Current issue

• 2021 Vol.37 No.6 Published:25 February 2021

  Starch Quality of Rice Grain: Research Progress on Influencing Factors and Mechanism Wu Yunfei, Zhang Yong, Wang Leilei, Yu Xurun, Xiong Fei 2021, 37 (6):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0174 Abstract + ( 824 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF ( 1162KB )   ( 207 ) Starch is the main storage substance of the rice grain and its biological characteristics directly determines starch quality of rice. Starch formation is a very complex physiological and biochemical process, susceptible to a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors. In order to fully understand the mechanism of rice grain starch development from the perspectives of physiology, molecular biology and genetics, the biological characteristics of rice starch and the physiological mechanisms of starch formation were concluded, the relationships between key enzymes, genes and hormones were summarized, and the effects of environmental factors (such as temperature, light, water and nitrogen) on the starch quality of rice were analyzed, and then the limitation in the biological research affecting rice starch quality were pointed out. This study sorted out the thought on rice starch formation for the future research, pointed out the feasible method for improving the starch quality, provided relative reference for avoiding adverse environmental factors, and provided the reference for genetic improvement of crop.

  Exogenous Selenium: Effects on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, Yield and Selenium Content in Rice Ma Jie, Wang Hanlin, Hou Xiaoning, Jin rui, Yang Juan, Dang Wenrui, Wang Mingguo, Zheng Guoqi 2021, 37 (6):  9-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0111 Abstract + ( 415 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1270KB )   ( 107 ) The aim is to study the effects of two exogenous selenium applications on antioxidant enzyme activity, yield and selenium content of rice Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘Fuyuan No. 4’, determine the best way of selenium application and provide reference for developing selenium-rich agricultural products. In the low-selenium area of Ningxia (Yongning County), ‘Fuyuan No. 4’ was used as the experimental material, and selenium-rich micro-fertilizer capsule was used as soil base application, chelated selenium foliar fertilizer combined with selenium leaf fertilizer was sprayed at the key growth stage of rice. By means of mathematical statistics, the changes of antioxidant enzyme activity, yield and selenium content of rice treated with different exogenous selenium were analyzed. Respectively, MDA and POD activity of rice leaves were 41.17% and 35.98% higher than those of control at different growth stages, and significant differences were observed between the chelated selenium leaf fertilizer treatment and other treatments. The SOD activity in leaves increased first and then decreased, the difference between each treatment and the control group was significant, and that of the T3 treatment increased by 91.71%. The selenium content of stem, leaf and rice increased under different selenium treatments, the organic selenium content of rice accounted for 62.11%-80.96% of the total selenium content of rice. After variance analysis, the difference was significant, and the spraying effect was better than base application effect. From the heading stage to the filling stage, different exogenous selenium treatments had an effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rice, which was related to the selenium concentration. In the low-selenium areas, exogenous selenium supplement could enrich selenium in rice plants, and the effect of applying selenium fertilizer on leaves was better than that of selenium enriched micro-fertilizer capsules. Moreover, the exogenous selenium treatment in the Se-deficient areas could improve the yield of rice to a certain extent, and increase the selenium content in rice leaves and grains.

  Aminopolysaccharide Water-soluble Fertilizer: Effects on Physiological Characteristics, Yield and Grain Quality of Wheat Du Xiaofeng, Gu Dalu, Zhong Xiujuan, Liang Shuanglin, Peng Jie, Yang Wenfei, Wu Chuanwan 2021, 37 (6):  16-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0094 Abstract + ( 431 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1574KB )   ( 157 ) To analyze the effects of aminopolysaccharide water-soluble fertilizer on physiological characteristics, yield and grain quality of wheat, ‘Huaimai 33’ was used as the experimental material to study the effects of spraying aminopolysaccharide water-soluble fertilizer at different growth stages and with usage times of once, twice and three times on wheat yield and quality. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), the contents of chlorophyll (Chl), soluble sugar, soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activities in flag leaves were determined after 12 days’ treatment, and the root activity was also determined. The results showed that aminopolysaccharide water-soluble fertilizer significantly increased the contents of Chl, soluble sugar, soluble protein and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), Pn and Gs in flag leaves, also increased the root activity and decreased the contents of Ci, Tr and MDA in flag leaves. Aminopolysaccharide water-soluble fertilizer increased 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and it also increased total protein, total starch and amylopectin content of grain, while it decreased the ratio of amylose to amylopectin. There was no significant difference in grain yield and grain quality between spraying three times and two times (P<0.05), but there was significant difference between them and the control or spraying once (P<0.05). Obviously, the aminopolysaccharide water-soluble fertilizer can significantly improve the antioxidant capacity of wheat flag leaves and grain filling ability, also increase the grain yield and quality of wheat. In addition, spraying twice after heading stage is suitable.

  Impacting Factors of Lodging Resistance and Yield of Wheat: The Genetic and Correlation Study Wang Rui, Duan Shaowei, Guo Yong, Kong Lingrang, Zhang Yongke 2021, 37 (6):  24-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0103 Abstract + ( 553 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF ( 1216KB )   ( 65 ) The aim is to provide a basis for improving lodging resistance and yield of wheat. 82 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the same combination of Triticum dicoccoides were used as materials. The correlation between lodging resistance impacting factors and yield of wheat were analyzed in the test station of Northwest A & F University. The results showed that: (1) there was a negative correlation between plant height and lodging resistance, while there was a positive correlation between stem thickness and lodging resistance; the order of the lodging resistance of the characters was: plant height>stem thickness>grain weight per spike>grain weight per plant; (2) the grain width and grain number per spike were extremely and significantly correlated to grain weight per spike (0.413**, 0.767**); (3) lodging decreased thousand kernels weight and grain weight per panicle resulting in yield reduction; (4) the hybrid segregation generations of the impacting factors of lodging resistance and yield factors, such as spikelets, kernels per spike, grain number per spike, showed the genetic characteristics of closing to low parent, the frequency of descendants close to high parent was 1.5988%, the minimum of plants should be kept at 120 in F2. Thicker stem wall, moderate plant height, bigger and fuller kernel as well as grain number per spike should be selected in hybrid segregation generations for lodging resistance and high yield in breeding.

  Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate and Sweet Corn: Effects on Sugar Content and Agronomic Traits Ji Zhenxi, Cui Yutao, Chen Haodong, Chen Yuan, Dai Jun, Zhang Biao, Zhou Jun, Li Mei, Chen Youjun, Wang Tao, Hu Xiaokang 2021, 37 (6):  30-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0159 Abstract + ( 604 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF ( 1556KB )   ( 106 ) To elucidate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on sugar content and agronomic traits of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Bailey), a field experiment was conducted with sweet corn variety “Yuntian 8” as the material, and five treatments were set up with nitrogen fertilizer application rate of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg N/hm2. The results showed that, the linear models of the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer application rate and soluble sugar content and reducing sugar content were not significant, only on the 103rd day after sowing, the reducing sugar content decreased slightly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. The response of ear weight to the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate presented an asymptotic growth model. When nitrogen application rate exceeded 100 kg N/hm2, the extent of the positive response of ear weight to nitrogen application decreased dramatically. Each increment of 100 kg N/hm2 decreased the ear length by 0.29 cm. The linear models of the relationships between nitrogen fertilizer application rate and ear diameter, ear row number and grain number per row were not significant. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application rate could decrease bare tip length. Taken together, increasing nitrogen fertilizer application rate could not affect sugar content, ear diameter, ear row number and grain number per row of sweet corn, and slightly decrease ear length. However, increasing nitrogen fertilizer application rate could significantly increase ear weight and decrease bare tip length.

  NPK Fertilizer in High Yield Field: Effect on Rapeseed Yield Characters Zhang Wenxue, Li Dianrong 2021, 37 (6):  37-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0117 Abstract + ( 345 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF ( 1181KB )   ( 48 ) To explore the influences of N, P, K fertilizer treatment and N, P, K effects on yield characters of rapeseed in high yield field, the rapeseed varieties ‘Qinyou 2’ and ‘Zhongyou 821’ were used as materials. Pure nitrogen was applied at 0 and 180 kg/hm2, while phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) was 0 and 90 kg/hm2 respectively to analyze the effects of N, P, K and their interaction on economic characters of rapeseed by split plot design. The results showed that the combined application of N and P increased the yield by 25.7% compared with control (blank) and increased the yield by 21.6%, 18.0% and 37.9% respectively compared with the single application of N, P and K. The best yield of the two varieties was achieved by N 180 kg/hm2 + P 90 kg/hm2, 3850.70 kg/hm2 of ‘Qinyou 2’ and 3096.26 kg/hm2 of ‘Zhongyou 821’. The yield of ‘Qinyou 2’ increased significantly compared with that of ‘Zhongyou 821’ in all the nine treatments, with an average increase of 22.2%, which was due to the difference of nutritional genotypes. Comprehensive effect analysis showed that the interaction effect of N and P was positive on yield, but it did not reach a significant level, while the individual effect of N and P was significant respectively. Further analysis of the yield increase showed that the interaction effect of N and P had a great influence on the silique number per plant of ‘Qinyou 2’, and significantly increased the plant height and 1000-grain weight of ‘Zhongyou 821’. The single effect of P was the most significant on 1000-grain weight of ‘Qinyou 2’ and the silique number per plant of ‘Zhongyou 821’. The study indicates that the yield under the combined application of N and P is significantly higher than that under their single application, and the accumulation of individual effect contributes the most to the yield increase, N application rate of 180 kg/hm2 with P application rate of 90 kg/hm2 is suitable in Guanzhong high yield field of rapeseed.

  Quality Survey of Lime Auxiliary Material and Impacts of Lime Addition on Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivation Liu Tianhai, Miao Renyun, Chen Chunxiu, Liu Lixu, Zhou Jie, Peng Weihong, Huang Zhongqian, Tan Hao 2021, 37 (6):  44-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0107 Abstract + ( 251 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1240KB )   ( 139 ) Lime is an important auxiliary material for producing edible and medicinal fungi. The aim of this study is to survey the quality of the lime auxiliary materials used in edible fungi cultivation at present, and optimize the amount of lime addition in oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation, as a reference for production of P. ostreatus and other mushrooms. The contents of Ca(OH)2, CaO, CaCO3 and MgO in 8 lime samples of different sources were detected by phase-analysis of digested samples. No. 7 lime was added to the corn-cob substrate with different proportions to cultivate P. ostreatus. The mycelial growth, pH change in the substrate, and fruiting yield were compared between different treatments. The assays showed that only No. 2, No. 3 and No. 7 lime had high contents of effective constituents [Ca(OH)2 and CaO], while the other samples had high contents of impurities in CaCO3 or MgO. Using the No. 7 lime with an effective constituent over 96%, the optimal amount of lime addition was 2% as shown by the cultivation experiments. At this ratio, the substrate mix could reach pH 9.53, reducing to pH 7.72 after 24 h, and further to pH 6.35 after a steaming sterilization for 36 h. In this substrate, the mycelia grew the fastest and the yield was the highest. It suggests that the quality of lime could be an important factor influencing mushroom production, using low-quality lime will increase the cost of production, and even cause yield decrease in large-scale. Therefore, in the production of edible fungi, it is crucial to pay attention to the quality of lime auxiliary materials. For P. ostreatus cultivation, merely 2% addition of lime can effectively increase the pH of the culture substrate and inhibit the growth of pollutant bacteria if the effective constituent of lime reaches 96%, that makes the cultivation substrate reach the optimum pH range for P. ostreatus growth thereby obtaining high and stable yield.

  Research Progress of Pericarp Sun Hao, Zeng Jie, Ou Lijun, Zou Xuexiao 2021, 37 (6):  49-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0173 Abstract + ( 439 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1230KB )   ( 81 ) Peel is the most intuitive quality character of fruit and vegetable, and it is also one of the important indexes to measure the commodity value of fruit. In the study, the principle of pericarp color change is described in terms of physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms, the anti-cancer, anti-oxidation and other health functions of peel pigment and three common extraction processes of natural pigment are introduced, and the mechanism of pericarp browning and the effect of growth regulator on pericarp browning are summarized. In the future, the combination of new composite packaging material and browning inhibitor can be used to preserve fruits after harvest. At present, five genes regulating the skin color of cucumber, such as CsaARC5 and other genes, as well as the chilli color-related gene Ccs, have been cloned. It is of great significance to explore the mechanism of skin color regulation in genetic engineering for the improvement of skin color in the future.

  Effects of Different Post-harvest Treatments on Crystal Honey Pomelo Fruit Quality Zhou Long, Tang Li, Yang Derong, Zeng Zhiwei 2021, 37 (6):  54-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0177 Abstract + ( 396 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1327KB )   ( 204 ) The paper aims to explore the effect of different post-harvest treatments on the quality of crystal honey pomelo. A test of four factors (impact, bagging, fresh and storage) was conducted on mature harvest pomelo, to study the dynamic change of fruit quality under different post-harvest treatments, and the grading and score through the sensory evaluation, and clarify the relationship between pomelo interior quality and sensory quality. The results showed that pomelo weight loss aggravated with the extension of test time, the weight loss ratio was 1.7%-35.7%. Compared with the impact and water immersion fruit treatment, the non-impact and the prochloraz immersion fruit treatment could reduce the damage of pomelo, 0.01 mm polyethylene film bagging treatment and cold storage could decrease the fruit weight loss. The change trend of fruit internal indexes was overall consistent with the extension of the storage time, soluble solids slightly increased first and then decreased; titratable acid had a trend of decrease - increase-decrease; Vc gradually reduced; the lignin content reduced first and then increased; and the fruit soluble solids under all treatments was the maximum and the lignin content was the minimum in 19-40 days. Bagging and keeping fresh increased pomelo fruit soluble solid by 133.8% and 72.3% compared with non-bagging and water immersion fruit treatment, respectively. Impact and cool storage treatment improved titratable acid by 82.4% and 86.3% compared with non-impact and ambient temperature storage. Bagging and cool storage treatment promoted Vc content by 17.6% and 15.9%. Impact treatment increased lignin content by 85.0%; bagging, prochloraz immersion and cool storage treatment decreased pomelo fruit lignin content by 34.3%, 33.3% and 51.7%, respectively. The pomelo fruit sensory score of different treatments first increased and then reduced with the test time. Impact aggravated the sensory quality of pomelo by 12.9% compared with non-impact; bagging, prochloraz and cool storage slowed the reducing of sensory quality, compared to non-bagging, water immersion and cool storage, the sensory score increased by 2.5%, 7.7% and 10.5%, respectively. Pomelo sensory evaluation result and the fruit interior quality were highly consistent, with the storage time prolonged, the pomelo sensory score and inner quality first increased then decreased, and the best quality could be found within one month of post-harvest. Overall, T1 treatment of gentle handling, 0.01 mm polyethylene film, the prochloraz immersion fruit and cold storage could maintain the fresh quality of the fruit and prolong the shelf life.

  AMF and DSE: Effects on the Growth of Ginger in Field Wang Qian, Song Juan, Li Dongping, Liu Zengliang, Che Jianglv, Chen Tingsu 2021, 37 (6):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0096 Abstract + ( 492 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1696KB )   ( 59 ) The study aims to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes inoculum (DSE) on ginger growth. The ginger was used as material, and AMF, DSE and AMF+DSE combination were conducted in this study. During the rooting period, ginger root samples were collected for inoculation detection. The ginger yield and agronomic characters were analyzed with correlation analysis. Compared with the control, all treatment types (AMF, DSE and AMF+DSE combination) promoted ginger growth and decreased the occurrence of ginger wilt. Successful inoculation and colonization by AMF, DSE and AMF+DSE combination were confirmed in ginger roots. Application of microbial agents could effectively promote the growth of ginger and decrease the occurrence of ginger wilt. The highest ginger yield was achieved in the combination treatment with AMF and DSE (3257 kg/hm2), followed by AMF alone (2725 kg/hm2) and DSE (2402 kg/hm2). In comparison, the control resulted in a yield of 1997 kg/hm2. The yield increase was 38.7%, 26.7%, and 16.8% respectively for the combination treatment, AMF, and DSE. The control had a disease occurrence rate 54.2%, in contrast, the treatment groups exhibited a lower disease occurrence rate, with 5.24%, 8.27%, and 11.5% respectively for the combination treatment, AMF and DSE.

  Lotus Area in Integrated Lotus-Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle Culture: The Effect on Community Structure of Phytoplankton Mao Zaihua, Song Guangtong, Wang Fen, Wang Xibing, Wang Jiajia, Li Zhengrong, Zhang Ye, Li Hu, Chen Zhu, Jiang Yelin, Li Jie, Fang Guoxia 2021, 37 (6):  68-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2020-00009 Abstract + ( 272 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1235KB )   ( 70 ) In order to determine the optimum planting area of lotus in integrated lotus-Chinese soft-shelled turtle culture, the phytoplankton community structure and biodiversity were studied in four patterns of lotus planting area percentage (Type A-10%, Type B-30%, Type C-50% and Type D-70%) by biodiversity methods. The results showed that 48 genus 75 species of algae were detected in Type C, and the absolute dominant species was Chlorophyta (Chlorella, Scenedesmus, etc.), with an average density of 151442 ind/L and an average frequency of 69.89%. The average number of Chlorophyta in Type C was significantly higher than that in type A, B(>LSR0.01) and D (>LSR0.05). The phytoplankton Shannon-Wiener diversity index H, Pielou uniformity index E and Simpson dominance index D were the highest, with the average value of 2.188, 0.949 and 0.841, respectively. Therefore, the community and the biological diversity of Type C with 50% lotus roots planting area are more complex, and the water is more stable.

  The Decomposition and Nutrient Release Characteristics of Three Kinds of Orchard Green Manures in Spring Dong Hao, Yu Shuhui, Shi Guifang, Zhu Guoliang, Mu Xiaoling, Cao Weidong 2021, 37 (6):  75-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0102 Abstract + ( 393 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1188KB )   ( 50 ) To study the rot decomposition characteristics and nutrient release characteristics of three green manures of Orychophragmus violaceus L., Lolium perenne L. and Vicia villosa Roth. under orchard condition, a 110 days field decay experiment was conducted in apple orchards using nylon net bags. The results showed that the cumulative decomposition rate of the three green manures was 69.10%-76.06%. The three green manures decomposed rapidly during 0-21 days, and then the decomposition slowed down and tended to be stable. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) released rapidly in the first 21 days. The nutrient release rates of the three green manures were potassium>carbon>nitrogen>phosphorus. At the end of the experiment (110 days), the cumulative release rate of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 76.81%-82.04%, 81.06%-84.97%, 72.96%-76.81% and 95.39%-97.65%, respectively. Compared with Lolium perenne L. (gramineae green manure), Orychophragmus violaceus L. (cruciferous green manure) and Vicia villosa Roth. (leguminous green manure) had lower initial C/N, more easy to decay, and more suitable for the north China plain orchard planting.

  The Stoichiometric Characteristics and Enzyme Activities of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Under Continuous Cropping of Lilium davidii var. Li Xujin, Cai Liqun, Li Hailiang 2021, 37 (6):  82-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0185 Abstract + ( 460 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1299KB )   ( 83 ) Through exploring the effect of continuous cropping on the eco-stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and enzyme activities in Lanzhou lily soil, the study aims to provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the mechanism of partial cropping obstacles in Lilium davidii var. and the regulation of farmland nutrients. By measuring and analysis of soil eco-stoichiometric characteristics and enzyme activities of Lilium davidii var. of different cultivation years (1, 2 and 3 years), the results showed that: (1) with the increase of planting years, the soil pH decreased, while the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-decomposed nitrogen and available phosphorus generally increased, and the increase was significant after 3 years of planting; the soil C/N and C/P showed an increasing trend, compared with planting of one year, the 2 or 3 years’ planting increased C/N by 18.91% and 13.57 %, respectively, and C/P of 3 years’ planting increased by 14.71%, N/P had no significant change; (2) the activities of soil catalase, invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase showed a U-shape change trend with the increase of planting years and the activities of soil invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase had significant differences among the planting years; compared with one year planting, the activity of invertase of 2 and 3 years’ planting decreased by 49.71% and 38.79%, respectively, the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased by 43.31% and 14.17%, respectively, and the activities of soil catalase decreased by 7.80% and 4.92%, respectively; the activity of urease of 2 years’ planting decreased by 17.17% compared with 1 year planting, while that of 3 years’ planting increased by 15.15%; (3) there was a continuous correlation between soil ecological stoichiometric characteristics and soil enzyme activity, the C/N was negatively correlated with soil enzyme activity and the C/P was negatively correlated with invertase and alkaline phosphatase; (4) the results of typical correlation analysis showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil had obvious effects on soil enzyme activities and the pH was negatively correlated with soil nutrient content. The research indicates that with the increase of continuous cropping years, the soil of Lanzhou lily shows an acidification trend, although short-term continuous cropping could provide good nutrient environment for Lanzhou lily, the nutrients tend to be out of balance. Therefore, in the management of lily farmland, attention should be paid to adjusting pH, reasonable fertilization, and balanced nutrients.

  A New Anti-Contamination Medium Formula in Plant Tissue Culture Bai Yiwei, Zhang Shizhuang, Wang Yannan, Gao Xiaoru, Niu Jinbiao, He Shaozhen 2021, 37 (6):  89-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0093 Abstract + ( 1001 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 2427KB )   ( 117 ) The contamination of culture medium in tissue culture has always been a technical blind area in the field. The purpose of this experiment is to find a more efficient plant tissue culture system to inhibit the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. By adding different concentrations and combinations of cefomycin, rifampicin, penicillin and other antibiotics and chemical drugs to MS medium for antibacterial screening, the antibacterial medium formula with cefomycin, chlorothalonil and mancozeb was determined. After that, the growth and contamination of Ipomoea batatas, Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana on the medium were evaluated, and a new anti-contamination method of highly effective medium was obtained, namely liquid coating. Before explants were transplanted onto the medium with 25 mg/L cephalosporin and 30 mg/L 1:1 mixture of mancozeb and chlorothalonil, infiltrated and coated them with 100 mg/L carbendazim solution or the mixture of mancozeb and chlorothalonil at 1:1. By doing so, the risk of contamination risk of tissue culture materials would be significantly reduced with the growth of explants except callus being slightly affected. In general, the use of this method has less damage on the explant, and reference significance for rescuing contaminated tissue culture materials and the laboratory preservation of field germplasm materials.

  New Brown Rust Resistance Gene of Sugarcane: Construction of Resistant and Susceptible Gene Pools and SSR Polymorphic Primers Screening Wang Xiaoyan, Shan Hongli, Zhang Rongyue, Cang Xiaoyan, Wang Changmi, Li Wenfeng, Yin Jiong, Luo Zhiming, Huang Yingkun 2021, 37 (6):  97-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0125 Abstract + ( 240 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2940KB )   ( 53 ) Brown rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala H. Sydow & P. Sydow is one of the main diseases that endanger sugarcane production in China. In order to identify and explore the new brown rust resistance gene, prevent the outbreaks of the disease and ensure the safe production of sugarcane, the authentic F1 hybrid population of cross combination ‘Yuetang 03-393’× ‘ROC 24’ was used to construct resistant/susceptible gene pools, and then 449 pairs of primers were synthesized to screen SSR (simple-sequence repeat) markers that linked to resistance and susceptibility in the parental lines and the resistant/susceptible genetic pools in this study. The results showed that 25 pairs of primers were polymorphic between the parents, and among them four pairs of primers (SMC236CG, SCESSR0928, SCESSR0636, and SCESSR2551) were polymorphic between the parental lines and the resistant/susceptible genetic pools. It preliminarily indicated that the loci of these four SSR markers on chromosome might have linkage relationship with a new brown rust resistance gene. The results of this study establish a good foundation for the mapping of new brown rust resistance genes in the future, and for controlling sugarcane brown rust and breeding disease resistance varieties in China.

  Litter Fungi in the Boreal Forests and Their Antibacterial Compounds in the Greater Khingan Mountains Zhang Zhedong, Liang Jing, Li Zeyu, Gao Siyu, Qiu Tianyi, Shan Tijiang, Xu Lijian 2021, 37 (6):  104-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0135 Abstract + ( 413 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1313KB )   ( 47 ) To study the antimicrobial activity of forest litter fungi in the Greater Khingan Mountains, firstly, fungi were isolated by a method of spreading particles on plates, and the isolated fungi were preliminarily identified by the amplification and alignment of internal transcribed spacer sequences. The antibacterial activities were detected by a two-layer-plate diffusion method and monomeric compounds of targeted strains were separated by chromatography. Spectroscopic analyses were used to determine the chemical structures of the monomeric compounds. A 96-well plate liquid dilution method was used to detect their minimum inhibitory concentration. A total of 88 fungi were isolated, belonging to 57 genera and 74 taxa. Of them, the internal transcribed spacer sequence similarities of 18 fungi were not higher than 97%. Among them, the ethyl acetate extracts of 6 fungi had antibacterial activities, and the two fungal strains KNFL008 and KNFL040 had stronger antibacterial activities than the others. By a bioassay-guided separation, four monomeric compounds, A (1,3-2-hydroxy-5-pentaalkylbenzene), B (ergosterol), C (2-amino-3h-phenoxyzin-3-ketone) and D (2-acetylamino-3h-phenoxyzin-3-ketone), were separated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of compound A, B and C was tested as 3.13-200 μg/mL. Compound A and D were firstly isolated from fungal extracts. This study lays a foundation for the further resource development and utilization of litter fungi in the Greater Khingan Mountains.

  Specific Activities of Antioxidases and Malondialdehyde Contents of Valeriana jatamansi Jones Leaves Under Shading and Open Field Cultivation Li Guiqiong, Zhao Pengyu, Zhao Changling, Zhang Hongling, Zang Lingfei, Wen Guosong, Xu Shaozhong, Zhang Jinyu, Yang Bin, Yang Shaobing, Zhuang Tiancai 2021, 37 (6):  111-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0156 Abstract + ( 607 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1244KB )   ( 46 ) This research aims to elucidate the differences of the enzymatic antioxidant abilities of Valeriana jatamansi Jones leaves under the conditions of shading and open field cultivation, and to provide a reference for studying the responses of V. jatamansi to sunny environments and formulating the supporting techniques of field cultivation of V. jatamansi. The V. jatamansi leaves under the conditions of the shading and open field in the central part of Yunnan Province were used as the test materials, and the soluble protein content and the specific activities of the antioxidases, i.e., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the leaves were determined with spectrophotometry. Compared with the shading condition, the open field condition decreased the soluble protein content of the V. jatamansi leaves by 11.30%, but increased the specific activities of the CAT, POD and SOD, and the MDA content of the leaves by 11.43%, 30.90%, 21.58% and 18.48%, respectively. The differences of the soluble protein content and CAT specific activities of the leaves under the condition of the shading and open field cultivation did not reach the significant level, whereas those of the specific activities of the POD and SOD and the MDA content all reached the significant level. Under the conditions of open field cultivation, the soluble protein contents of the V. jatamansi leaves declined and the peroxidation-induced damages of the cellular lipids became worse, but the specific activities of the CAT, POD and SOD rose simultaneously to strengthen the enzymatic antioxidant ability of the leaf cells.

  Cultivated Oilseed Rape Varieties: Resistance to Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Sichuan Basin Xian Yunxi, Zhang Lei, Yang Xiaoxiang, Liu Yong, Xiang Yunjia, Zhou Xiquan, Huang Xiaoqin 2021, 37 (6):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0129 Abstract + ( 328 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF ( 1272KB )   ( 57 ) The aims are to monitor and evaluate the resistance of rapeseed varieties to Sclerotinia stem rot in Sichuan Basin, and provide reference for rational application of rapeseed varieties. In 2018 and 2019, 31 rapeseed varieties were inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by artificial mycelium inoculation method in field, the incidence of stem and branch pod of rape was investigated, and the resistance of each variety to Sclerotinia stem rot was evaluated. The results showed that, 21 varieties had stable resistance, in other words, they showed the same resistance in the two years. Among them, ‘Dehongyou 1’ was highly resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot, ‘Demingyou 100’ and ‘Keleyou 998’ were moderately resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot, and 10 varieties such as ‘Keyuanyou 2’ and ‘Yiyou 17’ were low resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot. Eight varieties such as ‘Youyan 11’ and ‘Deyou No. 5’ were low susceptible to Sclerotinia stem rot. The resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot of 10 varieties such as ‘Deyou 9’ and ‘Yiyou 19’ was unstable or lost. In conclusion, ‘Dehongyou 1’, ‘Demingyou 100’ and ‘Keleyou 998’ can be used as parents for disease resistance breeding or for disease prevention and control.

  Research Progress in Microbial Degradation of Herbicides in Rice Field Yang Fengshan, Yang Siyuan, Sun Cong, Zhang Xi, Wang Yanbo, Fu Haiyan, Liu Chunguang 2021, 37 (6):  123-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0149 Abstract + ( 541 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 1224KB )   ( 91 ) To solve the problems of herbicide residues in rice field, such as pesticide damage to soil and sensitive crops, and provide a theoretical basis for microbial remediation of polluted soil, in this paper, the way and influencing factors of microbial degradation of herbicides were reviewed. The harm of applying Quinclorac, mefenacet, sulfonylurea and dinitroaniline herbicides was analyzed. The research progress and the existing problems of degradation microorganism were summarized. Finally, the problems in the remediation of polluted soil by microorganism were put forward, and the research trend of herbicide polluted soil remediation by microorganism in the future was discussed.

  The Insect-resistance Physiology of Plants: A Review Yang Jinrui, Xiao Guanli 2021, 37 (6):  130-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0166 Abstract + ( 897 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF ( 1142KB )   ( 252 ) Pests are an important factor that seriously affects the yield and quality of crops. An in-depth study on the interaction between plants and pests can provide theoretical reference for practitioners to explore the suitable measures for insect resistance in agricultural production. Based on reviewing relevant research literature, this article analyzes the defense mechanism of plants against pests and the specific measures taken by insects to adapt to plant defense responses, and reviews the research status of plant resistance physiology against insects. (1) Plants can reduce their attractiveness to pests by changing their nutrient content, and nutrients can also participate in the defense response to improve plant’s resistance against insects. (2) Plant secondary metabolites have insect-resistance role, which affect the behavior, feeding and digestion of pests, and achieve the resistance against pests. (3) Plant defense enzymes are involved in the occurrence of insect resistance reactions and maintain the normal growth and metabolism balance in the plant to improve plant resistance to insects. (4) Plant hormone signal pathways contribute to the expression of plant defense genes, the occurrence of defense responses, and the production of insect-resistance substances, thereby enhancing the resistance of host plants against insect. (5) Insects can use their own secretions and carry pathogens to adapt to plant cell walls and inhibit the expression of plant defense responses. In addition, the insect's own detoxification system can also reduce the adverse effects of insect-resistance substances produced by plants. At last, the existing problems and future research directions are also discussed in this paper.

  Seedling Treatment of Ophiopogon japonicus: Effects on Growth and Disease Control Efficacy Zeng Hualan, Jiang Qiuping, Ye Pengsheng, He Lian, Hua Lixia, Liu Yong, Wang Mingjuan, Zhang Min, Zeng Jing, He Xiaomin 2021, 37 (6):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0144 Abstract + ( 374 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1074KB )   ( 115 ) The aim is to clarify the effect of seedling treatment on the growth of Ophiopogon japonicus and its disease control efficacy, and guide the high quality and safety production of O. japonicus. O. japonicus in Sichuan was used as material, and the effects of six fungicides and three seedling treatments on seedling survival, growth and yield of O. japonicus, and the disease control against anthracnose and root rot disease were studied. The results showed that after treated with trichoderma T23, polyoxin and hymexazol, the seedling survival rate of O. japonicus was significantly improved, meanwhile the number of tillers and root tubers increased, and the root tubers were longer and thicker, and the yield increased by more than 10%. The control effect against anthracnose by foliar spraying with polyoxin and hymexazol was 60.17% and 58.25%, respectively, which were superior to those of other treatments. The control efficacy against root rot disease by seedling dipping with Trichoderma T23 and polyoxin or root irrigating with hymexazol and Trichoderma T23 was 70.06%, 65.17%, 72.87% and 70.14%, respectively, which were superior to those of other treatments. In conclusion, seedling treatment with trichoderma T23, polyoxin and hymexazol could effectively control anthracnose and root rot disease, and promote the growth and yield of O. japonicus, showing good application prospects.

  Field Efficacy Evaluation of 400 g/L Mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin on Banana Leaf Spot Cui Yiping, Peng Aitian, Song Xiaobing, Meng Xiangjie, Ling Jinfeng, Chen Xia 2021, 37 (6):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0175 Abstract + ( 1390 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 76 ) To effectively prevent and control banana leaf spot disease, and screen fungicides with good control efficacy, the authors conducted field trials against banana leaf spot disease in 2018 and 2019, using 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin as a test agent. The stem-leaf spraying was carried out at the early stage of banana leaf spot disease, and the average control effect of 133.3 mg/kg of mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin after 3 times was 74.08% and 74.54% in 2018 and 2019 year, respectively, which was significantly better than that of the 133.3 mg/kg of 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole, 166.7 mg/kg of pyraclostrobin and propiconazole in the control agent. And the average control effect of 200 mg/kg of 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin after 3 times reached 79.68% and 79.93%. The results indicate that 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin has a good effect on the prevention and treatment of banana leaf spot disease, and is an excellent fungicide for popularization and application in banana production areas.

  High-efficiency Compound Formula Fungicide: Control Effects on Sugarcane Brown Rust Zhang Hanshu, Li Wenfeng, Shan Hongli, Wang Xiaoyan, Zhang Rongyue, Fang Chao, Duan Tingying, Li Zejuan, Huang Pizhong, Huang Yingkun 2021, 37 (6):  147-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0176 Abstract + ( 403 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1929KB )   ( 62 ) To screen the high-efficiency compound formula fungicides and the precise application technology for controlling sugarcane brown rust, a field efficiency trial was performed with eight fungicides, including zineb, diniconazole, mancozeb, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole·azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and carbendazim. The results showed that four formula fungicides, (1500 g of 65% zineb WP + 1500 g of 75% chlorothalonil WP + 2400 g KH2PO4 + 300 mL agricultural synergist)/hm2, (1500 g of 12.5% diniconazole WP + 1500 g of 75 % chlorothalonil WP + 2400 g KH2PO4 + 300 mL agricultural synergist)/hm2, (1500 g of 80% mancozeb WP +1500 g of 75% chlorothalonil WP + 2400 g KH2PO4 + 300 mL agricultural synergist)/hm2 and (900 mL 30% difenoconazole·azoxystrobin SC + 2400 g KH2PO4 + 300 mL agricultural synergist)/hm2, had good control efficacy against sugarcane brown rust. The disease indexes of the four formula fungicides were below 18.79, and their control efficiency was above 80.53%. This study indicates that the four formula fungicides are the ideal high-efficiency compound formula for controlling sugarcane brown rust, which could be sprayed directly onto the leaves via artificial and unmanned aerial vehicles in July and August, with two single applications spaced 7 to 10 days apart.

  Moringa oleifera: A Review of Its Nutritional Function and Effect on Animal Reproduction Li Tao, Shen Manman, Zhao Weiguo, Hou Qirui, Wu Ping 2021, 37 (6):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0112 Abstract + ( 246 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1132KB )   ( 45 ) Moringa oleifera, a plant mainly cultivated in Yunnan, is a kind of tropical deciduous tree with unique economic value. It is rich in nutrients with the leaf crude protein content of 25%, and can be used as a high quality plant protein source in animal feeds. Meanwhile, it contains a variety of active ingredients, plays important roles in improving reproduction organ development, regulating hormone secretion, and increasing antioxidant activity. Given its rich nutrients and bioactive substances, Moringa oleifera has been studied extensively in feed development and functional food. In this review, the nutritional level of Moringa oleifera is introduced, and the effects of its dietary supplementation on the reproduction development of model animals and livestock are summarized. The paper also reviews the therapeutic effects of Moringa oleifera on diseases related to animal reproduction. To explore the function of Moringa oleifera could provide insight into the development and application of new type of feed resource.

  Sugar Beet Purchase: Quality Control and Price Based on Quality Lu Bingfu, Chen Haosheng, Zhou Jianchao, Li Qiyuan, Zhou Qin, Song Xiaoqing, Liu Na, Zhang Wenbin, Liu Xiaoxue 2021, 37 (6):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0115 Abstract + ( 283 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1239KB )   ( 43 ) Sugar beet is an important sugar crop that has been planted for more than 100 years in China, but its purchase price has never been determined based on the sugar content, which is a common practice in the world. Sugar beet enterprises should establish the quality standard for sugar beet purchase to determine the price of sugar beet based on the sugar content, to deduct impurities and residual soil reasonably, to evaluate the cutting quality comprehensively. During implement the quality standard of sugar beet purchase, advanced equipment should be adopted to test sugar content scientifically in order to reduce human intervention and increase transparency, enhance sugar beet growers’ recognition of sugar beet quality testing. The purchase of sugar beet based on quality will solve the problem of high price low sugar content, and change growers’ habit of only paying attention to sugar beet yield but not sugar content. Planting optimizing measures should be taken to increase sugar content of sugar beet by fertilization, field management and the control of disease, pest and weeds. In the future, the purchase price of sugar beet based on sugar content will be adopted by sugar beet enterprises with the large-scale planting of sugar beet and the development of quality analysis technology in China.