Current issue

• 2022 Vol.38 No.16 Published:05 June 2022

  Field Effect Evaluation of Healthy Seed Canes of Chewing Cane CHEN Peihua, BAO Han, CHEN Peishou, SHEN Wankuan 2022, 38 (16):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0608 Abstract + ( 281 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF ( 1304KB )   ( 98 ) Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) and sugarcane mosaic disease (SMD) are considered to be the main cause of the degeneration of chewing cane cultivars. It is an available method to control RSD and SMD through planting healthy seed canes. To evaluate the effect of healthy seed canes in field, a comparative trial of healthy seed canes and common seed canes of chewing cane was conducted on newly planted chewing canes in 2018, and molecular detection techniques were used to detect RSD pathogens and pathogenic virus of SMD, including sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) and sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV). The trial results indicated that the cane yield and sucrose content of healthy seed canes were 23.85% and 0.36 percentage points (absolute value, the same below) higher than those of common seed canes, respectively. The results also showed that the stalk length, internode length and single stem weight of healthy seed canes significantly increased by 20.6 cm, 2.47 cm and 0.65 kg, respectively, and the germination rate and the tillering rate were 24.6% and 18.4% higher than those of common seed canes, respectively, but the number of millable stalks per square meter was similar between the two. In addition, no RSD pathogen, SCMV, SrMV and SCSMV were detected in healthy seed canes. The study shows that the healthy seed canes of chewing cane have significant effect on increasing cane yield and improving cane quality.

  Effect of Water Priming on the Germination and Physiological Characteristics of Sugar Beet Seeds LIU Zhaoyang, HU Huabing, WANG Ronghua, LIU Naixin, WANG Maoqian 2022, 38 (16):  6-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1110 Abstract + ( 278 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF ( 1404KB )   ( 72 ) In order to improve the germination effect of sugar beet seeds by water priming technology, beet seed TD802 was used as the research material in this study. The distilled water was used as the initiator, and the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vigor index and critical threshold of sugar beet seeds were measured by germination test, and the initiation method that was conducive to the rapid germination of sugar beet seeds was screened and physiological indicators were determined. The results showed that treatment 9 had the best germination rate (91%) and germination potential (90.67%), treatment 5 had the best germination index (41.89) and critical threshold (21.39) among all the combination treatments, and treatment 6 had the best vigor index (447.4). Treatment 3 and treatment 7 had relative high conductivity and the minimum damage to seeds. Treatment 6 had the lowest malondialdehyde content and had a stronger response to adverse conditions. Treatment 8 had the strongest antioxidant enzyme activity and could eliminate the peroxidation damage caused by adversity stress. Water priming had a promoting effect on sugar beet seeds with different temperature and pre-soaking time. Treatment 1 had the most stable priming effect, which could enhance seed vigor and improve seed stress resistance.

  A New Flue-cured Tobacco Strain ‘HN2146’: Effects of Cultivation Measures on Agronomic Characters and Yield LI Yunxia, LI Lei, LI Sijun, ZHENG Weiwei, ZENG Bei 2022, 38 (16):  13-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0687 Abstract + ( 246 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1190KB )   ( 63 ) To explore the effects of cultivation measures on agronomic characters and yield of flue-cured tobacco strain ‘HN2146’ in Chenzhou tobacco-growing area, orthogonal experiments were carried out on the interaction of planting density, nitrogen application rate and the number of retained leaves. In terms of agronomic characters, plant height increased with the increase of planting density, the internodal distance first decreased and then increased with the increase of planting density, and stem circumference, waist leaf length, waist leaf width and leaf area all decreased with the increase of planting density. All agronomic characters increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The number of retained leaves was the key factor affecting plant height, stem circumference, internodal distance and waist leaf length. In terms of yield, the yield decreased with the increase of planting density, first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and first decreased and then increased with the increase of the number of retained leaves. On the whole, the recommended optimal cultivation measure combination is as follows: the planting density is 55 cm×120 cm, the nitrogen application rate is 150 kg/hm2, and the number of retained leaves is 18 per plant.

  Identification and Expression Analysis of MRS2/MGT Gene Family in Tobacco WU Ti, WEI Xiaoling, FENG Changqing, HUANG Yunxia, XU Shichang, QIU Fuxiang, ZHENG Yingjie, LI Wenqing, HE Huaqin 2022, 38 (16):  18-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0793 Abstract + ( 322 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 2179KB )   ( 83 ) To identify magnesium transporter (MGT) gene in tobacco genome and explore the mechanism of magnesium ion transport by MGT in tobacco plant, seven NtMGTs with conservative Gly-Met-Asn tripeptide motifs were identified from tobacco genome by homologous sequence alignment using the magnesium transporter family genes in rice and Arabidopsis genomes as reference sequences. The results showed that the expression of NtMGTs was tissue-specific and light-induced under different magnesium supply levels and light intensities. The expression of NtMGT1 in roots and NtMGT2, NtMGT4 and NtMGT5 in leaves of tobacco plants increased under strong light intensity. With the increase of magnesium supply, the expression of NtMGT1 gene in the root system increased, which was consistent with the change trend of magnesium content in the root system, suggesting that NtMGT1 gene mainly mediated the absorption of magnesium in the root system of tobacco plant. The expression levels of NtMGT2, NtMGT4 and NtMGT5 genes in leaves increased first and then decreased, indicating that the three genes belonged to a high affinity magnesium ion transport system. These results implied that under the stress of high temperature and strong light intensity, appropriate magnesium supply could increase the expression of NtMGT1 in the root part of tobacco plants, promote the absorption of magnesium ion by the root system, enhance the gene expression of NtMGT2, NtMGT4 and NtMGT5 in shoot part of tobacco plants, promote the transport of magnesium ion, and ensure the normal growth and development of tobacco plants. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance for reasonable application of magnesium in tobacco production.

  Carbon Storage and Carbon Density of Arboreal Forest in Liaoning Province LI Ning 2022, 38 (16):  27-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1201 Abstract + ( 223 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1252KB )   ( 53 ) In order to understand the carbon sequestration capacity of forests in Liaoning Province, the carbon storage and carbon density of arboreal forest were studied based on the national data of forest resources. The carbon characteristic values were estimated and compared among different forest age groups and forest species, then the carbon sequestration capacity of forest resources in Liaoning was analyzed. The results show that: among the shelter forests, the weight of carbon storage is the largest in middle-aged forest and the weight of area is the largest in young forest; among the special use forests, the mature forest has the largest carbon storage weight and the largest area weight; among the timber forests, the carbon storage weight of middle-aged forest is the largest and the area weight of young forest is the largest; among the firewood forests, both the carbon storage weight and the area weight of young forest are the largest; and the shelter forests have the highest carbon storage in young forest, middle-aged forest, near-mature forest, mature forest and over-mature forest. The study can provide data support for forest management and environmental protection.

  Effects of Sowing Date on Yield and Quality of Pepper LIU Yupeng, ZHANG Hao, CHEN Fang, YU Fei 2022, 38 (16):  32-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0589 Abstract + ( 260 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1326KB )   ( 48 ) In order to clarify the effects of sowing date on yield and quality of pepper, field experiments were conducted in Guiyang of Guizhou Province, using ‘Zunyi pod pepper’, ‘Cluster pepper’ and ‘Layan 1’ as experimental materials. The results showed that, the yield of all the three pepper varieties reached the highest when the sowing date was March 15. The average yield from high to low was ‘Layan 1’> ‘Zunyi pod pepper’> ‘Cluster pepper’. The quality of pepper was comprehensively evaluated by the principal component analysis, the comprehensive quality of ‘Zunyi pod pepper’ was the best when the sowing date was April 15, and the comprehensive quality of ‘Cluster pepper’ and ‘Layan 1’ was the best when the sowing date was April 5. The comprehensive quality of pepper from high to low was ‘Zunyi pod pepper’> ‘Cluster pepper’> ‘Layan 1’. In general, the yield of pepper could reach the highest in Guiyang and areas with similar climate condition when the sowing date is March 15 of the normal year, and the comprehensive quality is the best when the sowing date is delayed by 20-30 days.

  Grifola frondosa: Selenium and Lanthanum Compound Cultivation and Chemical Composition SHEN Xia 2022, 38 (16):  38-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0583 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1384KB )   ( 31 ) Based on the selenium-enriched cultivation of Grifola frondosa, the effects of selenium (Se) and lanthanum (La) compound cultivation on the nutritional components of G. frondosa were studied. By applying different levels of Se and La in combination, this paper studied the yield, Se content, chemical composition and heavy metal content of the fruiting body of G. frondosa. The results showed that compared with that of the control (Na2SeO3 0 mg/kg+ LaCl3 0 mg/kg), the yield of G. frondosa was significantly higher under Se and La combined application (Na2SeO3 40 mg/kg+ LaCl3 80 mg/kg) (P<0.05). When the combined application concentration was Na2SeO3 80 mg/kg+ LaCl3 80 mg/kg, the Se content in the fruiting body was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of control (P<0.01). The results of the fruiting body composition analysis showed that when the combined application concentration was Na2SeO3 40 mg/kg+ LaCl3 80 mg/kg, the crude protein content was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.05) and the amino acid content was very significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.01). When the combined application concentration was Na2SeO3 80 mg/kg+ LaCl3 80 mg/kg, the total sugar content was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.05), and the contents of other components were increased compared with Se-enriched cultivation. When the combined application concentration was Na2SeO3 80 mg/kg+ LaCl3 80 mg/kg, the content of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic in the fruiting body were significantly lower than those of control (P<0.01). The study shows that cultivating G. frondosa with appropriate concentration of Se and La could increase the yield, Se content, and composition contents (total sugar, crude protein, crude fat, amino acid and etc.), and decrease the heavy metal contents in the fruiting body.

  Study on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation System of Chamelaucium uncinatum BAI Yanrong, JIANG Yalian, WANG Jinying 2022, 38 (16):  46-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0653 Abstract + ( 202 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1243KB )   ( 22 ) To find out the best medium for inducing the first generation and multiplying the second generation and rooting, the tissue culture technique system of Chamelaucium uncinatum was established. The tender shoot tip of C. uncinatum was used as the experimental material, MS medium was used to add KT and NAA with different proportions, the first generation of C. uncinatum was induced, different concentrations of 6-BA and NAA were combined for proliferation, the 1/2MS medium was selected as the basic medium for the rooting culture of C. uncinatum, and different concentrations of IBA were added to the medium. The best medium for bud induction was MS+ KT 3.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.2 mg/L+ agar 6.2 g/L+ sucrose 30 g/L with pH 5.8, and the induction rate was 88.8%. The best medium for proliferation was MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.1 mg/L+ agar 6.2 g/L+ sucrose 30 g/L with pH 5.8, and the proliferation coefficient was 3.6. The best rooting medium was 1/2MS+ IBA 0.6 mg/L+ agar 6.2 g/L+ sucrose 30 g/L+ 0.1 g/L activated carbon with pH 5.8, and the rooting rate was 100%.

  Effect of Different Substrate Proportions on Camellia sinensis Cutting Seedling Cultivation LIU Min, ZHU Shuangfeng, DAI Yujing, WANG Runxian 2022, 38 (16):  51-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0674 Abstract + ( 250 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2376KB )   ( 38 ) At present, the short-spiked cutting seedling cultivation is the main method of tea plant propagation, as well as the main means of factory nursery of seedlings. However, there are some disadvantages such as low survival rate of cutting seedlings and slow rooting. In this research, the substrates of Akadama clay and Kanuma mud were used in the cultivation of tea tree cutting seedlings, with good substrate formula obtained in the past as a control, aiming to find a cutting substrate with strong adaptability and high cutting survival rate. The results showed that the best substrate was Akadama clay: Kanuma mud: humus= 5:2:3 (V/V/V), with a cutting survival rate of 100% at the highest, significantly higher than that of the substrate of vermiculite: peat=1:2 (V/V). The earliest budding time under the best substrate treatment was 10 days, which was 5-8 days earlier than that under other substrate treatments, and the rooting performance was also the best (10.76 cm), significantly longer than that of other groups. Therefore, the substrate of Akadama clay: Kanuma mud: humus=5:2:3 (V/V/V) could maximize the growth of total root length, number of fibrous roots, ground diameter and biomass of the root system. The overall performance of tea seedlings was the best, with the advantages of fast rooting, early budding, strong reproductive ability, high survival rate and strong applicability. As a conclusion, the above substrate proportion can be used for tea cutting seedling cultivation.

  Effects of the Number of Lateral Buds on Corm Production and Flowering of Crocus sativus WANG Zhen, YANG Liuyan, YANG Zhen, ZHANG Yongchun 2022, 38 (16):  56-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0047 Abstract + ( 189 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1733KB )   ( 23 ) Crocus sativus is propagated exclusively in a vegetative way by corms, and to explore the balance between cultivating large flowering corms and increasing the number of replacement corms can lay a theoretical foundation for the further expansion of production scale of C. sativus. Four grades of C. sativus corms with different weights (8-15, 16-20, 21-25 and 26-30 g) were used as materials, the number, weight, flowering time and flowering number of the replacement corms were analyzed under the comparative experiment by wiping or not wiping lateral buds of mother corms. The results showed that the larger the weight of the corm, the greater the number of replacement corms could be formed. The biomass of replacement corms from not wiped mother corms showed an overall increase trend, but the average weight of the corms from one mother corm and the average weight of the corms from the main bud showed an overall downward trend. The single mother corm of more than 20 g could retain the number of buds up to about 5, which could get more replacement corms and did not affect the flowering and flowering number of newly formed corms from the main bud.

  Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Paris dunniana ZHANG Bolun, CAO Jiwu, LIANG Qidong, LIANG Junsheng, ZHANG Yi, PENG Cuiying, WANG Xujun 2022, 38 (16):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0753 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1291KB )   ( 25 ) Paris dunniana is a kind of endangered and conservational plant with scarce wild resources. In the artificial cultivation process after P. dunniana introduction, to provide good growth conditions and give full play to its photosynthetic potential, it is necessary to understand P. dunniana photosynthetic characteristics and the relationship between physiological and ecological factors and photosynthetic rate. The diurnal variation of photosynthesis, light-response curve and CO2-response curve of P. dunniana were studied using LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis system in closed stand. The diurnal variation of photosynthesis presented a single-peak curve, and its peak appeared at 14:00. The correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the main affecting factor of diurnal variation of photosynthesis was stomatal conductance (Cond). The light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP) and apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) were 3.04, 737.5 and 0.0452 μmol/(m2·s), respectively. The CO2 compensation point (CCP), CO2 saturation point (CSP), and carboxylation efficiency (CE) were 92.33, 1687.5 and 0.0124 μmol/mol, respectively. This experiment provides reference data for the control of light condition in the artificial cultivation of P. dunniana by measuring its photosynthetic characteristics.

  Variation and Probability Grading of Main Quantitative Traits of Mango Germplasm Resources in the Honghe River Basin ZHANG Yongchao, XIE Dehong, ZHANG Cuixian, CHEN Yufu, BAI Tianqi, YI Huaifeng, NI Zhangguang, ZHANG Yong, WANG Meicun 2022, 38 (16):  68-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0575 Abstract + ( 201 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1530KB )   ( 24 ) To carry out the screening of mango germplasm resources, the mango germplasm resources were evaluated. 9 major quantitative traits of 86 mango resources of the Honghe River Basin were studied by statistical analysis and probability grading. The results showed that the variation coefficient of the 9 major quantitative traits (leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, single fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit thickness, edible rate, and soluble solids content) was 4.7%-28.81%. Among the 9 major quantitative traits, the single fruit weight showed the maximum variation whereas the fruit width showed the minimum variation. According to the K-S test, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length and soluble solids content all conformed to the normal distribution. Single fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit thickness and edible rate followed skewed distribution, except the trailing part, which was also approximately regarded as normal distribution. The values of normally distributed traits could be divided into 5 grades by dividing points: (X-1.2818S), (X-0.5246S), (X+0.5246S) and (X+1.2818S). Occurrence probability of 1 to 5 grade was 10%, 20%, 40%, 20% and 10%, respectively. According to the correlation analysis, fruit weight per fruit was significantly and positively correlated with fruit length, fruit width, fruit thickness and edible rate. In summary, reference for evaluating and screening of excellent mango germplasm resources can be provided by this paper.

  Organic Fertilizer Substitution: Effects on Soil Nutrients ZHAO Xiudong, CHEN Xiaofang, YUAN Ziran, YE Yin 2022, 38 (16):  74-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0611 Abstract + ( 213 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1338KB )   ( 71 ) To explore the reasonable fertilization way and provide evidence for the feasibility of organic fertilizer substitution, the authors conducted the partially substitution of inorganic fertilizer by organic fertilizer in three consecutive seasons and studied the effects on the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, available phosphorus and organic matter in soil, as well as the distribution and migration characteristics of nutrients in each soil profile. The results showed that the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter and available phosphorus in soil were mainly accumulated in the 0-20 cm soil layer and decreased with the soil depth after the treatment of different types of fertilizers for three consecutive cropping seasons. The effect of 20% dried pig manure substitution was not significant in the early stage, but the nutrients’ content increased significantly in the later stage. The nutrient contents of 20% treatment (20% reduced fertilization + commercial organic fertilizer) in 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers were higher than those of NPK treatment (farmer conventional). The total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and organic matter obviously migrated, and the accumulated leaching loss in 20-40 cm soil layer was slight. In conclusion, the substitution of inorganic fertilizer by commercial organic fertilizer could balance the nutrients’ distribution, improve the comprehensive fertility of soil and play a role in soil fertility cultivation.

  Correlations Between Soil Nutrient Characteristics and Kernel Quality Traits in Camellia oleifera Cultivation CAO Yongqing, YAO Xiaohua, REN Huadong, WANG Kailiang, LI Jianxin, ZHOU Qing 2022, 38 (16):  81-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0626 Abstract + ( 184 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1172KB )   ( 25 ) To clarify the correlations between soil nutrient characteristics and quality traits of kernels in Camellia oleifera forest land, the samples from 7 sites of different cultivation areas in Zhejiang Province were used to analyze the soil nutrient characteristics and kernel oil content, fatty acid composition, and active ingredients including squalene, vitamin E and sitosterol of ‘Changlin’ varieties. The results showed that the soil nutrient characteristics varied dramatically among different sites and the variation coefficients of the content of soil organic matter, hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium were between 32.66% and 142.26%. A significant positive correlation was found between the content of soil organic matter and hydrolyzed nitrogen, and the content of available phosphorus and available potassium as well (P<0.01). It was clear that the balance application of organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizer was important for improving nutrient supply in Camellia oleifera cultivation. In addition, we found that the soil N/P ratio was negatively correlated with oil and monounsaturated fatty acids content in kernel (P<0.05), while positively correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acids and squalene content in kernel (P<0.05). The soil N/P ratio was an important factor affecting quality traits of Camellia oleifera and it could improve oil yield and quality when it was controlled at 7.60-26.92. This study could provide reference for efficient soil nutrient management in Camellia oleifera cultivation.

  Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Yield of Celery REN Zengcao, WU Jun, PENG Min, SONG Xuefeng, WANG Yuesheng, CAI Liqun 2022, 38 (16):  86-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0587 Abstract + ( 216 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1416KB )   ( 48 ) To explore the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of celery, the study used ‘Ventula’ celery as the test material, and conducted three treatments: single application of chemical fertilizer (T), organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer (YTF1/2) and total organic fertilizer (YTF). The results showed that different fertilization treatments had changed the soil physical and chemical properties and celery yield, and the most obvious changes were found on soil bulk density, porosity, saturated water conductivity, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus. In 2019, compared with T treatment, YTF treatment significantly reduced soil bulk density by 13.16%, increased soil porosity and saturated water conductivity by 10.72% and 20.73%, respectively. Compared with T treatment, the content of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in YTF1/2 treatment were significantly increased by 15.8% and 19.6%, respectively. In 2020, compared with T treatment, YTF treatment significantly reduced soil bulk density by 10.71%, increased soil porosity by 8.23% and soil saturated water conductivity by 17.76%. Compared with T treatment, YTF1/2 treatment significantly increased the content of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus by 16.18% and 12.91%, respectively. Compared with T treatment, both YTF1/2 treatment and YTF treatment increased celery yield. In 2019, the celery yield of YTF1/2 treatment was the highest, which was 97984 kg/hm2, 2.65% and 22.83% higher than that of T treatment and YTF treatment, respectively. In 2020, the celery yield of YTF1/2 treatment was the highest, which was 93750 kg/hm2 and increased by 25% and 13.64% compared with that of T treatment and YTF treatment, respectively. In general, organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer had the best effect, and could be popularized in local celery cultivation.

  The Influence of Meteorological Factors at Flowering Stage on Seed Setting of Rape LI Minhua, SHUAI Xiqiang, XIE Baicheng, HUANG Anfeng, ZHANG Wei 2022, 38 (16):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0592 Abstract + ( 209 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1576KB )   ( 68 ) Based on the observation data of rape fixed-point experiment from 2011 to 2018, the effects of low temperature on rape podding rate and seed number per pod were analyzed in different flowering periods. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship between meteorological factors and seed loss rate was established. The results showed that: the effects of low temperature on seed setting were mainly moderate and severe before February 25, mainly mild in the middle and last ten days of March, and mainly mild and moderate from February 26 to March 10. The relationship between rape seed loss rate with the average daily minimum temperature and daily average rainfall during the flowering stage was not significant, but the relationship between seed loss rate with average temperature, average daily maximum temperature, average sunshine hours, and average daily relative humidity at flowering were significant. With the decrease of average flowering temperature, the average maximum temperature decreased and the relative humidity increased. When the relative humidity of air was 70% and the daily average temperature was ≤6.9℃, or the relative humidity of air was 80% and the daily average temperature was ≤8.0℃, rape would suffer from moderate damage. When the relative humidity of air in flowering time was 80% and the daily average temperature was ≤4.3℃, or the relative humidity of air was 85% and the daily average temperature was ≤4.8℃, the rape would suffer from severe damage. The cold accumulated temperature indexes of rape flowering and seed setting under different weather types were determined. When the cold accumulated temperature index of sunshine and low temperature weather was ≥16.5℃, or the index of cold accumulated temperature of no sunshine and low temperature rainy weather was ≥5.0℃, it was moderate damage. When the cold accumulated temperature index of sunshine and low temperature weather was ≥37.5℃, or the cold accumulated temperature index of no sunshine and low temperature rainy weather was ≥26.0℃, it was severe damage. The results could provide technical support for early warning evaluation and agrometeorological service of disaster reduction and prevention in rape production.

  Frozen Soil Characteristics and Forecasting of Ground Temperature and Frozen Soil Depth During Thawing Period in Shihezi of Xinjiang WANG Xiaotian, YIN Yuhong, LI Hongying, GAO Yu, XU Haoyi 2022, 38 (16):  97-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0639 Abstract + ( 371 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1377KB )   ( 55 ) To ensure the sowing in spring, it is necessary to carry out the monitoring of ground temperature and the forecasting of frozen soil thawing depth. The meteorological observation data of frozen soil from Shihezi of Xinjiang were utilized and relevant coefficient and linear regression methods were applied to analyze the frozen soil characteristics and the change rule of ground temperature and frozen soil depth in the thawing process, aiming to establish a forecasting model of frozen soil thawing in spring. The results indicate that the stable frozen soil period of Shihezi lasts from the middle ten days of November to the last ten days of March of the next year. The maximum depth of frozen soil tends to become shallow year by year, with the inclination rate of -5.4 cm/10 a; the freezing date of frozen soil is postponed, and the inclination rate is 2.0 d/10 a; the unfreezing date of frozen soil becomes earlier, and the inclination rate is -1.5 d/10 a. The thawing period of frozen soil lasts from the middle ten days of March to the first ten days of April, and the thawing rate of frozen soil is between 3.1-4.0 cm/d. The ground temperature in spring has significantly positive correlations with average temperature, thawing depth of frozen soil and cumulative positive temperature, and the corresponding forecasting models are established. Historical back substitution accuracy rate of the forecasting model of 10 cm ground temperature is over 96%, and historical back substitution accuracy rate of thawing depth forecasting model of frozen soil is over 94%. The forecasting of ground temperature and soil thawing in spring could be carried out through the models.

  Identification and Characterization of Opsin Genes from Thalassodes immissaria and Gene Expression After White LED Treatment YAO Qiong, QUAN Linfa, XU Shu, DONG Yizhi, LI Wenjing, CHI Yanyan, CHEN Bingxu 2022, 38 (16):  103-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0615 Abstract + ( 175 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2892KB )   ( 21 ) Currently, lighting control technology is promoted in litchi and longan cultivation areas in China. To explore the impacts of the lighting control technology on litchi leaf looper, 2 opsin genes were cloned using RACE technology based on the transcriptome sequencing results from Thalassodes immissaria, and then expression changes of the 2 opsin genes were detected after light treatment to T. immissaria by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the open reading frames of TiLW and TiUV encoded 374 and 378 amino acids, respectively. Results of secondary structure analysis of the 2 opsin genes showed that both of them were mainly composed of α-helix and random coil and contained typical conserved domains of opsin family. The 2 opsin genes could be detected at different developmental stages of the whole development cycle, but their expression levels were different at different developmental stages. After light treatment, the expression levels of TiLW and TiUV in the head of adults were affected by different degrees. Compared with the control group, after the light treatment of 24 h, TiLW was increased by 12.96 times and decreased by 8.61 times in female and male heads, respectively, while TiUV was increased by 1.75 times and decreased by 3.10 times, respectively. The results of this study show that TiLW and TiUV are involved in the stress process of light stimulation, and light stimulation could cause changes in the expression of the two opsin genes.

  Ultra-structural Characteristics of the Antennal Sensilla of Two Species of Caloptilia (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) LIANG Jingxuan, BAI Haiyan 2022, 38 (16):  110-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0505 Abstract + ( 217 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 9774KB )   ( 22 ) Caloptilia theivora and Caloptilia kurokoi are the leaf-miners of some plants respectively belonging to the family of Theaceae and Aceraceae. The study aims to understand the types, quantities, distribution and morphological characteristics of the antennal sensilla of the two species of Caloptilia, and explore their intraspecific and interspecific differences of antennal sensilla characteristics. Scanning electron microscope was used for the analysis. There are 11 types and 16 subtypes of antennal sensilla of the two species of Caloptilia, including sensilla trichodea (2 subtypes), sensilla chaetica (2 subtypes), sensilla coeloclnica (2 subtypes), sensilla styloconica (3 subtypes), sensilla auriculate (3 subtypes), sensilla basiconca, sensilla squamiformia (2 subtypes), sensilla intersegment (2 subtypes), Böhm bristles, sensilla mammilliformia and sensilla lamellar spiny. The female Caloptilia theivora has 11 types of sensilla (11 subtypes) and the male one has 10 types (13 subtypes). Both female and male Caloptilia kurokoi have 10 types and 13 subtypes of antennal sensilla. Semifusion was observed in the first subsegment of the flagellum of the female Caloptilia theivora. Both the two species of Caloptilia have sexual dimorphism in antennal sensilla, and there are some interspecific differences. Sensilla intersegment, sensilla mammilliformia and sensilla lamellar spiny are first reported in Lepidopteran. The antennal sensilla types of Gracillariidae and even Lepidoptera are greatly enriched by the research, which can lay a basis for further exploring the phylogenetic development, behaviors and pest and insect control of Gracillariidae.

  The Pupation Rules of the Larvae of Bactrocera minax in Hunan GONG Biya, OUYANG Gecheng, LIU Hui, XIAO Fulian, YANG Shuizhi, HOU Bohua, LI Xianxin, LUO Lin 2022, 38 (16):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0438 Abstract + ( 226 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1335KB )   ( 20 ) To identify the pupation rules of larvae of Bactrocera minax and the influencing factors in Hunan, the number and pupation progress of the larvae on wormy filter were observed in Changsha, Shimen, Shaoyang and Jishou, and the correlation analysis with the main meteorological factors were conducted. The results showed that, the pupation number of the larvae on Satsuma mandarin ‘Miyagawa’ and Citrus sinensis ‘Newhall’ wormy filter were both as follows: Shaoyang> Changsha> Jishou> Shimen; the pupation stage of the larvae on Satsuma mandarin ‘Miyagawa’ wormy filter in different observation sites were all before October 10, and the longest pupation duration was observed in Jishou; the pupation time of the larvae on Citrus sinensis ‘Newhall’ wormy filter was mainly from late October to early November in Changsha, Shaoyang and Shimen, and the longest pupation duration was observed in Jishou; the pupation of larvae on Satsuma mandarin ‘Miyagawa’ wormy filter was significantly and positively correlated with the minimum temperature and relative humidity, and the pupation of larvae on Citrus sinensis ‘Newhall’ wormy filter was significantly and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Thus, when formulating a plan for picking up the wormy filter, varieties and regional differences should be considered, the time of picking up wormy filter in Satsuma mandarin orchards should be earlier than that in Citrus sinensis orchards. The Satsuma mandarin orchards should focus on picking up the wormy filter dropped before October, and finish the picking before the local peak of the pupation; the Citrus sinensis orchards should focus on picking up the wormy filter dropped around the middle of October, and finish the picking before October 24.

  Effect of Tetranychus truncatus Feeding on Enzyme Activities of Solanum tuberosum MA Yue, ZHANG Kexin, WANG Fawu, ZHANG Qiangyan, ZHANG Yanlei, TAO Yan, LIU Huiping, LIU Changzhong 2022, 38 (16):  125-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0060 Abstract + ( 280 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1378KB )   ( 46 ) In order to clarify the effect of feeding stimulation of Tetranychus truncatus on enzyme activities of different drought-tolerant potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties, two potato varieties (‘Netherlands No.15’, early maturing, drought-sensitive; ‘Longshu 10’, late-maturing, drought-tolerant) were inoculated with mites, and the activities of 5 defense enzymes (CAT, POD, PPO, PAL and LOX) in potato leaves were determined within 7 days. The results showed that the activities of CAT, POD, PPO, PAL and LOX increased to different degrees after the stimulation of mites, and showed a trend of first increase and then decrease in time sequence, and were significantly higher than those of CK (healthy plant without mites) after 3 days. All the 5 enzymes were involved in the defense response of plants to mites, so as to promote the reduction of free oxygen in the injured plants, and increase the contents of phenylpropanoids, such as lignin, anthocyanin and alkaloids, and hydroperoxides to enhance the defense ability of plants. 7 days after mite damage, the activities of the 5 enzymes significantly decreased, and were significantly lower than those of CK, indicating that leaf mites might lead to plant disorder after long-term damage, so the plants could not well maintain efficient defense responses to mite damage. The activities of CAT, PPO and PAL of the two potato varieties were analyzed at the same time after leaf mite damage, and the drought-sensitive potato variety showed high resistance to mites. Although the POD activity of drought-tolerant potato variety was higher after being fed by spider mites, the POD activity of drought-sensitive potato variety increased more. There was no significant difference of LOX activity between the two varieties. Overall analysis showed that drought-sensitive potato had higher resistance to mites than drought-tolerant varieties. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the scientific control of leaf mites and variety breeding of potato.

  A Comparison Study on Fruit Texture Quality of Fresh Canarium album Fruits in Guangdong XIAO Weiqiang, LIU Chuanbin, KUANG Shizi, SHAO Xuehua, LIU Chuanhe, HE Han, LAI Duo 2022, 38 (16):  132-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0606 Abstract + ( 269 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1351KB )   ( 23 ) To analyze the differences of fruit texture quality of fresh Canarium album in Guangdong Province, the quantitative parameters of texture evaluation of fresh C. album fruits were investigated to verify the validity of sensory evaluation of texture. The texture puncture test was used to measure the texture parameters of seven varieties of fresh C. album fruits, and the effects of different water and fertilizer management on the fruit quality of C. album ‘Xiangtianlan’ were evaluated. Results showed that the texture parameters of fruits among different varieties were significantly different, with a variation coefficient of 12.57%-23.95%, which was consistent with the sensory evaluation. The correlation analysis results showed that the pericarp strength was positively correlated with pericarp brittleness and toughness, while pericarp breaking depth was significantly and negatively correlated with pulp hardness. Under the water and fertilizer management in this study, the soluble solid content, titrable acid content, tannin content, pericarp strength and pericarp fragility increased by 6%, 3.5%, 54.9%, 12.7% and 23.5%, respectively, while the crude fiber content and pericarp toughness decreased by 10% and 13.7%, respectively. Principal component analysis of fruit texture and quality parameters showed that pericarp strength, pulp hardness and fiber index could be used as texture parameters to quantitatively distinguish the differences among different fresh C. album varieties, and the numerical ranges of texture in fresh C. album fruits with good quality were: the pericarp strength and fruit hardness were less than 2300 and 1600 g, respectively, and the fiber index was greater than 10. In this study, a method for detecting the texture quality of fresh C. album fruits was preliminarily established by whole fruit texture puncture test.

  Extraction and Purification Technique of Phloridzin from Lithocarpus polystachyus in Guangxi QIN Rongxiu, YANG Li, LI Guizhen, GU Yao 2022, 38 (16):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0613 Abstract + ( 173 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1389KB )   ( 21 ) The paper aims to solve the problem of low yield and low purity of phloridzin extracted by existing techniques of extraction and purification. The leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus were used as experimental materials, and the extraction and purification techniques of phloridzin from L. polystachyus were studied by using extraction method. The optimum extraction condition of phloridzin was determined as follows: crushing phloridzin and sieving with 30-mesh, the ethanol concentration of 75%, the ratio of material to liquid of 1:15, the immersion time of 24 h, the ultrasonic time of 20 min, the centrifugation time of 15 min and the methanol concentration of 50%. Under this condition, the average yield and purity of phlorizin were 7.63% and 91.10%, respectively.

  Study on Nutrients and Quality Improvement of Liquid Fermented Mulberry Leaf Meal by Bacillus zhangzhouensis Using Response Surface Methodology JIANG Wenqiang, MIAO Linghong, GAO Liang, ZHU Yuejie, LIN Yan, LUO Chenhao, QIAN Linjie, CHEN Shiyou, ZHANG Weina, SHI Dalin, LIU Bo, SHEN Huaishun, GE Xianping 2022, 38 (16):  145-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0205 Abstract + ( 208 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1590KB )   ( 32 ) This study aims to optimize the fermentation process and the nutritional quality of fermented mulberry leaf meal by Bacillus zhangzhouensis through response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, mulberry leaf meal and Bacillus zhangzhouensis were selected as the raw material and microbial strain, and the crude protein content was the response value for liquid fermentation. The liquid fermentation process of mulberry leaf meal was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) analysis. The results showed that the optimum condition for liquid fermentation of mulberry leaf meal by Bacillus zhangzhouensis was as follows: the material water ratio of 5.8%, the liquid volume of 11.7%, the duration time of 61 h, and the temperature of 34℃. After being fermented under the above condition, the percentage of peptides with molecular weight below 1000 Da was 97.4%. Compared to the mulberry leaf meal, the content of crude protein and small peptides in fermented mulberry leaf meal significantly increased by 24.4% and 21.61%, respectively. In addition, the content of essential amino acids and total amino acids significantly increased, and the tannin content decreased by 34.71%. The antioxidant activity of fermented mulberry leaf meal was significantly higher than that of unfermented one. In general, the nutritional quality, the antioxidant activities and the palatability were improved, while the content of tannin decreased in fermented mulberry leaf meal after liquid fermentation using Bacillus zhangzhouensis under the optimized condition.

  Literature Review of Improving Rural Human Settlements in China Based on CiteSpace ZHENG Shanfeng, WANG Yanwei 2022, 38 (16):  155-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0424 Abstract + ( 161 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1663KB )   ( 33 ) In order to find out the status and future development trend of research on improving the rural human settlement environment in China, 1617 Chinese sample literature concentrated on ‘improving the rural human settlement environment’ from 2010 to 2021 were collected from the research platform of CNKI. With the help of Citespace, we used the theory of scientific knowledge graph and scientometrics to conduct the cluster analysis, keyword emergence analysis and research hotspot trend analysis. The results show that: (1) in the process of improving rural human settlement environment, domestic scholars generally focus on five aspects, including rural elderly care, rural roads, toilet renovation, rural garbage disposal and rural sewage treatment, and have made certain research progress in all the 5 aspects; by using keyword emergence analysis and research hotspot trend analysis, the above five aspects will still be the hot topics of research in the future; (2) the existing research on improving the rural human settlement environment are mainly qualitative, with relatively superficial analysis and inadequate quantitative analysis. It is advisable to combine the qualitative and quantitative analysis in future research.