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• 2022 Vol.38 No.15 Published:25 May 2022

  New-type Fertilizers in Simplified Fertilization of Rice: Evaluation of Yield Stabilization Effect HUAI Yan, CHEN Zhaoming, YANG Shaona, FANG Wenying, TANG Xuejun, MENG Zhonglei, WANG Qiang 2022, 38 (15):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0765 Abstract + ( 214 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1379KB )   ( 70 ) To assess the application effect of new-type fertilizers in the simplified fertilization of rice, multipoint field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of simplified fertilization of ‘one base and one topdressing’ model on the grain yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency of ‘indica-japonic hybrid rice’ and ‘late japonica rice’, respectively. The resin coated slow-release fertilizer (RCF), polyurethane coated slow-release fertilizer (PCF) and organic slow-release fertilizer (LSF) were used as the new fertilizers in this study. The results showed that for ‘indica-japonic hybrid rice’, when the N rate was reduced by 12.8% (218 kg/hm2), the simplified fertilization with new fertilizers (RCF, PCF and LSF) had no significant effect on rice yield and yield components compared with the normal fertilization (FF) treatment. For ‘late japonica rice’, when the N rate was reduced by 36.1% (177 kg/hm2), the rice yield under the RCF, PCF and LSF simplified fertilization were decreased by 20.4%, 12.0% and 22.8%, respectively, compared with that under treatment FF. There was no significant difference of effective spike number and spike rate of rice between treatment PCF and FF, while treatment RCF and LSF significantly decreased the effective spike number and spike rate of ‘late japonica rice’ compared with treatment FF. The simplified fertilization treatments (RCF, PCF and LSF) had significantly higher N partial factor productivity (NPFP) than treatment FF. No significant difference was found in the N agronomic efficiency (NAE) between treatment RCF and PCF and treatment FF. However, treatment LSF had a higher NAE in ‘indica-japonic hybrid rice’ and lower NAE in the ‘late japonica rice’ compared with treatment FF. The application effects of simplified fertilization were affected by the N application rate and fertilizer type simultaneously in rice production. Treatment PCF had a greater effect on N reduction and yield stabilization than treatment RCF and LSF for different rice types and on different experiment sites.

  Maize Hybrid-segregating Population: Popping Characteristics Analysis WANG Miao, WANG Lishuang, LI Keke, WANG Han, LI Yayong, DONG Yongbin, CHEN Ao, LI Yuling, TIAN Mingkun, ZOU Qiang 2022, 38 (15):  7-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0614 Abstract + ( 164 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1026KB )   ( 39 ) To reveal the genetic characteristics of popping characteristics of popcorn, an F1 segregating population was obtained using eight maize inbred lines. Popping characteristics, 100-grain weight and 100-grain volume were measured, and the correlations among them were analyzed by correlation analysis and path analysis. The results showed that the variation coefficient (CV) of each trait had a wide range from 16.56% to 78.18%. The popping fold showed extremely and significantly positive correlation with the popping volume and popping rate, while it had extremely and significantly negative correlation with the 100-grain weight and 100-grain volume. The popping volume had more direct positive effect on the popping fold, while the hundred-grain weight had more direct negative effect. This study can provide certain reference for the genetic improvement of popping characteristics of popcorn.

  Yield and Main Agronomic Traits of 5 New Hybrid Varieties of Maize: Grey Correlation Analysis CHEN Chunyan, YANG Shan, LI Qingchao, MA Jun, LIU Jianxin, CHENG Na 2022, 38 (15):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0749 Abstract + ( 257 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1795KB )   ( 68 ) In order to reveal the effect of main agronomic traits on yield of maize, five new maize hybrid varieties, ‘Shengnongyu 6’, ‘LCBB18-12’, ‘Bailongyu 303’, ‘Huinongdan 5’ and ‘Xikang 18’ were used as materials, agronomic traits of the 5 varieties, including growth period, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number, kernel number per row, bald tip, kernel weight per ear and 100-kernel weight, and their grey correlations with yield were analyzed by using Excel and SPSSPRO. The results showed that the effects of the agronomic traits on yield were in the order of kernel row number (0.85), ear diameter (0.846), 100-kernel weight (0.845), plant height (0.843), kernel weight per ear (0.839), growth period (0.827), ear length (0.817), kernel number per row (0.812), ear height (0.812) and bald tip (0.59). Except bald tip, the correlations between yield and other 9 traits were higher than 0.8, and the correlation between bald tip and yield was small (0.59). It is concluded that the kernel row number, ear diameter, 100-kernel weight, plant height, kernel weight per ear, growth period, ear length, kernel number per row and ear height are the main factors of yield components. The results can provide theoretical reference for high-yield breeding of maize.

  Nationally Approved New Maize Variety ‘MC278’: Breeding, Characteristics in Different Ecological Areas and Main Cultivation Techniques WANG Xiaoguang, QU Wenjie, LIU Chunge, WU Peng, WANG Ronghuan, FENG Peiyu, SHAN Hong, SHI Guiqing, LENG Yan, CHENG Guanglei 2022, 38 (15):  17-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0752 Abstract + ( 2108 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1068KB )   ( 66 ) In view of the shortage of water and heat resources in different ecological areas, and the frequent occurrence of wind disaster, lodging, low yield, poor quality and other problems in maize production, a new maize variety ‘MC278’ was bred by taking ‘Jing X005’ as female parent and ‘Jing 27’ as male parent. The inoculation tests of the variety in Jilin, Hebei and other places showed that it had strong resistance to small spot disease, Curvularia, dwarf mosaic, silk smut and stem rot, and was easy to infect large leaf spot, and it was moderately resistant to corn borer in Jilin. In the regional trials in Beijing, Inner Mongolia and other regions in different years, the kernel yield of ‘MC278’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Zhengdan 958’ (CK), the highest yield was 16166 kg/hm2, and the average yield was increased by 8.3%. The content of crude protein, crude starch and lysine of ‘MC278’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Zhengdan 958’. In 2019, the production in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other regions showed that the yield of ‘MC278’ was all more than 12804 kg/hm2, and the maximum yield was 14283 kg/hm2. ‘MC278’ was equipped with field management measures and harvest techniques, such as suitable sowing date, density and water and fertilizer management, and prevention and control measures of diseases and insect pests. The variety passed the national examination and approval in 2019 (National Approved Maize Variety No.20190030), and its planting area now includes 15 provincial regions, such as Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong and etc.

  Exogenous Spermidine: Effect on Biomass Accumulation and Photosynthetic Capacity of Maize Plants Under Waterlogging Stress CUI Yakun, KONG Lingjie, ZHENG Fei, LIU Ruixiang, CHEN Yanping, YUAN Jianhua 2022, 38 (15):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0759 Abstract + ( 177 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2460KB )   ( 36 ) The effects of waterlogging on the biomass accumulation (BA) and photosynthetic capacity of maize and the effective relief measures were studied to provide a basis for the stress-resistant and high-yield cultivation of maize. Two maize inbred lines with different waterlogging tolerance were chosen to study the effect of exogenous spermidine on BA, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize under waterlogging stress. The results showed that compared to the control, the waterlogging treatment significantly reduced the maize biomass of root, shoot and plant, and leaf area, as well as the relative biomass accumulation rate. Along with the increase of waterlogging days, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and actual photochemical efficiency gradually decreased, and the decline of Su95-1 (sensitive type) was the most obvious. Compared to those of the control, the BA and photosynthetic characteristics of the waterlogging treated plants with exogenous spermidine application significantly decreased, but they were higher than those in the waterlogging treatment, and the Su95-1 had a great increase. In summary, under waterlogging stress, exogenous spermidine can enhance the photosynthetic capacity and improve waterlogging tolerance of maize plants, and then increase the biomass accumulation.

  Warming and Drought in Hailun of Heilongjiang: Effects on Growth and Development of Soybean SUN Xipeng, LI Qi, QIAO Yunfa, HU Zhenghua, ZHANG Xuying, LIU Yuanyuan 2022, 38 (15):  27-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0788 Abstract + ( 187 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2950KB )   ( 42 ) The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of different degrees of warming and drought stress on soybean growth in Hailun area of Heilongjiang Province by using WOFOST model, and to provide reference for local soybean planting. The soybean production data of Hailun Comprehensive Experimental Station were used as test materials, the localized WOFOST model was used to simulate the warming and drought stress, and the growth data of soybean under different stress conditions were measured. The results showed that under 1℃-3℃ warming stress, the growth period of soybean was significantly shortened, the leaf area index decreased with the increase of the stress, and the yield decreased with the increase of temperature. Under 3℃ temperature increase, the total weight of living storage organs (TWSO) decreased by 11.01% and the total aboveground production (TAGP) decreased by 13.72%. Under different degrees of drought stress, the length of soybean growth period did not change significantly, but the leaf area index decreased significantly, and the yield was significantly affected by drought, particularly, the total weight of living storage organs was decreased by 13.26% under severe drought stress. In this study, the impact of warming and drought on soybean in Hailun was analyzed by crop model, which could have great significance for disaster prevention and mitigation, and stable yield increase in soybean production.

  Effects of Drought Stress on Growth and Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Potato Varieties ZHANG Ruijiu, MA Hui, JI Lijie, REN Dezhi, LI Shuangdong, ZHANG Yaohui, WANG Lihong 2022, 38 (15):  34-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1175 Abstract + ( 197 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1929KB )   ( 94 ) This experiment studied the physiological mechanism of different potato varieties under drought stress, so as to provide a theoretical basis for potato drought resistance breeding and cultivation. ‘Jizhangshu No.8’, ‘Jizhangshu No.12’ and ‘Kexin No.1’ were used to study the changes of potato growth and physiological and biochemical indexes under different drought stress treatments in the shed, and evaluate their drought resistance. The results showed that the growth indexes, such as yield, plant height, stem diameter and stem-leaf fresh weight, decreased significantly under drought stress. With the increase of stress degree, the peroxidase activity (POD) of the three varieties increased gradually, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased first and then decreased,and the soluble protein content displayed an increasing trend. Additionally, the variation level of the three indexes were different among the three varieties, and the rising range of the indexes of ‘Jizhangshu No.8’ and ‘Jizhangshu No.12’ were higher than that of ‘Kexin No.1’. Moreover, the tissue relative water content decreased gradually when the drought stress was increased. The order of drought resistance from strong to low was ‘Jizhangshu No.8’, ‘Jizhangshu No.12 ’and ‘Kexin No.1’ through comprehensive analysis and evaluation. The results showed that potato varieties obtained strong drought resistance by a series of physiological and biochemical changes.

  Effect of Rotation Irrigation of Brackish and Fresh Water on Greenhouse Tomato Yield and Quality in Coastal Saline-Alkali Land DING Shoupeng, ZHANG Guoxin, YAO Yutao, SUN Yeshuo, YANG Yahua 2022, 38 (15):  40-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1207 Abstract + ( 168 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1330KB )   ( 38 ) In coastal saline-alkali land, the greenhouse tomato was taken as the research object, and four treatments of rotation irrigation of brackish and fresh water were set: 1:1 (T1), 2:1 (T2), 3:1 (T3) and 4:1 (T4), with fresh water irrigation as the control. The effects of different irrigation modes on tomato growth, yield and quality were investigated to provide data support for brackish water irrigation system of greenhouse tomato in saline-alkali land. The results showed that: under the brackish and fresh water rotation irrigation treatments, the biomass of tomato increased first and then decreased with the increase of the number of brackish water irrigation times. The biomass of tomato under T1 and T2 was significantly higher than that of the control. With the increase of brackish water irrigation times, the yield and single fruit weight of T1 and T2 did not change significantly compared with those of the control, but the yield and single fruit weight of other treatments decreased significantly; from the analysis of fruit quality, each treatment improved fruit quality to varying degrees. Comprehensive analysis showed that T1 and T2 could ensure the normal growth and stable yield of tomato to a certain extent and improve the fruit quality. Therefore, T1 and T2 are the reasonable and effective rotation irrigation modes of brackish and fresh water in coastal saline-alkali areas.

  Mutagenic Effect of 60Co-γ on Tissue Culture Seedlings of Paphiopedilum SUN Yin, HAO Jun, FANG Yifu, ZHANG Qian, JIANG Nannan 2022, 38 (15):  45-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0612 Abstract + ( 176 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 3877KB )   ( 27 ) The aims are to breed new varieties of Paphiopedilum, clarify the mutagenic effect of 60Co-γ on different developmental stages of Paphiopedilum and select appropriate radiation dose. Seeds, bottle seedlings (adventitious bud proliferation and adventitious root differentiation stage) and seedlings were used as materials which were treated under the radiation dose of 0 Gy, 5 Gy, 10 Gy, 20 Gy, 30 Gy and 40 Gy of 60Co-γ. The growth and variation were observed and the physiological and biochemical indexes were measured. The results showed that the appropriate radiation dose for seed germination and adventitious root differentiation stage was 5 Gy, while the optimal radiation dose was 20 Gy for adventitious bud proliferation and seedling stage. 6.92 Gy was the semi-lethal dose for Paphiopedilum seeds. With the increase of radiation dose, the seed germination rate, adventitious bud growth rate, adventitious root differentiation rate, and seedling growth potential decreased and the variation increased. Simultaneously, the electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, proline content and the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased first and then decreased. The ideal radiation dose for Paphiopedilum was low at seed germination and adventitious root differentiation stage, and was relatively high at adventitious bud proliferation and seedling stage. The induced variation was obvious and the effect was stable with the appropriate radiation dose.

  Biodegradation of Aquatic Plant Residues in Macrophytic Lake: A Review GAO Yan, LI Zhifei, LIU Yang, WANG Guangjun, XIE Jun, GUO Zhaoliang 2022, 38 (15):  53-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0707 Abstract + ( 172 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1188KB )   ( 41 ) Aquatic higher plants are growing under the stimulation of high nutrients in macrophytic lakes, and the massive growth of aquatic plants can reduce lake nutrient content and improve water transparency in a short time. However, after aquatic plants entering the decay period, their residues could be decomposed and release a large amount of nutrients under the hydraulic and biological action, aggravating the eutrophication of lake water. Subsequently, the residues will be converted into peat and deposited on the bottom of the lake, which causes the rise of lake bottom and the decline of the water level, and accelerates the paludification of lakes. Excessive aquatic plant residues are very likely to pose a threat to aquatic ecological balance. Therefore, this paper introduced the decomposition mechanism of aquatic plant residues in lakes and the influence factors, and explored the application of zoobenthos and microorganisms in the degradation of plant residues. Finally, suggestions were put forward to lay a foundation for the remediation of plant residue decomposition.

  Evaluation Methods of Cultivated Land Fertility and Their Practical Application: Research Progress LI Yahua, ZHANG Xiangqian, AN Qi, WU Di, LIU Zhanyong, SUN Feng, ZHANG Dejian, GAO Min, ZHANG Guoying, XING Jun 2022, 38 (15):  60-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0610 Abstract + ( 334 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1208KB )   ( 55 ) Cultivated land is one of the major natural resources of agricultural production development. Cultivated land fertility is a main index in the characterization of farmland quality, and it has direct impact on the development of agricultural production. The construction of cultivated land fertility evaluation index system is the key to ensure the rational utilization of farmland, which is of great significance to the protection of cultivated land, the improvement of soil fertility and the development of agricultural production. In this paper, the relevant research of cultivated land fertility assessment at home and abroad was briefly introduced. Furthermore, the development history, advantages and disadvantages of eight major technologies and methods widely used in cultivated land fertility assessment at home and abroad were summarized. The available research results show that the traditional evaluation methods have some limitations, and the laws and regulations need to be improved. With the rapid development of computer network technology and GIS technology, artificial intelligence method and GIS-based data mining method will gradually become the research hotspot, and the application of GIS and satellite remote sensing technology will be more extensive and could improve the accuracy and timeliness of farmland information. Based on the review conducted by this study, it is expected to provide theoretical and technical support for the Third National Soil Survey, as well as the development of profitable, ecological and sustainable agriculture.

  Straw Fiber Pretreated by Microorganism: Pulp Structure, Fiber Morphology and Film-Forming Properties FAN Xiaodong, ZHANG Yue, WU Zengyou, YONG Cheng, QU Ping, HUANG Hongying, XU Yueding, SUN Enhui 2022, 38 (15):  69-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0816 Abstract + ( 195 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 3590KB )   ( 35 ) In order to study the effect of biological pretreatment on straw fiber dissociation and promote fiber separation and film formation in pulping process, the effects of microbial inoculation amount and fermentation time on chemical composition, fiber morphology and film mechanical properties of straw fiber were studied by laboratory simulated fermentation. The results showed that, the degradation rate of rice straw treated with 1% exogenous bacteria reached 20% after 14 days, and the fiber degradation was moderate, and the proportion of fine fiber was only 59.63%-67.91%, compared with the control group. The interlacing force among fibers was enhanced, and the effect of fiber dissolution and separation was improved, which led to the energy consumption of beating decreased by 71.54%. In addition, with the prolonging of fermentation time, the tensile strength of fiber film increased first and then decreased, which increased by 7.6% and 4.64% on day 7 and day 14, respectively. When treated with 3% inoculation amount for 14 days, the weight average and weight of slurry increased by 28.57% and 49.36% respectively, and the fiber film tear rate reached 240.9 mN. The conclusions are as follows: there is no significant correlation between tensile strength and fiber mass, but a negative correlation between bursting strength and weighted fiber length, while there is a significantly positive correlation between tear strength and average fiber length, weight average and length-width ratio. This study provides technical support for the development and application of biodegradable straw fiber mulching film.

  Replacement Ratio of Chemical Fertilizer by Organic Fertilizer Under the Wheat-Maize Rotation in Lime Concretion Black Soil Area WANG Wenjun, WANG Daozhong 2022, 38 (15):  78-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0585 Abstract + ( 226 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 2424KB )   ( 49 ) To explore the effects of different ratios of chemical fertilizer replaced by organic fertilizer on the yields of wheat and maize and soil physical and chemical properties, and determine the rational application of organic fertilizer, this study was conducted under wheat-maize rotation in lime concretion black soil area. A located field experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2020 in Mengcheng County, Anhui Province, and the experiment consisted of no nitrogen (CK), conventional fertilization (F), 20% chemical fertilizer replaced by manure (F0.8M0.2), 40% chemical fertilizer replaced by manure (F0.6M0.4), 60% chemical fertilizer replaced by manure (F0.4M0.6), 80% chemical fertilizer replaced by manure (F0.2M0.8), and 100% chemical fertilizer replaced by manure (M). Each plot size was 30 m2 and there were three replications. The results showed that the rational organic fertilizer replacement ratio was 20% for winter wheat and 40% for maize, under which the average yield of wheat and maize respectively increased by 1.8% and 0.2% compared to that of CK. With the increase of organic fertilizer replacement ratio, the yield decreased. Regression analysis showed that when the replacement ratio was 10.4% for wheat and 25.6% for maize respectively, the yield of both crops were the highest. With the increase of planting years, the yield of high replacement ratio treatments increased. Organic fertilizer increased soil pH and decreased soil bulk density, increased soil organic matter (OM) content and total nitrogen (TN) content. The content of OM and TN showed an increasing trend with the increase of the replacement ratio of organic fertilizer. The effect of organic fertilizer replacement on soil available phosphorous (P) and available potassium (K) contents was affected by the input amount of P and K, crop yield, and the availability of P and K in soil. The optimal ratio of organic fertilizer was 20% for wheat and 40% for maize under the wheat-maize rotation. When the replacement was higher than the optimal ratio, the yield decreased, and with the increase of the planting years, the residual superposition effect increased. Organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer could improve soil ecological environment, increase soil organic matter, total nitrogen content and soil fertility, and the effect is affected by many factors, such as the replacement ratio of organic fertilizer, the duration of experiment and so on. Only through continuous years of located field experiments, the optimum ratio of the chemical fertilizer replaced by organic fertilizer could be determined.

  Fertilizer Reduction and Green Substitution Mode of Potato Cultivation in Arid Areas LIU Yongqiang, HU Xinyuan 2022, 38 (15):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0629 Abstract + ( 170 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1156KB )   ( 35 ) In order to improve the scientific management of fertilization in potato cultivation and build a green (environment-friendly) and efficient fertilization mode in arid areas of China, three treatments were set up in field experiment, including traditional fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution (FRS), and FRS plus trace elements and straw compensation (GFA). The effects of the three treatments on potato growth, SPAD value, yield, economic benefit, efficiency-increasing potential and quality were studied. The results showed that the plant height, economic yield and economic benefit of FRS were slightly higher than those of CK, the difference was not significant, and the efficiency-increasing potential was negative. However, the plant height, SPAD value, yield, economic benefit and quality of potato under GFA significantly increased, and compared with those of CK, the yield in Hanwan village, Sanhe village and Huyang village increased by 10.80%, 4.34% and 11.73% respectively; the economic benefit increased by 9.47%, 0.01% and 12.29% respectively, dry matter content increased by 10.66%, 11.67% and 6.00% respectively, crude starch content increased by 13.57%, 23.17% and 13.18% respectively, vitamin C content increased by 5.76%, 6.25% and 6.64% respectively, and the efficiency-increasing potential was 0.94, 0.01 and 0.97 respectively. Taken together, GFA could effectively promote the yield and quality of potato in arid areas, and has a certain efficiency-increasing potential. It is a green and efficient fertilization management mode for popularization in arid areas of China.

  Production of Liquid Organic Zinc Fertilizer by Reusing Zinc Ash Waste from Hot Dipped Galvanizing Plant MA Wenzhou, CHEN Yanyan, WU Hongsheng, WANG Xiaoyun, SUN Qian, DING Jun, LI Yanhui, LIU Zheng, CAI Yuntong, XU Jinyi, ZHANG Jinfu, YIN Wen, ZHANG Xumei, XU Jianhua 2022, 38 (15):  91-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0705 Abstract + ( 188 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1732KB )   ( 30 ) The aims are to study the production of microelement fertilizer using zinc ash waste from hot dipped galvanizing plant from the perspective of solid waste resource utilization, to change waste into valuables and to develop the recycle economy. The zinc ash waste from hot dipped galvanizing plant was used as material in this study. Inorganic acid and a mixture of inorganic acid and organic acid were used to extract zinc from zinc ash to prepare liquid organic zinc fertilizer. ICP-OES was used to determine zinc concentration of the liquid. The results showed that relatively small sample weighing error was found under large sample weighing amount and high concentration of acid, and good result was obtained when the sample weighing amount of zinc was 5-10 g. Better effect was achieved with the mixture of inorganic acid and organic acid compare to that of single acid. The best dissolving effect of zinc ash was gained by the mixture of inorganic acid and organic acid. The extract of zinc ash by mixing acids was used to treat seeds of peanut, soybean and purple maize. The germinating rate of seeds was increased at low concentration of zinc (1.5 mg/L), while high concentration of zinc (6.5 mg/L) inhibited the germinating rate and all seeds did not germinate at the concentration of 45 mg/L. The low concentration of zinc extract could promote seedlings’ growth but high concentration had an inhibition effect. When the concentration of zinc was 85 mg/L, there was a reduction of purple maize biomass of 80% compared to that of the control, but the effect on soybean growth was small. It is concluded that a mixture of inorganic acid and organic acid can be used to make liquid organic zinc fertilizer which can solve the problems of environmental pollution caused by zinc ash waste and soil zinc deficiency, and promote crop growth.

  Effect of Carbon-based and Silicate Passivators on Cd Reduction in Moderately Cd Contaminated Chili Soil WEN Xiong, FAN Chengwu, HAN Maode, SHAO Daixing, QIN Song, CHAI Guanqun 2022, 38 (15):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0594 Abstract + ( 221 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2205KB )   ( 30 ) This study aims to provide theoretical guidance for the safe production of chili in central Guizhou and screen out passivators with better effect in areas with moderate cadmium pollution. Two kinds of carbon-based passivators (coconut-shell biochar and activated carbon) and two kinds of silicate passivators (silica-calcium fertilizer and sepiolite) were selected to carry out field plot experiments. In the experimental design, passivators were added alone or carbon-based passivators were mixed with silicate passivators, and the total amount of application was 3000 kg/hm2. The results showed that the single application of silicon-calcium had the most significant effect on increasing soil pH, which was increased by 2.36 units compared with that of CK. Under the treatments of mixed application of passivators, the most significant treatment for increasing soil pH was activated carbon + sepiolite, which increased soil pH by 2.07 units. The application of silicon-calcium alone had the best effect on reducing the content of DTPA-Cd in soil, and the reduction rate was 36.5%. Coconut-shell biochar + silicon-calcium had the best effect on reducing the content of DTPA-Cd in the soil among the mixed application of passivators, and the reduction rate was 28.5%. Sepiolite alone could significantly reduce the enrichment coefficient of Cd in chili, and the content of Cd in chili was significantly reduced by 47.4%, which could minimize the safety risk in edible parts of chili. It is suggested that carbon-based passivators and silicate passivators should be applied separately or at different time in areas with moderate Cd contamination, which could not only effectively reduce the contamination risk of Cd in soil and crops, but also maximize soil improvement and enhance the passivation efficiency of passivators.

  Bacillus megaterium: Fermentation Medium Optimization and Phosphate Solubilization Effect YANG Xiaoyan, YE Weiwei, WEI Shanqiang, ZHANG Long, HUANG Jun 2022, 38 (15):  105-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0678 Abstract + ( 343 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2725KB )   ( 54 ) The optimization of fermentation medium of Bacillus megaterium and the research on its phosphorus solubilization effect can lay a theoretical foundation for its further research and production application. Using Bacillus megaterium as the test material, the fermentation medium conditions were optimized by orthogonal experiments, and the phosphorus solubilization effect was determined by the molybdenum antimony colorimetric method. The best medium and conditions were bran of 1%, soybean meal of 0.5%, NaCl of 1%, MnSO4 of 0.05%, pH 7.0, temperature of 30℃, inoculation amount of 8%, rotational speed of 200 r/min, and the effective number of viable bacteria could reach 29×108 cfu/mL. The 50 L fermentor reached basically the end in 26 hours, and the effective number of viable bacteria could reach 48×108 cfu/mL and the spore rate could be greater than or equal to 95%. Bacillus megaterium was cultured in lecithin and calcium phosphate liquid medium for 5 days, the available phosphorus content in the supernatant was 1.67 mg/L and 83 mg/L, respectively, which was 26 times and 17 times that of the control group. After 2 weeks of treatment in field test, the available phosphorus content in soil was 165.3 mg/kg. Through this study, the effective number of viable bacteria is 7 times higher than that of the original formula, which can effectively degrade organic and inorganic phosphorus, and significantly increase the effective phosphorus content in soil.

  Construction of SSR Fingerprint and Molecular Identity Card of Shandong Elite Julans regia Cultivars—Based on Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis LIANG Yan, HAN Chuanming, ZHOU Jilei, SUN Chao, WANG Cuixiang, LI Chunming, WANG Jing, MIN Xufeng, GONG Qingdang, MENG Xiaoye, YANG Xuqiang 2022, 38 (15):  113-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0740 Abstract + ( 273 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2641KB )   ( 39 ) The study analyzed the genetic background and constructed the molecular ID cards of Shandong elite Julans regia cultivars, aiming to provide technical support for breeding elite walnut cultivars and quality traceability. In this study, 17 walnut cultivars were used as the test materials to construct the fingerprints by using fluorescent SSR markers, and the data were analyzed at the molecular level. Nei's genetic distance ranged from 0.181 to 0.720 and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.267 to 0.867 among the 17 walnut cultivars. Five pairs of SSR primers were screened to construct the fingerprints of the 17 walnut cultivars. The core primers could be divided into two groups: HF9 + HF15 and HF3 + HF9 + HF14, and each group could completely distinguish the 17 cultivars. Based on fingerprint and combined with commodity information, the molecular ID cards of the 17 walnut cultivars were established by digital coding. The genetic basis of the 17 walnut cultivars was wide, and the result showed that there was no obvious correlation between the cluster relationship and geographical location. The 5 core primers had a good polymorphism and could be used to construct walnut fingerprint. Molecular QR code could provide a basis for the identification of elite Julans regia cultivars.

  The Olfactory Recognition Mechanism of Herbivore Insects on Plant Volatiles: A Review LV Jinyan, MENG Zhaojun 2022, 38 (15):  122-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0598 Abstract + ( 172 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1178KB )   ( 34 ) In the natural environment, there are close relationships and continuous interactions between insects and plants, among which, herbivore insects mainly rely on olfactory recognition of plant volatiles to distinguish between host and non-host plants. The study on the mechanism of herbivore insect olfactory perception of host plant volatiles can reveal the synergistic evolutionary relationship between herbivore insects and host plants, screen out resistant species of plants and develop green pest control technologies. This article reviews the plant volatile species and properties, the response of herbivore insects to plant volatiles, the types and functions of antennal olfactory receptor neurons, and the species of antennal olfactory-related proteins and their functions. Then, it discusses the latest research ideas and methods in insect chemical ecology. The review can provide a theoretical basis for the pollution-free control of pests.

  Bacillus methylotrophicus NKG-1 Wettable Powder: Preparation and Efficacy Study ZHANG Wei, LV Zhaoyang, LI Boya, WANG Cong, GE Beibei, ZHANG Kecheng, PARK Kyung Seok, SHI Liming 2022, 38 (15):  130-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0729 Abstract + ( 217 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2451KB )   ( 63 ) In order to prepare wettable powder of Bacillus methylotrophicus NKG-1 and evaluate its effect on disease prevention and growth promotion, we used NKG-1 as the test material, determined the optimal formula of the wettable powder (WP) through the selection of carrier and auxiliary agent by the mixture design, and conducted the efficacy evaluation on the WP. The results showed that the best carrier of NKG-1 WP was silica, and the best additives were the mixture of alkyl naphthyl sulfonate formaldehyde condensation and block copolymer (Morwet D-500) and alkyl naphthalene sulfonate (Petro AA). The mixture design determined the optimal mass ratio: silica: Morwet D-500: Petro AA=72:16:12. The control efficacy test results showed that the fresh weight, dry weight, plant height and root length of tomato plants treated with NKG-1 wettable powder 100 times solution increased by 53.34%, 61.01%, 88.02% and 78.53%, respectively, compared with those of the control. The average control effect of NKG-1 wettable powder on Botrytis cinerea could reach 82.02%. In this study, the optimal ratio of Bacillus methylotrophicus NKG-1 WP was determined, and the efficacy of the preparation was evaluated, which could lay an experimental foundation for the production and application of NKG-1.

  Fungicides for Wheat Scab Control in Jiangsu Province: Effectiveness Monitoring Analysis YANG Hongfu, WU Jiawen, CHEN Yuan, ZHANG Jianhua 2022, 38 (15):  139-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0758 Abstract + ( 199 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1366KB )   ( 88 ) Through field experiments, the effectiveness of fungicides for wheat scab control is evaluated to provide reference on fungicide selection for plant protection departments. Taking ‘Zhenmai 12’ and ‘Zhenmai 9’ as the test varieties, the highest registered dose of the tested fungicides was applied twice at the flowering stage of wheat. The disease index of wheat scab and DON toxin content in grains were investigated 25 days after the last application, and the control effect of each fungicide on scab was calculated. The results showed that when the resistance frequency of wheat scab to carbendazim in an area reached more than 50%, the control effect of carbendazim on wheat scab declined from 90% to less than 80%; while when 75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole SC, an agent that contained strobilurin, was adopted to control wheat scab, the accumulation of DON toxin in wheat grains would be stimulated. The toxin content came up to 1.405 mg/L, which was higher than 0.598 mg/L of CK. Moreover, the minimum effective dose of tebuconazole for wheat scab prevention and control in this area was preliminarily determined to be 120 g/hm2 by effectiveness monitoring. Monitoring the effectiveness of fungicides is a key safeguard mechanism for the effective prevention and control of wheat scab.

  Soft Pellet Feed Preparation and Application for Mud Crab (Scylla Paramamosain) LIN Guowen 2022, 38 (15):  144-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0142 Abstract + ( 342 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1431KB )   ( 39 ) The study was carried out to screen favorable soft pellet feeds for mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) factory farming. Mud crabs with average body weight of (261.44-24.62)g were raised in plastic box (360 mm×260 mm×270 mm) and fed by fresh Sinonovacula constricta (control group) and soft pellet feeds (test group) composed of 70% frozen Decapterus maruadsi meat, 15% eel meal, 3% calcium phosphate, 2% agar and 10% fish oil. The growth rate, survival rate and nutritional composition of mud crabs were analyzed over 45 days of feeding. The results showed that the survival rate in soft pellet feed group was 90.48%, which was higher than that of control group (71.43%), but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The growth rate and specific growth rate in the test group were 34.62±17.93 and 0.64±0.29 respectively, which were dramatically higher than those of control group (P<0.05), which were 14.38±9.51 and 0.29±0.19 respectively. The contents of essential amino acids and delicious amino acids of mud crabs in the test group (muscle: 2.9% and 3.96%; gonad: 2.39% and 2.63%) were higher than those in the control group (muscle: 2.53% and 3.27%; gonad: 1.80% and 2.14%); and the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids (muscle: 18.5% and 36.7%; gonad: 20.5% and 23.9%) were also higher than those in control group (muscle: 15.4% and 18.9%; gonad: 17.7% and 18%). Therefore, the soft pellet feeds can effectively replace fresh shellfish for the factory farming of mud crabs.

  Popularization of Meteorological Science in Ethnic Minority Areas of Qinghai Province: Characteristics and Development Trends ZHONG Cun, WEI Peng, MA Yujuan 2022, 38 (15):  150-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1190 Abstract + ( 166 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 43 ) This study took Guide County in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province as an example, expounded and analyzed the forms, objects, contents and activities of the popularization of meteorological science, and the particularity of meteorological science popularization in ethnic minority areas based on their development in the past 20 years. It is concluded that the development trend of meteorological science popularization in grass-roots ethnic minority areas in Qinghai has changed to multiple forms, more abundant contents and diversified objects, and the popularization of meteorological science has been gradually improved in combination with ethnic minority language, history and culture. This study puts forward suggestions and thoughts on the development of meteorological science popularization in ethnic minority areas. Mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas are fragile areas of ecological environment, which have low disaster prevention and reduction capacity. The key to science popularization is to focus on the construction of ecological civilization and improve the ability of disaster prevention and reduction at the grass-roots level. There are many factors restricting meteorological science popularization, we should base on the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions and take into consideration the characteristics of local ethnic minorities, to make good use of scientific and technological means, strengthen talent training, and introduce more capital to further improve the publicity of meteorological science popularization and highlight the primary role of meteorological service in disaster prevention and reduction.

  Green Agricultural Production Willingness of Beijing Farmers and Its Promotion Paths in the New Period: Impact of Farmers’ Perceptions and Policy Factors Based on TAM and SEM LV Na 2022, 38 (15):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0556 Abstract + ( 202 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1658KB )   ( 31 ) To promote the efficient development of green agriculture in Beijing, it is important to understand the willingness of farmers to green agriculture production and propose ways to promote it. This paper drew on the analytical framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM) and designed the influencing factors of willingness into two categories: farmers’ perception and policy factors. Using the survey data of 350 rural households in 10 districts of Beijing, the structural equation model (SEM) was used to systematically analyze the effects of farmers’ perceptions and policy factors on farmers’ willingness to green agriculture production and their relationship. The results show that: perceived usefulness and policy response have significantly positive impacts on farmers’ willingness to participate in green agriculture production; perceived ease of use affects the willingness through the mediating effect of perceived usefulness; and policy execution has an impact on the willingness through perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and policy response. The comprehensive influence of each factor is compared. Based on the above analysis, path recommendations on enhancing Beijing farmers’ green agricultural production willingness are put forward: taking effective measures to improve farmers’ awareness of the usefulness and ease of use of developing green agriculture; scientifically formulating policies to improve their response effects; and strengthening the implementation of the policies and give full play to their effectiveness.