Current issue

• 2012 Vol.28 No.26 Published:15 September 2012

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  Researching Progress of Reproductive Hormone and Their Receptors for the Candidate Gene Relatingto Litter Size of Livestock 2012, 28 (26):  1-6.  Abstract + ( 916 )   PDF ( 566728KB )   ( 897 ) Reproductive endocrine hormone has important effects on follicle development, ovulation and fertilization of livestock. The researching progress on the relations between litter size of livestock and polymorphism of reproductive hormone and their receptors genes including gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), inhibin (INH), and estrogen was reviewed, and it was hoped to be assisted to the mark assisted selection of reproductive traits in livestock.

  SNP and its Application in Beef Cattle Breeding 2012, 28 (26):  7-10.  Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 521025KB )   ( 845 ) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), as a third generation molecular marker, has many characteristics, such as rich sites, strong representation and genetic stability, it had became the focus of molecular markers related fields. This paper reviewed the characteristics and detection methods of SNP and its application in beef cattle’s growth traits, reproductive traits, carcass and meat quality traits, as the candidate gene for molecular marker assisted selection, to accelerate the speed of beef cattle breeding.

  Effect of Melatonin on the Follicles of Blue Fox 2012, 28 (26):  11-14.  Abstract + ( 936 )   PDF ( 1802984KB )   ( 784 ) Influence of melatonin on follicles of blue fox ovaries was studied. The aim of the study was to provide a proof for the use of blue fox ovary. The experiment measured and compared with the form of ovaries and diameter of follicles from blue fox implanted melatonin and in rut. Oocytes had been cultured for in vitro maturation. Observed and recorded the results every 12 h .The results showed that ovarian weight and volume of blue fox implanted melatonin were extremely significantly less than in rut (P<0.01). All levels follicular diameters implanted melatonin were less than those in rut, and the differences of secondary follicular diameter was significantly (P<0.05). Cumulus diffusion rate of blue fox implanted melatonin was significantly less than that in rut (P<0.05).

  The Research of Inducing Follicular Development of Prepubertal Sheep 2012, 28 (26):  15-18.  Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 499066KB )   ( 837 ) In order to stabilize and improve the young lamb sheep follicular development efficiency. This study researched the effect of the development of ovarian follicular from the hormone treatment, hormone production manufacturers, lamb age, repeated handle in four aspects. The results show that: There were significantly affect domestic FSH doses among 60 IU, 120 IU and 180 IU on follicular development (P<0.05). Domestic FSH and Canada FSH production on lamb follicular development have no effect (P>0.05). The number of follicles and available Oocytes from 5-9-week-old lambs are significantly higher than 4- and 11-week-old lambs (P<0.05). There were no affection in the number of follicles and Oocytes that lamb of 4-7 weeks of age interval of 15-30 days repeated hormone stimulate (P>0.05), and there was no difference between the total number of follicles and Oocytes between two repeated handle (P>0.05).

  Study of the Major Quantitative Character Difference and Theirs Correlations among Germplasm Resources of Trifolium repens L. 2012, 28 (26):  19-23.  Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 540685KB )   ( 692 ) To discuss the difference and correlation analysis on the main agronomic traits for Trifolium repens L. germplasm resources to reveal characteristics and genetic relationship among white clover germplasm resources .The difference and correlation analysis of 12 main quantitative character of 78 (Trifolium repens L.) was carried out. The results indicated that which have the abundant genetic diversity among the varieties, between to each of quantitative characters were positively correlated, The plant height was positively correlated with leaf length, width, size and petiole length; the leaf length was significantly and positively correlated with leaf width and size, which was positively correlated with petiole length and diameter; the leaf width was significantly and positively correlated with leaf size, which was positively correlated with petiole length and diameter of flower handle; the leaf size was positively correlated with petiole length, petiole diameter and diameter of flower handle. This group of white clover germplasm materials can provide rich parents materials for White clover breeding and genetics studies.

  The Compared Experiment of Different Red Clover Varieties in the Middle of Sichuan 2012, 28 (26):  24-27.  Abstract + ( 705 )   PDF ( 565298KB )   ( 780 ) For screening red clover variety of high adaptability in the area low elevation of Sichuan, The compared experiment for three red clover varieties of agronomic characteristics was studied from 2007 to 2011. The results showed that the three red clovers adapted the district well. The phenophase of “Freedom” turning green stage had the earliest of three clover; “Freedom” had prostrated branch number with tall plant height, and that of “Minshan”. The average hay yield of “Freedom” had the highest (9795 kg/hm2). The hay yield of “Freedom” was significant (P<0.05) to “Minshan” and “Wuxi”, “Minshan” and the difference of “Wuxi” wasn’t significant. Taking one with another, the red clover “Freedom” was the most adapted and most fertility species, the adaptation of red clover from strong to poor was “Freedom”, “Minshan”, “Wuxi”.

  Comparison Analysis of Geese Egg Quality Between Different Geese Breeds 2012, 28 (26):  28-31.  Abstract + ( 802 )   PDF ( 540636KB )   ( 829 ) This study was conducted to compare the quality of eggs reproduced by different breeds geese at the same feeding and management. 50 geese eggs each breeds of Zhedong White Geese (65 weeks of age), Sichuan White Geese (76 weeks of age), Huoyan Geese (66 weeks of age) were randomly selected to determine their indicators of physical and chemical properties so as to compare their difference of eggs quality. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between three breeds in egg specific density, yolk weight, eggshells proportion, crude protein, crude ash and eggshells’ calcium and phosphorus. The Zhedong White Geese’s egg weight, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, albumen height, haugh unit, yolk color, protein weight, protein proportion, eggshell weight, index were higher than the Sichuan white geese’s and Huoyan Geese’s (P<0.05 or P<0.01); Huoyan Geese’s egg shape index, eggshell color, yolk proportion, and crude fat content were higher than Zhedong White Geese and Sichuan White Geese (P<0.05 or P<0.01); Many indexes of Sichuan white geese were between Zhedong White Geese and Huoyan Geese. Different varieties of egg quality difference for egg quality improvement provided very good material, and for the people in daily life and provided theoretical basis for rational consumption of eggs.

  Establishing of Nucleus Herd of Purebred Wagyu by the Repeated Superovulation 2012, 28 (26):  32-35.  Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 559313KB )   ( 784 ) In order to establish the core group of the purebred Wagyu and maximize their reproductive potential, which from three typical regions in south and north have been superovulated using the method of CIDR+FSH+PG, to explore the reasonable number of repeated superovulation and applied status in the different environment. The results showed that: the experiment of high strength repeated superovulation showed that the most of the transferable embryos have been recovered in the first superovulation, the increased superovulated times have a negative influence on the number of transferable embryos, however, the influence was not significant (P>0.05); there were no significant differences among different regions for the transferable embryos (7.38±4.27, 7.88±5.95, 7.45±5.24, P>0.05). In good breeding management, the suitable number of superovulation times were 3 to 4 when the interval was 1 month for high strength repeated super ovulation. The conventional superovulated program, which have 1 to 2 months interval and 3 times could be used to establish the core group of purebred Wagyu in our country.

  The Progress of the Test Methods of Tick-borne Rickettsial Disease 2012, 28 (26):  36-39.  Abstract + ( 852 )   PDF ( 543014KB )   ( 919 ) In order to test Tick-borne Rickettsial disease. This article provided the recommendation for which was better for the researchers. Several test method of TBRD and their test method were enumerated in this article. It provided the thread of the new test methods in future and put forward the future directions.

  Distribution and Morphology of Argentaffin Cells in Digestive Tract of 300-day-old Chinese Yellow Quail 2012, 28 (26):  40-45.  Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 2466921KB )   ( 711 ) This experiment was aimed at studying the distribution and morphology of argentaffine cells in the 300-day-old Chinese Yellow Quail (Coturnix aponica) and provided morphological basis for physiological and pathological study on digestive system. Every segment of the digestive tract was taken. Grimelius's method was used to observe the distribution and morphology of argentaffine cells, and then the distribution density of the argentaffine cells in each digestive tract segment was determined. We compared male and female by used T-test. The results showed that: the argentaffine cells could be found throughout most of the digestive tract, but couldn’t be found in oral cavity, esophagus, ingluvies, masticatory stomach and colorectum portions. The distrionbution curve is similar to wave. There were two high peaks in glandular stomach and rectum, jejunum distributed the density lowest. The argentaffine cells were seen in glandular stomach leaves, between epithelial cells of mucosa layer, intestinal gland and lamina propria. The shape of argentaffin cells was varied, including cone, fusiform, round, oval and so on. The cone cells always had one long processus extending to the gut lumen, and spindly cells had two long processus, one extending to the gut lumen, the other extending to the lamina propria. The distribution of argentaffine cells might be related to its species. According to the distributed density and morphology of argentaffine cells in the digestive tract of Chinese Yellow Quail, we thought the argentaffine cells might have exocrine, endocrine and paracrine functions.

  Protective Effects of Astralagus Polysaccharides on Florfenicol-induced Immunosuppression in Mice 2012, 28 (26):  46-50.  Abstract + ( 1166 )   PDF ( 696793KB )   ( 1391 ) To investigate the influence of florfenicol in immunosuppressed mice by MTT assay and ELISA method for the regulation of the immune status of animals and improvement of the body's defense. The immunosuppressed mice induced by florfenicol were made. Spleen index were determined by weight. T and B lymphocyte proliferation were measured by MTT assay, OVA-speci?c IgG, IgG1, IgG2b were measured by ELISA method. The results showed that astralagus polysaccharide could increased the weight and the level of antibody, treated with T, B lymphocyte proliferation (ConA or LPS) in a certain dose range, the effects significantly enhanced the spleen lymphocytes. Astralagus polysaccharide possessed the regulative effects on ?orfenicol-induced immunosuppression in mice.

  Rivalry Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides (APS) Against Splenocytes Apoptosis by Lead Cadmium Take Care, Toxicosis in Chicken 2012, 28 (26):  51-54.  Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 800945KB )   ( 893 ) The purpose of this study was to explore APS against Splenocytes apoptosis by lead cadmium toxicosis in chicken. Apoptosis rate of splenocytes and transcriptional level of Bcl-2 mRNA were detected by TUNEL method and RT-PCR in control, lead cadmium and APS-lead cadmium group. The results showed that: there were higher apoptotic rate and lower transcriptional level of Bcl-2 mRNA, compared with the controls; There were significant or very significant difference in control and experimental groups, and the data of APS-lead cadmium group was between control and lead cadmium groups. It suggested that APS could resisted splenocytes apoptosis by lead cadmium toxicosis significantly.

  Antibacterial Activity of Different Solvent Separate-step Extract from Kadsura marmorata in Vitro 2012, 28 (26):  55-58.  Abstract + ( 914 )   PDF ( 592403KB )   ( 942 ) In order to explore antibacterial activity of Kadsura marmorata fruit in vitro. Kadsura marmorata which solved in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, anhydrous ethanol and water in turn, was extracted 20 min by ultrasonic extraction, then 2 h with a hot reflux, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four extracts was detected against chicken E. coli, streptococcus suis and staphylococcus aureus with the microtubule-plate method. The results showed that extraction rates of organic solvent were 0.35%~5.50% and water was 51.2%. MIC of organic solvent extracts reached 0.44~34.08 mg/mL against chicken E. coli, streptococcus suis and staphylococcus aureus, while MIC of water extract was 204.63 mg/mL, 329.13 mg/mL,232.5 mg/mL against chicken E. coli, streptococcus suis and staphylococcus aureus respectively. This study indicated that the Kadsura marmorata fruit extraction of organic solvent had lower yield, but higher antibacterial activity elements than extraction of water. This study laid the foundation for clinical application and separation of antibacterial activity components from Kadsura marmorata.

  Development and Preliminary Application of a RT-PCR for Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus 2012, 28 (26):  59-62.  Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 847684KB )   ( 882 ) In order to establish specific and sensitive detection methods of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). A pair of primer was designed to amplify a product about 680 bp, according to the sequence of the M gene sequence of PEDV-CV777 strain of PEDV in Genbank. The amplified product was sequenced. Then the homology comparisons among the obtained sequence and the M Gene of the CV777 and SH5 stains were performed. The results showed that it shared 99.2% and 97.6% homology with M Gene of the CV777 and SH5, respectively. This method could be used to test PEDV, and the minimum detectable concentration of the PEDV RNA was 100 pg/μL. The method has been used to detect 58 portion specimens of diarrheal swine from three areas named A, B, and C in Fujian province, and the positive tested rate of PEDV was 87.9%.

  Quantification Analysis of miRNAs Expression Level in Different Developing Stages of Echinococcus granulosus Using Real-time PCR 2012, 28 (26):  63-66.  Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 647583KB )   ( 869 ) in this experiment, many new miRNAs in Echinococcus granulosus were discovered by high-throughout sequencing technology Solexa. To investigate the expression level of these miRNAs in different life stages of Echinococcus granulosus, Real-time PCR was used to relatively quantify the dominantly expressed miRNAs in protoscolex and germinal layer by combination of SYBR Green PCR and Race kit. It was found that mir-71, mir-7, mir-1and mir-19 were highly expressed at germinal layer other than protoscolex and let-7 was more aboudunt in protoscolex than germinal layer. The results suggested that miNRAs might play an important role in regulation of genes transcription in different developing stages of Echinococcus granulosus.

  Isolation and Identification of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus and Cross-immunity Protection in Some Regions of Henan Province 2012, 28 (26):  67-70.  Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 590287KB )   ( 810 ) The 2 strains viruses were isolated by the SPF chicken embryo from chicken visceral tissues suspected of being infected with AIV H9 subtype in Luohe and Zhengzhou City in 2011. They were detected by HA, HI and RT-PCR method. The another 2 strains AIV H9 subtype viruses were isolated and identification in 2001. The test was carried out to aware of its cross immunogenicity protection. Inactivated vaccines were prepared with 2 strains of H9 AIV subtype isolated in 2001, and used to inoculate SPF chickens. The 4 strains were used to infect immunized chickens. The results indicated that the HI antibody titers against H9 subtype were significantly increased after inoculation, and there was a good cross protection force between H9 subtype isolated from different periods and locations. The study demonstrated that the inactivated vaccine prepared with the isolated strains in 2001 offered good protection against current pandemic H9 subtype.

  Immunohistochemical Localization of 5 Kinds of Endocrine Cells in Digestive Tract of Takydromus amurensis 2012, 28 (26):  71-75.  Abstract + ( 843 )   PDF ( 1319483KB )   ( 799 ) To study the immunohistochemical localization of 5 kinds of endocrine cells including somatostatin (SS), gastrin (Gas), Glucagon (Glu), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and substance P-(SP) in the digestive tract of Takydromus amurensis. The ABC immunostaining technique was used. The results showed that: SS positive cells distributed throughout the digestive tract except the oesophagus. The stomach’s distribution of density was higher than that in the intestine. Gas cells were observed only in the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum in the digestive tract of Takydromus amurensis. Glu cells were observed in the stomach, pylorus and small intestine, and the distribution of the density of Glu cells in the pylorus was obviously higher than the two other parts. PP cells were detected in the stomach, pylorus and duodenum in the digestive tract of Takydromus amurensis, and the distribution density was the highest in the section of duodenum. SP cells were found only in the stomach. The forms of endocrine cells were various, mostly round, cone-shaped, spindle-shaped. The distributive density of endocrine cells was related to its function of each part of the digestive tract. The morphology of which were conformable with the endocrine and exocrine functions.

  Histological Structure of Compound Eyes in Charybdis japonica 2012, 28 (26):  76-80.  Abstract + ( 827 )   PDF ( 828131KB )   ( 793 ) In order to investigate the structure and function of the light-sensitive organs of crustaceans. The histomorphology of compound eyes in Charybdis japonica was studied by paraffin biopsy technology. The results showed that the eyes of C. japonica were hemispherical with no ommatidia on their back. The ommatidia were hexagon. The sensitization system of an ommatidium was made of 4 to 6 distal retinular cells and 8 proximal retinular cells. The observation was different from the reports on other kinds of crustaceans, such as Portunus tritubereulatus, Eriocheir sinensis, Macrobrachium nipponense, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and so on. It indicated that there were differences in dependence of the species on the visual sense.

  The Analysis of Aqua-products’ Competitive Advantage Based on Markov 2012, 28 (26):  81-84.  Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 920275KB )   ( 989 ) The paper makes a Markov model with the data of FAO and improved RCA , calculates the theoretical state probability of 2008, compares to the realistic probability and found that the actual status of competitive advantage has a trend of convergence.It also can say that the number of very strong and general competitive advantage of aquatic products are increasing and strong and weak competitive advantage are reducing. It also analyzes the reason of the difference. At last, it gives the suggestions for how to improve the competitive advantage of aqua-products on the condition of now available resources.

  Performance evaluation study on listed companies of aquatic industry in china based on DEA model 2012, 28 (26):  85-88.  Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 572076KB )   ( 972 ) In order to improve business performance and profitability of the aquatic listed companies. This study used data envelopment analysis (DEA) in the CCR model and BCC model of the 15 listed companies in the aquaculture industry in technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency analysis. The results showed that: the overall efficiency of the 15 listed companies in the aquaculture industry was lower, the higher the value of pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency was lower. Based on the above evaluation results, combined with the status of the aquaculture industry, cultivate leading enterprises, fisheries growth mode from extensive to intensive and optimize the product structure.

  Environmental Impact and Countermeasures of Freswater Fishpond Aquaculture in China 2012, 28 (26):  89-92.  Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 614539KB )   ( 1241 ) The environment problem of traditional freshwater aquaculture pond was more and more serious, due to intensify the degree of eutrophication in water body around. To solve this problem, recent research emphasized on the in-situ remediation represented by “Fish-Vegetable Mutualism” Mode (FVMM) and ectopic remediation represented by Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS). FVMM could reduce the generation and discharge coefficient of fish pond, ecological balance would be hard to realize, and RAS could not avoid the extra economic cost and land resource, the ecological value of application of this mode around eutrophication area was evident due to its zero-discharge. Establishing an ecological cooperation (EC) aquaculture model, comprised by floating-bed grown vegetables in water upper, and constructed wetland receiving waste water of fishpond, would be an effective way to solve the problem caused by traditional freshwater aquaculture. Cooperation society was an effective platform to reflect the technologies of aquaculture, aquaculture cooperation society was characterized by “economic cooperation”, followed by “information cooperation”, “ecological cooperation” would be a tendency.

  Research on the Physical and Chemical Indicators of Partitioned Pond 2012, 28 (26):  93-98.  Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 650093KB )   ( 765 ) To improve the water quality at the bottom layer of pond. In this paper, we did an experiment on the effect of a new farming pattern named partitioned pond on water quality improvement. The results showed that pH value ranges from 7.0 to 7.6, the maximum was at 4:00 pm. The average of pH value in area ponds and no shellfish ponds were slightly higher than unpartitioned pond and shellfish pond, respectively. As for dissolved oxygen, fluctuations in the 6 mg/L was at 9:00 am,10 mg/L fluctuated at 4:00 pm, there exists significant diurnal variation, but there was no significant differences in area ponds and unpartitioned pond. The water temperature increased in sequence of six periods, water temperature measured at 9:00 was lower than the water temperature of 16:00, but there was no significant differences in area ponds and unpartitioned pond. The transparency of the water was the highest in case of partitioned pond and pond which had shellfish. Pond water quality was good. This new partition pond culture model was worthy of further research and extension.

  The Dynamic Variation of Potassium Ferrite (K2FeO4) on Oxidation-reduction Potential (ORP) and its Toxicology to Fish in Aquatic Environment 2012, 28 (26):  99-104.  Abstract + ( 1626 )   PDF ( 631393KB )   ( 1091 ) To discuss the dynamic variation of potassium ferrite (K2FeO4) on oxidation-reduction potential (Oxidation- Reduction Potential, ORP) and its acute toxicology to fish; the experiment measured the dose, time, and pH depended-ORP of K2FeO4, and its acute toxicology to carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), and zebra fish (Brochydaino rerio). The results showed that, ORP in aquatic environment positively depended on the concentration of K2FeO4 when it was dissolved into aquatic environment. ORP in aquatic environment decreased to the minimum concentration and reached to steady state after 48 h. The effect of pH to ORP was also very evident; the details showed that the decrease rate in alkaline water was higher than that one in acidity and neutral water. Different fish had different toxicology to K2FeO4, the 96 h LC50 to carp, tilapia fish, zebra fish was 156.36, 145.31, 123.74 mg/L respectively, and the toxic effect occurred before 48 hours, and disappeared in 48-96 h. The experiment showed that the toxic effect to fish directly depended on the ORP of K2FeO4 in aquatic environment, the toxic effect of K2FeO4 to fish was caused by the strong oxidizing property.

  Studies on the Behavioral Response of Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) in Optical Field 2012, 28 (26):  105-109.  Abstract + ( 1067 )   PDF ( 674087KB )   ( 873 ) The photogradient method was used to study the dynamic phototaxis behaviors of Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) during four groups divided by different growth stages:Ⅰ: 20.0-50.0 mm, Ⅱ: 50.0-80.0 mm, Ⅲ: 80.0-110.0 mm, Ⅳ: 110.0-140.0 mm, which was exposed to the white lights at five intensities 250 lx, 500 lx, 1000 lx, 1500 lx and 2000 lx, in order to understand the regular behavior of Blue tilapia in optical field. Furthermore, the behavioral response of Ⅰgroup under four different wavelength lights (red, yellow, green, blue) was discussed. The results showed that under the white light four groups of Blue tilapia behave positive phototaxis. The phototaxis index of four groups increased with the boosted light intensity which the range was 250-1000 lx, then decreased with the boosted light intensity when 1000-2000 lx. The phototaxis index reached the maximum when the light intensity was 1000 lx, which were 67.5%, 55.0%, 55.0% and 42.0% respectively in high light district. The total phototaxis indexes of four groups were 96.0%, 94.0%, 96.5% and 95.0% respectively. Blue tilapia preferred light intensity between 500-1500 lx. The phototaxis index decreased with the development of Blue tilapia, and the maximum phototaxis index rank was Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ. Otherwise, Blue tilapia of Ⅰgroup performed differently in four color lights. It preferred blue and green lights to red and yellow lights. It was concluded that Blue tilapia behaved selectively in different light intensity, different wavelength lights and at different growth stages. The results could be used for developing trapping light equipments and improving benefits of industrial culture.

  Antioxidant Analysis and Evaluation of Protease-digested Productions for two Kinds of Low-valuable Fish Proteins 2012, 28 (26):  110-114.  Abstract + ( 951 )   PDF ( 703663KB )   ( 780 ) This experiment aimed to evaluate and study hydrolysis capacities of different commercial proteases on two kinds of low-valuable fish and activities of the resultant protease-digested productions. The results showed that the hydrolysis capacities of the tested proteases increased rapidly within first 20 min, and then began to a flatten curve out or declining in 2 hours. The complex protease dialogue showed the higher hydrolysis capacity on silver carp, and also with the biggest 15.92% hydrolysis degree of commercial hydrolysis protease on Red Tilapia. Hydrolysis products of subtilisin BPN on silver carp showed strongest antioxidant activity in all the enzyme-digested products, up to 87.11% ability to clear the DPPH. We concluded that the activities of the hydrolysis products were very different in different commercial proteases on two kinds of fish proteins.

  Isolation, Identification and Drug Sensitive Test of Aeromonas sobriaon Pathogens of Skin Ulcer from Tinca tinca 2012, 28 (26):  115-118.  Abstract + ( 947 )   PDF ( 620393KB )   ( 803 ) In order to make sure the Skin Ulcer pathogen of the Tinca tinca, providing a scientific proof for its diagnostic, prevention and treatment. A bacterium (GXZ01) was isolated from the liver of the lesion surface area, internal organs and blood from the diseased Tinca tinca, with the methods of bacterial conventional separation. It’s physiological and biochemical characteristics were studied. The artificial infection experiment and drug sensitive test proved that: (1) GXZ01 was Aeromonas bacteria；(2) This bacteria was length of 0.7~1.1 μm, it was a short rod-shaped and a Gram-negative bacteria; (3) The antibiotic sensitivity test using 14 antimicrobial agents showed that the bacterium was sensitive to 8 agents including penicillin and so forth; moderately sensitive to ampicillin and other four drugs; insensitive to penicillin and Acetylspiramycin. Aeromonas sobria could lead to the Skin Ulcer of the Tinca tinca, which was the first reported, and it made important guiding significance to the fish on its disease prevention and healthy breeding.

  Ago-climatic Divisions of Winter Wheat in Jiangsu Province Based on Cluster Analysis 2012, 28 (26):  119-124.  Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 1600775KB )   ( 885 ) To optimize the plantation structure of winter wheat in Jiangsu Province, using the climatic data and yield data of wheat during 1961-2010. Firstly, preliminary climatic regions were made based on K-Means Cluster Analysis in this paper. Then, a comprehensive climate evaluation model of winter wheat was established with the grey relational analysis. At last, the comprehensive evaluation value was used for the climatic division. Results showed that, quality wheat suitable planning area in Jiangsu Province was divided into four regions: the weak gluten wheat planning region, medium weak gluten wheat transition region, medium strong gluten wheat transition region and strong gluten wheat planning area. By using the principles of geographical information system, the wheat climatic regionalization with meteorological factors and ecological factors was regarded to be more precise, accurate and more instructive.

  Based on Evaluation of Cultivated Land Fertilities of Jingtai County Agricultural Regionalization Research 2012, 28 (26):  125-130.  Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 1023043KB )   ( 893 ) Carrying out evaluation of arable land is an important content of the soil testing and formulated fertilization subsidy programs, which can be considered to be the major basic work of finding out the resources situation of arable land, taking advantage of land more efficiently, and promoting the development of modern agriculture. Based on the arable land fertility of Jingtai County and agriculture partition theories and principles, this research used the method that corresponds partition unit and low-yielding fields partition to partition the agricultural suitability area of the farmland of Jingtai County. The county was divided into five areas, "JingDian first-period" and "JingDian second-period" special economic crops area, Yellow River coastal grain crops l area and economic forest zone, high-lift irrigation dry stock-rearing agriculture and forest area. As a consequence of enlarging the range of using the results of evaluating county farmland fertility, which accordingly provide a possible reference of reasonable layout and land-according suitability of agricultural production of Jingtai County more scientific, systematic and intuitive from three sides containing agriculture, forest and animal husbandry.

  Recommendations for the Industrialization of Ningxia Rice 2012, 28 (26):  131-134.  Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 539133KB )   ( 747 ) This article studied geographical indications’ agricultural products of “Ningxia rice”, focused on the feasibility and path of its industrialization. First, analyzed the conditions of natural resources of Ningxia plain, and the unique quality of the Ningxia rice and the profound historical and cultural connotations, clarified “Ningxia rice” had the endogenous conditions and comparative advantages for implementing industrial development. Second, analyzed the industry development status and existing problems for “Ningxia rice”. Third, according to the new institutional economics theory, proposed the implementation of government-led industrialization path for “Ningxia rice”. Finally, from the improvement of industrial management model, construction of the protection of geographical indications system, integration and restructuring of the industry chain, marketing strategies etc, put forward policy recommendations accordingly.

  Research on the Opening and Cooperation of the Agriculture of Yunnan under the Guidance of “Gateway” Strategy 2012, 28 (26):  135-139.  Abstract + ( 819 )   PDF ( 549563KB )   ( 979 ) This paper mainly summed up the advantages and situation of opening and cooperation of Yunnan agriculture. Yunnan is rich in biological resources and has geographical superiority as well as agricultural technical advantages. And there are strong complementary between Yunnan and Southeast Asian and South Asian countries in characteristic industries. Now the cooperation mechanism has initially formed between Yunnan and Southeast Asian and South Asian countries, and agriculture science and technology cooperation and training has been strengthened. As a result, the trade of agricultural products increased rapidly. Problems existing such as poor traffic and transportation, small agricultural production bases for export, low level of safety management, uncompetitive ability of enterprises, and delayed construction of port infrastructure are discussed. Meanwhile, based on the total requirements for “Gateway” construction, countermeasures and suggestions for the opening and cooperation of Yunnan agriculture under the guidance of “Gateway” Strategy are established in this paper as follows: financial input and government support should be increased, quality and safety control should be strengthened, agricultural tap enterprise which is export-oriented should be developed, convenient communication network should be built and opening up of Yunnan characteristic industries to the southeast Asian and South Asian should also be promoted.

  The Evaluation on Tourism Sustainable Development in Changsha-zhuzhou-xiangtan urban agglomeration 2012, 28 (26):  140-145.  Abstract + ( 743 )   PDF ( 722358KB )   ( 707 )

  Constraints and Countermeasures Analysis in the Change of Development Mode of Aquaculture Economy——Example from Qingdao 2012, 28 (26):  146-152.  Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 628281KB )   ( 737 ) China's aquaculture industry has made great achievements since the reform, the main producing areas were converting the mode of development actively in recent years and achieved some success. But it was also not free from extensive mode of operation and still relies on the expansion of production scale and consumption of natural resources. The paper analyzed the factors restricting transformation of the development mode of aquaculture economy, proposed a series of countermeasures, such as institutional innovation, scientific and technological innovation, improve the quality of workers and so on.

  Study on Sustainability of the New Rural Social Pension Security System in Zhejiang Province —— A Pilot Project in Deqing country as an Example 2012, 28 (26):  153-158.  Abstract + ( 910 )   PDF ( 556004KB )   ( 799 ) Abstract:In order to research the new type of zhejiang province rural society endowment security system sustainable development.Through empirical analysis of deqing county, the new rural social pension security system present situation and features are analyzed, the results of the study show that, deqing county a new type of rural social old-age security system of sustainable development of key factors for rates for individual contribution –s low, big difference between urban and rural areas, increasing the value of the fund and its supervision, financial support capacity Parents-children the ginseng of industry way, handling service capabilities, the stability of the system is low. through to the five factors analysis system, and put forward the raising in many, to establish a stable capital base, the perfect fund supervision mechanism, strengthen the investment management advice measures.

  Improvement of Agricultural Insurance Development Mode in Beijing Xian-de LI 2012, 28 (26):  159-163.  Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 663940KB )   ( 842 ) In order to improve agricultural insurance system in Beijing, the research proposed improvement plan with insurer purchasing reinsurance as well as government inputting funds and new mode of agricultural insurance with three levels of catastrophic risk protection system to perfect the current mode of agricultural insurance in Beijing on the basis of simulation for agricultural reinsurance mode and according to requirement of sustainable development. The results of dynamic simulation indicated that compared with current reinsurance and improvement plan, new mode of agricultural insurance did not only realize sustainable operation of insurer, but also attribute to increase the efficiency of fiscal funds for government, thus it was superior development mode of agricultural insurance.

  Influences of Land Requisition on Farmer's Living Standard—A Case Study on Yongchuan District of Chongqing 2012, 28 (26):  168-172.  Abstract + ( 897 )   PDF ( 795805KB )   ( 807 ) The purpose of this paper is to find the influences of land requisition on farmer's living standard, according to the evaluation of farmer's living standard after the land requisition, so that it may support and contribute for the the reform of the land requisition system on compensatory system and social security system in academic. To evaluate the influences of land requisition on farmer's living standard, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is used, according to the interview with 312 farmers and 321 pieces of questionnaire in Yongchuan District of Chongqing. The results show that the proportion of farmers whose income levels decline is 66.85%, 77.11% of farmers think that the social security is not perfect and their space for development is narrow, and there are 63.42% of farmers who do not feel satisfied. The results also show that there are 32.74% of farmers whose living standard decline, and the proportion of farmers whose living standard is steady is 43.50%, there are only 23.89% of farmers whose living standard is improved. So it can be conclude that the number of farmers whose living standard decline is still large although the number of farmers whose living standard is steady is larger, resulting from the declining in income levels and the inadequate social security system, and also the narrow space for development due to the farmer's old age and low educational level. To solve this problem, it is necessary to combine the higher compensation guideline and the adequate social security with the professional education and training.

  Review and Prospect on the Research of Urbanization of Migrant Workers Based on Human Capital 2012, 28 (26):  173-177.  Abstract + ( 997 )   PDF ( 525430KB )   ( 793 ) In order to provide more specific theories and practical guidance for the urbanization of migrant worker, the authors summarized domestic and foreign research about the influence of the human capital on the urbanization of migrant worker and the differentiation of migrant worker in the process of urbanization. Through the study based on cross disciplines of social stratification structural theory and human capital theory, the authors found that the human capital of migrant worker not only had a practical guidance and integration function on migrant worker layered, and also the city selecting migrant worker, and so played a very important coupling role between different layered migrant workers and different cities. Based on such research, the authors proposed that improving the human capital of migrant worker in two directions of different migrant workers and different cities should become one of most proper internal paths to solve the problem of urbanization of vast migrant workers.

  Design of the Automatic Recording Temperature Instruments in Agricultural Shed 2012, 28 (26):  178-182.  Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 816535KB )   ( 948 ) To realize the remote monitoring temperature in agricultural shed, the temperature in agricultural shed of the automatic recording instruments was designed. The recorder adopted digital the temperature sensors and single chip, liquid display and I2C circuit bus component. The software design included the signal collecting, temperature to store data and to read, chinese and collect the mixture of 3 modules. The proteus simulation results of the system’s hardware and software showed that the design was right.

  Progress on Pyrolysis of Cellulose and Its Conversion to Ethanol 2012, 28 (26):  183-189.  Abstract + ( 1061 )   PDF ( 600580KB )   ( 924 ) In order to explore the conversion of cellulose biomass to ethanol, the author reviewe the current research progress on the pyrolysis conditions of cellulose and converting its pyrolysate (mainly levoglucosan) to ethanol at home and abroad in recent years. It’s found that previous studies are short of caring combinations with different pyrolysis conditions, which may be responsible for the yield of the product such as levoglucosan in the process of the pyrolysis, and also the conventional way via fermenting the hydrolysate of pyrolysate to ethanol is not economical. It would be a trend that the direct conversion of cellulose via pyrolysis to ethanol could be realized by constructing ethanologenic microbial strains with genetic engineering technologies in the future.constructing ethanologenic microbial strains with genetic engineering technologies in the future.

  Research on Benefit Evaluation of the Utilization of the Biomass in Beijing for Energy 2012, 28 (26):  190-195.  Abstract + ( 945 )   PDF ( 1345624KB )   ( 732 ) To promote the development of utilization of biomass energy industry, relieve the pressure of energy supply in Beijing, an integrated understanding including its economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits is needed. This paper puts forward a method of benefit evaluation for the utilization of biomass energy in Beijing with a comprehensive system established, determining weights of each index with analytic hierarchy process. Taking the development of biomass pellets in Huairou District for instance, the fuzzy evaluation of its economic, social and environmental benefits has been studied. Compared with the analysis results of a certain biomass pellets project, the fuzzy evaluation was relatively accurate.

  On rural household energy consumption in Jiangsu province, China 2012, 28 (26):  196-200.  Abstract + ( 834 )   PDF ( 565941KB )   ( 676 ) Rural household energy consumption is the important component of national energy consumption. It has important implication on rural social, economic, and ecological environment. With the method of questionnaire investigation, household energy consumption and the problems related was investigated in nine typical counties in Jiangsu province. The rural household energy consumption level and structure in the typical family of Jiangsu in 2009 were gived. The differences of energy consumption structure of three areas, the southern Jiangsu, the middle Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu, were researched. he consumption structure of eventually use and compared the differences of the percentage of effective heat in three regional were discussed. The relationship of the energy consumption and family net income were researched. The study will has the important meaning to understand the process of rural economic development of household energy consumption of energy supply and demand balance characteristic to establish a system of using biomass resources and scale.

  Diversity of Soil Invertebrate Communities at Tea Park Yushan Hill of Changshu 2012, 28 (26):  201-205.  Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 664216KB )   ( 641 ) In order to study Diversity of soil invertebrate communities of 25-30 years of tea planting area. A preliminary study was conducted at Tea Park Yushan Hill, a total of 1095 soil animal belonging to 4 phylums, 7 classes and 27 taxa. Among them, the dominant groups werer Nematoda, Acarina and Collembola, which amounted to 88.18% of total individuals; Common groups werer the Araneae, Protura, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera sorts, amounting to 7.31% of total, other was rare groups. Three kinds of ecological environment of soil animal community structure analysis showed: the density were Tea Park 2＞Tea Park 1＞Tea Park 3; Number of groups were Tea Park 1＞Tea Park 3＞Tea Park 2; diversity(H') were Tea Park 3＞Tea Park 1＞Tea Park 2; Evenness (J) were Tea Park 3＞Tea Park 2＞Tea Park 1; Dominance (C) were Tea Park 1＞Tea Park 2＞Tea Park 3. The results also showed that similarity (q) of soil invertebrates The Tea Park1 and Tea Park 2 , Tea Park 1 and Tea Park 3, Tea Park 2 and Tea Park3 were moderate similar (0.75＞q＞0.50). Vertical distribution of soil invertebrate are concentrated in the surface.

  Investigation and Study on the Reptiles in Dashiwei Karst Doline and Cave Cluster Scenic Spot in Guangxi 2012, 28 (26):  206-210.  Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 551786KB )   ( 733 ) In order to probe the status of the reptile resources and promote wildlife conservation, the reptile resources in Dashiwei karst doline and cave cluster scenic spot in Guangxi were investigated by means of combining methods of line investigation, quadrat investigation and interview investigation from July 2008 to 2011. The results showed that the species diversity of reptile resources in Dashiwei karst doline and cave cluster scenic spot was rich. There were 42 reptiles species belonging to 32 genera, 12 families, 2 orders, accounting for 25.5% of the total 165 reptile species recorded in Guangxi; and that of the 42 species, 38 belong to the Oriental realm and 4 belong to the widespread ones, with no species to the Palaearctic realm. The fauna was mainly composed of species distributed both Central-China and South-China district. The species with quantity dominance are Gekko chinensis,Eumeces chinensis,Sphenomorphus indicus, Takydromus sexlinearus, Xenochrophis piscator, Sinonatrix aequifasciata. According to the results of the surveys,the status of reptile resources was discussed and some protective suggestions are provided.

  The Variation Characteristics of Soil Nutrients and Salinity of Different Years Abandoned Fields in Lower Reaches of Shiyang River 2012, 28 (26):  211-216.  Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 1002476KB )   ( 753 ) The problems of soil salinization have been getting serious gradually and the area of the abandoned salinized fields were constantly expanding which were influenced by the climate factors and the human activities in arid irrigated areas, China. The studies on variance rule of soil salt and soil nutrients were carried out on the different abandoned fields in order to provide theoretical basis for the soil restoration and reasonable use of the abandoned salinized fields. Minqin oasis which is located in Lower Reaches of Shiyang River is classified serious area of soil salinization. The variation characteristics of soil nutrients (soil organic matter, total N, rapidly available P and K) and salinity (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-) of different rear abandoned fields that was abandoned in different years were researched by the method of space series replacing time series. The results showed that length of abandoned time had different degree of influences on soil nutrients and salinity. The content of soil organic matter was higher with 5 years. The content of soil organic matter was minimum with 5-10 years, and the content of soil organic matter was tending towards stability after 10 years. The content of total salinity ascended higher and higher with the increasing of the abandoned time. The main cation were Cl-, SO42- among 8 ions, but main anion were K+, Na+, respectively accounting for 66.2% and 19.2% of total salinity. The degree of salinity became more serious as time prolonging.

  Environmental Geochemical Baseline and the Present Situation of As, Hg in Soil from Ili River Basin 2012, 28 (26):  217-223.  Abstract + ( 907 )   PDF ( 793737KB )   ( 717 ) The investigation of heavy metal elements levels in the soil media is premise of harmonious development of agriculture, industry and soil environment in Ili Region, Xinjiang, China. The environmental geochemical baseline was used to measure the concentration of As and Hg in the soil samples, the index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) of As, Hg was applied to analyze the state of the environment the surficial soil in Ili Region, Xinjiang, China. The baseline values were As 35.2 mg/kg, Hg 9.32 μg/kg, determined by standard method and statistic method, respectively. According to the results of geo-accumulation (Igeo) of As, Hg, the surficial soil in Ili Region were not polluted by As and Hg. The surficial soils polluted by As accounted for 1%, 77.9% of the surficial soils were clean and 21.1% of the surficial soils were less clean. And 95.2% of the surficial soils were not polluted by Hg, 4.8% of the surficial soils were less clean. Among 4 soil samples, the extent of clean by As were saline-alkali soil>chernozem>chestnut soil>sierozem, while in the 4 soil samples, the extent of clean by Hg were sierozem=saline-alkali soil>chernozem>chestnut soil. The results of the As, Hg of concentration indicated that comparing to As, Hg in the surficial soils seemed to be more clean. In addition, the As, Hg of concentration in the soil of Ili region were affected by natural factors such as altitude and soil type.

  Riverside with Natural Permeability and Migration Characteristics of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus 2012, 28 (26):  224-228.  Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 826455KB )   ( 718 ) For the discussion on the riverside of soil characteristics, by the persulfate digestion and M3 methods determine the N, P content at different depths of the soil, analyzed the characteristics of the soil's longitudinal natural infiltration and transverse migration in riverside. The results showed that: the N, P content at different depths of the soil was y=-0.1308+0.2546x, R2=0.9173 and y=0.0287+0.5617x, R2=0.9675, which had a good correlation. The N, P content of riparian zone soil mainly distributed in 0-10 cm soil layer, the highest was in 5 cm soil layer, the N, P content in surface soil was significantly higher than the lower soil, the characteristics assumed that migration from top to bottom. The surface soil of downstream riverside with N content was significantly higher than the upstream, while the volume of soil containing of P mainly concentrated in the upper soil surface, and the mainly concentrate was upon 5 cm soil layer in the lower reaches. Analysis on the characteristics of the soil's longitudinal natural infiltration and transverse migration in riverside must be intergrated suppress the rising trend of soil nitrogen, phosphorus content from the vertical and horizontal.

  The Analysis of Correlation Between the Cotton Quality and the Soil Ecological Geochemistry Factor in Hebei Plain 2012, 28 (26):  229-235.  Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 661983KB )   ( 792 ) In order to search the relation between cotton quality and main ecological geochemistry factor, with multiple target geochemical survey method, the correlation was studied between the cotton quality, integrated cotton fiber quality and the soil ecological geochemistry factor in plain area of Hebei Province. It was suitable for cotton growing in the alluvial flat of alluvial or diluvium plain compared with other landforms condition. There were suitable soil including light loam soil, sandy loam, loam soil of both fluvo-aquic soil and cinnamon soil, which conserved water and fertilizer well. And these kinds of soil were more suitable for cotton growth and increasing quality of cotton fiber. The soil nitrate nitrogen was in low or very low level, which the ratio was 69.06%. Most of available phosphorus was in low level, the medium and the high level only accounted for 18.24%, 3.07%. The medium and the high level of available potassium accounted for 31.97%, 44.67% respectively. The soil calcium content was abundant and distributed 8086-9658 mg/kg. The oxidation magnesium belonged to medium level or low level. Available sulfur content distributed mostly in very low or low level, and the ratio of medium level only was 15.45%. Available iron content was abundant, the medium and high level accounted for 51.82%, 42.73%. Available zinc was lack in most of area, and the ratio of medium and high only were 15.45%, 1.82%. Manganese, boron content was in right level. But available copper belonged to high level, which ratio reached 98.18%. In addition, the affection of phosphorus and potassium on cotton fiber quality were higher than nitrogen. B, Mn and S of elements content affected cotton fiber quality more highly than the other trace elements.

  Abundance and Deficiency Status of Silt Soil Nutrient Study in Bank of North Yellow River Irrigation District of Ningxia 2012, 28 (26):  236-242.  Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 735866KB )   ( 704 ) Experimental study and evaluation of the status of soil nutrients is proposed for this area of agricultural land to grow rice, wheat and corn rational fertilization. Experiment with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the experimental factor, set up a no fertilizer (N0P0K0), nitrogen (N0P2K2), non-phosphorus (N2P0K2), potassium (N2P2K0), N, P and K (N2P2K2) five treatment, repeated three times, randomized block arrangement. The results showed that, the area of agricultural land to grow rice, the contribution rate of fertilizer on rice yield was 36.5%, of which the contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield was 11.9%, the contribution rate of phosphate fertilizer on rice yield was 10.5%, potash fertilizer on rice yield. The area of agricultural land planted wheat, the contribution rate of fertilizer on wheat yield was 56.3%, of which the contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat yield was 28.0%, the contribution rate of phosphate fertilizer on wheat yield was 9.2%, potash fertilizer on wheat yield, the contribution rate was 1.2%. The area of agricultural land to grow corn (interplanting), the contribution rate of fertilizer on corn yield was 62.4%, of which the contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer on corn yield was 53.2%, the contribution rate of phosphate fertilizer on maize yield was 15.5%, the contribution rate of potassium fertilizer on corn yield was 6.9%. In a word, the cultivation of crops of the region had a larger dependence on chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer significantly increased yield, which played a major role of nitrogen fertilizer on crop yield, the smaller the impact of phosphate fertilizer on crop yield. Little effect on the output of potash fertilizer on crops could be applied not less.

  Analysis of Salinity and pH of Topsoil in the Coastal Areas of East Hebei 2012, 28 (26):  243-246.  Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 613287KB )   ( 796 ) In order to determine soil saline distribution characteristics of eastern coastal counties in Hebei, salinity and pH of topsoil were analyzed by the methods of locate sampling and ARC soft processing in the coastal areas of east Hebei. The results showed that: the salinity of topsoil was more than 0.20% in Tanghai and Hangu, and less than 0.10% in the coastal of Qinhuangdao. 1-2 levels (salinity>0.4%) agricultural land areas of about 4×104 hm2, mainly distributed in coastal counties of Tangshan. pH of topsoil was more than 8.0 in Lutai, Hangu, Tanghai, the average of pH was less than 7.0 in the coastal region of Qinhuangdao. Saline soil of the district was depth distribution along coastal strip, and the most distributed in the coastal of Tangshan.

  The Effects of Immobilization of Penicillium oxalicum ZHJ6 Strain on the Biodegradation of Methamidophos 2012, 28 (26):  247-251.  Abstract + ( 897 )   PDF ( 660261KB )   ( 758 ) The immobilization of Penicillium oxalicum ZHJ6 strain which could degrade organ phosphorous pesticide was studied in order to investigate whether the immobilized Penicillium oxalicum ZHJ6 strain could keep the activity of degradation of organophosphorus pesticide and suffer from high concentration of organophosphorus pesticide. The investment and combined methods were used to immobilize the strain, and the influence factors of degradation ratio of methamidophos were tested. The result showed that the degradation ration of methamidophos by immobilzated ZHJ6 strain in polyester nonwoven fabric was higher than by free ZHJ6 strain. The degradation ratio was raised by immobilzated ZHJ6 strain in polyester nonwoven fabric in the same temperature, pH or the concentration of methamidophos. The optimal condition for degradation of methamidophos was pH 5.0 and 25℃. And the degradation ratios of folimat, phoxim, glyphosate and methamidophos by the immobilization strain in simulation wastewater through soil or river water were also higher than that by free ZHJ6 strain.

  Emergy Analysis of Intensive Cropland Use Change in Ecological Fragile Area 2012, 28 (26):  252-256.  Abstract + ( 832 )   PDF ( 594903KB )   ( 715 ) In order to study the effect of intensive cropland use change on regional agricultural economy, ecological and environmental conditions in ecological fragile area, it is necessary to use comprehensive method to quantify agricultural inputs, outputs, and the ratio of output to input. Yanchi County in Ningxia was selected as a case area, which is located in typical farming-pastoral ecotone, and emergy analysis was used to study the changes of labor input, agricultural material input, cropland output, and the ratio of output to input of the cropland during 2001-2008. It was found that the labor input per unit area showed a fluctuating downward trend, but the agricultural material input per unit area increased in volatility with the change of cropland area; output per unit area fluctuated and the ratio of output to input decreased fluctuately, which was affected by labor input, agricultural material input, and precipitation. The results suggested that simply focusing on increasing agricultural investment and expansion of cropland area, while neglecting educated labor input and local ecological conditions after ecological restoration, might affect cropland productivity and resulted in increase of agricultural non-point source pollution risks.

  Study on the Concentration Capacity to Three Kinds of Heavy Metals for Different Crops 2012, 28 (26):  257-261.  Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 679758KB )   ( 907 ) In order to study accumulation property of the heavy metals in different crops and establish the plant species of artificial eco-system, the author chose four species crops as subjects, including Zea mays L., Cucurbita moschata, Glycine javanica L., Giycine max (L) Merril, investigated around the golden mineral in Shaanxi Province and determined the concentration of the heavy metals by applying flame atomic absorption spectrometry, including copper, zinc and cadmium. The results showed that, except the rhizospheric soil of Glycine javanica L. was clean to Zn, the rhizospheric soils of four species crops were contaminated by 3 kinds of metals because their single factor pollution index were greater than 1. Among these crops, the concentration capacity to zinc was all powerful for Zea mays L., Giycine max (L) Merril and Cucurbita moschata. Especially Cucurbita moschata had the biggest transfer factors and concentration factors to Zn, and they were 43.18 and 7.11 individually. Glycine javanica L. and Zea mays L. had the powerful concentration capacity to copper. Although all crops transfer factors were more than 1, their concentration factors were all less than 1, so all crops had the weaker concentration capacity to cadmium.

  Determinations of Nutrient Chemical Components in Eichhornia crassipes Sloms-laub from Different Eutrophic Waters in Huixian Karst Wet lands, Guilin, China 2012, 28 (26):  262-266.  Abstract + ( 686 )   PDF ( 564533KB )   ( 701 ) In order to achieve pollution prevention and comprehensive utilization of Eichhornia crassipes Sloms-laub from different levels eutrophic waters in Huixian Karst Wet lands of typical tourist area at Guilin City. The paper adopted the method of spatial sequence instead of time successional sequence, nutrient chemical components in Eichhornia crassipes Sloms-laub were determined. The order of different nutrient chemical components including TOC, EE, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, carbohydrate, organs of height, root length, proportions of root in total weight, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn and Fe in Eichhornia crassipes Sloms-laub was: light eutrophication area>Medium eutrophication area>Severe eutrophication area. On the contrary, there were more nutrient elements of TN, TP, TK, CP, Ash, proportions of stem, leaf in total weight, Cu, Cr, Pb, As, Hg at severe eutrophication area than light eutrophication area. It has different nutrient chemical component at different growing environment. There was obviously correlation between height, root length and concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in water of Huixian Karst Wet lands. Eichhornia crassipes Sloms-laub could absorb a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium compound and have certain purification function.

  The Influence of the Changes of Precipitation Resource to Agriculture Nearly 48 Years in Yantai, Shandong 2012, 28 (26):  267-271.  Abstract + ( 689 )   PDF ( 584457KB )   ( 714 ) Database of precipitation amount in the area of Yantai from 10 monitoring stations was gathered and analyzed in the method of moving-average, linear tendency rate and so on, in order to study the changing patterns of precipitation and its effect to the yield of local main crops. Characteristic of local precipitation from 1961 to 2008 was raised, and in the process annual dynamic variation, distribution and evaluation of precipitation amount was put forward too. The effect of precipitation amount to agricultural yield was analyzed through the method of comparative analysis. The results showed that a downward trend in the variation of precipitation amount in the lately 48 years, the same trend of precipitation was found in the growing season of winter wheat and the sum of total precipitation in this period was 221 mm, which was less than the necessary amount in average. The variation of precipitation during the growing season of autumn corn also showed obvious decreasing trend, while the total quantity could meet the requirement of the crop. The relative variability of the summer precipitation which might cause more frequent drought or flood disaster influenced the sustainable development of agriculture.

  Prediction of Annual Precipitation Grade in Baoji City Based on Weighted Markov Chain 2012, 28 (26):  272-276.  Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 1650037KB )   ( 874 ) In order to make a comprehensive analysis on the temporal distribution regularity and variation trend, providing scientific basis for water resource prediction, prevention and mitigation of flood & drought disaster, water regulation, as well as water resource management, the annual precipitation grade of Baoji were analyzed by using weighted Markov chain. Considering the uncertainty and imprecision of precipitation process, the precipitation numbers of Baoji from 1956 to 2009 were classified into 5 grades: drought, partial drought, normal, partial abundance and abundance, by using mean-standard deviation classification method. Regarding standardized self-coefficients as weights, the precipitation grades of the future years in Baoji were predicted by using weighted Markov chain. Analysis on stationary distribution showed that, the probabilities of 5 grades above were respectively 0.1305, 0.2767, 0.2751, 0.2075, 0.1101. The partial drought and normal grades dominated in the long-term precipitation process, reflecting warming-drying trend of climate changing in Baoji.

  Evaluation of economic cost of health effect due to inhalant particulate matter in air in the Yellow River Delta 2012, 28 (26):  277-280.  Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 586462KB )   ( 729 ) The health effect due to inhalant particulate matter of the Yellow River Delta was evaluated using Possion regression model.This article selected the exposure-response coefficient of the meta analysis result,combined with the statistical data about diseases.It concluded that the economic cost were 163.1369 million yuan by acute health effect and 33.4742 million yuan by the excess death in 2010, for reference concentration of 40 μg /m3.The total economic cost was 196.6111 million yuan,which accounted for 0.036% gross domestic product of the Yellow River Delta. It can not be ignored for the health effect by the inhalant particulate matter.

  Summarize the Research Trends of the Grasshopper and the Plague of Locusts in China During the 20th Century 2012, 28 (26):  281-290.  Abstract + ( 1189 )   PDF ( 718625KB )   ( 820 ) China was a country of great amount of grassland, which accounted for 42 percent of total area. These grasslands have been an important base of the animal products, as well as high ecological and economic value. Grasshopper was one of biological disasters on the grasslands. If the density of grasshopper reached into a certain value, a large number of plants was grazed, which caused greatly harm to grassland animal husbandry and the ecological environment, even disaster. In recent years, climate change, overgrazing and irrational human activities lead to the appearance of grassland locusts in large pieces of area, therefore, anti-locust disaster and reduction lossless has became an important research topic of related department. According to literatures material in recent decades, in this study we generalized the main content and research focuses of grasshopper and plague of locusts during different periods in 20th century, overviews their achievements and developments, including the grasshopper classification, physiological, biochemical and biological characteristics, ecology, monitoring and forecasting, damage assessment, the prevention strategy, and the trendy research in the future etc., which supplied significant references for the further research of related study areas.

  Constructing the new mode about agriculture information service of supply and the demand 2012, 28 (26):  291-297.  Abstract + ( 954 )   PDF ( 796409KB )   ( 578 ) The investigation in some areas of Shandong shows that there are different about the supply and demand of agricultural information services, the limited supply can not meet unlimited demand and limited supply not be fully utilized, in the future, the agriculture information service supply mode should be changed "pull"into "push".

  The System Integration of Agrometeorological Forecasting Based on GIS 2012, 28 (26):  298-303.  Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 1490862KB )   ( 727 ) Based on the multi-source remote sensing data and surface conventional observation data, an agro-meteorological forecasting system was integrated with C#. net and ArcGIS Engine development kits in order to evaluate the effects of weather on agricultural production quickly and correctly. The structure format with C/S combined with B/S was adopted in the system. The system could forecast the main development periods of crops such as the suitable sowing date, the harvest time, and the key development period, and so on. Meanwhile, it could also forecast meteorological grades (suitable grade or unsuitable grade) of farming activities and yields of main crops such as corn and paddy. The system could improve the accuracy and efficiency of agro-meteorological forecasting.

  Evolution, Dilemma and Adaptation of Endogenous Rural Tourism 2012, 28 (26):  304-310.  Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 924707KB )   ( 642 ) Endogenous rural tourism has been a form of self-oriented and farmer-participated tourism and an important way for farmers to make theirs earnings with a key attraction of rural surroundings. But there have been existed some problems, the worse environment, destroyed rural surroundings, increasing social contradiction, development stagnation produced by several-year-development endogenous rural tourism. This paper used a case study to the rural tourism development of Taohualing Village, Changsha, semi-investigated 40 operators and managers, found that the evolution of endogenous rural tourism could be divided into exploration period, development period and fixed period or stagnation period, and market need, policy creation and technology creation were three key factors of endogenous rural tourism, exogenous development and endogenous development thinking should be considered together to get out of the dilemma of endogenous rural tourism.

  The Research of Rizhao Rural and Agricultural Tourism Development 2012, 28 (26):  311-316.  Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 611182KB )   ( 668 ) The research of agricultural tourism is not mature now, because of our country agricultural tourism development later. In order to solve the "three agricultural" problems and realize the sustainable development, the rural and agricultural tourism development research must be done well. By means of the research of Rizhao and rural regional tourism resources and development status, this paper put forward that the concept of the rural tourism must be established, the local tourism resources should be fully used and deeply dig. Some effective measures should be taken so as to do the big regional tourism planning and rural tourism destination planning, tourism product planning, investment and financing, ensure the tourism development and scientific operation smoothly and realize the sustainable development.