Current issue

• 2011 Vol.27 No.31 Published:05 December 2011

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  A Review of Land Use/ Cover Change Studies on Landscape Scale 2011, 27 (31):  1-5.  Abstract + ( 1203 )   PDF ( 534006KB )   ( 1092 ) LUCC studies have quickly become the significant and challenging research field in landscape ecology and global ecology. Based on the summarize of the research status of land use/ cover change, LUCC studies on landscape scale was systematically analyzed, such as ecology influence and estimation, LUCC ecology safe on landscape scale.

  Effects of Different Aspects on Litter Decomposition and Related Nutrient Release Rate in Schima superba and Pinus massoniana Plantations 2011, 27 (31):  6-17.  Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 1625042KB )   ( 1072 ) In order to find out the effect mechanisms, the effect of different aspect on decomposition of Schima superba and Pinus massoniana litter from mid-subtropical zone were discussed. The results showed that: under 35 a Schima superba and Pinus massoniana plantations, the southeastern slope (No.2 plot) was more conducive to the 4 kinds of litter decomposition. In the 50 a plantation, the decomposition rate of Schima superba leaves and branches in southern slope (No.3 plot) were more quickly, and the decompose of Pinus massoniana branches in east slope (No.4 plot) were faster, however the differences of decomposition rate which caused by different aspect were not reach significant level. The contents of C in the 4 kinds of litter were all gradually reduced over time. N, Ca in the litter occurred different levels of enrichment after a rapid release period (0-62 d), the effects of different aspect on of N, Ca decomposition were more obvious. The P, K, Mg in Schima superba leaves and branches and Pinus massoniana branches-especially Schima superba branches increased greatly and decreased rapidly, the effects of aspect difference in the different periods were very different. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn in leaves litter, especially Schima superba leaves had suffered different levels of enrichment, the enriched amounts of 4 trace elements in branches, especially Pinus massoniana branches were much smaller. The influence of aspect difference on 4 trace elements decomposition at different periods was more sensitive and complex.

  Research on the Disinfection and Browning Prevention of Shorea wantianshuea Explants 2011, 27 (31):  18-22.  Abstract + ( 1252 )   PDF ( 587622KB )   ( 650 ) The seeds and stem segments of Shorea wantianshuea were used as explants to study the methods of disinfection and browning prevention, which will be helpful to get sterile explants for tissue culture. The results showed that it was better to use embryos explants than the seeds and adding in penicillin with 6 millions units was efficient to lower down the contamination rate during disinfecting. It was difficult for stem segments to be disinfected. Penicillin could reduce contamination rate to some extend, but the effects were not good and there was seriously browning during disinfection. The vitamin C (VC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and activated carbon (Ac) could reduce the browning effectively with and optimal combination 0.2 mg/L VC, 2 g/L polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 0.5 g/L activated carbon (Ac) in 1/2 MS medium with and optimal combination.

  Effects of Color Plastic Films on Induction of Callus of Stems and Three Main Alkaloids Contents in Phellodendron amurense 2011, 27 (31):  23-26.  Abstract + ( 1297 )   PDF ( 591186KB )   ( 868 ) The stems of Phellodendron amurense were used as explants to describe the effects of different color plastic films on induction of callus and on the contents of berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine. The stems which were inoculated on MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L 6-BA, 0.5 mg/L NAA and 20 g/L glucose were treated under different color plastic films. After 20 days of treatment, morphological characteristics of callus were observed and biomass and alkaloid contents were determined. It was shown that all the four treatments induced callus of stems and the induction rate was 100%, but the effects on the status and growth of callus and content of secondary metabolic product were different under various color plastic films. The produced callus tissues under control and blue film were vivid, loose in texture, fast in growth while fewer and aged callus tissues were induced under other films. Further studies showed that the contents of the three alkaloids under control and blue film were higher than others. The results showed that control and blue treatment were the best for growth of tissue and content of secondary metabolic product, followed by yellow and the worst were under green and red ones.

  Evaluation for Service Functions of Urban Forest Ecosystem in Guangzhou 2011, 27 (31):  27-35.  Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 723059KB )   ( 1354 ) In order to comprehensively understand the urban forest service functions and objectively evaluate the service function value, the 14 kinds of service function of urban forest ecosystem in Guangzhou were evaluated by applying the evaluation technologies of actual, substituted (concealed) and imaginary (simulated) markets on the basis of lots of survey data. The results showed that service functions of urban forest ecosystem in Guangzhou evaluated 4417157×104 yuan/a in 2009. The indirect economic value (4209833×104 yuan/a) was 35.16 times as high as the direct economic value (122155×104 yuan/a). The value of service functions of urban forest ecosystem included economic profit, ecological benefit and social benefit. The economic profit (122155×104. yuan/a), the ecological benefit (3546983×104 yuan/a), social benefit (748019×104 yuan/a) accounted for 2.77%, 80.30% and 16.93% of the gross service value, respectively. The value of each kind of service functions tended to decrease in the order: climatic regulation＞oxygen release＞forest recreation＞culture and education＞forest byproducts＞employment＞carbon dioxide fixation＞nutrient accumulation＞soil improvement＞biological diversity protection＞water conservation＞soil conservation＞air purification＞scientific and technological progress. The value of climatic regulation, oxygen release and forest recreation was very important in all kinds of value of service functions of urban forest ecosystem.

  Analysis on Dynamic of Forest Landscape Pattern in Guposhan National Park 2011, 27 (31):  36-40.  Abstract + ( 1183 )   PDF ( 693826KB )   ( 821 ) Based on the second class investigations of forest resources in 1999 and 2009, the geography information system ArcGIS and the landscape analysis program Fragstats 3.3 were introduced to study the dynamics of landscape patterns in Guposhan National Forest Park. The results showed that the main landscape type did not changed in the ten years but the proportion of the area covered by broad-leaf, shrub and Chinese fir forests rose from 80.44% to 95.41%. The landscape matrices were basically broad-leaf forest which rose from 63.63% to 75.82% in proportion. The amount of total patches has decreased from 301 to 174 and there was a downward trend when considering the mean shape index. The diversity index decreased from 1.233 to 0.862 while the dominant index increased from 0.846 to 1.217. The landscape tended to be sequential and stable, on the whole, with the succession from conifer forest to conifer-broadleaf forest and broad-leaf forest in turn.

  The Dynamic Change and Correlation Analysis of Main Natural Wetland in Hebei Province 2011, 27 (31):  41-46.  Abstract + ( 1082 )   PDF ( 734585KB )   ( 904 ) In order to get the changes and the causes of main natural wetland in Hebei Province from 2000 to 2010, the image of China environment satellite in 2010, the TM image of 2000 and 2005 were used to analyze and research the changes which based on the technology of ERDAS and ArcGIS. The author also analyzed the data of dynamic degree to find the changes and the influencing factors for the dynamic variation of main natural wetland in Hebei Province. The study results showed that the area of natural wetland in Hebei Province were reduced seriously, and construct natural wetland reserves were the effective method to protect natural wetland, the reason which natural wetland generally reduced was the interference from human factors.

  Reliability Study on Dimension Reduction of Hyperspectral Data Based on PSO-SVM Algorithm 2011, 27 (31):  47-52.  Abstract + ( 1412 )   PDF ( 1124844KB )   ( 1116 ) PSO, in combination with SVM algorithms, which is used to optimize the bands of hyperspectral data. Every search result does not necessarily the same, so very many scholars have questions about the reliability of these algorithms. The hyperspectra data, including the samples from Cunninghamia Lanceolata and Pinus massoniana Lamb in their three different life stages (adults, juveniles, infancy), were analyzed by the methods of first derivative, logarithms and normalization respectively. In order to test the reliability of band selected by the PSO-SVM algorithm, the original data and preprocessed data were reduced the dimension by the PSO-SVM algorithm, and then which were classified by Support Vector Machine (SVM), BP neural network, Mahalanobis distance classification method, Fisher classification method and Bayes classification method. The results were as follows: the classification accuracy was the best and more than 90% by Fisher classification method; more than 80% by SVM and BP neural network; the accuracy by Bayes classification method was the worst and all not more than 90%, at a minimum of 43.75%. Meanwhile, during the classification of Cunninghamia Lanceolata and Pinus massoniana Lamb, comparative analysis of algorithms between PSO-SVM and PCA, shown that PSO-SVM was better than PCA. Hence, it was thought that the characteristic bands extracted by PSO-SVM could be better classified by Fisher classification method, SVM or BP neural network methods. Compared with PCA, the PSO-SVM could effectively extract the spectral characteristics, when the data had very small difference.

  A Prediction Model of Neural Networks for Phyllostachys pubescens’ Thermal Conductivity 2011, 27 (31):  53-57.  Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 716840KB )   ( 1023 ) In order to get the accurate thermal conductivity of Phyllostachys pubescens to a certain extent and to improve existing research methods of bamboo’s thermal conductivity, the author adopted laser flash method to accurately measure the thermal conductivity of Phyllostachys pubescens, and based on it, a prediction model of neural networks was formed, which made the Phyllostachys pubescens’ thermal conductivity vary with different temperature and density. Because of the slow convergence rate of origin BP algorithm, the author made use of Trianlm function to train the prediction model of neural networks, thus obtained the ideal hidden layer neuron numbers, and analyzed the output prediction value of the model by linear analysis and tolerance analysis at the same time. The experimental results were as follows: the prediction model of neural networks was of higher accuracy which could predict Phyllostachys pubescens’ thermal conductivity to a certain extent, which could save lots of time and resources compared with regular experimental methods. The article tried to reveal the relationship between Phyllostachys pubescens’ thermal conductivity, temperature and density, providing theoretical evidences for the further study of Phyllostachys pubescens’ thermal physical properties.

  The Effects of Phosphorus Deficiency Stress on Activities of Acid Phosphatase PENG Shao-Feng 2011, 27 (31):  58-63.  Abstract + ( 1224 )   PDF ( 729767KB )   ( 946 ) In order to understand the P demands of Camellia oleifera Abel clones, acid phosphatase activity(APA) were studied in the leaves and roots of different potted clones under different levels of phosphorus addition .The potted Camellia oleifera Abel clones were subjected to three supply levels(0、0.05、0.5mmol/L). The results showed that the activities of APA secreted by roots, in the leaves and roots under the low P levels treatment(P0、P1) were higher than those under normal P treatment. (P2). There were significant differences in the abilities of the different Camellia oleifera Abel clones to adapt to low P levels. unde the P-defieiency, Acid phosphatase(APA) activity secreted by roots of XL81 and XL4 were higher than other clones, which means XL81 and XL4 can fine use P immobilizated in soil to adapt to low P levels. Acid phosphatase (APA) activity was much higher in leaves and roots of XL67 than that of other clones. It showed that XL67 made the organic P adapt to low P levels. By Correlation analysis, there was a big positive correlation between APase activity in root and net photosynthetic rate, and there was also positive correlation between APase activity in leaves and net photosynthetic rate.

  The Effect of Different Irrigation on Soil Moisture Tendency and Evapotranspiration Water Consumption Rule of Lycium 2011, 27 (31):  64-67.  Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 638647KB )   ( 848 ) In the growth period of Lycium, according to soil moisture characteristics, the author full used of limited water resources and regulated soil moisture. Using time domain reflectometry, the soil moisture tendency and evapotranspiration water consumption rule of Lycium were studied by different irrigation in non-weighing lysimeter (test pit). The results showed that: the irrigation was an important factor in soil moisture in Lycium field, the soil moisture consumption main dependence irrigates supplemented; the consumption of Lycium significantly affected by the influence of soil moisture, the more moist soil, the greater the amount of water; growth by temperature and wolfberry the impact of different water conditions, water peak in January wolfberry from May to September, the highest monthly water consumption in July; the highest water consumption of 10 days in late May, respectively, in mid-June and late July; stages of the trend of water consumption were performance of the full fruit>flowering>vegetative growth>autumn fruit growing> utumn fruit harvest.

  The Relationship of Species in Tsuga tchekiangensis Community in Mangshan Mountain Natural Reserve 2011, 27 (31):  68-72.  Abstract + ( 1128 )   PDF ( 603577KB )   ( 807 ) In order to study the relationship of species in Tsuga tchekiangensis community, and preserve the plant effectively, by using variance ratio (VR) and interspecific Jaccard, interspecific Dice, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, the relationship between species in Tsuga tchekiangensis community in Mangshan mountain nature reserve was conducted. The results showed that: (1) there was a positive correlation among main populations in general in Tsuga tchekiangensis community; (2) The interspecific association was at a little significant level, only including 2 pairs of species of interspecific association were positive significant, 4 pairs of species of interspecific association were negative significant, 1 pair of species of interspecific association was highly positive (negative) significant respectively. Correlation coefficient between Tsuga tchekiangensis and Tetracentron sinense was negative significant, and highly negative significant between Tsuga tchekiangensis and Cinnamomum camphora; (3) Among most pairs of species there was a low association degree, meanwhile, few pairs of species were extremely exclusive to each other, which indicated that Tsuga tchekiangensis community was mature at present. Combined with many methods, it was more effectively to look for potential correlation relationship among species in studying the relationship between species. Finally, the article proposed the protective measures for the rare and endanged plants.

  Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrient and Soil Microbes Along Altitude Gradient in the Xuefeng Mountain 2011, 27 (31):  73-78.  Abstract + ( 1141 )   PDF ( 623042KB )   ( 874 ) In order to explore the spatial distribution of soil nutrient and soil microbes along altitude gradient and their responses to environmental factors in the Xuefeng Mountain, the soil samples from sites at 8 different altitudes (700, 960, 1150, 1320, 1450, 1610, 1750, 1920 m) in the Xuefeng Mountain were analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the soil nutrient contents along altitude gradient (P<0.05), the contents of soil organic matter , total N, total P, available P were highest in the soil of 1610 m altitude, but the contents of the total K, available K were highest in the soil of low altitude. There were significant differences in the characteristics of soil microbes along altitude gradient (P<0.05), the amounts of bacteria, fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and microbial biomss carbon were highest in the soil of 1610 m altitude, but the amounts of actinomyces and cellulolytic bacterium were highest in the soil of 960 m altitude. The amounts of all the microbes in the study were lowest in the soil of 1920 m altitude. The significant positive correlationships were observed between bacteria and soil organic matter, microbial biomss carbon and soil organic matter, actinomyces and environment factors, total N and soil water content, available K and soil temperature, respectively. The correlationships between soil microbes, nutrient and environmental factors were showed the spatial variabilities of soil microbes and soil nutrients were influenced by the altitude and vestigation which distributed along the altitude gradient.

  The Design of the Forest Carbon Sequestration Mechanism About the China’s Future Market’s Price 2011, 27 (31):  79-81.  Abstract + ( 1113 )   PDF ( 495064KB )   ( 1032 ) In order to investigate the China’s forestry carbon markets, the author analyzed a plenty of studies about the carbon markets in home and abroad and did a lot of researches as well, then found that it lacked the professional investigation on the price system of China’s forestry carbon markets in present. However, with the end of the Kyoto protocol first commitment period and Chinese government’s attention on the energy conservation and emissions reduction, it was a trend to enforce the reduction in China. So it was essential to make a study on the price system of China’s forestry carbon markets. Based on the assumption of the enforcement on the reduction, the author analyzed the main elements in China’s forestry carbon markets and designed a carbon price system involving the least price and government subsidies, which was expected to make contributes to China’s carbon transaction in the future and the necessary of reduction from the international world.

  Advances and Applications of Photo-selective Netting in Horticultural Crops 2011, 27 (31):  82-87.  Abstract + ( 1166 )   PDF ( 623463KB )   ( 857 ) This paper firstly provided a brief introduction to the concept and type of photo-selective net, and the history of research and development in the photo-selective netting technology. Secondly, it was presented that the light transmittance and microclimate aspects, mechanical features and application methods of photo-selective net. Then, the effects of different photo-selective nets on horticultural crops were reviewed. Compared to open field and black shading net, photo-selective nets changed significantly metabolic physiology, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, economic yield, produce quality, and disease and pest control in horticultural crops. Finally, some problems in the previous research were summarized. For example, some experiment results were inconsistent with each other, and limited reports were focused on internal quality, and the study on the related mechanism was scarce. Also, some suggestions were offered to the future research in this field.

  Current Situation and Problems Analysis of Application on Constructed Wetland Plants 2011, 27 (31):  88-92.  Abstract + ( 1151 )   PDF ( 550800KB )   ( 1267 ) In order to determine better plant types in design and construction of constructed wetland, a new classification method was proposed in the study, which was aquatic type, wet type and terrestrial type of wetland plants based on China’s current wetland plants of the main application types. Theremore, different wetland plants and their different season effects of decontamination studies were reviewed, last, the analysis of wetland plants the main 5 questions, including application of plant species less, plant landscape value lower, big influence was the environmental impact, problems of secondary pollution, plant purification mechanism needed to be further strengthen to understand. Furthermore, research and development of 3 directions were put forward.

  Optimization of SRAP-PCR System and Primers Screening in Hydrangea 2011, 27 (31):  93-98.  Abstract + ( 1199 )   PDF ( 1477643KB )   ( 937 ) In order to make clear the optimizing SRAP-PCR reaction system of Hydrangea, 19 Hydrangea plants were used as material, the single factor experiment was designed in 11 levels of 5 factors (concentration of primer, Mg2+, DNA template and dNTPs, and Taq DNA polymerase contents) respectively. The results showed that the reaction system obtained as followed: 2.5 μL 10×PCR Buffer, 30 ng DNA, 1.6 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.6 mmol/L dNTPs, 3.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, and in a total volume of 25 μL. This optimizing reaction system is suit for the SRAP genetic variation research of Hydrangea.

  The Influence of Anatomical Structure of Stem on Vase Life of Cut Gerbera Flower 2011, 27 (31):  99-104.  Abstract + ( 1253 )   PDF ( 5996801KB )   ( 976 ) A comparison of anatomical structures of stems was made between neck-bending cultivar ‘Yidianhong’ and neck-bending resistant cultivar ‘Hongditan’ in Gerbera hybrida by applying paraffin and SEM. Results showed that ‘Hongditan’ was characterized with more cortex thickness, vascular area, vessels number and diameter in stem than ‘Yidianhong’, For ‘Hongditan’, the vascular bundle were ranked compactly in three different section of stem. Significant difference was detected in vessels diameter between upper section and midder sections with lower sections, and it had extremely significant difference in vascular area. By contrary, litter vessels were disappeared in middle and upper section in the stem of ‘Yidianhong’. The distance between the vascular bundles was wide, and had extremely significant difference in vascular area between lower section. Extremly significant difference was found in vessels diameter between upper section and midder section with lower section. Therefore, the key points of longer vase life of gerbera were more cortex thickness, compactly bigger vascular bundles and more widely vessels.

  Biological Characterization and Screening of Fungicides on Canna indica Leaf Spot Disease Pathogen 2011, 27 (31):  105-108.  Abstract + ( 1099 )   PDF ( 676444KB )   ( 1088 ) In order to elucidate the biological characteristics and suitable fungicide for the pathogen of canna leaf spot Alternaria alternate, provide a scientific basis for the disease control. The biological characters of Alternaria alternata, the pathogen of Canna indica leaf spot, as well as the fungicides against the pathogen were investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the pathogen hyphe were grown well under 28℃, pH=7, sugar and NaNO3 as carbon and nitrogen resource respectively. The lethal temperature was 45℃. On the other hand, the light-dark alternation and aeration condition were not significant influence on the mycelium growth. The most effective fungicide was 10% difenoconazole among the 5 tested reagents, and the relative inhibition rate was 100% under the recommended concentration.

  The Study of the Relationship between Cymbidium Flower Bud and Hormones 2011, 27 (31):  109-112.  Abstract + ( 1457 )   PDF ( 576281KB )   ( 1709 ) The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for the flowering regulation of cymbidium. Before flower bud differentiation of cymbidium, GA3, IBA, NAA and PP333 with different concentrations sprayed leaves and pseudobulb. The effect of different treatments on flower bud differentiation of cymbidium was studied, and the endogenous hormone levels were also studied in pseudobulb. The results showed that: (1) the exogenous hormones may affect the flowering of cymbidium seedlings. GA3 and PP333 facilitated the bud differentiation of cymbidium. Depending on the different concentrations, earlier flowering time is from 2 to 12 days. The different concentrations of NAA treatment inhibited bud differentiation; the flowering delayed 4 to 11 days. (2) IBA treatment could significantly promote the growth of flower arrows; PP333 treatment inhibited the growth of the flower arrows. The treatments had no significant effects on Cymbidium flowers flowering and the number of single-branch. (3) In the process of bud differentiation of Cymbidium, ZT and GA3 content increased and then decreased; ABA had a slow rise; IAA decreased. The increase of ZT/IAA and ABA/IAA boosted bud differentiation.

  Study on the Cultivation of Cordyceps Militaris (Fr.) Link Mycelium 2011, 27 (31):  120-125.  Abstract + ( 1208 )   PDF ( 653418KB )   ( 1080 ) In order to obtain the high yield and quality of Cordyceps militaris, it was the main influencing factors that affected growth rate and strong of mycelia. The author found out the optimal growth index of mycelia by single factor experiment, and optimization various additions of medium components by the uniform test. Research showed that lactose and peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen source for the cultivation of mycelia. Optimization of medium components of mycelium obtained: peptone was 2.5 g/L, lactose was 39.9 g/L, KH2PO4 was 0.5 g/L, MgSO4?7H2O was 3.2 g/L and CaCl2 was 0.3 g/L; the suitable temperature for the mycelium of this fungi growth was ranged from 15-28℃ with the optimum temperature being 25℃, the suitable pH was ranged from 5-9 with the optimum pH being 7.5, inorganic salts had little effect on the mycelium growth rate, but it was to a certain extent mycelial growth potential, light could inhibit the growth of mycelium, the dark culture was appropriate. In these conditions through the experiments demonstrated that the growth speed of mycelia could reach 4.0 mm/d, and Cordyceps colony presented a thick, white, hairchested and luster.

  Study on Biological Characteristics of Amorphophallus Blume Flower and Cross Compatibility 2011, 27 (31):  126-131.  Abstract + ( 1291 )   PDF ( 1326376KB )   ( 989 ) The aim was to study the biological characteristics and the interspecies crossability of Amorphophallus Blume flower. A. konjac, A. albus, A. bulbifer, A. krausei and A.kachinensis were used as materials. The biological characteristics of flower buds were observed and recorded. The morphological feature of pollen was observed with the optical microscope. The pollen vigor was tested by in vitro germination, and the compatibilities were identified by artificial pollinated. The results showed that the morphology and color of the flower had apparent variations among the subspieces, and also in the same subspiece. The spathes of A. konjac and A. bulbifer were funnel-shaped and the others were boat-shaped, and the flower of A. konjac was larger. The appearances of pollen grain were observed different under the optical microscope. Cross-pollination in the subspieces showed high compatibility, except for A. bulbifier, however, incompatibilities were observed in the partial widecross combinations and reciprocal cross. A. albus, as female parent, showed wide compatibility and had potential value as the genetic bridge for cultivars improvement.

  Effects of Wet and Dry Alternately Soaking and NaCl Treatments on Bottle Laqenaria siceraria Seed Germination 2011, 27 (31):  132-137.  Abstract + ( 1093 )   PDF ( 810322KB )   ( 805 ) In the production, we know that the germination rate of gourd seeds was low, the requirements of seeds was large and the budding time was different, so it was very difficult to determine the grafting time for watermelon. In order to solve these problems, we thought up two new methods to improve the indicators of gourd seeds, one of them was alternating wet seed, the other was NaCl treatments. In our research, we studied the effects of the two methods on germination rate, germination index, vigor index and radical length of the gourd seeds. The result showed that wet and dry alternately soaking method can significantly improve germination index and vigor index of the gourd seeds, and the germination time significantly shortened. Soaking the gourd in which the optimum time of 8 hours, then the seed of the indicators was better than other treatments. Different concentrations of NaCl treatment on gourd seeds showed that the optimal NaCl concentration was about 10 mmol/L, then gourd seed germination trend, germination rate and vigor index were relatively high.

  Comparison of Plant Regeneration System between Two Pakchoi Cultivars ‘Siyueman’ and Inbred Line 05-51 2011, 27 (31):  138-142.  Abstract + ( 1183 )   PDF ( 1527976KB )   ( 831 ) In order to facilitate the genetic transformation and germplasm innovation, compare the regeneration system difference between two pakchoi cultivars ‘Siyueman’ and inbred line 05-51 using different tissues. The result indicated that the explants of cotyledons with petioles were more efficient to induce adventitious buds. 3 mg/L 6-BA plus 0.5 mg/L NAA in MS basal medium was the most suitable hormone combination for adventitious buds induction. The regeneration rate was quite different among genotypes. Compared with 05-51, Siyueman was more inductive.

  Concentration and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Vegetables from the Markets of Wuhu City 2011, 27 (31):  143-146.  Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 602593KB )   ( 1082 ) In order to evaluate pollution degree of the heavy metal in vegetables and to assess health risks through vegetables for the general population , the study was undertaken as a preliminary survey of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations in 49 vegetables samples of 3 kinds from a large supermarket and vegetables wholesale market in Wuhu City. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations among 3 kinds of vegetables in edible parts decreased in following order: leafy vegetables> fruit vegetables> rhizome vegetables; Zinc contents in edible parts of Chinese little greens, spinach and lettuce, beyond the limit of Zinc content in food, are 20.31 mg / Kg, 30.83 mg / Kg and 23.40 mg / Kg respectively; Lead content in edible parts of Chinese little greens is 0.342 mg / Kg, beyond the limit of Lead content in food ; Cadmium content in edible parts of spinach and lettuce are 0.219 mg / Kg and 0.203 mg / Kg respectively, beyond the limit of Cadmium content in food; Chinese little greens, spinach, lettuce and cucumbers had been slightly contaminated by heavy metals ; eggplant and pepper were in warning line; carrot, white radish and potatoes were safe. Exposed risk indexes is less than 1, so consumption of vegetables from market will not cause health risk.

  Studies on the Protoplast Isolation and Purification of Allium cepa 2011, 27 (31):  147-151.  Abstract + ( 1422 )   PDF ( 606911KB )   ( 961 ) The basic work for the system establishment about protoplast culture and somatic hybrids is to formulate efficient protoplast isolation and protoplast-culturing system. The conditions of isolation and purification of protoplast from somatic callus of Allium cepa were studied. The results showed that the optimal enzyme solution for protoplast isolation was 2.0% cellulase Onozuka R-10+ 0.1% pectolgase Y-23+0.5% macerozyme R-10+0.60 mol/L mannitol +0.1% MES and CPW solution. The enzyme mixture was for 5 h at (25±2)℃. High yield and viability protoplasts were obtained when purified by centrifugation at 600 r/min for 5 min and the callus for 12 days.

  he Fast Identification of the Isolation of two Confusing Species A. aegerita and A. salicacola Based on the Mitochondrial Sequences 2011, 27 (31):  152-155.  Abstract + ( 1224 )   PDF ( 2132794KB )   ( 998 ) The aim was to explore special DNA sequences, and identify the confusing species of A. aegerita in morphology for providing an efficient tool for the resource collection and utilization. In this study, 18 strains including 5 A. aegerita and 13 A. salicacola collected in Yunnan Province were investigated on their small mitochondrial V9 sequences. The result showed the identical sequences were found in 2 species except one insertion segment in A. aegerita compared with A. salicacola. Based on the sequence characterization, one unique enzyme digestion site of DraⅠ was found in insertion segment, and the verification on the V9 PCR products of 18 strains confirmed that segments of A. aegerita were digested, and converse result occurred in that of A. salicacola. According to the method of enzyme digestion, 2 species could be efficiently distinguished, and it provided an important basis for genetics and breeding of edible mushroom.

  The Dynamic Simulation of Transpiration in Apple Leaves 2011, 27 (31):  156-162.  Abstract + ( 1226 )   PDF ( 1629306KB )   ( 972 ) A coupled model of leaves transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) was developed to simulate the dynamic variation of Tr in apple canopy. The model used the Penman-Monteith equation to compute the interactive effects between Tr and microclimatic factors. And Gs was caculated by the semi-mechanism model. The experiment was conducted in a ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji’) orchard. The parameters of the model were tested by the data observed in upper canopy from 2007 to 2008 during the growing seasons. The mathematical simulation indicated that Tr increased rapidly with increasing Ta and Ψl; but decreased with increasing air CO2 concentration. Tr consistently increased with the increase of PAR when PAR was below photosynthesis light saturation point. And only a slightly increase was found when PAR excess light saturation point. It was shown that Tr was driven mainly by stomatal conductance, the most influential factor, and vapor pressure deficit. And the influences of these factors were different and there were strong interactive effects of various microclimatic factors on Tr. During the course of 1 day, transpiration increased (decreased) as net radiation and stomatal conductance increased (decreased). Maximum transpiration rates of the upper canopy leaves were about 4 mmol/(m2?s) on clear days. Over 24 h, a unit leaves area lost 2.7 L of water in clear weather and about 1.6 L in cloudy weather. In conclusion, the response of Tr to microclimatic factors and leaf water potential (Ψl) could be simulated by the coupled model.

  Study of Factors Affecting on Physical Germination of the Apple Pollen 2011, 27 (31):  163-167.  Abstract + ( 1062 )   PDF ( 850617KB )   ( 850 ) This study used four kinds of pollen (‘Hongxing’, ‘Meihong’, ‘Hehong’, ‘Quanjiahong’) as the test material to determine the pollen vitality of all varieties by two ways including staining (TTC and peroxidase method) and germination in vitro. Pollen germination and growth experiments in vitro were observed under different culture conditions. The results showed that: in staining and germination experiments, there was an obvious diversity among the activity between pollen vitality, the ‘Hongxing’ was the highest, the ‘Quanjiahong’ was the lowest. The germination and elongation of pollen first increased and then decreased with culture temperature and concentration increasing. The most optimum concentrations of pollen germination and growth was different under the different culture temperatures, high-concentration can inhibit the pollen’s germination and tube growth. There were different culture condition between the highest rate of pollen germination and the maximum length of the pollen tube, and the optimum temperature and concentration of the growth of pollen tube were higher than the optimum conditions pollen germination because of the vigorous metabolism.

  Rapid Propagation of Pyrus Ussuriensis Maxin. by Shoot Tip Culture 2011, 27 (31):  168-173.  Abstract + ( 1055 )   PDF ( 1221693KB )   ( 1106 ) The aim was to develop a rapid and efficient method of in vitro shoot regeneration for large scale propagation of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxin. Shoot segments from one-year-old shoots were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 6-BA, NAA and IBA. The results showed that the best time was the first ten-day period of April. The best pretreatment was GA3 with 0.1 mg/L concentration for one week. The best sterilization time was 8-10 minutes with 0.1% HgCl2. Different cultivars had different ability of shoot proliferation and growth. The best response in terms of frequency of shoot regeneration and the number of shoots per shoot explants was observed on medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L NAA. IBA facilitated shoot rooting, and the best medium was 1/2MS+IBA 1.4 mg/L. GA3 inhibited shoot rooting. The best substance was pearlite:vermiculite:sand=1:1:1:1 with 93.3% survival rate.

  The Anther of Ningxia Chinese Jujube Culturing in vitro and Establishment of Regeneration System 2011, 27 (31):  174-178.  Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 3853926KB )   ( 887 ) Experiment was conducted with anthers of three lines of Ningxia Chinese jujube, culturing in vitro and gained some regeneration plant, for studying the effects of different phytohormone and their levels in MS medium on the callus induction and adventitious bud regeneration. The results showed that 6-BA acted as one of important factor in induce embryogenic callus of Ningxia Chinese jujube. After orthogonal test analysis, the best induce medium was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.4 mg/L. AgNO3 played a important role in differentiation. The suitable medium was MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L +IBA 0.6 mg/L + AgNO3 0.5 mg/L. Lingwu Long jujube had the highest inductivity in the best induced medium which was 89%; Tongxin round jujube had the highest differentiation rate in the best differential medium which was 88%.

  Studies on Mineral Nutrition Content in Pears during the Development 姜 喜 zhang qi 2011, 27 (31):  179-183.  Abstract + ( 1108 )   PDF ( 825628KB )   ( 1110 ) In this paper, the experiment that the variation of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content in the fruit of fragrant pear and ‘Zaosu’ pear and ‘Xinli No.7’ were done during the development to determine the effect of mineral elements on the fruit quality and would provide theoretical evidence for fertilization and fruit quality control of pear. The results showed that the content of Ca, Mg reduced gradually, the content of Cu, Mn rose gradually, and the content of Fe, Zn fluctuated greater with fruit development in the fruits of fragrant pear, ‘Zaosu’ pear and ‘Xinli No.7’. The content of Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu in the fruits of fragrant pear was higher than ‘Zaosu’ pear and ‘Xinli No.7’, and the content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn in the fruits of ‘Zaosu’ pear was higher than ‘Xinli No.7’. The changes of the 3 pear varieties mineral nutrient elements content were compared during the development, which were Ca>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn.

  Study on the Establishment of Stem Regenerating System from Ziziphus jujuba 2011, 27 (31):  184-188.  Abstract + ( 1041 )   PDF ( 1286258KB )   ( 938 ) The effect of explants collection time, different sterilization methods, antibiotics to inner bacteria, different medium and growth regulators on adventitious buds regeneration of Ziziphus jujube ‘Junzao’ using nodal explants from mature trees was studied and evaluated to establish a high adventitious buds regeneration system for the use of genetic transformation technology for genetic improvement. The explants were collected in May was best compare to other period. Intermittent sterilization method and adding 480 mg/L penicillin were optimum to control the contamination. Highest regeneration rate was obtained on 1/2MS with TDZ 0.5 mg/L, IBA 0.2 mg/L with the nodal explants inoculation straightly.

  Effect of Different Light Intensity on Growth and Development of Bromeliaceae 2011, 27 (31):  189-193.  Abstract + ( 1159 )   PDF ( 1986660KB )   ( 1052 ) In order to study the light intensity that is beneficial to the growth and development of Bromeliaceae, the effect of light intensity on growth and development of Bromeliaceae ‘Dennis’ were studied in greenhouse using different shading light treatment. The results showed: the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and cartenoids were the highest under 75% natural light intensity, followed by 50% and 25% natural light intensity treatment; Different shading light treatment improved the nitrogen content of Bromeliaceae leaves and improved range were 227.2%, 98.2%, 85.9% respectively compared with the control, especially 75% natural light treatment highest. However, the nitrogen content of roots was less influenced under all treatments; The carbon content of leaves and roots increased 153.3% 33.3% respectively compared with the control, but the C/N of leaves was lowest and C/N of root was highest under 75% natural light intensity treatment; The soluble sugar content and plant growth potential were the strongest under 75% natural light intensity treatment. In short, the 75% natural light intensity, namely 22.5-30 thousand Lux, is the most suitable light condition in the hot season of Taiyuan area.

  Study on the Pathogenesis of Fruit Cracking of Myrica rubra ‘Dongkui’ 2011, 27 (31):  194-199.  Abstract + ( 1741 )   PDF ( 885384KB )   ( 937 ) The disease of fruit cracking was one of the most serious disease that Myrica rubra ‘Dongkui’ was suffered from. The object of the research was to investigated and clarify the cause of the disease, in order to reduce the cracking rate and the relative complications. Content of the mineral elements in soil and leaf, such as Mg, Fe, K; as well as the plant growth regulators, including paclobutrazol and uniconazole were detected. In production, a lot of measures were taken, for example, stopping using paclobutrazol, doing rational fertilization and pruning, creating microclimate through regulating orchard humidity, to reach this achievement. The disease of cracking included apocarp cracking and putamina cracking. The apocarp cracking included longitudinal split and transverse split, and the former was more serious. The cracking rate was usually around 10%, however, sometimes it reached 20%. In the meanwhile, some complications such as fruit dropping and rotting were occurred, leading to more than 30% fruit rotting rate. Through studying on the pathogenesis with several years, the researcher thought that the main reason was endogenous hormone disorder. At the same time, improper cultivation, different varieties, mineral disorder, extremely dry or wet weather were also the important reasons. Fruit cracking disease was a kind of physiological disease. it was also relevant with hereditary feature. It can control and reduce by changing the method of cultivation, and pruning reasonably.

  Research on Protoplast Isolation from Young Leaves of Wine Grape ‘GuiPu No.1’ 2011, 27 (31):  200-204.  Abstract + ( 1157 )   PDF ( 1408420KB )   ( 916 ) The optimal isolation conditions of protoplasts from young leaves of wine grape ‘GuiPu No.1’ was studied in this paper. The influence of some factors, such as enzyme composition, time of enzymatic hydrolysis, concentration of stabilizer, as well as speed and time of centrifugation, on isolation of protoplasts was comparatively analyzed, using young leaves of ‘GuiPu No.1’ aseptic seedling with 20-30 day as materials. The appropriate enzyme composition was 2%cellulase + 0.5%pectinase. The protoplast yield gradually increased with extension of enzymatic hydrolysis time. The appropriate enzymatic hydrolysis time was 8 hours for protoplast isolation from young leaves of ‘GuiPu No.1’. The protoplast yield significantly increased with rise of mannitol concentration in the range from 0.45~0.55 mol/L and the yield reached highest at mannitol concentration 0.55 mol/L 2.48×106 protoplast/(g?FW) and activity 79.78% The centrifugation speed of 1000 rpm and the centrifugation time of 6～8 min was appropriate for suspension purification of protoplast. The optimal enzyme solution for protoplast isolation was as follows: 2% Celluasw Onozuka R-10+0.5% PectolyaseY-23+25 mmol/L MES+0.55 mol/L Mannitol. Protoplasts with high yield and viability were obtained when incubation for 8 h. The centrifugation at 1000 r/min for 6-8 min in 30% sucrose was good for suspension purification of protoplast.

  Introduction and phenophase observation of Begonia in Nanjing Areas 2011, 27 (31):  205-211.  Abstract + ( 1370 )   PDF ( 9018960KB )   ( 1534 ) The germplasm resources’ conservation is a key point of Begonia’s research, but few study reports are published in this area so far. With the purpose to provide the theory basis for cultivating popularization of Begonia in the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze River, institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences introduced twice, totally 91 species (varieties) of Begonia from Kuming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2010, doing a cultivation trial in Nanjing, recording and analyzing all the related data such as the survival states, morphological characteristics, growth and development, etc. The results proved that most Begonia can survive in good condition and perform an annual growth normally indoor in Nanjing, particularly B. ‘Dragon Wing’ was one of the most superior species that was robust and vigorous and can bloom all the year round, which was actually suitable and valuable for extending and naturalizing in Nanjing.

  Research on Shatter Resistance Property of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves and Correlation with Humiture and Conventional Chemical Composition 2011, 27 (31):  212-217.  Abstract + ( 1578 )   PDF ( 792530KB )   ( 874 ) This paper adopts shatter resistance index not only to investigate the relationship between different grades of smash-resistant property and temperature, moisture content, conventional chemical composition of tobacco, but also assess the divergence of flue-cured tobacco segmentation smash-resistant performance.The result indicates that (1) If tobacco moisture content increase from 8% to 26%, tobacco shatter resistance index (SRI value) will elevate by 50%, of which the middle and upper part moisture content experienced inflection with 20%, while the lower part had a slightly higher proportion, 22%. With the temperature rise from 20℃ to 90℃, the SRI value increase by 10%. The test also suggests that between 60℃ and 70℃ tobacco acquire best smash-resistant performance. (2)Smash-resistant performances descend from higher level tobacco to lower level. While middle part tobacco has the best smash-resistant performance, upper part tobacco positioned second and lower part remain the last, flue-cured tobacco leaves segmentation's strongest part lies within leaf apex, leaf middle and leaf base follow behind accordingly. (3) General chemistry components are positively correlated with the SRI values, the correlation coefficient is relatively larger between reduced sugar, potassium, total sugar and SRI value(highly or moderate relevance), and it is sufficient to improve the tobacco smash-resistant performance by increasing the proportion of reduced sugar, potassium and total sugar.

  Effect of Treatment on Biology Character and Yield of Tagetese recta 2011, 27 (31):  218-221.  Abstract + ( 1160 )   PDF ( 547842KB )   ( 873 ) The study was conducted to determine effects of nitrogen (N) supply levels on growth, flower yields and xanthophylls content of marigold, studying the cold marigold’s appropriate amount of nitrogen. This experiment was designed to find the affection of nitrogenous fertilizer on growth and development, flower production and production of lutein to Tagetese recta in cold region. Randomized method was used, in condition of fixed amount of potash and phosphate, to analyze the affection of 6 different levels of treatment on biological properties and yield of Tagetese recta. By increased amount of nitrogen fertilizer, delayed flowering, height, stem diameter, strains of crown diameter, number of branches, dry weight per plant and chlorophyll content were all show the same trend which increased in the first then decreased. In N3 condition, flower yield, lutein and yield were most, significant difference among treatments. In condition of this experiment, the reasonable amount of nitrogenous fertilizer to Tagetese recta in cold region was 90 kg/hm2, which can make flower yield reach to the most 24.11 t/hm2.

  Effects of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Strains on Growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium 2011, 27 (31):  222-227.  Abstract + ( 1214 )   PDF ( 1029202KB )   ( 834 ) The pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to study the effects of five kinds of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains on growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Jinba’ by measuring some morphological and physiological indicators at young plants and blooming stages. The results showed that AMF treatments could significantly improve the plant height, leaf numbers, leaf area, root length and petal area of C. morifolium compared to the control of no inoculation. The AMF treatments could enhance root activity, increase the soluble sugar content in the roots, leaves and petals (except for Glomus mosseae), and thus improve the osmotic adjustment. As a result, G. intraradlces was screened out as the best strain for enhancing the growth of C. morifolium.

  Effects of Deciduous Compost Product on the Growth of the Coleus blumei 2011, 27 (31):  228-232.  Abstract + ( 1070 )   PDF ( 582190KB )   ( 975 ) Choose the compost of deciduous leaves, perlite, peat, prime soil made up with six kinds of substrate formula by certain proportion, to research the different ratio of substrate on the physiological characteristics of Coleus blumei with the pot experiments. The results showed that the quality of Coleus blumei was affected by these six different ratios of substrate. Among these six treatments, the optimal substrate ratio was deciduous leaves︰soil=5︰5 treatment, it was the most appropriate for Coleus blumei and the plant morphological comprehensive evaluation index was the highest, about 0.86.

  Effects of Polypeptides Organic Compound Fertilizer from Fish Processing Byproducts on Growth and Physical Properties of Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi 2011, 27 (31):  233-238.  Abstract + ( 1016 )   PDF ( 554760KB )   ( 889 ) The aim was to utilize polypeptides organic compound fertilizer reasonably. In this paper, effects of polypeptides organic compound fertilizer on growth and physical properties of Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi were studied in field. The results showed that polypeptides organic compound fertilizer could promote the growth and the contents of Vc, while the contents of nitrate were decreased in Nanhai and Zengcheng region. In addition,the growth did not change by applying polypeptides organic compound fertilizer in the Baiyun region. The application of polypeptides organic compound fertilizer did not decrease the soil particle density significantly in the three regions. The combination of polypeptides organic compound fertilizer with chemical fertilizer decreased the soil bulk density significantly, increased porosity in Baiyun region. Soil bulk density reduced and soil porosity did not increase by applying combined polypeptides organic compound fertilizer with chemical fertilizer in Nanhai region. The combination of polypeptides organic compound fertilizer with chemical fertilizer did not decrease the soil bulk density significantly and did not increase porosity in the Baiyun region. In the three regions soil, water holding capacity was enhanced greatly by application of polypeptides organic compound fertilizer. The combination of polypeptides organic compound fertilizer with chemical fertilizer decreased the soil bulk density significantly, increased porosity, and soil water holding capacity, which was better than chicken manure, and was better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam.

  Effects of the Growth Substrate Formulated with Vermiculite and Vermicompost Derived from Municipal Sewage Sludge on Seedling Development of Capsicum 2011, 27 (31):  239-243.  Abstract + ( 1175 )   PDF ( 695017KB )   ( 926 ) Through feeding earthworms with municipal sewage sludge, the vermicompost was produced. Then four proportions of vermicompost to vermiculite (4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, namely W1, W2, W3 and W4, respectively) were designed to formulate the growth substrate used in plug nursery bed for capsicum seedling. During seedling development, the growth status and characters of seedling were observed and measured. Results showed that the biomass of both overground and underground parts and seedling index higher in vermicompost substrate than those in a commercial substrate (CK). The biomass and root vigor of capsicum seedlings in W3 treatment was the highest, with the order of W3>W2>W4>W1. With the increase of vermicompost proportion, plant height and SPAD value of the seedlings tended to increase, while stem diameter and root characters increased firstly then decreased, which indicated that the quality of capsicum seedling could be improved by properly formulated substrate with vermicompost derived from municipal sewage sludge. In this study, higher seedling index was observed in W2, W3 and W4 treatments, while that in CK and W1 treatment was lower.

  Effects of Mushroom Compost Replace Peat on Substrates Formula on N Nutrition Status of Tomato Seedlings 2011, 27 (31):  244-247.  Abstract + ( 1167 )   PDF ( 681996KB )   ( 882 ) In order to screening mushroom compost instead of peat on substrate formula, PT1 treatment (peat︰mushroom compost = 1︰0) was used as control, study on different mushroom compost proportion of the cultivation of dynamic change and substrate nitrogen (N) tomato seedlings the nutrition status. Results show that PT2 treatment (peat︰mushroom compost = 1︰1) for the cultivation of N content of control substrate for 1.1 times, N uptake 1.2 times, biomass 1.5 times, plant N and chlorophyll content are close to control; PT6 treatment (peat︰mushroom compost = 2︰1) N uptake ，biomass N content are compared to control of 2 and 2.5 times respectively. substrates, plant and chlorophyll content N content are close to control; PT9 treatment (peat: mushroom compost =0:1) of substrate N content, plant N, N absorption, biomass and chlorophyll content is much lower than control. PT2 and PT6 treatment can handle the mushroom compost instead of peat as the substrate formula, and PT9 treatment is not suitable.

  Study on the Environment Variation for Venlo-type Glass Greenhouse Planted with Cucumber in Summer 2011, 27 (31):  248-251.  Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 722413KB )   ( 707 ) To study the interaction of environmental factors inside/outside Venlo-type glass greenhouse planted with cucumber, it is considered Venlo-type glass greenhouse planted with cucumber as the object. The greenhouse control system automatically was used to record and store the data of indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity and light. Through analyzing the records of environmental data, the results showed that the maximum temperature rate between indoor and outdoor was 18.97% and the relative humidity was 39.6% on sunny days while they reach 15.68% and 35.9%, respectively, on cloudy days. However, on the sunny and cloudy days, light between indoor and outdoor didn’t show significant differences. It was mainly attributive to the cover material which decided the transmittance of light. The results could provide optimal control theory and decision support for planting cucumber in Venlo-type glass greenhouse environment.

  Effects of Water-holding Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield Quality of Cucumber in Greenhouse 2011, 27 (31):  252-255.  Abstract + ( 1009 )   PDF ( 597058KB )   ( 779 ) In order to study the effect of water-holding agent on vegetable in greenhouse with fertilizers, the author made the experiment of cucumber ‘Xintai mici’ in greenhouse with different water-holding agent and nitrogen amount, the effects of water-holding agent and nitrogen amount on the growth, yield, quality and root growth were studied. The results showed that under the condition of water-holding agent 45.0 kg/hm2 and reduced nitrogen 20%, yield of cucumber was highest, which was 8.25% higher than the treatment with no water-holding agent and custom fertilizer, and root-shoot ratio was 0.018 higher than the treatment with no water-holding agent and custom fertilizer; soluble sugar content, VC content and soluble protein were highest, which were respectively 8.69%, 7.47% and 9.80% higher than the treatment with no water-holding agent and custom fertilizer, with significant difference. In greenhouse cucumber production, using proper amount of water-holding agent and reducing fertilizers can effectively improve the present situation of overcommitting nitrogen, and increase yield and quality of cucumber.

  The Identification of Cultivar Resistance on the Powdery Mildew Disease of Apple 2011, 27 (31):  256-259.  Abstract + ( 1076 )   PDF ( 3490984KB )   ( 831 ) The powdery mildew disease of apple is one of the important diseases, which had serious influence on apple. In this study, the author studied resistance of 10 different varieties of apple by spraying ascospores of apple powdery mildew. The results showed that Jiguan, Zaogala, American 8, Fuhuapi and Huahong had higher resistance, Xinnonghong, Fuji, Qinyang and Guoguang were easily infected, and compared with mature leaves, young leaves were more easily infected. The study provided an important basis for the mechanism of resistance to powdery mildew and cultivating new disease-resistant varieties.

  The Effect of Citric Acid on Microbial Numbers and Quality of ‘Yali’ Pear in the Later Storage Period 2011, 27 (31):  260-263.  Abstract + ( 1079 )   PDF ( 669894KB )   ( 721 ) Effects of the citric acid on the hardness, soluble sugar, soluble solids, mold and yeast quantity of the ‘Yali’ pears, and the storage mechanism were studied. ‘Yali’ pears were used as materials, and then were soaked in the concentration 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% of citric acid solution for 15 minutes, and then were stored in the condition of 4℃ for 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, the indexes were respectively detected on 10 days, 20 days, 30 days. The experiment results showed that four kinds of citric acid soak processing availably reduced the weightlessness rate, decay rate, microbial Numbers and prevented hardness, the content of soluble sugar and total soluble solids from reducing. Among them the 2% citric acid soak processing was the best effect, the decay rate and weightlessness rate were 8.3% and 18.18%. This research would provide alternative approach for improving quality and controlling microbial numbers in ‘Yali’ pear fruit during later storage.

  Study on Insecticidal Activity of Macadamia Peel’s Extracts to Dendrolimu. kikuchii Matsumura 2011, 27 (31):  264-268.  Abstract + ( 1152 )   PDF ( 574966KB )   ( 862 ) In order to explore insecticidal activities of different solvents extracts of macadamia peel, the author used water, ethanol and ether as solvents to extract active constituent of macadamia peel, and studied insecticidal activities of different extracts to 3rd instar and 4th instar Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura. The results showed that: there was certain insecticidal activity of macadamia peel’s water extract, ethanol extract and ether extract to 3rd instar and 4th instar Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura, and the higher concentration had the stronger insecticidal activity. Insecticidal activity of macadamia peel’s ether extract to Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura was higher than water extract and ethanol extract on same. Mortality and corrected mortality of 3rd instar Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura were higher than 4th instar Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura in same time and same concentration stress. The Mortality and corrected mortality of Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura were increased with the prolonging on some concentration water extract, ethanol extract and ether extract of macadamia peel. There were different insecticidal activities of different extracts of macadamia peel, the insecticidal activities was inversely proportional to polar of extract.

  Toxicity and Behavioral Effect of the Main Components of the Plant Volatile Oil on Conopomorpha sinensis 2011, 27 (31):  269-273.  Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 596552KB )   ( 890 ) Linalool, Menthone, eugenol and Azadirachtin were tested on the Linalool, menthone, eugenol and azadirachtin were tested on the oviposition repellency effect on Conopomorpha sinensis indoor. The effect of the chemicals on the borer adult, egg hatching and pupa emergence were also studied. In the same concentration, the repellency effect sequence (from high to low) was eugenol> linalool> mint> azadirachtin. Experiments on the impact of the chemical on C. sinensis eggs showed that: 0.3% azadirachtin did not have suffocating effect on litchi fruit borer eggs, but had best contact toxicity. The other 3 compounds had both suffocating effect and contact toxicity effect. The egg mortality increased when the chemical concentration increased. Experiments on the pupae of C. sinensis showed that: pure compounds had significant effect on the pupa. After being treated with the pure compounds, the pupae cocoons immediately bulged, with the edge shrinking. Two days after treatment, the pupa became black, shrunk and died. But the diluted compounds had less effect on the pupae. The mortalities were only 20.00% to 26.70% after being treated with the diluted compounds. The results showed that linalool, menthol, eugenol and azadirachtin had certain inhibitory on the occurrence of different instars of C. sinensis had to some extent.

  Arthropod Diversity in Different Tea Varieties 2011, 27 (31):  274-279.  Abstract + ( 1273 )   PDF ( 625198KB )   ( 777 ) For use of biodiversity control insects and screening of tea varieties to insects carry the basis,in the six tea varieties as test materials, a parallel method of different tea varieties breed jumping arthropod community composition differences. It show that the each tea varieties of the arthropod community composition, diversity is similarities, but the main predators and pests of tea, the dynamic trend of diversity, different levels of arthropod groups were different. The ratio of the maximum number of individuals and their communities’ pest predators was ‘Lechangdayebaimao’, the arthropod of diversity index and dominance index average larger was ‘Yundadanlu’, the arthropod of more diversity and richness of tea plexus upper. Tea plexus different levels arthropods diversity was differences. ‘Yundadanlu’ and ‘YingHong10’ were plexus upper species more; in the tea plexus below, arthropod species diversity index is up on ‘Biyun’.

  Spatial Distribution Pattern of 3 Pests in Mulberry Field 2011, 27 (31):  280-283.  Abstract + ( 1120 )   PDF ( 609215KB )   ( 789 ) In this paper, the spatial distribution pattern of 3 pests Bemisia myricae Kuwana, Diaphania pyloalis Walker, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval were analyzed with Taylor’s power law, Iwao’s distribution function, and 5 aggregation indexes. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of B. myricae was between uniformly distribution and random distribution, but tended to the latter, T. cinnabarinus was between aggregated and random distribution, but tended to the latter, and D. pyloalis was between uniformly distribution and random distribution. By using the parameters α and β in Iwao’s M*-M regression equation, the optimal sampling numbers were determined.

  Weed Community Composition and Niches of Leaf-vegetable Plots in Guangzhou Region in Four Seasons 2011, 27 (31):  284-289.  Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 634952KB )   ( 757 ) The seasonal dynamics of weed community in 16 large-scale vegetable plots of 4 cities and districts in Guangzhou region were surveyed by using inverted “W” sampling method to study weed community composition and niches of leaf-vegetable plots of south subtropics region in four seasons. The weed community was mainly consisted of Polygonum plebeium + Portulaca oleracea + Echinochloa colonum in spring, Portulaca oleracea + Cyperus iria + Amaranthus lividus in summer, Portulaca oleracea + Polygonum lapathifolium + Amaranthus lividus in autumn, and Polygonum plebeium + Cardamine hirsute + Polygonum lapathifolium in winter. The analysis of weed niches in different seasons based on improved Levins niche breadth index and Pianka niche overlap index showed that most weeds had a niche breadth of ＞0.50, and the weeds having a total niche breadth of >1.00 included Portulaca oleracea (1.22), Polygonum plebeium (1.15), Polygonum lapathifolium (1.08). For the dominant weeds, their niche overlap indices > 0.50 were appeared most in spring and least in autumn，and the 3 maximum groups were between Digitaria sanguinalis and Eleusine indica (0.87) in spring, Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus lividus (0.82), Portulaca oleracea and Eleusine indica (0.80).

  Investigation and Assessment of Soil Fertility in Montanic Orchard——A Case Study in Golden Orchard of Chongqing 2011, 27 (31):  290-295.  Abstract + ( 1210 )   PDF ( 561469KB )   ( 718 ) Fertility status in orchard soil was investigated and assessed by collection and analysis of the soil samples in 9 gardens of “Golden Orchard”, Chongqing. It was found that all of the orchard soil showed strong acidity with pH lower than 4.55, and pH decreased with the depth of soil layer increasing. Based on the classification standard of soil nutrients in the second soil investigation of China, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface layer soil of each garden reach moderate or mid-high level; that of total phosphorus, total potassium, and available potassium were relatively lower, and kept deficient status. The nutrient contents of orchard soil at different depths showed distinct difference, the contents at surface soil were much higher than that at 20-40 cm soil. Fertility status of the two organic fertilizers (chicken manure and seedcake) which were commonly used in “Golden Orchard” was also examined, and found that the content of organic matter in seedcake was higher than that in chicken manure, whereas the proportion of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium was difficult to meet the requirement of fruit trees by using the two organic fertilizers.

  An Investigation on the Quality of Yanshan Mountain Pyrus ussrcensis Resources MA Yan-Zhi 2011, 27 (31):  296-299.  Abstract + ( 1044 )   PDF ( 561076KB )   ( 735 ) Pyrus ussrcensis is an excellent resource. We carried out an investigation to Pyrus ussrcensis resources of Yanshan Mountain and determined the internal and external fruit quality, providing reference for the development and utilization of resources. We collected different fruit plants of Yanshan Mountain Pyrus ussrcensis resources and measured the 13 quality indicators that affect the fruit quality. An appearance on the quality of the determination of pear, Suizhong was the largest, followed was Qian'an, Qinglong, Zunhua, Qianxi; Qian'an fruit peel was the thinnest, second was the Qinglong, Qianxi, Zunhua, Suizhong; Suizhong’fruit point was the least, followed was Qian'an, Zunhua, Qianxi, Qinglong; Qianxi’s fruit shape indices was the biggest, elliptical-shaped or conical, second was Suizhong, Qinglong, Qian'an, which was round or nearly round, minimum was Zunhua, which was the flat circular; Zunhua District in the pear fruit stalk up, followed was Qianxi, Qinglong, Suizhong, Qian'an. An inherent quality in the determination of Pyrus ussrcensis, Qian'an fruit flesh was most soft ,followed was Qinglong, Zunhua, Qianxi, Suizhong; Suizhong's content of soluble sugar was the highest, followed was Qianxi, Qian'an, Zunhua, Qinglong; Qianxi's total acid content of fruit was the lowest, followed was Qinglong, Suizhong, Qian'an, Zunhua; Zunhua's content of stone cells in Pyrus ussrcensis was the least, followed was Qianxi, Qinglong, Suizhong, Qian'an; Qianxi regional security pear fruit anthocyanin content was the highest followed was Qinglong, Qian'an, Suizhong, Zunhua; Suizhong's chlorophyll content of Pyrus ussrcensis was the highest, followed was Qinglong, Qianxi, Qian'an, Zunhua; Qian'an’s pear juice yield was the highest, followed was Suizhong, Zunhua, Qianxi, Qinglong; Zunhua's percentage of fruit pith was the smallest. Summing up, resources on quality of pear rate, Qian'an region was best in quality regional security, the Zunhua comprehensive regional quality was poor.

  Study on the Applications of the Basic Elements of Landscape Modeling in the Landscape Design 2011, 27 (31):  300-304.  Abstract + ( 1033 )   PDF ( 604114KB )   ( 1102 ) Landscape is not only an art, but also a science. On the analysis of landscape environment, the paper indicated that the basic elements of landscape modeling were composed by point, line and surface. The writer believed that the theory of plane constitution has guiding significance to landscape design, because form factor, aesthetic rules and shape language were in common between the theory of plane constitution and the basic elements of landscape modeling. For the above reasons, the writer concluded that the application characteristics and law of the basic elements of landscape modeling that used in landscape design on the basis of the quality of point, line and surface combined with the application features and techniques of the basic elements of landscape modeling.

  Introduction Survey and Analysis of Exotic Trees and Shrubs in Shanghai 2011, 27 (31):  305-309.  Abstract + ( 1355 )   PDF ( 611469KB )   ( 1111 ) In order to supply necessary materials for Chenshan Shanghai botanical garden with the project of planting introduction from 5 continents, the classification, provenance, ecological niche and landscape use of exotic trees and shrubs in Shanghai were analyzed based on the introduction survey in recent 20 years. The results showed that: (1) the Aceraceae had the largest number in species among all the introduced families, and Leguminosae and Myrtaceae followed the 2nd and 3rd. (2) There were 71 species introduced from America flora, 31 species were from European area as next. (3) From niche point of view, the tree had the largest number reach 108 species, and 67 species were shrubs. (4) The deciduous species had 108 and evergreen had 69 species. (5) Most introduced species possessed the ecological characters of salt-alkali tolerance, water resistance and cold, heat endurance. (6) These exotic species were mainly used as street trees, specimen trees, courtyard trees, soil and water conservation forest, flower bed, flower border and shelter forest and so on.

  The Numerical Classification of Native Plants and Its Application in the Ecological Virescence in Jingzhu Expressway (the Hengyang Zone) 2011, 27 (31):  310-316.  Abstract + ( 1315 )   PDF ( 646691KB )   ( 746 ) In order to study the numerical classification of native plants and its application in the ecological virescence in Jingzhu expressway (the Hengyang zone), based on the overall investigation to the native plants type and category, classification of plant community in Jingzhu expressway (the Hengyang zone) by fuzzy classification analysis, the author chose native plant category and ecological greening and viresence models by biological, ecological, physiological traits. The results showed that: there were about 99 families, 232 genus, 352 species of vascular plants in the area, and they could be divided into 4 types: Ⅰ. Ass. Cuninghamia lanceolata+Pinus massoniana-Cinnamomum bodiniera+Camellia oleifera-Eremochloa ophiuroides+Lophatherum gracile; Ⅱ. Ass. Castanopsis fissa+Sapium discolor-Cinnamomum bodiniera+Lagerstroemia indica-Neyraudia reynaudiana+Clerodendrum bungei; Ⅲ. Ass. Castanopsis fissa+Michelia maudiae-Alangium chinense+Lindera communis-Centella asiatca+Sedum lineare; Ⅳ. Ass. Broussonetia papyrifera+Ligustrum lucidum-Miscanthus sinensis+Pyrolacalliantha, 50 of which were considered suitable for ecological virescence in Jingzhu expressway (the Hengyang zone). Then 3 models, including Ⅰ. Herbage+rattan model (located in the 0-10 m); Ⅱ. Shrub+herbage+rattan model (located in the 10-15 m); Ⅲ. Tree+shrub+herbage+rattan model (located in the 15-20 m) were designed by phytocoenology principles, to accelerated the process of vegetation restoration. This study will to some degree enrich and broaden the vegetation ecology and restoration ecology of the area and provide theoretical basis for the ecological virescence in Jingzhu expressway (the Hengyang zone). 352 species of vascular plants in the area,and they can be divided into 4 types: Ⅰ.Ass. Cuninghamia lanceolata+Pinus massoniana—Cinnamomum bodiniera+Camellia oleifera— Eremochloa ophiuroides+ Lophatherum gracile;Ⅱ. Ass. Castanopsis fissa+ Sapium discolor—Cinnamomum bodiniera+ Lagerstroemia indica—Neyraudia reynaudiana+ Clerodendrum bungei; Ⅲ. Ass. Castanopsis fissa+ Michelia maudiae—Alangium chinense+ Lindera communis—Centella asiatca+ Sedum lineare; Ⅳ.Ass. Broussonetia papyrifera+ Ligustrum lucidum—Miscanthus sinensis+ Pyrolacalliantha, 50 of which were considered suitable for ecological virescence in Jingzhu expressway(the Hengyang zone).Then three models,including Ⅰ. Herbage+rattan model(located in the 0～10m)Ⅱ. Shrub+herbage+rattan model(located in the 10～15m)Ⅲ. Tree+shrub+herbage+rattan model(located in the 15～20m) were designed by phytocoenology principles,to accelerated the process of vegetation restoration. This study will to some degree enrich and broaden the vegetation ecology and restoration ecology of the area and provide theoretical basis for the ecological virescence in Jingzhu Expressway(the Hengyang zone).