chinese National Geographical, that became the center of D. pinnata production and sale in China. However, it was found that the D. pinnata planting area in Lintao decreased, varieties resources lost seriously and industrial development went into worst statue in recent years, so did other areas in China. After data analyses and on-the-spot investigations, author summarized the cause of severe atrophy of D. pinnata industry: (1) reduction of the arable land and the employees; (2) backward facilities could not keep up with industrial development; (3) little product form led low additional value; (4) the lack of theoretical guidance limited the variety renewal; (5) low of protection awareness resulted in lost of new varieties. Based on above, author proposed some strategies for recovery of D. pinnata industry: (1) to strengthen D. pinnata breeding and variety protection; (2) to change the backward operation mode of single farmer unit; (3) to construct the modern agricultural facilities and logistics platform; (4) to develop new products by research on the varieties resources; (5) to hold mass flower show for driving D. pinnata industry development.

  Comparing the Petal Microstructure of Different Color Phalaenopsis 2017, 33 (7):  104-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050024 Abstract + ( 1090 )   PDF ( 3871KB )   ( 421 ) This study designed to explore the relationship between flower color and petal epidermal cells shape in Phalaenopsis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to explore the petal microstructure differences of Phalaenopsis. According to the Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart (RHSCC), flower color of 8 evenly colored flowers were grouped into four classes: white, green-yellow, purple and purple-violet. In this research, evenly colored flowers, including two white samples, three green-yellow samples, two purple-violet samples and one purple sample, four purple-blotched flowers with white ground color and yellow ground color were studied using SEM, respectively. Three different parts, including yellow or white ground color parts, purple blotch parts and the junction of the ground color and the over color, in the blotched flowers were observed. In addition, transverse section from the middle of the petal of the junction of the ground color and the over color in each spotted flowers were taken using a sharp razor blade, mounted in 0.25% PEG solution which had an osmotic potential close to that of petal cells, and examined using a Zeiss microscope. [Result] The two white flowers had papillate epidermal cells, all the other 10 flowers had dome-shaped epidermal cells. In addition, there was a small amount of pores in the petal epidermis of some samples. The epidermal cell shape of the same color from the different varieties of Phalaenopsis petals may be different (papillate or dome), but the cell shape in different color regions of the same petal is the same. These finding prove that flower color, no matter ground color or over color, is not the determinant effect of the petal epidermal cell shape in Phalaenopsis. The above comparisons study between different color Phalaenopsis will provide some reference for the future research about color in Phalaenopsis.

  Biological Effect of Sulfadimidine Contamination in Condition of Real Farmland Soil 2017, 33 (7):  112-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040137 Abstract + ( 675 )   PDF ( 490KB )   ( 430 ) To understand the biological effect of soil antibiotic pollution in real farmland conditions, a plot experiment with soil sulfadimidine pollution levels ranging from 0 to 100 mg.kg-1 was designed. The experiment were conducted for planting two consecutive season vegetable crops to investigate the dynamic effects of soil sulfadimidine pollution concentrations on growths of earthworm, nematodes, microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi), vegetables, and accumulation of sulfadimidine in earthworm and vegetables. The results showed that the pollution concentrations of sulfadimidine which affect significantly the growth of earthworms, nematodes, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and vegetables at initial stage (10th d) of the experiment were 100, 50, 10, 100, 100, and 100 mg.kg-1, respectively. Compared with the control, degree of the effect decreased with the time of planting, and increased with increasing initial concentration of the antibiotics. Overall, the sensitivity of all kinds of organisms to sulfadimidine decreased in the sequence of bacteria > actinomycetes > fungi > vegetables > earthworms. Biological effect of antibiotics pollution at the first season vegetables is greater than that of the second season. The concentrations of sulfadimidine accumulated in earthworms were significantly higher than that of the vegetables in the same period. But concentration of sulfadimidine in both earthworms and vegetables were much lower than the corresponding soil. The contents of antibiotics in the upper part of vegetables at the first stage were higher than those in the later stage. The results also showed that the response of bacteria to soil antibiotics was much more sensitive than that of soil animals and plants, and abundance of bacteria can be used to indicate antibiotics pollution of soil.

  Ecological Sensitivity Evaluation Based on GIS in Qinba Mountainous Area A Case Study of Longnan Mountainous Area 2017, 33 (7):  118-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16110120 Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 2059KB )   ( 383 ) Evaluation of eco- environmental sensitivity is the precondition of ecological function regionalization, Sis also important means to judge the stability of ecosystem.Which is the important measures to carry out the concept of scientific development and the ecological civilization concept , to speed up the implementation of the planning of main functional area andSbuild national ecological security barrier .The method has great significances to promote sustainable development of longnan city and safeguard national ecological security.According to the basic characteristics of longnan mountain ecosystems,this paper use GIS technology and individually and synthetically evaluate to the ecological sensitivity of land in Longnan city frome the three aspects: soil erosion, rocky desertification and geological disaster. And use trend the surface-method to analyze comprehensive evaluation results.The results showed(1)The regional difference of land ecological sensitivity in Longnan city is obvious, the east is higher than west in the east-west direction,decreasing trend on the whole and present a more obvious "n" word in latitudinal direction, slightly higher than the north in the south；(2)Using natural breakpoint method, Longnan’s eco- environmental sensitivity can be divided into five areas: extremely sensitive area, high sensitive area, medium sensitive area, low sensitive area and insensitive area,accounting for 19.18%, 24.61%, 25.71%,16.88% and 13.61%, respectively;The extremely sensitive area and high sensitive area are mainly distributed in in the surrounding areas of tanchang County and Wudu district, the ecological sensitivity of these ears is extremely strong and need to strengthen the protection and the development intensity is low-intensity developed; The low sensitive and insensitive regions are mainly distributed in most areas such as Li county, Xihe county, Hui county and Cheng county which can be developed advisably.

  Moisture Characteristics and Numerical Simulation of Forest-farmland-grassland Soil in Arid Valley Region in the Upper Reaches of Min River 2017, 33 (7):  128-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050006 Abstract + ( 666 )   PDF ( 1334KB )   ( 532 ) Soil moisture content in arid valley region in the Upper Reaches of Min River is the key factor of agricultural production and ecological restoration.The soil moisture contents of four typical land use types (ecological forest,economic forest,cropland,wild grass ground) were investigated,and variation analysis and numerical simulation .of soil moisture content was carried to reveal relationship of soil moisture and soil depths. The results showed that: 1) The average content of soil moisture was ranked as follow:cropland(18.62%) > ecological forest(17.47%) > economic forest(16.53%) > wild grass ground(11.25%); 2) In vertical direction from the dry valley (1500 m) to timberline of the natural forest (2500 m), soil moisture content of forest land shows distribution characteristics of shallow U shape; Soil moisture average content was 19.77% at the altitudes 2100~2500 m area,13.72% at 1900~2100 m and 16.00% at 1700~1900 m; 3) In profile, soil water contents of the four land use types decreased with the increases of soil depth. The vertical changes of soil moisture content in ecological forest land and cropland partly were the most significant and relatively stable: 4) The soil moisture model for the research area was good to illuminate variation and profile distribution characteristics of soil moisture content; 5) Differences of forest land and wild grass ground show that average content of soil moisture with 14% was boundary value of forest land and wild grass ground.The research results can provide data support for ecological restoration in the upper reaches of Min River.

  Effects of Long-term Straw Returning on Soil Fertility Under Rice Rape Rotation System 2017, 33 (7):  134-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050028 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 583KB )   ( 380 ) Based on two long-term straw returning experiments (Wuxue for 8 years and Jingzhou for 3 years) in Hubei Province, the effect of conventional tillage (W1), straw returning plus conventional tillage (W2), notillage (W3), straw returning plus no-tillage (W4) in Wuxue and NP fertilizer (J1), NPK fertilizer (J2), straw returning plus NP fertilizer (J3), straw returning plus NPK fertilizer (J4) in Jingzhou on soil fertility were studied. The results showed that: (1) both in Wuxue and Jingzhou, the nutrient contents (total nitrogen, organic matter, alkaki-hydrolyzable N, available P and available K) of the topsoil (0~20 cm) were significantly higher compared with that of the subsoil (20~40 cm), straw returning and no-tillage could effectively improve the content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in topsoil, and treatment W4 and J4 had the best effects, compared with treatment W1, treatment W4 increased the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen by 1.72%-37.55% and 2.09%-15.79%, respectively, and compared with treatment J1, treatment J4 increased the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen by 1.41%-21.90% and 5.83-16.83%, the content of soil organic matter was generally higher in rape season than that in rice season; (2) straw returning significantly improved the contents of soil available nutrients (alkaki- hydrolyzable N, available P and available K) in topsoil, especially the growth of available K content; (3) compared with treatment W1 and J1, treatment W2 and J3 reduced bulk density of topsoil (respectively reduced by 7.81% and 2.39%), increased soil total porosity (respectively increased by 4.75% and 1.14%) and capillary porosity (respectively increased by 3.77% and 9.40%). Consequently, straw returning could effectively increase the soil nutrient content, decrease the soil bulk density and increase the soil porosity, it had a positive effect on improving soil fertility.

  Environmental Indicator of Soil Nitrogen in Farmland 田 艳,马友华,胡宏祥,吴蔚君,徐云连,赵学敏,龚 娟 and Awais 2017, 33 (7):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050017 Abstract + ( 551 )   PDF ( 543KB )   ( 378 ) Nitrogen plays a vital role in agricultural production.With a large number of unreasonable application of fertilizer, nitrogen in the farmland has become an important factor of agricultural non-point source pollution.Loss of soil nitrogen and nitrogen farmland pay significant impact on the ecological environment.Soil Nitrogen surplus, Agricultural runoff TN, ammonium and Nitrate, can reflect different aspects of the impact of nitrogen on the environment.With the increasing amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil has progressively enriched with nitrogen, farmland nitrogen loss increased the risk and the number to water bodies.Nitrogen nutrient surplus witch is closely related to agricultural production is an indicator of environmental quality. With the rapid development of agriculture, an excess of nitrogen fertilizer run into the ecosystem, that become a burden on the environment. Its main earnings losses into the environment in various forms, has become an important source of non-point source pollution.Farmland nitrogen runoff loss in soluble fraction. When paddy field surface water and nitrogen concentration exceeding 30 mg/L, it will lead to the release of part of the soil mineral N, witch will lead to the release of part of the soil mineral N, increase mineral nitrogen content in soil solution.

  Warm Area’s Shear Rainstorm in Eastern Gansu: Characteristic Analysis 2017, 33 (7):  148-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16100104 Abstract + ( 657 )   PDF ( 626KB )   ( 451 ) To improve the ability of forecasting and analyzing the rainstorm disaster, reduce the impact of rainstorm disaster on agriculture and people’s life and production, by using the data of warm area’s shear rainstorm on the ground and high altitude in Qingyang from 2007 to 2014, the authors analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, influencing factors and causes of warm area’s shear rainstorm. The results showed that: temperature and humidity conditions had significant influence on the warm area’s shear rainstorm in Qingyang, usually the rainstorm occurred in the western Ning county, the junction of Qingcheng and Heshui, mid- western Huaci and southern Huan county and eastern Zhenyuan, which had suitable geographical and humidity conditions; contrasting with rainstorm in eastern Gansu happening in April to September, warm area’s shear rainstorm mainly concentrated in July and August, 85.7% of them happened in late July and late August; persistent southerly winds could last 3-7 days before warm area’s shear rainstorm in Qingyang, there would be an obvious jump on relative humidity and temperature; the strong instability energy was reflected on the T- logP chart and the Cape value was relatively big; falling area was mainly affected by topography and middle dry intrusion, with strong uncertainty, and happened near the shear line on both sides; the trigger system was mainly the warm shear line, it could be divided into the vortex type and southwest airflow type.

  Wheat Stem Base Diseases with Symptoms Similar to Wheat Sharp Eyespot 2017, 33 (7):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050016 Abstract + ( 814 )   PDF ( 541KB )   ( 316 ) In order to clear the composition of pathogens of wheat basal rot with symptoms similar to wheat sharp eyespot, screening the effective efficacy, and provide theoretical basis for design effective prevention measures. [Method] Using the conventional isolation method, we get Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Bipolaris isolates from 60 wheat samples in different areas and determined the pathogenicity. We measured indoor biological activities of 4 fungicides such as sedaxane to Rhizootonia cerealis and Fusarium asiaticum using by the mycelium growth rate method and validated the efficacies by field trails.[Result] The result indicated that Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Bipolaris all can infect wheat, and the typical symptoms in wheat stem base were similar to wheat sharp eyespot. The drug efficacy comparison tests of sedaxane and the pesticide mixture with fludioxonil or other drugs were carried on in the field, and the results showed that the effect of mixed matches was higher than the single dosage obviously. The effective median dos (EC50) of sedaxane fungicides againstＲhizootonia cerealis were 0.099 mg/L, and the EC50 of sedaxane fungicides against Fusarium asiaticum were 126.974 mg/L.[Conclusion] The wheat basal rot diseases with symptoms similar to wheat sharp eyespot were complex diseases caused by multi-species pathogens such as Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Bipolaris.When preventing and controlling the diseases, the composite effects to Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Bipolaris and other pathogens should be considered.

  Transparent Supply Chain System of Agricultural Products Under Consumer Participation Mode 2017, 33 (7):  158-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16120064 Abstract + ( 692 )   PDF ( 1342KB )   ( 455 ) To improve consumers’trust in high-quality agricultural products and help agricultural products stand out in homogenization competition, this paper made an in-depth investigation of agricultural supply chain in 11 enterprises which engaged in the production of agricultural products in the suburbs of Beijing, and designed a transparent supply chain system for agricultural products under the mode of consumer participation. A data center with Spatial- Temporal- Attribute for agricultural products supply chain was established to realize the consistent expression and fast search for discrete information of agricultural supply chain. The business center was established to realize the online management for process of agricultural supply chain and support the diversified interactive needs from consumers. The application release center provided two modes named“real-time transparent”and“whole process”for consumers in different scenes to get a participatory experience of agricultural supply chain. The transparent supply chain system for agricultural products was put into service in Tongzhou, Shunyi, Miyun, Changping, Yanqing and Daxing district in Beijing. The application results showed that the system helped producers to standardize the management of agricultural supply chain, and also provided a participatory experience for consumers to understand high-quality agricultural products. In a word, the research results in this paper provided a good solution for trust establishment between producers and consumers and proposed a new way to realize high quality and favorable price of agricultural products.